Socialization Part 2

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Processes of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of Socialization

Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory

GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink

IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing

DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation

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Processes of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of SocializationProcesses of Socialization Social learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theorySocial learning theory

Operant conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioningOperant conditioning

by Burrhus Frederic Skinner certain responses are learned because they

operate on, or affect, the environment

Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

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According to Bandura, individuals in high

crime areas are more likely than those who

Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Process of Socialization:Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

-violently.

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AlbertAlbertAlbertAlbert BanduraBanduraBanduraBandura

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TheThe BoboBobo DollDoll ExperimentExperiment

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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment (1961)(1961)

The model laid bobo on its side, satsatsatsat on it,

and punchedpunchedpunchedpunched it repeatedly in the nose. The

,the mallet, and struckstruckstruckstruck the doll on the head.

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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll Experiment

Following the mallet aggression, the model

tossed the doll uptossed the doll uptossed the doll uptossed the doll up in the air aggressively, and

.physically aggressive acts was repeated three

times, interspersed with verbally aggressive

responses

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sock him in the nose, hit him down,throw him in the air, kick him, pow,

and two non-aggressive comments:

he keeps coming back for more, he sure is a tough fella

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Some measures of aggression:

acts that imitate the physical aggression of

e mo e imitation of the models verbal aggression

other mallet aggression

non-imitative aggression (acts that havenot been performed by the model)

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TheThe BoboBobo Doll ExperimentDoll ExperimentResults:

Children exposed to violent models tended to

imitate the exact violent behaviors that they

observed Physical and verbal aggression were virtually

never observed in the subjects exposed to the

non-aggressive models, or in the subjects whowere not exposed to any model.

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Results:

Boys violent behavior was influenced more

aggressive female model

In same-sex aggressive conditions, girls were

more likely to imitate verbal aggression while

boys were more inclined to imitate physical

violence

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Results:

Boys were significantly more physically

aggressive than girls Aggression is seen as most typical of males than of

females

Masculine-typed behavior

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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory

Four component processes:Four component processes:Four component processes:Four component processes:

a. Attention

b. Retentionc. Motor reproduction

d. Motivation

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Subsequent ResearchesSubsequent Researches (1963)(1963)

Live adult model had a stronger influence than

the filmed adult, who, in turn, was moreinfluential than the cartoon

All three forms of aggressive models producedsignificantly more violent behaviors in the

children than was observed in children exposed

to non-aggressive models or control subjects

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Subsequent ResearchesSubsequent Researches (1965)(1965)

Children imitated the violence more

when the saw it rewarded but

significantly less when the model was

punished for aggressive behavior

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ImplicationsImplications

Parenting and parental discipline Establishment of gender roles and

stereot es

Vicarious traumatization

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Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:Processes of Socialization:

GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink

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GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink (Janis, 1982)

Phenomenon in which members of a group

interests of group consensus

Certain conditions foster a strong desire to

achieve and maintain group consensus and

avoid rocking the boat by dissenting

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Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:

A cohesive group of decision makers

Isolation of the group from outside influences

pros and cons of different courses of action

A directive leader who explicitly favors a

particular course of action

High stress

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Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:Groupthink is caused by:

A cohesive group of decision makers

Isolation of the group from outside influences

pros and cons of different courses of action

A directive leader who explicitly favors a

particular course of action

High stress

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Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:

Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality,unanimity

Self-censorship

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GroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthinkGroupthink SelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelfSelf--------censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:censorship:

for having kept so silent during those

,

though my feelings of guilt were tempered by

the knowledge that a course of objections

would have accomplished little save to gain

me a name as a nuisance.

-Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1965)

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Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:Symptoms:

Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality,unanimity

Self-censorship

Collective rationalization of a decision rather

than realistically examine its strengths and

weaknesses

Self-appointed mindguards

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IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination

How could oneHow could oneman achieveman achievecontrol over acontrol over alar e rou of lar e rou of

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people to thepeople to thepoint that theypoint that theywould willinglywould willinglydie at hisdie at his

command?command?


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Peoples TemplePeoples Temple(founded in 1963)(founded in 1963)


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Indianapolis, Indiana in 1963 California in 1965

Guyana, South America

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severe initiation

self-sacrifice (time, effort, money, properties)

relinquishing of control of ones life to Jones

a person finds it difficult to leave the PeoplesTemple


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November 18, 1978November 18, 1978Guyana, South AmericaGuyana, South America

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Jonestown MassacreJonestown MassacrePeoples TemplePeoples Temple918 deaths918 deaths


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IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination IndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrinationIndoctrination

Can be defined as the process of infiltrating(drilling, inculcating) concepts, attitudes,

beliefs and theories into a ersons mind

Indoctrinated persons are expected notnotnotnot toquestion or critically examine the doctrine they

have learned

Religious indoctrination, secularindoctrination, military indoctrination

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BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing

BrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashingBrainwashing A forcible indoctrination or use of coercive

persons prior belief) to induce him or her togive up basic political or religious beliefs

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A remarkable thing about cult mind control is thatits so ordinary in the tactics and strategies of socialinfluence employed. They are variants of well-known social psychological principles ofcomp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,comp ance, con orm y, persuas on, ssonance,reactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulationreactance, framing, emotional manipulation, andothers that are used on all of us daily to entice us:to buy, to try, to donate, to vote, to join, tochange, to believe, to love, to hate the enemy.

- Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association

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Cult mind control is not different in kindfrom these everyday varieties, but in itsgreater intensity, persistence, duration, and

scope. One difference is in its greater effortsto block quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highblock quitting the group, by imposing highexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofexit costs, replete with induced phobias ofharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolationharm, failure, and personal isolation.

- Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association

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DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation

DeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuationDeindividuation Certain group situations can minimize the

,

their sense of public accountability, and indoing so produce aggressive or unusual

behavior

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Effects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of SocializationEffects of Socialization

Personality

Deviance

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Socialization Part 2

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