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Transcript of Socialization and the Construction of Reality Chapter 4 Lecture PowerPoint © W. W. Norton &...
Socialization and the
Construction of Reality
Chapter 4
Lecture PowerPoint
© W. W. Norton & Company, 2008
Socialization: The Concept
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2
Socialization is the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.
Limits of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
3
The concept of socialization is useful for understanding how people become functioning members of society.
However, it cannot explain everything about a person’s development and personality.
Biology is also a very important component. It is a combination of biology and social interactions
that makes us who we are.
Theories of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
4
Charles Horton Cooley theorized that the “self” emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and imagine how those others see us.
Theories of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
5
George Herbert Mead Developed a theory about how the social self develops
over the course of childhood Infants know only the “I,” but through social interaction
they learn about “me” and the “other” They develop a concept of the “generalized other,”
which allows them to apply norms and behaviors learned in specific situations to new situations
Theories of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
6
Mead stressed the importance of imitation, play, and games in helping children recognize one another, distinguish between self and other, and grasp the idea that others can have multiple roles.
Theories of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
7
Eric Erikson Established a theory of psychosocial development
that identifies eight stages that span a person’s lifetime
Each stage involves a specific conflict that a person must resolve in order to move on to the next stage
Agents of Socialization
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
8
Families, school, peers, the media, and total institutions are all important socializing agents or environments.
A total institution is an institution in which one is totally
immersed that controls all the basics
of day-to-day life.
Social Interaction
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
9
Robert Merton’s role theory provides a way to describe social interaction
Status Roles
Role Strain Role Conflict
Status Set Ascribed Status
Achieved Status Master Status
Social Interaction
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
10
Gender roles Set of behavioral norms associated primarily with males or
females in a given social group or system. Gender theorists argue that gender roles can be more
powerful and influential than other roles that people fill.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
11
Socially construction People give meaning or value to ideas or objects
through social interactions. Ongoing process that is embedded in our everyday
interactions.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
12
Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory based on the idea that people act in accordance with shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions.
Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical theory views social life as a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphysical stages with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
13
Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a mutually shared social order.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
14
Harold Garfinkel developed a method for studying social interactions, called “breaching experiments,” which involved having collaborators exhibit “abnormal” or “atypical” behaviors in social interactions in order to see how people would react.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
15
The Internet has created new types of social interaction that don’t incorporate verbal and visual cues people are accustomed to relying on. It has also changed society by creating new types of crimes and new ways of communicating.
The Social Construction of Reality
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
16
Because our reality is socially constructed, an unexpected change in that reality can be upsetting, frustrating, or just plain incomprehensible.
We all have a stake in maintaining consensus on shared meanings so that our society can continue to function smoothly.
Concept Quiz
1. In social development theory, the “self” can be defined as _______.
a) the individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
b) one’s sense of agency, action, or power
c) the identity of a person as perceived by others
d) All of the above
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
17
Concept Quiz
2. According to George Herbert Mead’s stages of development, children learn to recognize an “other” through _____.
a) formal games
b) imitation
c) playing informally with other children
d) None of the above
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
18
Concept Quiz
3. ______ are common agents of socialization.
a) Siblings
b) Teachers
c) Television programs
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
19
Concept Quiz
4. Which of the following is an example of a total institution?
a) An elementary school
b) A sports team
c) A convent
d) A political party
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
20
Concept Quiz
5. Which of the following theories argues that people’s choices about how to act are based on shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions?
a) Symbolic interactionism
b) Functionalism
c) Dramaturgical theory
d) Postmodernism
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
21
Concept Quiz
6. Harold Garfinkel is well known for _______.
a) developing the theory of impression management
b) creating breaching experiments
c) investigating the armed forces as a total institution
d) his analysis of socialization agents
You May Ask YourselfCopyright © 2008 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
22
Figure 4.1 | Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Personality Development (pt. 1)
Figure 4.1 | Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Personality Development (pt. 2)
Table 4.1 | Mead’s Stages of Social Development