SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM Ho Chi Minh City People's ...

CDM ( I,r.m. & ,ikec DMicniaiional Inc.

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM

Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee

Department of Transport and Public Works

Ho Chi Minh CityEnvironmental Sanitation ProjectNhieu Loc - Thi Nghe Basin

E-389VOL. 1

Environmental ImpactAssessment

Executive SummaryFinal Report

September 2000

Funding by:

World Bank GroupJapanese PHRD Grant FundTrust Fund No. 025915

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Support for Detailed DesignHo Chi Minh City Environmental Sanitation Project

Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Basin

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS SUR

Executive Summary EP 2 6 2000

I INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1

2 WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN HCM CITY ................................................ 2

2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ,.2

2.2 WATER SUPPLY .2

2.3 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE ,.2

2.4 WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT ISSUES .................................................. ;.,.3

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................. 4

3.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN CONCEPT .................................................. 4

3.2 OUTLINE OF PROJECT COMPONENTS .................................................. 4

3.3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE .................................................. 5

3.4 OWNERSHIP, PROCUREMENT, COST AND FUNDING ............................................... 5

4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES .................................................. 6

4.1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN CONCEPTS AND SCHEMES .......................................... 6

4.2 ALTERNATIVE SITES .......................................... 6

4.3 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES ................................ 7

4.4 CONSEQUENCES OF NOT PROCEEDING ............................... 7

5 EIA APPROVAL PROCESS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION .................................................. 8

5.1 OUTLINE OF ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL PROCESS ........................................... 8

5.2 PUEBLIC CONSULTATION .................................................. 8

6 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS .................................................. 9

6.1 PHYSICAL RESOURCES .. 9

6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE .10

CDM International i NLTN EIA Exec Summary Sept 2000

6.3 HUMAN USE VALUES ........................................................... 10

6.4 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES ........................................................... 10

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ........................................................... 11

7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ISSUES .,.11

7.2 RECEIV ING W ATERS IMPACT ................................... 12

7.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS .14

7.4 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .15

8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................... 17

8.1 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK .17

8.2 INSTITUTIONAL STREN GTHING ............................................................. , ,. 17

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARDS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...................... 20

8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND AUDIT PROGRAM ................ ................... 22

9 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 24

CDM International ij NLTN EIA Exec Summary Sept 2000

LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1-1 :Project Area IFigure 2-2 Nhieu Loc -Thi Nghe Canal IFigure 3-1 Drainage Schematic 4Figure 3-2 Part 1 - Wastewater Components 4Figure 3-3 Part 2 - Drainage Components 4Figure 4-1 Alternative Pumping Station and Screening Facility Sites 6Figure 6-1 Hydrologic and Water Quality Sampling Monitoring Stations 9Figure 7-1 Model Results - BOD - Wet Season 12Figure 7-2 Model Results - BOD - Dry Season 12Figure 7-3 Model Results - Ammonia - Wet Season 12Figure 7-4 Model Results - Ammonia - Dry Season 12Figure 7-5 Near Field Dispersion - Estimated BOD Isoconcentrations ADF 2015 13

LIST OF TABLESTable 7-1 Summary of Key Effects and Impacts 11Table 8-1 Summary of Environmental Mitigation Measures and Monitoring

Requirements 20Table 8-2 Commonly Adopted Approaches for EM&A Program 22

CDM International NLTN EIA Exec Summary Sept 2000

ABBREVIATIONSOrganizationsCDM Camp Dresser & McKee International Inc.DHI Danish Hydraulics InstituteDTPW Department of Transport and Public WorksENCO Environmental Committee (renamed recently to the Environmental

Management Section)HCMC Ho Chi Minh CityIDA Intemational Development Association (of the World Bank Group)IER Institute for Environment and ResourcesJGF Japanese Grant FundJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyMRD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentNLTN Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe (Basin or Canal)PC HCMC People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh CityPMU Project Management UnitUDC Urban Drainage CompanyIJPI Urban Planning InstituteUPWE Urban Public Works Enterprises (at District level)URENCO Urban Environment CompanyUSEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyWB World Bank

Terminology% PercentageBOD Biochemical oxygen demandcm CentimeterCOD Chemical oxygen demandDO Dissolved oxygenHa Hectarekg Kilogramkg/cm2 Kilogram per square centimeterkm Kilometerkm2 Area, square kilometersIpcd Liters per capita per daym Meterm2 Square meterm2/cap Square meters per capitam3/s Cubic meters per secondmg Milligrammm MillimeterMPN Most probable numberng Nanogramn°C Degrees CentigradeSS Suspended SolidsSWMM Storm Water Management Model (USEPA computer software)UMP Urban Master PlanUS$, USD United States Dollar

CDM International iv NLTN EIA Exec Summary Sept 2000

HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) ETA Executive Summary Report

1 INTRODUCTION

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is the fastest growing region in Vietnam, and the most populous city in thecountry. According to the 1997 Ho Chi Minh City Statistical Yearbook, the City produced 22 per cent ofthe national GDP, and is a significant economic center of the country. The HCMC region contains a densenetwork of rivers and canals. In the City, the drainage canals may be grouped into five basins. One ofthese, the Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe (NLTN) basin includes the commercial and cultural center of HCMC, andcontains 1.2 million inhabitants out of the total of five million inhabitants within the City.The NLTN basin covers 33 square kilometres and includes portions of seven districts of HCMC, as shownin Figure 1-1. Untreated wastewater and urban stormwater from a combined drainage/sewer systemheavily pollute the NLTN Canal. Figure 1-2 shows the general alignment of the canal; The NLTN systemis old and inadequate to serve the currently developed urban area. It has also deteriorated from a lack ofmaintenance and repair over the years. In particular, the capacity of the NLTN Canal has diminished overthe years as a result of encroachment by slum housing, deposits of solid wastes and debris, and sedimentdeposits from soil erosion within the basin. Septic tanks and cesspools serve more than 90 per cent of thehouseholds, with the overflow pipes connected to the drainage system (where available). The remaininghouseholds discharge directly to the NLTN canal or to a stream discharging to the canal. Only about halfof the septic tanks are properly designed and constructed, and tanks are not de-sl.dged regularly tomaintain their treatment capability.

During dry periods, tidal flushing of the NLTN canal system is limited. Decomposition of the wastes inthe canal depletes oxygen and release strong odors, leading to nuisances as well as adverse impacts onwater quality and aesthetics. The average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODs) level in the canalmeasured during a recent survey was 121 mg/L indicating that, with the exception of rainfall events, BODlevels in the canal are equivalent to that of raw sewage. Significantly, accumulation of untreatedwastewater in the canals is posing a threat to public health. Microbiological contamination is a seriousproblem with total coliform levels averaging more than four million units perlOO mL. Some residents areknown to use canal water for the washing of clothes and for bathing. Also, the canal is also used for thegrowing of waterbome vegetables that are consumed by area residents.

During wet weather periods, the accumulated wastewater in the canal system is flushed out into SaigonRiver. However, flooding of low-lying properties also occurs frequently during such periods, imposing arange of direct and indirect costs on the community and in particular the households, businesses, andinstitutions located within the affected areas of the basin. Since the drainage network receives bothstormwater and sewage, when the drains overflow during flood events, areas within the basin are inundatedwith a mix of stormwater and raw sewage. This includes public areas, such as roads and sidewalks, as wellas the bottom floor of homes and other structures. Exposure to the pathogens present in raw sewage posesa serious health risk to the population. Furthermore, the pools of stagnant water resulting from theinability of the network to drain even normal rainfall events provides the breeding grounds for mosquitoesand other disease bearing insect vectors.

Beginning in mid- 1993 and continuing to the present, the City has undertaken a program to improve thephysical appearance of the canal. Approximately US$ 120 million from the City's budget funded theprogram. This program included resettlement of the population along the canal into newly built apartmenthouses near the canal. It also included construction of culverts, masonry revetment walls, asphalt-pavedroads, streetlights, public toilets, and ornamental trees and shrubs along both sides of the canal. Theprogram dredged approximately 260,000 m3 from the canal bottom. Construction of the masonryembankment is on going, with a total of 5.9 km of embankment work completed. The whole program isexpected to conclude by within the year 2000.

The measures being implemented currently (i.e. canal dredging and clearing of slums) are essentiallytargeted at improving the physical condition of the canal and residential housing along the embankments.As such, there remains an urgent need to provide a long-term sustainable solution to the poor drainage,sanitary and environmental conditions of the basin. Recognizing this, the Government of Vietnam hasrequested World Bank financing for rehabilitation of the drainage system and environmental improvementin the NLTN basin.

CDM International Inc I September 2000

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HCMC Environmental Sanitation Prolect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary ReDort

2 WATER CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN HCM CITY

2.1 Institutional FrameworkHCMC reports directly to the Central Government. The People's Committee (PC) is the legislative body atthe City level. The HCMC PC appoints and pays the salary of Directors of line departments. TheseDirectors report horizontally to the HCMC PC for day-to-day activities but also report vertically to theirrespective Ministries for technical matters. The H-CMC PC also has the power to establish its owndepartrnents, and is responsible, on behalf of the Government of Vietnam, for all overseas developmentassistance projects implemented within the City.

The Department of Transport and Public Works (DTPW) is a large multi-service department reportingdirectly to the HCMC PC. The DTPW is responsible for all public land and water transport in the City, inaddition to most infrastructure including roads, bridges, canals, drains and sewers, water supply, streetlighting, and parks. A Director heads the DTPW, and is supported by three Deputy Directors each headingone of the four major divisions. Water supply and sewerage/drainage services are under the same DeputyDirector, and are managed through two agencies: HCMC Water Supply Company and HCMC UrbanDrainage Company, respectively. It is worthwhile noting that the DTPW is responsible for water supplyplanning in HCMC only. Water resource management is under the jurisdiction of the Department ofAgriculture and Rural Development.

2.2 Water SupplyThe Water Supply Company (WSC) is responsible for provision and maintenance of the City's watersupply services, including overseeing of the development and operation of private Build-Operate-Transferwater treatment plants. The approximate number of properties served, all with meters, are 300,000 with80% as individual households, 15% production users and 5% service users. This low number of customersrelative to the total population of the city is related to the fact that more than 30 per cent of the city's areahas limited or no access to tap water. Metered water is charged according to a progressive tariff structure.

Generally speaking, the water supply system in the NLTN basin is old and inadequate. Leakage and othercomponents of water losses are high (approximately 40%), mainly due to leakage in the distributionnetwork. Customers in low-pressure areas supplement the public supply with water from private wells,drilled to a depth of 30 to 40 m, some of which are illegal and/or polluted. Illegal well water selling is alsoprevalent in areas where tap water supply is unavailable or inadequate. The WSC sends water tankers toproblem areas, though this is considered inadequate.

Currently, it is planned to commission plant expansion and new privately funded projects to increase theCity's water supply capacity from 842,000 m3/day at present to 1,742,000 m3/day by 2005. Increasedwater supply also requires upgrading and expansion of the outdated and inadequate distribution network.

2.3 Drainage and SewerageThe Urban Drainage Company (UDC) is responsible for provision and maintenance of the City's combineddrainage/sewerage system and for issuing permits for connections to city sewers. The system under UDCresponsibility is comprised of all drainage culverts and pipelines larger than 600-mm diameter within thecanals and streams. Complementing the UDC are the Urban Public Works Enterprises, which areresponsible for the smaller drains/sewers at local levels.

It is recognized that much of the City's sewerage/drainage infrastructure is old and inadequate to cater forthe present developed areas. As such, UDC is also responsible for the planning, design, and construction ofnew drains and sewers. Projects are implemented through Project Management Units (PMUs) establishedby the DTPW. Over the last few years UDC has constructed several kilometers of large capacity culvertsreplacing open drains, to improve drainage to the NLTN Canal.

UDC operates strictly as a State-owned Enterprise. The HCMC PC, through DTPW, provides UDC'sbudget for all maintenance and construction activities. No tariffs or fees are charged for the drainage orsewage collection services. In essence, UDC functions strictly as a DTPW bureau responsible formaintenance and construction, rather than as a utility-based organization.

CDM Intemational Inc 2 September 2000

HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Rewort

The HCMC Development Plan 2020 maps out the City's planning policy to year 2020. In relation todrainage and wastewater, it is intended to continue using combined drains/sewers in the city core, but toinstall separate drains and sewers in new development areas. Also, phased canal improvements to enhancetheir hydraulic capacities and to eliminate wastewater discharges are envisioned. The sewage treatmentpolicy is to construct, subsequent to the canal improvements, large wastewater treatment plants at suitablecentralized sites.

A master plan study on urban drainage improvement and sewerage development for year 2020, coveringthe urbanized area of about 650 km2 of HCMC, was completed in December 1999 by the JapanInternational Cooperation Agency (JICA). This study proposed both structural and non-structuralmeasures to improve and develop drainage/sewerage infrastructure for the city. It also identifiedinstitutional issues related to water cycle management, and proposed a single management organization fordrainage and sewerage services. Integration of water supply and drainage/sewerage management in thenear future was considered undesirable by the master plan study due to "difficult" organizational issues.

2.4 Water Cycle Management IssuesIt is evident that water supply and sewerage/drainage infrastructure need much improvement ordevelopment in HCMC. At the same time, it is also critical that "institutional strengthening" of agenciesoperating within the water cycle must be pursued, so that complementary strategies to aid enviromnentalperformance and minimize resource impacts can be achieved in the longer term. These strategies are alsoimportant to performance in areas outside of environmental issues such as finance and customersatisfaction. The following initiatives are proposed:

• Definition of Objectives and Development of Business Plans for agencies operating in the water cycle.With increased responsibility and expanded assets to manage, it is proposed that the obligations andconstraints placed on each of the agencies (e.g. WSC, UDC, etc) should be reviewed urgently. Basedon the results of the review, a Draft Corporate Plan for the relevant agencies can then be prepared.These plans will address the major financial, technical, regulatory and human resource issues andidentify recommended strategies and training and other development needs.

* Demand Managemnent. This is a set of strategies that is employed to reduce the demand for water on avolumetric basis to conserve natural water resources. Typically, these would include two keyelements: (a) identification of all costs (both financial and environmental) of service provision; and (b)establishment of a full-cost based pricing structure for water/sewerage services.

* Coordinating Complementary Services and Schemes. To be efficient, complementary services such aswater and sewerage should in the long term be coordinated so that prices can be set for optimumimpact and economies of both scope and scale are practiced. Similarly, intemational funding fordevelopment projects must be coordinated to optimize costs and benefits overall and not just withinprojects. This coordination allows effective and comprehensive environmental management as well asequitable cost recovery and customer service programs.

Institutional strengthening is addressed in details in a separate Institutional Analysis Report, which isprepared in parallel with the EIA study.

In terms of drainage and sewerage infrastructure, current policy is that of progressive development on abasin by basin basis. The proposed NLTN basin environmental sanitation project is one of severaldrainage/sewerage projects that are planned for HCMC. As explained in the next section, this project is aninterim step in meeting the ultimate demand for drainage and sewerage services in NLTN basin. It isintended that a secondary wastewater treatment plant will be developed for NLTN basin in the future.consistent with the city drainage and sewerage master plan proposed by JICA.

CDM International Inc 3 September 2000

HCMC Environmental Sanitation Pfoiect (NLTN Basin) ETA Executive Summary Renort

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Project Objectives and Design ConceptThe objectives of the NLTN Environmental Sanitation Project is to alleviate flooding in the NLTN basinand to provide a means to remove untreated wastewater from the basin, thereby improving the drainage,sanitary and environmental conditions of the basin.

Figure 3.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the drainage concept of the scheme. During dry weather orlow flow periods, wastewater from the basin is to be collected in an "interceptor sewer" via strategicallylocated "combined sewer overflows" (CSOs). The interceptor sewer will convey the wastewater to a pumpstation, which will discharge the wastewater after screening into Saigon River via a temporary outfall.During wet weather or high flow periods, any excess water (mixture of sewage and rainwater) thatoverflows from the CSOs will be collected in the hydraulically improved NLTN canal, which willdischarge the water safely into the Saigon River.

The Project is the first phase of an ultimate plan to develop a biological wastewater treatment facility atCat Lai in District 2 which will be developed when the City's ability to afford such a facility is achievedand funding is available. As will be demonstrated later, the Project is expected to bring about significanteconomic benefits to the City and have no unacceptable impacts on the environment.

3.2 Outline of Project ComponentsThe Project is divided into two parts, as illustrated in Figures 3.2 and 3.3 respectively and describedbelow:

Part 1 - Wastewater Components

* Combined Sewer Overflows

> Construction of 20 main combined sewer overflow structures (CSOs) along the canal. Up to thirtyadditional structures may be required to divert flow from smaller drainage pipes.

> CSOs will be located at the outfalls of drainage conduits to divert dry-weather sewage flows fromthe canal to a new interceptor tunnel while allowing overflows during large storms; they willinclude bar racks and tide gates.

* NLTNInterceptor

• Construction of a new 8.3 kilometer-long, 3-meter diameter wastewater interceptor beneath thecanal to convey dry-weather wastewater flows to the purnping and screening station

• Construction of two canal draw-off structures to flush the stagnant volume from the bottom of theupstream reaches of the NLTN Canal via the NLTN interceptor

• Instrumentation and control system for the draw-off of flows from the NLTN Canal

* Pumping Station and Screening Facility

> Construction of pumping station and screening facility at the confluence of the NLTN and VanThanh canal in ward 19 of Binh Thanh District

> Screening by six mechanical screens

> Pumping by twelve submersible pumps with a total station capacity of 64,000 m3/hr with twostandby pumps

* River Outfall/Crossing Force Main

> Construction and operation of a 840m-long river crossing pipeline and a 75m-long temporaryoutfall to discharge screened wastewater from the NLTN Basin to the Saigon River.


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HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Sunimarv Report

Part 2 - Drainage Components

Drainage imnproveinents

> Construction of new, replacement, and parallel combined sewer drainage conduits

> Drainage improvements, consist primarily large box culverts placed in streets, to reduce floodingand overflow of combined stormwater and sewage onto the streets

* NLTN Canal improvements

> Dredging to widen and deepen the NLTN Canal with beneficial reuse of the dredged material

> Construction of canal improvements for flood control

3.3 Project Implementation SchedulePart 1 components are currently being designed. Design packages are expected to obtain approval by June2001. Construction contracts are planned to be awarded during May of 2002. Construction is expected tolast 33 months. The Interceptor Sewer can be constructed concurrently with the Pumping Station andRiver Outfall. The CSO structures may be constructed at the same time as the Interceptor and PumpStation; however, the CSO d'version pipe installation must follow Interceptor installation. Outfallconstruction staging may need to proceed ahead of the Pumping Station construction to provide at thepumping station site a construction staging area for outfall construction.

Part 2 designs are expected to begin following completion and Part 1 and project loan approval. Part 2design packages are expected to be complete by August of 2002. Construction contracts are expected to beawarded during November of 2003. Construction is expected to take 24 months. Drainage Improvementsand NLTN Canal Improvements can be constructed independently. Interfaces and connections to CSOstructures will be carefully coordinated. The Flow monitoring system can be constructed concurrent withconstruction of NLIN Canal Improvements.

All project components will be constructed within public rights-of-way and the cleared public corridoralong the NLTN Canal, except for the pumping station site, which is located in Ward 19 in Binh ThanhDistrict. A Resettlement Action Plan is being separately prepared for the pumping station site to addressissues of resettlement as required by the World Bank.

3.4 Ownership, Procurement, Cost and FundingAll project components will be owned by the People's Committee of HCMC and managed by the UrbanDrainage Company or an agency appointed by the City.

Procurement for all goods and services fmnanced by World Bank loans will be in strict compliance withWorld Bank lending guidelines. That is, through use of international competitive bidding properlyadministered with a suitable allowance for local contractors and manufacturers. Alternative procurementmethods may be specified in the loan agreement should ICB clearly not be the most economic and efficientmethod of procurement.

The total cost of the Project including physical works, design service, construction management,complimentary programs (e.g., field investigation, institutional strengthening) and contingencies isestimated at US$ 200 million. The Project would be financed by a combination of the proceeds of theInternational Development Association credit and contributions by the Government of Vietnam and HoChi Minh City.

CDM lnternational Inc 5 September 2000

HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Revort

4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVESMany alternatives were evaluated during the feasibility study and preliminary design phase. The proposedProject components were found to be the most appropriate solutions to the drainage and sewerageproblems of the NLTN Basin. The project components were also selected to maximize the environmentalbenefits for the cost of the project. These are summarized below.

4.1 Alternative Design Concepts and SchemesDrainage Improvements

Alternative drainage system improvements were evaluated using the Storm Water Management Model(SWMM). The project considered the altemative of building drainage improvements according to aprioritization of specific sectors of the Basin.

The project also considered altemative design storms (2-year, 5-year, 10-year, 25-year and 50-year) as thebasis for drainage improvements.

Flood Canal Improvements

Flood canal improvements considered whether to also include flood canal improvements for the VanThanh and Cau Bong tributaries.

Other altematives were considered to provide required flood storage capacity. These included constructionof tidal gates at the mouth of the NLTN Canal and construction of flood retention storage throughout thebasin.

Wastewater Treatment

Both preliminary treatment and secondary treatment were evaluated for treatrnent and disposal ofwastewater from the NLTN Basin.

Constructed wetlands were also considered, but not found viable due to conflicts with flood canalimprovements and a lack of available land in the basin.

The preferred secondary treatment option was conventional activated sludge treatment. Three optionswere evaluated for phased development of wastewater treatment:

* Secondary treatment with operation commencing in 2004;

* Preliminary treatment with operation commencing in 2004 and continuing to 2030 without change inthe treatment level;

* Preliminary treatment from 2004 to 2010 with secondary treatment from 2010 to 2030.

Delaying secondary treatment to after 2010 was found to be the most cost-effective and affordable phasingfor wastewater treatment for the NLTN Basin.

4.2 Alternative SitesPump Station

Four alternative sites for the pumping station were considered. These are shown in Figure 4-1 anddescribed below:

* Site A is adjacent to the tributary Rach Van Thanh about 700 m upstream from the NLTN Canal.About 1,200 households occupy the site.

* Site B is on a narrow strip of land along the NLTN Canal, at the mouth of the Rach Van Thanhtributary. About 120 households occupy the site.

* Site C is adjacent to a new bridge near the mouth of the NLTN Canal, on land adjacent to the HCMCity Zoo.

* Site D is located on the Saigon River approximately 200 m east of the mouth of the NLTN canal.


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HCMC Environmental Sanitation Project (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Rewort

Site C and Site D were subsequently discarded for the following reasons:

• Site C would have unacceptable impacts on the area near the zoo.

* Site D, located in the shipyard could encounter major subsurface structures, thus making constructionvery difficult.

Site A was previously approved as a wastewater treatment site during the pre-feasibility study. It providessufficient land for the pretreatment facilities and additional land for pilot studies on biological treatmentprocesses and disinfection methods. Its location adjacent to a ceramics factory minimizes operationalimpacts of possible odors. However, it will require resettlement of more than 1,200 households for anadditional cost of at least US$ 12 million. Also, it requires an additional 700-metre long tunnel to reachthe site from the NLTN canal and to carry the effluent to the Saigon River costing approximately US$ 4million.

Ultimately, Site B was selected as the proposed site for a number of reasons. It is consistent with districtand city plans for development. Importantly, resettlement is minimized in compliance with World Bankpolicy. Also, proximity of the site to the interceptor and mouth of the canal provides flexibility for thedesign and saves construction and operating costs. Lastly, environmental impacts on neighbors from odorsand noise are minimized, since the site borders are defined by a new roadway, the canal and a new accessroad.

Temporary River Outfall

The location of the temporary river outfall was dictated by the location of the future secondary treatmentplant. The Final Report of the Study on Urban Drainage and Sewerage System for Ho Chi Minh City byJICA dated December 1999 identified eight possible locations for a future secondary wastewater treatmentplant. The Feasibility Report for the NTLN project identified Site No. 5 in District 2 as the preferredlocation for a future treatment plant site for NLTN wastewater. District 2, however, has objected to thisproposal due to site and land restrictions, and CDM has subsequently recommended Site No. 9 (Cat Lai)on the Dong Nai River as the site for the future secondary treatment plant location.

The river-crossing force main is intended as the first leg of a transmission main to the secondary treatmentplant site. The second leg would be a gravity interceptor from the manhole on the east bank of the SaigonRiver to the treatment plant site, with possible capacity to serve the neighboring areas of District 2. Thetemporary outfall was located near the east bank of the Saigon River consistent with future plans to build asecondary treatment plant at Cat Lai in District 2.

4.3 Alternative Design Configurations and Construction TechniquesAlternative drainage pipe construction techniques (e.g., open cut, pipe jacking, tunneling and directionaldrilling), flood canal configurations (e.g., alternative cross-sectional geometry), and interceptor schemes(e.g., single Vs twin interceptors) were evaluated with the best technical options selected.

Several options for improving the water quality of the stagnant volume of the upstream reaches of theNLTN canal were considered including in stream aeration and covering of the canal. Draw-off structuresconnecting to the wastewater interceptor as now proposed were found to be the most practical solution toflush the canal.

4.4 Consequences of Not ProceedingThe consequences of not proceeding with the Project are:

* Continual flooding in the basin with significant social and economic costs;

* Poor water quality in the NLTN canal, which will remain as an open sewer, with potentially significantenvironmental and public health implications;

* Demand for drainage and sewerage services cannot be met, potentially jeopardizing the growth andeconomic development of the city.

An economic analysis of the potential costs and benefits is summarized in a later section.


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Report

5 EIA APPROVAL PROCESS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

5.1 Outline of Environmental Approval ProcessThe Project has been classified as a category "A" project by the World Bank under Operational Policy 4.01(OP/BP/GP 4.01, 1999). A category "A" project is one that may have diverse and significantenvironmental impacts, and for which a formal Environmental Assessment (EA or EIA) is required. TheEIA report, along with other project analyses such as financial and economic, resettlement and institutionalassessments, will be appraised by World Bank officers in a series of mission visits to the country.Thereafter, an appraisal report will be prepared and, if cleared, loan negotiation will commence. It isanticipated that the whole appraisal and funding approval process could take up to about six months.

Vietnamese law also requires an environmental impact assessment for the NLTN Project. Circular No.490/1988/Tf-BKHCNMT dated 29 April 1998 specifies environmental assessment at three stages of theproject cycle, namely: (a) an initial environmental examination (IEE) when applying for an investmentapproval; (b) a detailed EIA Report during detailed design and construction; and (c) further reporting priorto project start up. As part of the project Feasibility Study, a preliminary environmental assessment wascompleted in August 1999 and this satisfies the requirements for an IEE. During the detailed design stage,a Vietnamese version of EIA Report will be prepared for submission to the National EnvironmentalAgency (NEA) for appraisal. The NEA is the top environmental bureaucracy in the country, and is underthe Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. Approval of the Vietnamese EIA Report is arequirement for obtaining the necessary permit to proceed with the proposed development. VietnameseEIA approval process allows for a maximum appraisal period of 60 days from receipt of all relevantdocumentation.

5.2 Public ConsultationWorld Bank policy on EIA requires that the affected public be consulted and their viewpoints consideredin the project planning. It specifically calls for two separate consultations with affected groups and non-govemmental organizations (NGOs). The Project public involvement and consultation activities havespread understanding of the project and its potential impacts and sought out suggestions for improvementsto the project.

Consultations

The first consultation was held in November 1998 at the household level in the wards of the Basin, afterthe EA category was assigned early in the feasibility study. A survey was conducted of households fromwards comprising 33 percent of the Project area. The second consultation was held at the District Levelwith representatives of the different affected groups, interest groups, and local NGOs in August 1999during the feasibility study. Issues raised in these consultations have been included in proposed mitigationmeasures and were incorporated in the Terms of Reference for this EIA study.

Because the Project requires resettlement, additional consultations were held starting in April 2000 thatincluded local authorities and residents at the proposed pump station site in Ward 19 of Binh Tanh District.A detailed socioeconomic survey was conducted of the 150 households at the pump station site.

News Coverage

This project has a high profile as a priority of Ho Chi Minh City with frequent coverage in the local mediaincluding newspaper and television features coinciding with the recent April 30, 2000 ReunificationCelebration.

Planned Consultation Program

In addicion to above the consultations, an ongoing Community Consultation and Participation Programincludes use of mass media, public information agencies, social activities, social organizations and schools,public places and household outreach efforts. This program includes implementation of a PublicInformnation Center on the banks of the NLTN Canal, where the EIA Report will be available for review bythe public. In addition, a Consultation Committee is being formed that will include representatives of theDTPW, PMU, District and Ward Officials.



6 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

6.1 Physical ResourcesThe HCMC region lies within the intersection of the hilly region of southeastern Vietnam and the MekongDelta bordered by the East Sea. It has a tropical climate and is under the influence of monsoons. Mainclimate features include consistent and high temperature (average 27 °C), high humidity (average 77 %),and heavy precipitation (annual average 1,929 mm). In the NLTN Canal basin, the topography can beclassified into two major parts: the general slope of each is coming down from 10 m in the edges to 1.5 min the center (along both banks of the NL-TN canal). This topographical condition is conducive to surfacedrainage. The soils in the project area consist of ancient and recent alluvial clay and clayey sand deposits.

In and around HCMC, there are three large rivers: Saigon, Dong Nai and Vam Co Rivers. Saigon andDong Nai Rivers flow together in their downstream areas, forming Nha Be River which also receives thewater from Vam Co River. Figure 6.1 illustrates the major river systems. Tides in HCMC are of diurnaltypes, with two peaks and two bottoms. Due to the low elevation (below 2.5 m), most rivers and canals inHCMC are influenced by tides. The duration of rising tide is normally 15 to 20 hours, while the duration offalling tide is only about 4 to 8 hours. This is not favorable for stormwater drainage. Floods oftenadversely affect HCMC during the rainy season from June to November. Flooding due to high tides canalso occur from September to January. For example, in 1996, a heavy rainstorm coincided with the hightide levels of Cam Co and Saigon Rivers, resulting in 15,000 ha flooded with 30 to 100 cm of water depth.The NLTN canal system receives wastewater and surface runoff from seven districts and drains to SaigonRiver. The water in the canal is typically very low in dissolved oxygen (DO) level (sometimes zero), andextremely high in coliform concentrations (up to millions of units per 100 mL. Some temporaryimprovement in water quality occurs during high tides when the water from Saigon River flows into thecanal, as well as in the rainy season, when stormwater discharged into the canal increases the flow.However, water quality in the canal does not generally meet Vietnamese ambient standards for Category Bsurface water (AWQS-B). Secondary water contact activities are prohibited in the canal. Over severaldecades, inadequate solid waste handling and management practices coupled with squatter developmentand an inadequate wastewater conveyance system have also led to the accumulation of thick deposits ofsolids along the canal. Analyses of the canal sediments have found that the material is generallyuncontaminated with only low or insignificant levels of heavy metals and pesticides. This is attributed to alack of large industrial facilities in the canal basin.

An extensive review and analysis of long-term water quality data for Saigon River was conducted as partof this EIA study. This has found that for stretches of the Saigon River above the City's northeastemboundary, the river water quality is relatively clean and unpolluted. As the Saigon River flows southeastand meanders through the urbanized and rural areas of HCM City and the provinces of Dong Nai, Song Be,and Tan Ninh, it receives a large quantity of surface water flow over this stretch. Owing to the largedilution available in the Saigon River and the high assimilative capacity of the river system, however, thewater quality downstream of the HCMC urban center is still relatively unpolluted. In most instances thewater quality complies with the limits for AWQS-B (e.g., less than 25 mg/L BOD), meaning that riverwater is suitable for uses other than domestic water supply. AWQS-B is considered appropriate as theambient river water quality objective for areas downstream of the confluence of the NLTN Canal and theSaigon River, as the beneficial use of this section of the river is for secondary water contact activities.Figure 6.1 shows that all existing and planned raw water intakes are well upstream of the NLTN site.

Flow measurements were undertaken as part of this EIA study for a 2-day period at locations upstream, inand downstream of the canal during May 2000. These found that the maximum flow in Saigon River was3,000 m3/s, compared to a flow of 75 m3/s in the canal. This corresponded to a dilution ratio of 40 to 1,and explained the observation that, despite poor canal water quality, river water quality is still generallyacceptable in the vicinity of the canal/river confluence.

It is noted that the NLTN Basin is just one contributor to the overall water quality of the Saigon River. Bycomparing the population of the different basins in the Saigon River catchment, it has been estimated thatthe NLTN basin contributes at most 12 per cent of the total organic BOD pollution load to the SaigonRiver.


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HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Reoort

6.2 Biological ResourceHCMC was once covered by tropical forests, whose large trees still now remain in many areas such as theBotanical Garden, the Unification Palace, and roadsides. Generally, the original natural ecosystems of thecity have been drastically modified due to urban development with a large portion of land converted intobuildings or dense settlements. Meanwhile, lowlands along Saigon River have also been exploited foragriculture and thus are no more ecologically significant. The proposed pump station site has a typicalperi-urban setting of HCMC. There are a total of 46 public trees that will be affected by the pump stationconstruction. None of these trees are ecologically sensitive or protected species.

In addition to literature review on ecological and fisheries resources, a focussed aquatic ecological surveyof the Saigon River was conducted as part of the EIA study. Three sections of the river were surveyed,including the site considered for the temporary outfall (confluence of NLTN canal and Saigon River) andone each upstream (at Saigon Bridge) and downstream (at Thu Thiem ferry) of it. Both the literaturesearch and the field survey found no rare or endangered species or species of conservation interest thatcould potentially be affected by the Project.

6.3 Human Use ValuesThe NLTN basin mainly comprises residential, commercial and cultural centers with small-scale handicraftand cottage industries uniformly distributed throughout the housing area. There are only an insignificantnumber of large industries in the basin. There are green spaces provided in public parks but these areconsidered inadequate. Problems with power supply in HCMC are a combination of insufficient supplyand inadequate transmission network.

The number of vehicles in HCMC has been growing fast in recent years, with motor bikes increasing atdouble-digit rates (some 15% in 1999). The road system in the city is inadequate for the traffic it needs tocarry. The Saigon River also serves as a waterway for transportation. Currently, there are 50 ships cominginto and 50 ships going out of Tan Cang Port (located just upstream of the NLTN canal) each day, inaddition to an undisclosed number of navy ships.

The productivity of capture fisheries in Saigon River is degrading. The total fish catch in Saigon River isestimated to be 100 to 200 tons a year. This catch, of low-priced fish, suggests a subsistent level of capturefishery rather than for cash income. Similarly, fish culture is not well developed in Saigon River aroundHCMC. Rather, the Government has invested heavily in prawn culture, with several large farnsconcentrated in Can Gio District in Nha Be River. These farms are remote (tens of kilometresdownstream) from the NLTN basin and are unlikely to be affected by the Project.

At present, some 3,000 tons of refuse are disposed of each day at the city's only operating landfill. Newlandfills are planned to meet projected demand for waste disposal facilities. The level of sanitation in theproject area varies in different districts and mostly in accordance with the socioeconomic condition of thepopulation. A review by the Health Department in 1997 indicated that the majority of the population hasaccess to a toilet facility complete with a septic tank. However, there are still households within the basinwithout a bathroom and toilet facility (3,879 households) or with toilet but discharge directly to the canal(8,803 households). This is especially true for the population dwelling along the slum area adjacent to theNLTN Canal. In the meantime, the City Environmental Company is phasing out its septic tank desludgingservice as it focuses its effort in refuse management. As a consequence, a growing number of privatesmall-scale septic tank desludging enterprises are operating without significant regulatory control.

6.4 Quality-of-Life ValuesThe current population of the NLTN basin is 1,200,000. The average population density is 294 persons/haand varies between 90 and 1,000 persons/ha over the 60 wards within the basin.

Epidemiological evidence provided by the Health Department indicated that there was an increase inincidence of waterbome diseases associated with inadequate sanitation between 1996 and 1997. In total,some 9,000 waterbome disease incidents were reported in the NLTN basin in 1997.

The NLTN basin has cultural heritage, recreation, tourism and visual resources, including many temples,churches and monuments.


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Project (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Report

7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.1 Identification of Key IssuesA multi- tiered/facet approach was adopted to identify key issues related to the Project. This included apreliminary environmental assessment conducted as part of the project feasibility study in August 1999; anenvironmental screening undertaken at the outset of this EIA study; and feedback from the publicconsultation program. Table 7.1 summaries the key issues identified from this process.

Table 7.1 Summary of Key Effects and ImpactsActivity Key Effects/Impacts

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE1- Land resumption for construction of pumping station * Dislocation of residents on the pumping station site

CONSTRUCTION PHASE (Part I - Wastewater)2- Interceptor sewer, Combined Sewer Overflows and * Construction noise and dust

Pumping Station a Water quality impact

* Terrestrial ecology* Worker safety

3- River Outfall * Water quality impact on Saigon River* Waterway navigation and traffic

CONSTRUCTION PHASE (Part 2 - Drainage)4- Drainage improvement works, including replacement * Construction noise and dust

and new drainage pipes and culverts * Traffic

* Worker and public safety* Damage to utilities* Indirect impact on businesses* Indirect impacts on tourism, recreational, historical,

cultural and public facilities* Public Toilets

5- Canal improvement (dredging) works * Water quality impact during dredging* Odor impact during dredging* Increased truck/barge traffic to transport dredged

._________________________________________________ m aterial offsiteOPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PHASE6- Sewer/drainage network operation & maintenance * Reduced flooding in NLTN basin (Beneficial effect)

* Worker safety during maintenance works* Odour emission

7- Operation/maintenance of interceptor and NLTN canal * Improved canal water quality and aquatic ecologyflushing (Beneficial effect)

* Improved public health (Beneficial effect)* Public safety

8- Pumping station operation & maintenance * Odor and noise emission* Aesthetics* Oil, Grease and Scum Removal (Beneflcial effect)* Accidental spill containment (Beneficial effect)

9- Operation/maintenance of temporary river outfall a Impact on ecology of Saigon River* Impact on water quality of Saigon River* Commercial fisheries* Health hazards

Each identified issue was evaluated in the EIA study. The findings are summarized in the followingsections.

CDM intemational Inc 11 September 2000


7.2 Receiving Waters ImpactThe Project will remove untreated wastewater from the NLTN canal and discharge it into Saigon River viaa temporary outfall. As the wastewater is discharged, it will be diluted and dispersed by river water. TheEIA study assessed this effect with the aid of two models: the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program(WASP5) and an outfall dilution model. The WASP5 model was set up to simulate the water quality ofSaigon River for a length of 142 km extending from its confluence with the Dong Nai River, and was usedto predict the far-field dispersion effects of the wastewater discharge. To complement this, the outfalldilution model evaluated the local dispersion characteristics of the discharge in the immediate vicinity ofthe outfall pipe.

Evaluation of Far-field Effects

Five scenarios were modeled for both wet and dry seasons at flood and ebb tides for several key waterquality parameters. The scenarios were:

* Existing conditions. These refer to current calibrated ambient water quality conditions in SaigonRiver;

* Project case for current year. This shows what will happen when discharge takes place now;

* Project Case foryear 2030. This shows what l iill happen in year 2030 with increased population inthe basin and the outfall operating at maximum capacity. This scenario is conservative, as it is likelythat a secondary treatment plant would have been commissioned by that time and the temporary outfalldecommissioned;

* Alternative outfall location. This shows the effect of locating the outfall at a point 10 km downstreamof the NLTN Canal mouth (current proposed location), at the location of the future secondarytreatment plant.

* Zero discharge. This represents the hypothetical case of eliminating the NLTN pollution load. Thistherefore "estimates" the improvement to be expected due to any future secondary or better treatmentapplied to NLTN basin wastewater loads.

The results of the simulations are summarized below:

* Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Predicted BOD levels along Saigon River for the wet- and dry-season simulations are shown in Figures 7.1 and 7.2, respectively. These indicate that existing BODlevels in the river would be increased by a maximum of 9 % to about 15.4 mg/L in the dry season at apoint about 10 to 12 km upstream of the discharge point, when the outfall is discharging at maximumcapacity in year 2030. This is in compliance with AWQS-B, which stipulates that BOD levels shouldbe kept below 25 mg/L. The simulations also show that the alternative outfall location would not havea significant impact on predicted BOD levels in the river, and that elimination of wastewater dischargefrom NLTN basin would improve ambient BOD levels by a maximum of about 5%.

* Ammonia. Figures 7.3 and 7.4 show the predicted ammonia levels for the wet- and dry- seasonrespectively. These indicate that existing ammonia levels in the river would be increased by amaximum of 10 % to about 1.06 mg/L in the dry season at a point about 8 to 10 km upstream of thedischarge point, when the outfall is discharging at maximum capacity in year 2030. This is very closeto the limit set in AWQS-B, which stipulates that ammonia levels should be kept below 1 mg/L. Thesimulations also show that the alternative outfall location would not have a significant impact onpredicted ammonia levels in the river, and that elimination of wastewater discharge from NLTN basinwould improve ambient ammonia levels by a maximum of about 5%

* Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and nitrate levels were also modeled. The impact of the temporary outfalldischarge on these was found to be minimal. DO levels were found to vary within 1 % compared withexisting condition in all scenarios. Similarly, nitrate levels would vary within 2 % of existing ambientlevels in all cases. Both river DO and nitrate levels would remain well within their respective AWQS-B limits. Coliform simulation was attempted, but found not possible due to the inadequate data andthe wide variations between available data sets. It is recommended that additional coliform monitoringin the river should be conducted.


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BOD Comparison at Ebb Tide in Dry Season

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Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

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Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season

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0 20 40 0o 80 100 120 140


Model Results-AmmoniaWet Season

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Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Wet Season

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Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Ebb Tide in Wet Season

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- - - With NLTN Project (2030))- Existing

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Model Results-AmmoniaWet Season

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Ammonia Nitrogen Comparison at Flood Tide in Dry Season

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9/18/00 s,SimuO7 1IWQ.xIs/Scenario Figure 74

HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary ReDort

Evaluation of Local Effects

In this analysis, the wastewater plume (or mixing zone) was modeled in terms of BOD concentrations forthe average daily flow of 5.54 m3/s in the year 2015. This model assumed instantaneous, steady stateconditions, constant plume depth and flow velocity, and no reduction in BOD as a result of biochemicalprocesses. The outfall was assumed to be a single port discharge. The assumed water surface elevationwas zero and the discharge elevation minus 11 metres at a minimum distance of 31 metres from the riverbank. Figure 7.5 shows the results of the dilution modeling, in terms of iso-concentrations of BOD of25mg/L and 15mg/L. The area within the 25-mg/L iso-concentration would be in breach of the AWQS-Blimit (of 25 mg/L). This zone would be relatively small, however, extending to only about 100 metresdowncurrent during either ebb or flood tide.

Discussion of Results

As anticipated, the near-field model has confirmed that a wastewater plume that exceeds AWQS-B limitswould be created in the immediate vicinity of the outfall. However, this area is small and the outfall can bedesigned such that the AWQS-B is met everywhere along both riverbanks. Because of tidal effects, aconsiderable reach upstream and downstream of the discharge point would also be affected. However,AWQS-B standards would be met in most cases. Further, given that the outfall discharge plume would notreach any municipal drinking water intakes, commercial fisheries or sensitive aquatic ecologi-~al habitats inSaigon River, it is assessed that no unacceptable receiving water impact would be caused by the Project.

The goal of the Project is to clean up the polluted NLTN Canal by temporarily conveying wastewater tothe Saigon River. Given the existing low pollution levels of the Saigon River, secondary treatment wouldachieve only a small beneficial impact. Therefore providing screening at the pump station prior to thetemporary river outfall is considered an appropriate first step towards building a wastewater treatmentsystem that will include secondary treatment.

T'he pump station will benefit some aspects of the Saigon River water quality. The pumping station willscreen trash from the wastewater of the basin. The pump station design will allow removal of scum, greaseand oil that accumulates on the water surface at the pump station. In addition, after emergency notificationprocedures are established, an accidental spill of toxic or hazardous chemicals could be captured at thepumping station.

The temporary outfall will not cause a significant increase in health hazards for river users, given the factthat the canal currently discharges wastewater to the Saigon River at levels that exceed AWQS-B standard.However, in the vicinity of the outfall, monitoring and public information measures will be provided tominimize direct contact with the limited outfall plume that exceeds AWQS-B standards.

There are significant pollution sources upstream of the NLTN Canal. These could cause future violationsof the AWQS-B standard in Saigon River. Further deterioration in river water quality due to additionalpollution loads in the future from upstream areas could necessitate the construction of secondarywastewater treatment plant for wastewater from the NLTN Basin. This option needs to be evaluated in thefuture based on overall river basin water quality planning that identifies all major pollution sources andprioritizes the least cost pollution reductions.

Compliance with Sustainability Principle

The principle of sustainable development is met if it could be demonstrated that:

"Wastewater discharge from the Project is within the assimilative capacity of Saigon River to absorbwithout unacceptable degradation of its future waste absorptive capacity, or other important services suchas commercialfisheries and water abstraction".

Water quality modeling of the Saigon River was conducted to assess the dispersion characteristics of thewastewater plume from the proposed temporary outfall and to select an optimal site for its location. Thehas confirmed that the outfall can be operated such that it will not jeopardize the beneficial use of thereceiving waters (e.g. water abstraction, fisheries) and not significantly impact on any sensitive ecologicalspecies or habitats. In the future, the proposed outfall will be decommissioned, and the wastewater fromthe NLTN basin will be treated in a secondary wastewater treatment plant prior to discharge. Therefore,the Project is unlikely to cause degradation of the river's future assimilative capacity in the long term.


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HCMC Environmental Sanitation Project (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary ReRort

7.3 Economic BenefitsThe benefits of the Project have been identified to include:

* Reductions in flooding, which will in turn minimize direct costs (such as flood damage to propertiesand infrastructure) and indirect costs (such as reduction in socio-economic activities) to thecommunity;

* Improvements in public health and well-being, by reducing incidences of flooding that can transmitwaterbome diseases and also by removal ,of untreated stagnant wastewater in the canal;

* Increases in the value of land within the NLTN canal corridor, due to a significant enhancement ofdevelopment potential for land on the banks of the canal;

* Savings in the installation and de-sludging of septic tanks, as new developments will be able toconnect to the proposed sewerage system;

* Strengthening of institutional capacity, including training of workers who will acquire many newintemational best practice water and wastewater management techniques;

* Improvements in environmental quality, due to removal of untreated wastewater and enhanced capacityof the canal to pass flood water; and

* Promotion of economic development due to alleviation of flooding in the basin and improvements tothe canal embankment areas. Also, it has been estimated that up to 50% (US$ 100 million) of theproject budget could be injected into the local and national economies.

The economic benefits of the Project were evaluated against Project costs through an economic analysis.In simple terms, economic analysis is based on the calculation of:* Economic Rate of Return (ERR) which establishes the value of the investment in social economic

terms. To be viable, the Project should show an ERR greater than 12 %, which is the assumedopportunity cost of the capital.

* Net Present Value (NPV) for the Project, which takes into account the timing of both the investmentinto and the benefits of the Project. To be viable the NPV should be positive. That is, the benefits mustoutweigh the investment.

• Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) which measures the arithmetic sum of the benefits against the sum of thecosts. This should be greater than 1.

It is recognized that not all benefits could be valued in monetary terms. For example, in this Project, it wasnot possible to place a monetary value on benefits such as improved environmental quality, promotion ofeconomic development and institutional strengthening. Rather, the focus was on the establishment of theestimated monetary value of the more tangible economic benefits including reduced flooding, improvedpublic health, and increased land values. .

Since some benefits were excluded from the quantitative analysis, the calculated ERR, NPV and BCRwould underestimate the true economic viability of the Project and, consequently, should be considered tobe lower bound estimates. Table 7.2 summarizes the findings of the economic analysis.The Project is considered to be viable as the ERR of 18.9% exceeds the 12% economic opportunity cost ofcapital. Consistent with this result, the NPV is positive at VND 611.41 billion (US$ 43.7 million) and theBCR is 1.57.

The present value of Project benefits is estimated to be VND 1,691.6 billion (US$ 120.8 million). Themost important of these quantifiable benefits are those associated with reduced flooding. The reducedflooding benefits account for 57% of total Project benefits. Increased land values in the NLTN Canalcorridor, septic savings, and improved public health, account for 27%, 11%, and 5% of total Projectbenefits respectively.

CDM international Inc 14 September 2000


Table 7.2 Summary of Economic Analysis

Item Benefit (VND billion) Cost (VND billion)

Reduced floodinq 967.8 (57%)Health improvements 8.9 (5%)Savings in septic tanks 191.6 (11%)Increased land value 450.4 (27%)Capital cost of Project 1,013.1 (94%)Operating and Maintenance Cost of Project 67.1 (61%)

Total 1,691.6 1,080.2

Net Present Value @ 12% = 611.4 billion VND

Benefit-cost Ratio = 1.57

Economic rate of return = 18.9%

An analysis has also been undertaken to test the sensitivity of ERR to adverse changes in selected keyvariables. The variables tested were:

* increases in capital costs;

* increases in operating and maintenance costs;

* reductions in reduced flooding damage and income losses;

* reductions in public health benefits; and

* reduced increases in land values.

Of the key variables assessed, Project viability was found to be most sensitive to an increase in capitalcosts. However, even in this case, the increase in capital costs has to exceed 60% before the Project is nolonger viable. Of the Project benefits, Project viability was found to be most sensitive to decreases inavoided flooding benefits although this reduction would have to exceed 63% before the ERR declinesbelow the 12% viability threshold. In conclusion, the Project is considered to have potentially significanteconomic benefits to the community.

7.4 Other Environmental EffectsThe Project's impacts on other key aspects of the biophysical and human environment were also examined.The findings are summarized below:

Bio-physical Environment

* Air Quality. Temporary odor impacts could occur during canal dredging, and mitigation measureshave been proposed to reduce this to within acceptable levels. Elevated dust levels could also occurduring construction, especially at the pumping site. This, however, would be localized and mitigationmeasures have also been proposed to minimize their impacts. A scrubbing system is proposed for thepumping station, and it is not expected that there would be any significant odor impacts on the nearbyresidents.

* Noise. There would not be significant noise impacts from operation of the pumping station, due tosympathetic layout of the facility and separation of sensitive receivers. During construction, therecould be temporary short-term noise impacts. Measures to mitigate these impacts have been proposed.

• Water Quality. Construction of the outfall could have minor impact on river water quality due todispersion of sediments during dredging. This could be mitigated and no sensitive receivers are inclose proximity of the site.



* Terrestrial Ecology. The Project will be constructed predominantly in an urban environment.However, a total of 46 trees will need to be cleared at the pump station site. None of these are speciesof conservation interest. Therefore, no adverse impact on terrestrial ecology is anticipated.

* Hydrology. The Project will improve drainage capacity of the canal and alleviate flooding in theNLTN basin.

* Spoil disposal. Surplus excavated material will be beneficially re-used as fill or landfill cover.

Human Environment

* Resettlement. Residents on the proposed pumping station site will be resettled and compensated inaccordance with World Bank and Vietnamese policies.

* Public Health. The proposal is likely to have a positive effect on public health through removal ofuntreated wastewater from the NLTN basin.

* Road Traffic. There would be temporary impacts on road traffic as a result of the construction of thedrainage improvement in urban areas. Traffic management schemes will be implemented to reduce theinconveniences to a minimum. In the long term, the Project would improve traffic conditions duringwet weather periods by reducing the extent and frequency of flooding in the basin.

* Waterway Navigation. Only temporary closure of a section of Saigon River is required forconstruction of the outfall diffusers. Adequate access could be maintained at all times in a safemanner.

* Businesses. There could be short-term indirect impact on business operations due to construction ofthe drainage improvement works in urban areas. It is proposed that consideration be given tocompensate the affected businesses.

* Recreation and Tourism. The Project has the potential to improve the recreational and tourist resourceof the city, through improvement of canal water quality and dredging.

Y Visual and Landscape. Some visual benefits may be resulted through improvement to the canalembankments and removal of stagnant untreated wastewater. The pump station site is unlikely to causesignificant adverse visual impact, as appropriate landscaping measures will be provided.

• Worker and Public Safety. Worker safety would be safeguarded by implementation of constructionsite safety education and training. No significant impact on public safety is anticipated. It is proposedthat waming signs be erected along the canal at selected sections to warn against fall into canal.

* Utilities. The Project would not have a significant effect on current power supply, water supply andwaste management systems.

CDM International Inc - 16 September 2000


8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 Management FrameworkIt is proposed that a Project Environmental Performance Reporting System (PEPRS) should be set up tomanage the environmental performance of the Project. The primary objective of the PEPRS is to ensurethat the recommended environmental safeguards and mitigation measures are implemented properly. ThePEPRS is therefore an important link between the EIA study and project construction and operation. It issuggested that the PEPRS should follow the general principles of ISO 14000: Environmnental ManagementSystem, but it is not proposed that the PEPRS needs to be formally accredited at this stage.

Key steps in setting up the PEPRS may be grouped into three components and will include:

Institutional Strengthening

Appointment of an Environmental Officer/Manager in PMU and UDC to manage all environmentalaffairs during Project construction and operation, respectively.

Environmental Safeguards and Mitigation Measures

* Confirming or establishing environmental performance objectives and targets for construction andoperation, as recommended in the ELA study and the subsequent detailed design phase.

• Formulating environmental programs. An environmental program is a series of action plans thatidentify specific action steps, schedules, resources (technology, human and financial), and designationof responsibilities to achieve the stated environmental objectives and targets. In essence, theenvironmental mitigation measures identified in the EIA study will be packaged into a series ofprograms (e.g., water quality protection, community liaison, health and safety, etc) to facilitateimplementation.

Monitoring and Reporting

a Procedures for continual improvement, which will be set out in an Environmental Monitoring andAudit program.

The PEPRS will be finalized during detailed design stage of the Project when more specific design detailsand further information on complementary programs such as resettlement and public consultation areavailable. It is intended that a PEPRS Manual will be produced and provided to PMU and UDC, as well astheir consultants and contractors for reference. The following sections outline key features of threecomponents of the PEPRS.

8.2 Institutional StrengtheningIn parallel with the EIA study, an institutional analysis of current Government and management structurefor implementation of the NL-TN Project was conducted. This analysis has resulted in therecommendation of a institutional strengthening program, whose objectives are to ensure that the relevantorganizations (principally the NL-TN PMU and the UDC) charged with direct responsibility for the Projectare firstly organized effectively, and secondly staffed adequately.

The proposed institutional strengthening program is summarized below, with particular emphasis on thoseaspects related to environmental management.

PMU Strengthening

It is proposed that the existing NL-TN PMU be strengthened to manage the project construction phase. Adivision within the PMU dedicated to the NL-TN project should be formed.

This division will be headed by a Deputy Director of the PMU and consist of four functional groups:

* Project Management Group, headed by the Deputy Director and consists of individual liaison officersassigned to one or more of the construction contracts that will be implemented under the NL-TN


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summarv Report

project. Their primary function would be as liaison officer to the design/construction supervisionconsultant and construction contractor.

* Engineering Services Group headed by a Chief Engineer and staffed with design and constructionengineers. This group would essentially function in a technical support role to the project liaisonofficers and Consultants. The liaison officers could draw from this pool of expertise as needed forvarious aspects of the Project.

* Accounting and Financial Services Group, headed by an Accounting and Finance Manager,responsible for coordinating with the project management group on the financial and accountingaspects of each of the respective construction contracts.

* Policy Communication and Environmental Management Office, headed by an Environmental Officerand staffed with various discipline specialists, responsible for all matters related to environmentalmanagement, health and safety, as well as community liaison, resettlement and compensation in theNL-TN Project.

The NL-TN Project Environmental Officer (PEO) should be an experienced environmental professional,with sufficient familiarity with construction of major drainage and sewerage works and goodunderstanding of environmental pressures and issues related to major urban infrastructure projects. Onmatters related to community liaison, resettlement and compensation, the PEO will probably need to beassisted by specialists who may be brought in on an ad hoc basis.

As the manager of the PEPRS, the PEO will also:

• Coordinate and consolidate efforts from staff of different functional groups into environmentalprograms.

* Com2 municate the objectives of the environmental programs to PMU staff and construction contractors,and solicit their suggestions and support.

* Oversee the progress of environmental programs.

* Supervise the environmental performance of the various construction contractors, and providerecommendations to the Director on actions to be taken under the Conditions of Contract in case ofnon-compliance with environmental performance criteria.

* Mange the environmental monitoring and audit team.

* Provide a contact point for sharing environmental information with extemal parties.

Canacity Buildina

Once the key staff positions are filled, training will be provided to the PMU staff to upgrade theircapabilities in managing foreign loaned projects. It is expected that this training will mainly comefromProject Technical Assistance (TA).

In addition to upgrading the skills of PMU in project management, contract administration, engineering,construction management and financial management, the TA will also cover environmental managementand community liaison skills. The TA will be provided by a foreign consultant through on-the-job andclassroom venues and formal in-country or overseas higher education.

LUDC Strengthening

It is proposed that UDC should be restructured to become an independent fully functioning modemwastewater utility. That is, UDC should be upgraded from an agency within DTPW to an independentState Owned Enterprise responsible for provision of drainage and sewerage services in HCM City. It isanticipated that UDC operations will be funded from a wastewater levy to be imposed on water customers.To achieve this transformation technical assistance will be provided for by the project.

Organization and Staffing

The current UDC will be reorganized. The initial effort will be to obtaining a credible qualified executivemanagement team to provide the backbone of the upgraded UDC. This key team will include, at aminimum, the following:


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summary Revort

Executive Director who can develop and over see the implementation of a proactive business plan forthe UTDC.

* Chief Financial Officer who can oversee the development and manage the necessary financial systems.A related element of this is forecasting tariff requirements over the short and long term based onaccurate cost data and reasonable assumptions regarding sales and collection rates.

* ChiefAccountant who can oversee the day-to-day book keeping and accounting related tasks of theUDC.

* Chief Engineer/Planner who can assess the needs of the service area, evaluate shifts in demographicsand determine the types of capital improvements that will be required to meet the needs of the servicearea.

* Chief Operating Ofricer who understands wastewater utility facility operations and management, cantightly oversee contract operators, determine whether appropriate maintenance activities are beingundertaken, identify the need for capital improvements to ensure proper facility long-term operationsand ensure compliance with environmental performance requirements.

Like most modem utilities in the world, it is proposed that an Environmental Manager (EM) should beappointed by the management to take responsibilities for the environmental perfornance of UDC. The EMshould be a senior executive who is familiar with the organization's operations and has sufficient influenceand authority on the management's decision to implement the organization's environmental policyeffectively. Rather than appointing an additional staff to the management team, it is proposed that theChief Operating Officer (COP) should take up the role of the EM (after appropriate training, if needed).

In support of the COP/EM, it is proposed that Environmental Officers should also be appointed at a districtlevel. Similarly, it is suggested that the district (operations) managers should take up this role (afterappropriate training if necessary). This arrangement has the advantage of encouraging "frontline"managers to take direct responsibilities for their or their contractor's actions in terms of environmentalcompliance. The district manager/environmental officer will also take over the responsibilities under theProject Environmental Performance Reporting System (PEPRS) for facilities under their care from theconcerned PMU upon hand over of the facilities.

To strengthen the organization's commitment to sound environmental practices, it is further proposed thatan Environmental Management Committee (EMC) should be formed. The EMC will take theresponsibility for managing the environmental issues of VDC under the chairmanship of the COP/EM. Itwill comprise the Executive Director, heads of all the functional groups, and all district managers/environmental officers. Specific objectives of the EMC include:

* Determine performance targets on environmental measures and formulate action plans.

* Oversee implementation of the PEPRSs.

* Collect skills, knowledge and expertise for supporting the enviromnental programs.

* Establish a cooperative atmosphere for implementing environmental programs.

* Raise staff awareness and enthusiasm towards environmental protection.

* Provide a forum for bringing forward good ideas, opportunities for improvement and regular review.

Capacity BuildinL

It will be necessary to ensure that the staff, executive team and managers fully understand their duties andresponsibilities and the tools available to them to fulfill their functions. A significant training effort will berequired to ensure that this meshes. In addition to corporate planning and management informnationsystems, financial management and accounting, engineering technology, facility operation andmaintenance, it is necessary that training in environmental management practices for modem wastewaterutilities as well as community liaison and communication skills should also be pursued.

With respect to developing practical experience in facility operations and associated environmentalmanagement skills, key UDC personnel will have an excellent opportunity for on-the-job training once thenew NL-TN facilities are commissioned. As these would be operated by private contractors, provisions inthe tender documents should be made for skill transfer and training of UDC staff.



Given the limited capacity to operate and maintain these facilities in country, the UDC should anticipatethe substantial use of foreign contractors for the initial 1 to 5 year operating period. A key element ofthese "operation contracts" should be a substantial effort in using and training local firms, as a means ofrapidly building in-house qualified capacity.

8.3 Environmental Safeguards and Mitigation MeasuresThe ELA study has recommended adoption of specific mitigation measures, as summarized in Table 8.1.These measures will be written into the proposed Project Environmental Performance Reporting SystemManual during detailed design stage of the Project.

Table 8.1 Summary of Environmental Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Requirements

Activity Key Effects/impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring & auditPRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ._ - _ e

1- Land resumption for Dislocation of residents on the Payment of Provided for byconstruction of pumping pumping station site compensation as per Resettlement Actionstation World Bank and Plan

Vietnamese policies l

CONSTRUCTION PHASE (PartI - Wastewater)2- Interceptor sewer, * Construction noise * Barriers, silencers, * Site audit only

Combined Sewer Overflows activity phasing,and Pumping Station community liaison

* Construction dust * Control of material * Site audit only

handling andvehicle movements

* Water quality impact * Site water a Site audit onlymanagementmeasures

* Terrestrial ecology * None proposed * None proposed

* Worker safety * Occupational * Site audit only

health & safetyprogram

3- River Outfall * Water quality impact on * None proposed a None proposedSaikon River

* Waterway navigation and * None proposed * None proposedtraffic

CONSTRUCTION PHASE(Part 2 - Drainage) - . ._._ I4- Drainage improvement * Construction noise * Barriers, silencers, * site audit only

works, including activity phasing,replacement and new community liaisondrainage pipes and culverts

* Construction dust * Control of material * site audit onlyhandling andvehicle movements

* Traffic * Traffic * site audit onlymanagement plan

* Worker and public safety, * Occupational * site audit onlydamage to utilities health & safety

program

* Indirect impact on a Paymernt of * compensation


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summnarv Re2ort

businesses compensation report

• Indirect impacts on tourism, * Public information ' none proposedrecreational, historical, programcultural and public facilities

l Removal of informal public * none proposedtoilets * Provision of

replacement publictoilets

5- Canal improvement * Water quality impact during * None proposed ' None proposed(dredging) works dredging

* Odor impact during dredging a Work phasing, odor * Site audit onlycontrol agents

* Increased truck/barge traffic * None proposed ' None proposedto transport dredged materialoffsite

OPERATION AND -MAINTENANCE PHASE _

6- Sewer/drainage network * Reduced flooding in NLTN * None required * Flow and wateroperation & maintenance basin (Beneficial effect) level monitoring

in canal

* Worker safety during * Occupationalmaintenance works health & safety * Regular audits

program* Odour emission * Minimize detention * Regular audits

____________________________ tim e

7- Operation/maintenance of * Improved canal water quality * None required a Water qualityinterceptor and NLTN canal and aquatic ecology monitoringflushing (Beneficial effect) program

* Improved public health * None required * Review of(Beneficial effect) public health

statistics

* Public safety * Safety program a Regular audits

8- Pumping station operation & * Odor emission * Scrubbing system * Regular auditsmaintenance * noise emission * Careful selection of * Noise

equipment monitoringprogram

* Aesthetics * Landscaping a Regular audits* Oil, Grease and Scum * None required * Water quality

Removal (Beneficial effec monitoringprogram

* Accidental spill containment * None required m Water quality(Beneficial effect) monitoring

9- Operation/maintenance of * Impact on ecology of Saigon * None proposed * None proposedtemporary river outfall River

* Impact on water quality of * Careful design of * Water qualitySaigon River outfall monitoring

program

* Commercial fisheries * None proposed * None proposed

* Health hazards * Careful design of * Water qualityouffall monitoring

program

COM International Inc 21 September 2000

HCMC Ehvironmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive Summarv Reoort

8.4 Environmental Monitoring and Audit ProgramThe Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM&A) program is an important component of the PEPRS. Anoutline of the EM&A program is presented below.

Objectives

The objectives of the EM&A program are:

• To provide a database from which the environmental impacts of the Project can be determined;

* To provide an early indication should any of the environmental control measures or practices fail toachieve the acceptable standards;

* To monitor the performance of the project and the effectiveness of mitigation measures;

* To verify the environmental impacts predicted in the EIA;

* To determine project compliance with regulatory requirements, standards and government policies;

* To take remedial action if unexpected problems or unacceptable impacts arise; and

* To provide data to enable an environmental audit.

Approaches

Table 8.2 summarizes commonly adopted approaches for an EM&A program.

Table 8.2 Commonly Adopted Approaches for EM&A Program

Approaches Description

Environmental Monitoring This includes the systematic collection ofenvironmental data with various monitoringactivites such as:* Baseline Monitoring* Impact Monitoring* Compliance Monitoring

Environmental Quality Performance Limits * For the purpose of environmental monitoringand audit, environmental quality performancelimits are normally in the form of a set ofactionilimit levels.

* In addition, a trigger ievel below the actionlevel may be set up to provide early waming ofdeteriorating environmental quality that mayexceed the acton level.

Environmental Monitoring and Audit Documentation Documents normally required are:* Procedures Manual* Baseline Monitoring Report* Regular and Summary EM&A Reports

Reporting Structure

Environmental monitoring contractors would be employed to implement the monitoring program as set outin the PEPRS Manual.

Construction phase

The environmental monitoring contractor will report directly to the NL-TN PMU's Project EnvironmentalOfficer and work closely with the construction contractor. After review, the PMU will submit monitoringreports to the HCMC PC, with a copy to DOSTE for review.


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive SummarY Rer,ort

Operation phase

The environmental monitoring contractor will report directly to the UDC's Chief Operating Officer(Environmental Manager) and work closely with the facility operator. After review, the UDC will submitmonitoring reports to the HCMC PC, with a copy to DOSTE for review.

Under this arrangement, the PMU or the UDC can instruct the construction contractor or facility operatorto rectify any environmental non-compliance as a contractual requirement. If an internal agency is used asa monitoring contractor, the instruction to rectify non-compliance can be issued as an administrative order.

Monitoring Contractors

In HCMC, a number of agencies and institutions are capable of performing the tasks of environmentalmonitoring contractor. Candidate contractors are listed below:

* Center for Environmental Technology and Management (CENTEMA), Van Lung University

* Vietnam Association for the Conservation of Nature and Environment (VACNE)

* Environmental Protection Center (EPC), Vietnam Institute for Tropical Technology andEnvironmental Protection (VIITEP)

* Institute of National Resources and Environment, National University of Vietnam in HCMC, Sub-institute for Water Resource Planning and Management

Environmental Audit

The environmental audit is to be carried out by an environmental consultant employed by the PMU orUDC. The environmental auditor is responsible for assessment of the enviromnental perfornance of theconstruction contractor, the facility operator and the environmental monitoring contractor. The audits willbe carTied out at agreed period of intervals in line with the recommendation in the PEPRS Manual.

The main responsibilities and duties of the auditor include the following:

* Review changes in measured parameters during construction and after commissioning;

* Assess the compliance of the Facility development with Government environmental quality objectives;

* Examine the cost-effectiveness of any mitigation or control measures in achieving environmentalprotection;

* Recommend amendments in procedures or remedial actions in the event that performance inunsatisfactory. This is particularly relevant to the dispersion of the wastewater plume from the outfall;

* Determnine the effectiveness of the environmental data base for internal management awareness;

* Determine the degree of environmental awareness at the Facility; and

* Establish whether the standard of environmental management at th Facility is sufficient to promotegood relations with local communities.

During the construction stage, the environmental auditor will prepare and submit monthly audit reports.Following the performance testing of the facility, the auditor will submit his first audit report within 45days of completion of the performance testing. The second audit report will be based on the first sixmonths' operation following the performance testing. Thereafter, the auditor will prepare and submitannual reports.


HCMC Environmental Sanitation Proiect (NLTN Basin) EIA Executive SummarA Report

9 CONCLUSIONS

The justification of the Project is related to three key aspects:

* compliance with the principle of sustainable development, in accordance with World Bank policy;

* effect on the bio-physical environment; and

* econornic and social considerations.

In other words, the NLTN Basin Environmental Sanitation Project must:

* be environmentally sustainable, in that the wastewater must be discharged in a manner that is withinthe assimilative capacity of the local environment (i.e. Saigon River) to absorb without unacceptabledegradation of its future waste absorptive capacity or other important services;

* have more environmental benefits than any dis-benefits; and

* be able to be constructed and operated cost-effectively.

As confirmed by the findings of the water quality modeling assessment, the Project is consistent with theprinciple of environmentally sustainable development. It would alleviate flooding in the basin, and havebeneficial effects on NL-TN canal water quality as well as public health. Any environmental dis-benefitswould be minor or short term. The Project is also economically justifiable.

The consequences of not proceeding with the Project are continued pollution of waterways, potential risksto public health and unsustainable growth in the city caused by inadequate drainage and sewerage services.


-Ls n VIET NAM"Client service means delivering on our promise to provide

the right total soluttion - on time, on budget. "(CDM Annual Report, 1998)

Environmental Management Systems

Infrastructure Design and Construction

Facility Compliance

Information Management

Turnkey Services and Outsourcing

Risk-Based Closures

Intrinsic Remediation

Strategic Site Solutions

Site Restoration and Reuse

Management Consulting

Value Engineering

CDM... supporting sustainableenvironmental management through

knowledge, tools, and strategies

(:CainpDser &.McKee Intternational Inc'.'' lieCarbl3iidge P 'ac -

0 Caiiibridge, MIA 02142, :USA-

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