Social Sciences and Medicine:Social Sciences and Medicine:

Health can not be isolated from its social context. Health can not be isolated from its social context.

Social, cultural, educational, economic, political, Social, cultural, educational, economic, political, religious factors have a direct bearing on the incidence, religious factors have a direct bearing on the incidence, prevalence, course and outcome of a wide variety of all prevalence, course and outcome of a wide variety of all diseases and health problemsdiseases and health problems..

The patient is no longer considered asThe patient is no longer considered as one who is under strict laboratory control one who is under strict laboratory control (i.e. not a lab animal or a case)(i.e. not a lab animal or a case)

butbut, an individual with personal characteristics,, an individual with personal characteristics,variable habits, customs and beliefs all are variable habits, customs and beliefs all are reacting on his body and mind.reacting on his body and mind.

*Good doctors are being identified as those *Good doctors are being identified as those who treat people, who treat people, and and bad doctors as those who treat casesbad doctors as those who treat cases..

Definition of terms:Definition of terms:

Society:Society: an organization of member agents. an organization of member agents. It is a system of social relationships It is a system of social relationships between individuals.between individuals.

Community:Community: The people living in a particular place or The people living in a particular place or region and usually linked by common interests. So it is a region and usually linked by common interests. So it is a social group determined by geographical boundaries social group determined by geographical boundaries and or common values of interests .and or common values of interests .

Social Structure Social Structure → anatomy→ anatomy

Social Organization Social Organization → physiology→ physiology

Socialism:Socialism: Any economic policy that favors the use of Any economic policy that favors the use of belongings and resources of the country for the public belongings and resources of the country for the public welfare. welfare. It is a system of production and distributionIt is a system of production and distributionbased on social ownership for raisingbased on social ownership for raisingthe living standard of the working classthe living standard of the working class(motto here is (motto here is "all for all""all for all" and and "each for all"each for all").").

CapitalismCapitalism: which is based on private ownership of the : which is based on private ownership of the means of the production and aims at means of the production and aims at maximum private profit at the expensemaximum private profit at the expenseof the working class of the working class

(motto here (motto here "all for each" "all for each" and and "each for each"each for each")")..

Socialization:Socialization: The process by which an individual The process by which an individual gradually acquires culture (beliefs, customs, traditions gradually acquires culture (beliefs, customs, traditions and prejudices) and becomes a member of a social and prejudices) and becomes a member of a social group. It includes 2 parts:group. It includes 2 parts:

Primary socialization: Primary socialization: When a child first grow and be a When a child first grow and be a member of his family, some of these beliefs and member of his family, some of these beliefs and customs may be dangerous to his health as smoking , customs may be dangerous to his health as smoking , and hysteria.and hysteria.

* Since the primary socialization is started in the * Since the primary socialization is started in the familyfamily, , so it could be the first step in the solution of every so it could be the first step in the solution of every personal problem. personal problem.

Secondary socialization:Secondary socialization: A process which operates A process which operates through a person whole life i.e. when being a member of through a person whole life i.e. when being a member of a new group or society as being a doctor (may be + or -)a new group or society as being a doctor (may be + or -)

Norms of Society:Norms of Society: the standard of behavior expected the standard of behavior expected from a person by their social group.from a person by their social group.

Deviance:Deviance: departure from accepted behaviors and it departure from accepted behaviors and it includes any thing from bad table manner to murder.includes any thing from bad table manner to murder.

Social Control Mechanism:Social Control Mechanism: In every society, there are rules, In every society, there are rules, formal formal (laws of(laws ofenactment and parliament)enactment and parliament)

and and informalinformal for maintenance of relationships of for maintenance of relationships of authority and subordinationauthority and subordination..

Authority:Authority: is the power of influence which some people is the power of influence which some people have over the others which is generally accepted. It is of have over the others which is generally accepted. It is of different types as different types as

Traditional authorityTraditional authority (e.g. the father in the family). (e.g. the father in the family).Bureaucratic authorityBureaucratic authority (e.g. the dean of college). (e.g. the dean of college). Charismatic authorityCharismatic authority (e.g. the religious leader). (e.g. the religious leader).Professional authorityProfessional authority (e.g. the senior in a hospital) (e.g. the senior in a hospital)..

Culture:Culture:

man largely is the product of his cultural environment . It man largely is the product of his cultural environment . It is transmitted from one generation to another through is transmitted from one generation to another through learning process, formal and informal.learning process, formal and informal.

Race:Race: When population differentiated according to When population differentiated according to certain certain biological biological characteristics only.characteristics only.

EthnicsEthnics:: When population differentiated according to When population differentiated according to certain certain cultural cultural aspect of racial groups.aspect of racial groups.

Definition of Culture:Definition of Culture:

the organization of shared experience which determine the organization of shared experience which determine our patterns of thinking and feeling, it is socially learned, our patterns of thinking and feeling, it is socially learned, shared and reinforced. It guides our daily behavior (we shared and reinforced. It guides our daily behavior (we recognize the situation and behave automatically)recognize the situation and behave automatically)..

Social Psychology:Social Psychology:

Definition of psychology:Definition of psychology: "The study of human behavior- of how people behave "The study of human behavior- of how people behave and why they behave in just the way they do".and why they behave in just the way they do".

Psychiatrists: Psychiatrists: are persons are persons trained in medicine and psychology.trained in medicine and psychology.

* So psychology includes every aspects of human life * So psychology includes every aspects of human life and every type of human relation.and every type of human relation.

Healthy behavior:Healthy behavior: Refers to those activities people undertake (1) to avoid Refers to those activities people undertake (1) to avoid disease and (2) to detect asymptomatic infections (or disease and (2) to detect asymptomatic infections (or diseases) through appropriate screening test. diseases) through appropriate screening test. e.g. The use of condoms and routine lab checke.g. The use of condoms and routine lab check..

Illness behaviors:Illness behaviors: "How people react to illness". Generally people wait and "How people react to illness". Generally people wait and symptoms, if persist, then they tend to (1) take home symptoms, if persist, then they tend to (1) take home remedy, or (2) take advice of folk medicine, or (3) ask remedy, or (2) take advice of folk medicine, or (3) ask help of modern medicine.help of modern medicine.

Treatment behavior:Treatment behavior: “Those activities used to cure diseases and restore “Those activities used to cure diseases and restore health“health“It is important that patient should seek medical advice, It is important that patient should seek medical advice, take drugs as prescribed, and return to test for curetake drugs as prescribed, and return to test for cure..

BehaviorsBehaviors in general are responses in general are responses (results) (results) for certain for certain causes causes (stimuli), (stimuli), the goal of psychology is to find the goal of psychology is to find relations between stimuli and responses.relations between stimuli and responses.

Causes:Causes: 1. 1. Environmental stimuliEnvironmental stimuli: as sight, smell and touch.: as sight, smell and touch.2. 2. Emotions and feelingsEmotions and feelings: as anger, joy and hunger.: as anger, joy and hunger.3. 3. NeedsNeeds: as eat, drink and dress.: as eat, drink and dress.4. 4. MotivationsMotivations: " inner force which drives an individual to : " inner force which drives an individual to a certain action" as success in the examination, to have a certain action" as success in the examination, to have a wealth.a wealth.5. 5. Intellectual perceptionIntellectual perception: perception, thinking and : perception, thinking and reasoning. reasoning.

BehaviorsBehaviors in general are responses in general are responses (results) (results) for certain for certain causes causes (stimuli), (stimuli), the goal of psychology is to find the goal of psychology is to find relations between stimuli and responses. relations between stimuli and responses.

Responses:Responses: 1. 1. Physical responses Physical responses : as habits, skills.: as habits, skills.2. 2. Organic responsesOrganic responses: as emotions, feelings and : as emotions, feelings and tensions.tensions.3. 3. Intellectual responsesIntellectual responses: as perceptions, thinking and : as perceptions, thinking and reasoningreasoning..

Emotions:Emotions: "is a strong feeling of the whole organism" "is a strong feeling of the whole organism" and it motivates human behavior. and it motivates human behavior.

It is characterized by:It is characterized by:1. External change: 1. External change: Apparent, and easily seen by Apparent, and easily seen by others as facial expression (angry, happy etc) and others as facial expression (angry, happy etc) and posture.posture.

2. Internal change: 2. Internal change: Physiological changes evoked by Physiological changes evoked by psychological action (as ↑ Bp, rapid pulse, tension and psychological action (as ↑ Bp, rapid pulse, tension and pain) usually transient and subsides when patient return pain) usually transient and subsides when patient return to "normal".to "normal".

Anxiety: Anxiety: May manifest as increase in pulse, breathing, May manifest as increase in pulse, breathing, flushing etc.flushing etc.

Patients admitted to hospital are usually anxious, and Patients admitted to hospital are usually anxious, and under tension so doctor must understand patients under tension so doctor must understand patients anxiety and give him reassurance. anxiety and give him reassurance.

** A kind word from the doctor like a A kind word from the doctor like a magicmagic and gives the and gives the patient considerable relief from emotional anxietypatient considerable relief from emotional anxiety..

Control of emotion:Control of emotion: A well adjusted and mentally healthy person is one who A well adjusted and mentally healthy person is one who is able to keep his emotions under control. is able to keep his emotions under control.

The following tips may help in controlling one's The following tips may help in controlling one's emotions:emotions:

1.1. Cultivate hobbies, good habits of reading and Cultivate hobbies, good habits of reading and recreations.recreations.2. 2. Adopt a philosophy for life in order to adopt mental Adopt a philosophy for life in order to adopt mental conflicts.conflicts.3.3. Try to understand your own limitations. Try to understand your own limitations.4.4. Develop a sense of humor. Develop a sense of humor.

Motivation:Motivation: "Inner force which drives an individual into certain "Inner force which drives an individual into certain action". It also determines human behavior. action". It also determines human behavior.

May be positive May be positive "the carrot" "the carrot" or negative or negative "the stick“"the stick“, both, , both, the carrot and the stick, may the carrot and the stick, may “formal” “formal” or or “informal”. “informal”.

With out motivation behavioral changes can not be With out motivation behavioral changes can not be expected to take place. expected to take place.

A motivated person acts willingly and knowingly. A motivated person acts willingly and knowingly.

Cultivation of good (healthy) habits is desirable and Cultivation of good (healthy) habits is desirable and it is at it is at Primordial prevention level.Primordial prevention level. Principles involved in habit formation are: Principles involved in habit formation are: 1. 1. Should begins early in childhood before formation of Should begins early in childhood before formation of unwanted habits.unwanted habits.2.2. Should use frequent repetition model. Should use frequent repetition model.3.3. Should take time to be formed, not overnight. Should take time to be formed, not overnight.4. 4. Should be a strong emotional stimuli.Should be a strong emotional stimuli.5. 5. Good habits kills bad habits, Good habits kills bad habits,

The best way to wash the bad habit is by cultivating The best way to wash the bad habit is by cultivating good's one.good's one.

* * Habits build up human personality, and man should not Habits build up human personality, and man should not become a slave to his habits, he should remain become a slave to his habits, he should remain mastermaster..

Frustrations:Frustrations: When people are unable to meet their needs and When people are unable to meet their needs and desires they feel frustrated.desires they feel frustrated.

The source of frustration may be external asThe source of frustration may be external asunemployment, or internal as low I.Q. unemployment, or internal as low I.Q.

** Frustrations may enhances the person to work hardly Frustrations may enhances the person to work hardly in order to overcome the failure, or may lead a person to in order to overcome the failure, or may lead a person to change his goals, or if continue may damage the change his goals, or if continue may damage the person's personality.person's personality.

Mental defense mechanisms:Mental defense mechanisms:

1. 1. Rationalization.Rationalization.2. 2. Projection.Projection.3. 3. Compensation.Compensation.4.4. Escape mechanism. Escape mechanism.5.5. Displacement. Displacement.6. 6. Regression.Regression.

** A mentally healthy person, will not use mental defense A mentally healthy person, will not use mental defense mechanisms for achieving success or happiness.mechanisms for achieving success or happiness.