Social Reform Social Reform Movements:Movements:EducationEducation

EducationEducation

Horace Mann Horace Mann William McGuffey William McGuffey Harriet Beecher Harriet Beecher Today's educational systemToday's educational system

Horace MannHorace Mann

The Prussian educational system The Prussian educational system ““Father of Education”Father of Education” 1870 1870

William McGuffeyWilliam McGuffey

““McGuffey Reader”McGuffey Reader” Country's moral and American character Country's moral and American character

Harriet BeecherHarriet Beecher

"Uncle Tom's Cabin" "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

Today's educational systemToday's educational system

Influential writing Influential writing

Religious ReformsReligious Reforms(1800-1845)(1800-1845)

1st Amendment

Evangelicalism

Revivals

Goals

2nd Great Awakening

(1800-1830)

Camp Meeting

Charles G. Finney

Emergence of groupsEmergence of groups

African American churches Mormons Benevolent societies Restorationist Millerites Mormons Baptists Holiness movement

Elmira ReformatoryElmira Reformatory

A Landmark In Prison ReformA Landmark In Prison Reform

IntroductionIntroduction

The construction of the Elmira The construction of the Elmira Reformatory in up state New York Reformatory in up state New York is a watershed moment in history is a watershed moment in history because it is the first Prison because it is the first Prison Institution to emphasize the Institution to emphasize the reformation of a convict more so reformation of a convict more so than just the punishment, a stark than just the punishment, a stark contrast to the severe methods of contrast to the severe methods of the Auburn System and the the Auburn System and the Pennsylvania System of inmate Pennsylvania System of inmate incarceration. The policies incarceration. The policies introduced at Elmira would go on introduced at Elmira would go on to influence American prisons to influence American prisons from there on out, with modern from there on out, with modern prisons implicating more and prisons implicating more and more rehabilitation and more rehabilitation and educational programs.educational programs.

Bloody OriginsBloody Origins

*In the summer of 1864 a *In the summer of 1864 a prison was constructed in prison was constructed in Elmira to house confederate Elmira to house confederate prisoners of war. Built on the prisoners of war. Built on the site of a union barracks that site of a union barracks that had fallen into disuse the had fallen into disuse the camp would come to be camp would come to be known as “Hellmira” by its known as “Hellmira” by its inmates because of the inmates because of the terrible conditions at the terrible conditions at the camp. Starvation, brutality by camp. Starvation, brutality by the wardens, exposure to the the wardens, exposure to the elements and terrible hygienic elements and terrible hygienic conditions led to the deaths of conditions led to the deaths of 2,693 inmates.2,693 inmates.

National Prison CongressNational Prison Congress

*The Nation Prison Association, later *The Nation Prison Association, later known as the American Correctional known as the American Correctional Association, was established in 1869 Association, was established in 1869 by Rutherford B. Hayes. With the by Rutherford B. Hayes. With the goal of reforming Prison conditions goal of reforming Prison conditions the NPA held their first meeting in the NPA held their first meeting in Cincinnati Ohio with 130 delegates Cincinnati Ohio with 130 delegates from 24 states, Canada and South from 24 states, Canada and South America. The ideas discussed at the America. The ideas discussed at the meeting would be drafted into a meeting would be drafted into a Declaration of Policies which would Declaration of Policies which would later on become widely accepted later on become widely accepted guidelines in Europe and America. guidelines in Europe and America. Elmira Reformatory is largely seen as Elmira Reformatory is largely seen as the application of many of the NPA’s the application of many of the NPA’s Declaration. Declaration.

Elmira ReformatoryElmira Reformatory

*In July 1876 Elmira Reformatory *In July 1876 Elmira Reformatory opened up, receiving its first inmates opened up, receiving its first inmates from Auburn Prison. Elmira stressed from Auburn Prison. Elmira stressed Rehabilitation of a convict so that Rehabilitation of a convict so that after they served their terms they after they served their terms they could return to society as productive could return to society as productive members. members.

**Zebulon Brockway served as Zebulon Brockway served as warden of Elmira from 1876 until warden of Elmira from 1876 until 1900. He is often remarked as, “The 1900. He is often remarked as, “The Grandfather of Prison Reform” a Grandfather of Prison Reform” a somewhat ironic title because of his somewhat ironic title because of his abrupt resignation as warden of abrupt resignation as warden of Elmira following allegations of Elmira following allegations of corruption and mistreatment towards corruption and mistreatment towards prisoners, including severe physical prisoners, including severe physical abuse. Brockway was instrumental in abuse. Brockway was instrumental in the construction of Elmira and in the construction of Elmira and in implicating its most progressive implicating its most progressive policies.policies.

Essential ReformsEssential Reforms

*The Elmira model of reform *The Elmira model of reform stressed education. In 1878 stressed education. In 1878 Brockway invited several teachers Brockway invited several teachers to teach elementary courses to to teach elementary courses to the inmates. The educational the inmates. The educational program would expand to include program would expand to include not only elementary courses but not only elementary courses but courses in book keeping, courses in book keeping, geography, physiology as well as geography, physiology as well as psychology. Elmira would boats a psychology. Elmira would boats a substantial library, among of the substantial library, among of the best in the prison community.best in the prison community.

*A sports program was instituted *A sports program was instituted at Elmira, one of the first of its at Elmira, one of the first of its kind amidst a time when games of kind amidst a time when games of any kind were banned in prison any kind were banned in prison yards. Sports and prison leagues yards. Sports and prison leagues would later on become an integral would later on become an integral aspect of prison life.aspect of prison life.

OverviewOverview

*Despite the failures of Elmira the model used *Despite the failures of Elmira the model used would be influential, by the end of the nineteenth would be influential, by the end of the nineteenth century the majority of new prisons established century the majority of new prisons established followed the Elmira Model of rehabilitation. followed the Elmira Model of rehabilitation. Modern prisons are seen as the product of the Modern prisons are seen as the product of the ideas expressed by the Nation Prison Congress ideas expressed by the Nation Prison Congress in 1870 and the implementation of these ideas in 1870 and the implementation of these ideas into policy at Elmira Reformatory. More into policy at Elmira Reformatory. More important it marks a turning point when the important it marks a turning point when the focus shifted away from punishing a criminal for focus shifted away from punishing a criminal for their crime to trying to “cure” or rehabilitate the their crime to trying to “cure” or rehabilitate the criminal so he doesn’t commit that crime again. criminal so he doesn’t commit that crime again.

Community ImpactCommunity Impact

*With 2,186,230 of Americans incarcerated our country has the *With 2,186,230 of Americans incarcerated our country has the biggest prison population in the world. With an estimated 738 out biggest prison population in the world. With an estimated 738 out of 100,000 American in prison this issue affects all of us. Many of of 100,000 American in prison this issue affects all of us. Many of us know someone who has been in or is currently serving a us know someone who has been in or is currently serving a sentence in prison. These important changes first put forth by the sentence in prison. These important changes first put forth by the National Prison Association 1870 have remained significantly National Prison Association 1870 have remained significantly unchanged in the past 200 plus years and is still the guiding unchanged in the past 200 plus years and is still the guiding principles in American prisons today. principles in American prisons today.

Child labor reformsChild labor reforms

ThesisThesis

Child labor inexcusably endangered Child labor inexcusably endangered and took many children’s lives by and took many children’s lives by oppression and deplorable work oppression and deplorable work conditions; this is a watershed conditions; this is a watershed moment in history that enabled moment in history that enabled

children of future generations to have children of future generations to have better opportunities for their future better opportunities for their future without having to risk their lives. without having to risk their lives.

By the year 1870, child work was very common, By the year 1870, child work was very common, 750,000 children under the age of 15, were 750,000 children under the age of 15, were working in fields, factories, textile mills, coal working in fields, factories, textile mills, coal

mines and many others worked in the streets.mines and many others worked in the streets.

In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee In 1904, the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) was founded with the purpose of (NCLC) was founded with the purpose of "promoting the rights, awareness, dignity, "promoting the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working."  youth as they relate to work and working."  Preventing exploitation and offering Preventing exploitation and offering education along with health opportunities. education along with health opportunities.

On the mid 1910, attending school was On the mid 1910, attending school was mandatory for children under 12 years of mandatory for children under 12 years of age.age.

By 1911, more than two million children 16 By 1911, more than two million children 16 years of age or older were working 12 hours years of age or older were working 12 hours a day and six days per week in exchange for a day and six days per week in exchange for a few cents.a few cents.

From 1911 to 1916, From 1911 to 1916, photographer Lewis photographer Lewis Wikes Hine captured Wikes Hine captured insensitive insensitive treatment that treatment that children in the children in the southern and southern and eastern states eastern states received from their received from their employers.employers.

Fair Labor Fair Labor Standards Act of Standards Act of 1938 was passed 1938 was passed establishishing a establishishing a minimum wage minimum wage and prohibiting and prohibiting employment of employment of minors under 16 minors under 16 years of age or 18 years of age or 18 if the work was to if the work was to hard.hard.

Influence on our Influence on our communitycommunity

This child labor reform created This child labor reform created restrictions and better working restrictions and better working

conditions to end oppression, and conditions to end oppression, and help future generations of children to help future generations of children to be able to have a childhood free of be able to have a childhood free of

forced labor and with better chances forced labor and with better chances of educating themselves to have a of educating themselves to have a

brighter future. brighter future.

Donaldina CameronDonaldina Cameron

July 26, 1869To

January 4, 1968

July 26, 1869To

January 4, 1968

History of Donaldina

History of Donaldina

* Born July 26, 1869 in New Zealand• At 2 years, her family moved to California from

New Zealand• 1895 she was invited by Maggie Culbertson to work

as a sewing teacher at Occidental Mission home for girls in San Francisco

• Participated with the city’s police in the rescue of Chinese women and girls held captive during the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• Fellow teacher Maggie Culbertson becomes ill and dies, leaving Donaldina in charge at 25 years old

• Donaldina became known as “Lo Mo” (Beloved Mother )

* Born July 26, 1869 in New Zealand• At 2 years, her family moved to California from

New Zealand• 1895 she was invited by Maggie Culbertson to work

as a sewing teacher at Occidental Mission home for girls in San Francisco

• Participated with the city’s police in the rescue of Chinese women and girls held captive during the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• Fellow teacher Maggie Culbertson becomes ill and dies, leaving Donaldina in charge at 25 years old

• Donaldina became known as “Lo Mo” (Beloved Mother )

The Mission Home The Mission Home

Home to those who were discriminated against or forced into prostitution

Donaldina cared and nurtured her girls

The house provided counseling, peer group support and crisis intervention

In 1906, the mission was destroyed

During the evacuation Donaldina retrieves her guardian papers.

Home to those who were discriminated against or forced into prostitution

Donaldina cared and nurtured her girls

The house provided counseling, peer group support and crisis intervention

In 1906, the mission was destroyed

During the evacuation Donaldina retrieves her guardian papers.

Before

After

“Lo Mo’’ “Lo Mo’’

Retired in 1942, after 45 years Devoted half of her lifetime to the victims of prostitution and racial discrimination Educated and rescued Over 3,000 Asian Women and children

Retired in 1942, after 45 years Devoted half of her lifetime to the victims of prostitution and racial discrimination Educated and rescued Over 3,000 Asian Women and children

Changes in San FranciscoChanges in San Francisco

Because of her services, Donaldina truly made a difference in the San Francisco community.

Helped enforce the ending of prostitution and discrimination

Kept women's lives from being destroyed Stepped up when no one else wouldDonaldina Cameron is significant to the social

reform movement because she decided that she wanted to make a difference in her community and stuck to her plans of saving and creating a better life for the Asian women and children who were victimized or went through racial discrimination.

Because of her services, Donaldina truly made a difference in the San Francisco community.

Helped enforce the ending of prostitution and discrimination

Kept women's lives from being destroyed Stepped up when no one else wouldDonaldina Cameron is significant to the social

reform movement because she decided that she wanted to make a difference in her community and stuck to her plans of saving and creating a better life for the Asian women and children who were victimized or went through racial discrimination.

Prohibition in Prohibition in AmericaAmerica

Beginning of ProhibitionBeginning of Prohibition

Movement led by religious groupsMovement led by religious groups Believed alcohol was cause of Believed alcohol was cause of

physical abusephysical abuse Mental wellbeing was thought to be Mental wellbeing was thought to be

threatenedthreatened

Road to ProhibitionRoad to Prohibition

Temperance groups were formedTemperance groups were formed Argued that the only way to prevent Argued that the only way to prevent

drunkenness was to eliminate drunkenness was to eliminate alcoholalcohol

Prohibition PartyProhibition Party Sons of TemperanceSons of Temperance Woman’s Christian Temperance Woman’s Christian Temperance

UnionUnion

Women for ProhibitionWomen for Prohibition

Susan B. Anthony began work as Susan B. Anthony began work as temperance agenttemperance agent

Carrie Nation went from town to Carrie Nation went from town to town smashing saloon windows and town smashing saloon windows and breaking open barrels of alcoholbreaking open barrels of alcohol

Government ActionGovernment Action

The U.S. government outlawed The U.S. government outlawed alcohol and began prohibition with alcohol and began prohibition with the passing of the 18the passing of the 18thth Amendment Amendment in 1920in 1920

Police forces specifically to track Police forces specifically to track down illegal alcohol and rum down illegal alcohol and rum runnersrunners

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

Bugs MoranBugs Moran Al CaponeAl Capone Millions of dollars through illegal Millions of dollars through illegal

alcohol salesalcohol sales Black market crashed when 21Black market crashed when 21stst

Amendment passedAmendment passed

End of ProhibitionEnd of Prohibition

The 21The 21stst Amendment repealed Amendment repealed prohibition in 1933prohibition in 1933

Individual states can still restrict or Individual states can still restrict or ban alcohol salesban alcohol sales

Women's Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• In 1840 she was denied her seat in the world anti slavery along with other ladies

• After that she played an important role for women's rights for the next 50 yrs.

• She lived from1851 to October 26, 1902

Elizabeth C. Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

• Caring for her children Stanton wrote many of her speeches for Susan B. Anthony a close friend of hers she met in 1951

• She was somewhat overshadowed by her

Time line• 1848 1st women's rights

convention • 1850- 1st national

women's rights convention

• 1869- may national suffrage association formed

• Nov. American woman suffrage association formed

• Dec. 10 territory of Wyoming pass the 1st women's suffrage law

The women's rights

• The right to bodily integrity and autonomy

• The right to vote• The right to hold public

office• The right to work• The right to own property• The right to fare wages

• Martial rights• Parental rights• Religious rights• The right to serve the

military• The right to enter into

legal contracts• The right to education

• Cady Stanton significant to the social reform movement because she was the leader of the women’s rights movement. She wanted to play a role and make a difference for all ladies. Thanks to her women are as equal as men with the right to vote.

• Elizabeth Cady died with nearly 20 years to go before the united states granted women the right to vote, just like Anthony, and Gage. True major force in the drive toward equal rights for women in the U.S and through out he world

• Statue of Stanton, Mott, and Anthony housed in the U.S capital