Social Psychology of Work Social Psychology of Work

Dr. Craig JacksonDr. Craig JacksonSenior Lecturer in Health PsychologySenior Lecturer in Health Psychology

Faculty of HealthFaculty of HealthUCE BirminghamUCE Birmingham

ScopeScope

Organisational behaviour in the workplace Organisational behaviour in the workplace

Group structuresGroup structures

Group behaviourGroup behaviour

Leadership decision-makingLeadership decision-making

Organisational climateOrganisational climate

AffectsAffects Impacts on:Impacts on:

Job satisfactionJob satisfaction HealthHealth

Mental well-beingMental well-being AttendanceAttendance

StressStress TurnoverTurnover

BullyingBullying ProductivityProductivity

AgeingAgeing

ChangeChange

Industrial Nation HistoryIndustrial Nation History

1818thth – 19 – 19thth CENTURY CENTURY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Decline in domestic industryDecline in domestic industry

Large scale factory unitsLarge scale factory units

Maximum division of labourMaximum division of labour

Hierarchical structuresHierarchical structures

Poor conditions / limited worker powerPoor conditions / limited worker power

2020thth CENTURY CENTURY 1970s1970s

Continuous technological changeContinuous technological change

Production line workingProduction line working

Growth of trades unionsGrowth of trades unions

Improved physical conditionsImproved physical conditions

Industrial Nation HistoryIndustrial Nation History

LATTER 20LATTER 20thth CENTURY CENTURY

Decline of traditional industriesDecline of traditional industries

Growth of information technologyGrowth of information technology

Growth of service industriesGrowth of service industries

New patterns and styles of workingNew patterns and styles of working

Changing composition of labour forceChanging composition of labour force

Decline in trades unionsDecline in trades unions

2121stst CENTURY CENTURY

Free tradeFree trade

Producer responsibilitiesProducer responsibilities

Population movementsPopulation movements

International communitiesInternational communities

Supra national groupsSupra national groups

ChangesChanges

2121stst CENTURY CENTURY

Free tradeFree trade

Producer responsibilitiesProducer responsibilities

Population movementsPopulation movements

International communitiesInternational communities

Supra national groupsSupra national groups

WHAT KIND OF WORK?WHAT KIND OF WORK?

WHAT PATTERN OF WORK?WHAT PATTERN OF WORK?

WHAT STYLE OF WORKING?WHAT STYLE OF WORKING?

WHAT KIND OF WORKFORCE?WHAT KIND OF WORKFORCE?

WHAT KIND OF NEEDS?WHAT KIND OF NEEDS?

What Kind of Work ?What Kind of Work ?

NON-MANUALNON-MANUAL

KNOWLEDGE-BASED KNOWLEDGE-BASED

SERVICE WORKSERVICE WORK

What Pattern of Work?What Pattern of Work?

24 HOUR SOCIETY24 HOUR SOCIETY

IRREGULAR HOURSIRREGULAR HOURS

NEW TECHNOLOGYNEW TECHNOLOGY

CASUALISATION / SHORT-TERM CONTRACTSCASUALISATION / SHORT-TERM CONTRACTS

OUTSOURCINGOUTSOURCING

HOME WORKINGHOME WORKING

What Kind of WorkForce?What Kind of WorkForce?

EDUCATEDEDUCATED

NON-UNIONISEDNON-UNIONISED

HIGH PERCENTAGE OF WOMENHIGH PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN

MULTI-CULTURALMULTI-CULTURAL

AGEINGAGEING

REQUIREMENT FOR JOB SATISFACTIONREQUIREMENT FOR JOB SATISFACTION

Traditions of Work PsychologyTraditions of Work Psychology

1.1. Relationship between the person and the jobRelationship between the person and the job

(Motivation / Satisfaction)(Motivation / Satisfaction)

2.2. Interactions between individuals and groups within organizationsInteractions between individuals and groups within organizations

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954)

GROWTH GROWTH NEEDSNEEDS

HOMOSTATIC HOMOSTATIC NEEDSNEEDS

PEOPLE ALWAYS BEHAVE AS IF SELF- PRESERVATION IS A BASIC GOAL?PEOPLE ALWAYS BEHAVE AS IF SELF- PRESERVATION IS A BASIC GOAL?

Belonging (group membership, affection, companionship)Belonging (group membership, affection, companionship)

Self actualisation (personal growth and fulfilment)Self actualisation (personal growth and fulfilment)

Esteem (self and others)Esteem (self and others)

Bodily needs (food, drink, safety)Bodily needs (food, drink, safety)

Security (safety, stability, continuity)Security (safety, stability, continuity)

Alternative Theories of Motivation / Job SatisfactionAlternative Theories of Motivation / Job Satisfaction

Task Characteristic theory: Task Characteristic theory: People motivated by tasks which offer skill variety, value and autonomyPeople motivated by tasks which offer skill variety, value and autonomy

Goal-Setting theory: Goal-Setting theory: People motivated by clear and demanding goalsPeople motivated by clear and demanding goals

Reinforcement theory: Reinforcement theory: People motivated by rewards and punishmentsPeople motivated by rewards and punishments

Equity theory: Equity theory: People motivated by social comparisons made with others – input & outcomePeople motivated by social comparisons made with others – input & outcome

Expectancy theory: Expectancy theory: People motivated when there is a match between what people value (expect to People motivated when there is a match between what people value (expect to get) and what their job providesget) and what their job provides

Systems Approach to OrganisationSystems Approach to Organisation

Liu & Tanaka 2002 – Japanese working men studyLiu & Tanaka 2002 – Japanese working men study

Formal Formal systemsystem

Social Social systemsystem

Tech. Tech. systemsystem

InputInput(goods & materials)(goods & materials)

OutputOutput(finished goods)(finished goods)

Transformation ProcessTransformation Process(mass production tech.)(mass production tech.)

Interrelated Sub-SystemsInterrelated Sub-Systems

FORMAL SYSTEMS FORMAL SYSTEMS Explicitly designed to regulate actions of employees Explicitly designed to regulate actions of employees e.g. hierarchy, working time etc.e.g. hierarchy, working time etc.

TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMSTECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

Techniques used by employees Techniques used by employees

The way the work is doneThe way the work is done

SOCIAL SYSTEMS SOCIAL SYSTEMS

The prevailing culture & contextThe prevailing culture & context

e.g. values, norms, shared attitudese.g. values, norms, shared attitudes

Working GroupsWorking Groups

Important to understandImportant to understand

InevitableInevitable

Change individuals' behavioursChange individuals' behaviours

Can have powerful consequencesCan have powerful consequences

Understanding increases chance of desirable consequencesUnderstanding increases chance of desirable consequences

Why do people join groups?Why do people join groups?

SecuritySecurity

Mutual benefit (goal achievement)Mutual benefit (goal achievement)

Need for companionshipNeed for companionship

Self-esteemSelf-esteem

Mutual interests (sharing)Mutual interests (sharing)

Group Norms Group Norms

Indicate expected behaviour Indicate expected behaviour

Concerned with observable behaviourConcerned with observable behaviour

Express central valuesExpress central values

Aid survival of groupAid survival of group

Obvious to outsiders – statement of intentObvious to outsiders – statement of intent

Make group manageableMake group manageable

Accepted by majority of membersAccepted by majority of members

Why Shun Group Norms

Personal goals in conflict with those of groupPersonal goals in conflict with those of group

No pride in group membershipNo pride in group membership

Pre-occupation with achieving personal goalsPre-occupation with achieving personal goals

Not accepted as group memberNot accepted as group member

ageage

gendergender

ethnicityethnicity

educationeducation

Communication StructureCommunication Structure

Performance effects – methodological considerationsPerformance effects – methodological considerations

TaskTask monotonymonotonycognitive skillscognitive skills

MeasuresMeasures speedspeedaccuracyaccuracyefficiencyefficiency

Individual aspectsIndividual aspects motivationmotivationperceived importanceperceived importanceageageabilityabilityhealthhealthactivityactivity

Situation / contextSituation / context supervisionsupervisionmoralemoraledistractionsdistractions

12 hour shifts12 hour shifts

Williamson et al. 1994Williamson et al. 1994 8hr vs. 12hr rotating8hr vs. 12hr rotating psych health improvedpsych health improvedAustraliaAustralia computer operators computer operators reduced tirednessreduced tiredness

Duchon et al. 1994Duchon et al. 1994 8hr vs. 12hr rotating8hr vs. 12hr rotating improved sleepimproved sleepCanadaCanada minersminers improved performanceimproved performance

Chan & GanChan & Gan 8hr vs. 12hr rotating8hr vs. 12hr rotating no health differencesno health differencesSingaporeSingapore electronic workerselectronic workers some headachessome headaches

Vulnerable groupsVulnerable groups

Over 50’sOver 50’s

Morning typesMorning types

Long sleepersLong sleepers

Personality typesPersonality types

Heavy domestic commitmentsHeavy domestic commitments

Multiple jobsMultiple jobs

Some physical conditionsSome physical conditions

Psychiatric problemsPsychiatric problems

Employee SelectionEmployee Selection

Pre-employment counsellingPre-employment counselling

ManagementManagement

CounsellingCounselling

EducationEducation

Provide facilitiesProvide facilities

Manipulate schedules carefullyManipulate schedules carefully

Increased control of workIncreased control of work

Reduce any stressReduce any stress

Light qualityLight quality

Drug policyDrug policy

Health SurveillanceHealth Surveillance

Standard Shiftwork Index (SSI) Barton et al. 1995Standard Shiftwork Index (SSI) Barton et al. 1995

QuestionnairesQuestionnaires

Work Context + Shift SystemWork Context + Shift System

Health Health

Well-beingWell-being

Individual DifferencesIndividual Differences

Normative DataNormative Data

Training & EducationTraining & Education

health effectshealth effects

performanceperformance

safetysafety

quality of lifequality of life

information & awarenessinformation & awareness

coping methods educationcoping methods education

lifestyle changes infolifestyle changes info

Survey current work scheduleSurvey current work schedule

Analyse dataAnalyse data

Identify problem area(s)Identify problem area(s)

Recommend schedule changesRecommend schedule changes

Shiftworker educationShiftworker education

Asses & reviewAsses & review

Intervention strategiesIntervention strategies

OrganisationOrganisationSlow / fast rotation (task considerations)Slow / fast rotation (task considerations)Start timesStart timesRest breaksRest breaksExpert systemsExpert systems

Environmental ModificationEnvironmental ModificationBright lightsBright lightsMood lightsMood lightsTemp. compensationTemp. compensationWorkloadWorkloadFacilitiesFacilities

Individual AdjustmentIndividual AdjustmentPharmacological helpPharmacological helpBehaviouralBehavioural sleep management, diet,sleep management, diet, exercise, counselling exercise, counselling

Evaluate processEvaluate processEvaluate outcomeEvaluate outcome

Health SurveillanceHealth Surveillance

Do what?Do what?How often?How often?

Overtime workingOvertime working

Extension of normal workdayExtension of normal workday

Extension beyond 8 hours (08:00 / 09:00 - 16:00 / 17:00)Extension beyond 8 hours (08:00 / 09:00 - 16:00 / 17:00)

Non-paid is still overtimeNon-paid is still overtime

Increasing in UKIncreasing in UKespecially managerial & professional groupsespecially managerial & professional groups

1990 UK had twice as many more employees on >48 hrs than any other EU 1990 UK had twice as many more employees on >48 hrs than any other EU countriescountries

More common in malesMore common in males

Overtime working Overtime working

Percentage of European employees working <16 hrs per week, and > 48 hrs Percentage of European employees working <16 hrs per week, and > 48 hrs per week, 1990per week, 1990

If graph was males only?If graph was males only?

Employers >40hrs per week as % of labour force, 1996 Employers >40hrs per week as % of labour force, 1996

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Potential effectsPotential effects

StressStress

FatigueFatigue

ExposureExposure

cardiovascularcardiovascular

mental healthmental health

immune systemimmune system

gastrointestinalgastrointestinal

musculoskeletalmusculoskeletal

social effectssocial effects

performance impairmentperformance impairment

safety problemssafety problems

over-exposureover-exposure

Cardiovascular disorders and overtimeCardiovascular disorders and overtime

Increased RiskIncreased Risk

> 60hrs> 60hrs

> 48hrs> 48hrs

Night school studentsNight school students

50 – 60 hrs50 – 60 hrs

Overtime (females only)Overtime (females only)

No increased RiskNo increased Risk

>10 hrs overtime / week>10 hrs overtime / week

““Overtime”Overtime” BP & Serum Chol.BP & Serum Chol.

KaroshiKaroshi Range of CVIs 65%> if 60hrs / wkRange of CVIs 65%> if 60hrs / wk

XXStress (SACL)Stress (SACL)5050ACADEMICSACADEMICS19961996

Stress (OSI)Stress (OSI)??CLERICAL STAFFCLERICAL STAFF

(USA/JAPAN)(USA/JAPAN)

1991 - 1991 - 19951995

Stress (OSI)Stress (OSI)? 50 - ? 50 - 5555

MANAGERIAL STAFF MANAGERIAL STAFF (USA/JAPAN)(USA/JAPAN)

1991 - 1991 - 19951995

Psychiatric Psychiatric Status (GHQ)Status (GHQ)

??ACCOUNTANT (UK)ACCOUNTANT (UK)19951995

Psychiatric State Psychiatric State (GHQ)(GHQ)

??FACTORY WORKERS FACTORY WORKERS (JAPAN)(JAPAN)

19941994

Exhaustion/ Exhaustion/ InsomniaInsomnia

32-1932-19FEMALE HOSPITAL FEMALE HOSPITAL STAFF (USA)STAFF (USA)

19921992

Stimulant Stimulant

use/ Sleep use/ Sleep disturbancedisturbance

30-7030-70COACH DRIVERSCOACH DRIVERS

(AUSTRALIA)(AUSTRALIA)

19911991

Psychiatric Psychiatric Status (Crown Status (Crown Crisp)Crisp)

??BUS DRIVERS (UK)BUS DRIVERS (UK)19901990

XXBurnoutBurnout< 50< 50MUSIC THERAPISTS MUSIC THERAPISTS (USA)(USA)

19871987

SmokingSmoking> 8 > 8 hrs/ hrs/ dayday

KIBBUTZIMKIBBUTZIM

(ISRAEL)(ISRAEL)

19851985

No. of symptomsNo. of symptoms??SITES WITH MASS SITES WITH MASS PSYCHOGENIC PSYCHOGENIC ILLNESS (USA)ILLNESS (USA)

19801980

Mental HealthMental Health

Health & Well-being:Health & Well-being:Methodological IssuesMethodological Issues

Mostly Cross-sectional studiesMostly Cross-sectional studies

Direction of any associationDirection of any associationLagLagHealthy worker / Survivor EffectsHealthy worker / Survivor Effects

Response RatesResponse Rates

Control GroupsControl Groups

Exposure AssessmentExposure Assessment

Outcome MeasuresOutcome Measures

Performance Effects:Performance Effects:Optimal ProductivityOptimal Productivity

Mather 1894Mather 1894EngineeringEngineering

Weekly hours of 48 - 53Weekly hours of 48 - 53

Abbia 1901Abbia 1901Optical Instrument MakersOptical Instrument Makers

Daily hours of 8/9 max.Daily hours of 8/9 max.

Vernon 1918Vernon 1918Munitions workersMunitions workers

Weekly hours of 50 - 60Weekly hours of 50 - 60

Accounts for > degree of munitions errors in WWI ?Accounts for > degree of munitions errors in WWI ?

Performance Effects:Performance Effects:AccidentsAccidents

General Data Analyses suggests:General Data Analyses suggests:

Rise in accident rates after 9hrs workRise in accident rates after 9hrs work

Cognitive (simulations) studies suggests errors increase after 8 hrs workCognitive (simulations) studies suggests errors increase after 8 hrs work

HOWEVERHOWEVER

Shift change from 8 to 12 hrsShift change from 8 to 12 hrsSafety record stays sameSafety record stays same

Attitudes ?Attitudes ?Safety culture increased ?Safety culture increased ?Schedule org ?Schedule org ?Nature of work ?Nature of work ?

Existing Gaps in ResearchExisting Gaps in Research

Irregular HoursIrregular Hours

Increased concomitant exposure to other hazardsIncreased concomitant exposure to other hazards

Reproductive effectsReproductive effects

Family / Social influencesFamily / Social influences

Behavioural EffectsBehavioural Effects

Effect ModifiersEffect Modifiers

Intervention proceduresIntervention procedures

Performance at work Performance at work DilemmasDilemmas

Working HoursWorking HoursShiftworkShiftwork

Mental DistressMental Distress

Dr. Craig JacksonDr. Craig JacksonSenior Lecturer in Health PsychologySenior Lecturer in Health Psychology

Faculty of Health & Community Care University of Central England

Regulation of working hoursRegulation of working hours

Linear AssumptionLinear Assumption

King NimrodKing Nimrod

Pieter Bruegel 1563Pieter Bruegel 1563

timetime

un

its

un

its

Regulation of working hoursRegulation of working hours

Linear Assumption remainedLinear Assumption remained

1800 – 19001800 – 190012 hour days & 6 day weeks12 hour days & 6 day weeks

Thomas Paine 1737 - 1809Thomas Paine 1737 - 1809Age of ReasonAge of ReasonRights of ManRights of Man

Annie Besant 1847 – 1933Annie Besant 1847 – 1933Reformist movementReformist movement Fabian ScietyFabian Sciety Secular SocietySecular Society

““Fruits of philosophy”Fruits of philosophy” “The Link”“The Link” “White slavery in London”“White slavery in London”1889 1889

Humanitarian concerns influenced changeHumanitarian concerns influenced change

48 hour week + regular rest = increased productivity48 hour week + regular rest = increased productivity

Regulation of working hoursRegulation of working hours

1900 – 19701900 – 1970progressive reduction in working hoursprogressive reduction in working hours

traditional work patternstraditional work patterns

1970 1970 working hours increaseworking hours increase

shiftwork increasesshiftwork increasesirregular hours increaseirregular hours increase

24 hour processing24 hour processingtechnologytechnology

unpaid extended hoursunpaid extended hoursflexible workingflexible working

annualised hoursannualised hours

European directive on working timeEuropean directive on working time

Organisation of workOrganisation of work

Min. daily rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24 hoursMin. daily rest period of 11 consecutive hours per 24 hours

1 rest break where working day > 6 hours1 rest break where working day > 6 hours

Min. uninterrupted rest period of 35 hours per 7 day periodMin. uninterrupted rest period of 35 hours per 7 day period

Max. of 48 work per weekMax. of 48 work per week

Min. 4 weeks paid annual leaveMin. 4 weeks paid annual leave

European directive on working timeEuropean directive on working time

Night workNight work

Mean 8 hours work in any 24 hour periodMean 8 hours work in any 24 hour period

Free health assessment before assignment and at regular intervalsFree health assessment before assignment and at regular intervals

Transfer to day work when suffering health problems connected Transfer to day work when suffering health problems connected

with night workwith night work

Night work and shiftsNight work and shifts

Protection appropriate to the nature of the night workProtection appropriate to the nature of the night work

Prevention and protection services on parity with day workersPrevention and protection services on parity with day workers

Take account of principles adapting work to the workersTake account of principles adapting work to the workers

DerogationsDerogations

Certain jobsCertain jobsjunior docsjunior docs

Certain industriesCertain industriespresspressmediamedia

utility provisionutility provision

CircumstancesCircumstanceswhere rests are not practicablewhere rests are not practicable

Does not apply to: Does not apply to: health checks health checks provision of health and safety facilitiesprovision of health and safety facilities

Nearly 900 extra consultants will be needed by 2010 Nearly 900 extra consultants will be needed by 2010 compensate for a reduction in doctors’ hours due to EWTDcompensate for a reduction in doctors’ hours due to EWTDBMJBMJ 2002;325:855 2002;325:855

ShiftworkShiftwork

Any work regularly undertaken outside “normal” working hoursAny work regularly undertaken outside “normal” working hoursNormal working hours = 07:00 – 18:00Normal working hours = 07:00 – 18:00

NightsNightsEarly amEarly amEveningEvening

FixedFixedRotatingRotating

Eight hourEight hourTwelve hourTwelve hour

EffectsEffectsCircadian disruptionCircadian disruption

Sleep lossSleep lossFatigueFatigue

Social disruptionSocial disruption

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

Body TempBody Temp

PulsePulse

Urinary excretionUrinary excretion

Blood pressureBlood pressure

Hormonal changesHormonal changes

Mental PerformanceMental Performance

Physical PerformancePhysical Performance

Physiologically determinedPhysiologically determined

Socially modified & Externally cuedSocially modified & Externally cued

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

Adjustment to shiftworkingAdjustment to shiftworking

Aprrox. 7 days to adjust to shiftAprrox. 7 days to adjust to shift

External cues hamper adjustmentExternal cues hamper adjustment

Nightworking sometimes never achieves adjustmentNightworking sometimes never achieves adjustment

Slow rotating shiftsSlow rotating shifts partial adjustmentpartial adjustmentcontinual adjustmentcontinual adjustmentcontinual disrhythmia statecontinual disrhythmia state

Rapid rotating shiftsRapid rotating shifts no adjustmentno adjustment

Adjustment to shiftworkingAdjustment to shiftworking

stress strain organisational effects

Phase-shifting of waking and sleeping hours

Impaired performanceImpaired healthDisturbed relationships

> Absenteeism> Accidents> Labour turnover< Productivitymodifying

factors

Individual characteristicsJob-related factorsEnvironmentDomestic

Colquhoun & Rutenfranz 1980Colquhoun & Rutenfranz 1980

Cardiovascular problems associated with shiftwork Cardiovascular problems associated with shiftwork

Increased Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)Increased Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)Knutsson Knutsson et al. et al. 1986, 19881986, 1988

Increased risk of IHD and Myocardial Infarction (MI)Increased risk of IHD and Myocardial Infarction (MI)Akerstedt Akerstedt et al. et al. 19861986

Increased risk of Coronary V related disorders – Permanent NightworkersIncreased risk of Coronary V related disorders – Permanent NightworkersTeiger 1984Teiger 1984

Some studies show NO increased riskSome studies show NO increased riskBursey 1990Bursey 1990Chan Chan et al. et al. 1987, 19931987, 1993KobayashiKobayashi et al. et al. 1992 1992

Cardiovascular problems of shiftwork Cardiovascular problems of shiftwork

Liu & Tanaka 2002 – Japanese working men studyLiu & Tanaka 2002 – Japanese working men study260 cases260 cases 445 controls445 controlsWorking Hours, Sleeping Hours and Acute MIWorking Hours, Sleeping Hours and Acute MI

Working hours related to:Working hours related to:

increased risk in year prior to AMIincreased risk in year prior to AMI

increased risk in month prior to AMIincreased risk in month prior to AMI

x2 increase in risk for overtime (>61 hours)x2 increase in risk for overtime (>61 hours)

x2-3 increase in risk for <5 hours sleepx2-3 increase in risk for <5 hours sleep

x2-3 increase for lack of sleep (2 or more days with <5 hours sleep)x2-3 increase for lack of sleep (2 or more days with <5 hours sleep)

lack of sleep & few days off in lack of sleep & few days off in recent pastrecent past show > odds than those in past show > odds than those in past

Overtime work and lack of sleep may be related to AMIOvertime work and lack of sleep may be related to AMI

Gastrointestinal disorders and shiftworkGastrointestinal disorders and shiftwork

IndigestionIndigestion (Chan (Chan et al.et al. 1987) 1987)(Poole (Poole et al.et al. 1992) 1992)

RefluxReflux

Peptic UlcerationPeptic Ulceration (Waterhouse (Waterhouse et al.et al. 1992) 1992)

Related to:Related to:

irregular hoursirregular hours

circadian dysrhythmiacircadian dysrhythmia

poor catering facilitiespoor catering facilities

inequality in GP accessinequality in GP access

Gastrointestinal disorders and shiftworkGastrointestinal disorders and shiftwork

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)13-52% new referrals to GI (Walker 13-52% new referrals to GI (Walker et al. et al. 1990)1990)

Some occupations have > G.I than others (Cucino & Sonnenburg, 2001)Some occupations have > G.I than others (Cucino & Sonnenburg, 2001)IBD < in manual workers and farmers IBD < in manual workers and farmers IBD > in sedentary workersIBD > in sedentary workers

Assoc. with occupation difficult to proveAssoc. with occupation difficult to prove• shift workers seen as greatest risk of IBSshift workers seen as greatest risk of IBS• especially nightworkersespecially nightworkers• night workers present in GI more than day workersnight workers present in GI more than day workers

Access / Availability reasons ?Access / Availability reasons ?genuine aspects ?genuine aspects ?

Research fails to answer: Research fails to answer: psychosocial aspects of workers ?psychosocial aspects of workers ?

effects of shiftwork lifestyle ?effects of shiftwork lifestyle ?

Mental health problems and shiftwork Mental health problems and shiftwork

Increased stressIncreased stress

Alcohol consumptionAlcohol consumption

NeuroticismNeuroticism

Review by Cole Review by Cole et al.et al. 1990 OM 1990 OM

Sources of performance impairment

Day sleepersDay sleepers

Endogenous factorsEndogenous factors Exogenous factorsExogenous factorsCortisol >Cortisol > DaylightDaylightTemp. >Temp. > Noise Noise

Societal biasSocietal bias

Night wakersNight wakers

Endogenous factorsEndogenous factors Exogenous factorsExogenous factorsMelatonin >Melatonin > DarknessDarknessTemp. <Temp. < Societal biasSocietal bias

Current evidenceCurrent evidence

Performance impairments more likely:Performance impairments more likely:

on nightshift on nightshift vs.vs. morning or eveningmorning or evening

on advancing shiftson advancing shifts vs.vs. delaying shiftsdelaying shifts

on rapid rotating shiftson rapid rotating shifts vs.vs. slower rotationslower rotation

on irregular shiftson irregular shifts vs. vs. regular shiftsregular shifts

at changeover periodsat changeover periods

in older shiftworkersin older shiftworkers

where work is stressfulwhere work is stressful

Inconsistencies:Inconsistencies:

12 hour shifts12 hour shifts

SexSex

Additional Factors Effecting PerformanceAdditional Factors Effecting Performance

STABLE FACTORSSTABLE FACTORS SITUATIONAL FACTORSSITUATIONAL FACTORS

AgeAge Alcohol (recent use)Alcohol (recent use)EducationEducation Caffeine (recent use)Caffeine (recent use)SexSex Nicotine (recent use)Nicotine (recent use)Socio-economicSocio-economic Medication (recent use)Medication (recent use)LanguageLanguage Paints, glues, pesticides (recent) Paints, glues, pesticides (recent) HandednessHandedness Near visual acuityNear visual acuityComputer experienceComputer experience Restricted movement (injury)Restricted movement (injury)Caffeine (habitual use)Caffeine (habitual use) Cold / fluCold / fluAlcohol (habitual use)Alcohol (habitual use) StressStressNicotine (habitual use)Nicotine (habitual use) Arousal / FatigueArousal / FatigueMedication (habitual use)Medication (habitual use) SleepSleepPaints, glues, pesticides (habitual use)Paints, glues, pesticides (habitual use) Screen luminanceScreen luminanceDiabetesDiabetes Time of dayTime of dayEpilepsyEpilepsy Time of yearTime of yearOther CNS / PNS diseaseOther CNS / PNS diseaseHead injury (out >1 hr)Head injury (out >1 hr)Alcohol / drug addictionAlcohol / drug addictionPhysical activityPhysical activity

Further ReadingFurther Reading

Cooper, C.L., and Sutherland, V.J: Cooper, C.L., and Sutherland, V.J: Job Stress, Mental Health and Accidents Job Stress, Mental Health and Accidents among Offshore Workers in Oil and Gas extraction Industries.among Offshore Workers in Oil and Gas extraction Industries. Journal of Journal of Occupational Medicine (1987) 29.Occupational Medicine (1987) 29.

Gann, M., Corpe, U., and Wilson, I. (1990) Gann, M., Corpe, U., and Wilson, I. (1990) The Application of a Short Anxiety The Application of a Short Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire to Oil Industry Staff.and Depression Questionnaire to Oil Industry Staff. Journal of the Society of Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine 40:Occupational Medicine 40:

Glazner, L.K. Glazner, L.K. Shift Work and its effects on fire fighters and nurses.Shift Work and its effects on fire fighters and nurses. Occupational Health & Safety, July 1992Occupational Health & Safety, July 1992

Hanecke, K., Tiedemann, S., Nachreiner, F., and Grzech-Sukalo, H: Hanecke, K., Tiedemann, S., Nachreiner, F., and Grzech-Sukalo, H: Accident Accident risk as a function of hour at work and time of day as determined from accident risk as a function of hour at work and time of day as determined from accident data and exposure models for the German working population.data and exposure models for the German working population. Scandinavian Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health (1998) 24(3).Journal of Work, Environment and Health (1998) 24(3).

Further ReadingFurther Reading

Harrington, J.M., Harrington, J.M., Shiftwork and health: a critical review of the literature.Shiftwork and health: a critical review of the literature. London, The Stationary Office, 1978.London, The Stationary Office, 1978.

Harrington, JM. (2001) Harrington, JM. (2001) Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work.Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work.Occup Environ Med 58: 68-72.Occup Environ Med 58: 68-72.

Jackson,C.A. (2002) Jackson,C.A. (2002) Working hours Working hours and shifts and shifts in the petrochemical and gas in the petrochemical and gas industries: a review.industries: a review. Croner’s Occupational Hygiene 34: 13-17. Croner’s Occupational Hygiene 34: 13-17.

Jackson,C.A., Spurgeon,A. and DeJong.G Jackson,C.A., Spurgeon,A. and DeJong.G Mental Health of expatriate oil Mental Health of expatriate oil workers on extended twelve hour shifts in a desert-based oil field.workers on extended twelve hour shifts in a desert-based oil field. Society of Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE 61016.Petroleum Engineers. SPE 61016.

Lees, R., and Laundry, B.R. Lees, R., and Laundry, B.R. Comparison of reported workplace morbidity in 8-Comparison of reported workplace morbidity in 8-hour and 12-hour shifts in one plant.hour and 12-hour shifts in one plant. Journal of the Society of Occupational Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine (1989) 39.Medicine (1989) 39.

Further ReadingFurther Reading

Lodden, T., Lodden, T., The Effect on the Health and Safety of Older Offshore Personnel - The Effect on the Health and Safety of Older Offshore Personnel - Long Shifts and Working Night Shift.Long Shifts and Working Night Shift. Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE 60996.60996.

Parkes, K.R.: Parkes, K.R.: Sleep patterns, Shift work, and Individual Differences: A Sleep patterns, Shift work, and Individual Differences: A Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Control-Room OperatorsComparison of Onshore and Offshore Control-Room Operators. Ergonomics . Ergonomics (1994) 37(5).(1994) 37(5).

Rosa, R.R: Rosa, R.R: Performance, alertness, and sleep after 3.5 years of 12 hour shifts: Performance, alertness, and sleep after 3.5 years of 12 hour shifts: a follow-up studya follow-up study. Work and Stress (1991) 5(2).. Work and Stress (1991) 5(2).

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