Social Psychology

Developmental Psychology

Learning Research Methods

Motivation and

EmotionHistory

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The statement “all academics are socially inept” is an example of this.

What is a stereotype?

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Social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards are examples this.

What are norms?

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This effect explains why Jacob has a tendency to take credit for his good actions while he attributes his mistakes to “an off day”. 

What is a self serving bias?

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You are required to participate in a perception experiment and so you join seven other students seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is interested in studying this.

What is conformity?

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This phenomenon occurs when a person makes less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

What is social loafing?

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These are mental structures that allows us to represent an aspect of the world on some framework, and which allow us to respond quickly and effortlessly to a familiar situation.

What are schemas?

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In an experiment where subjects were asked to rate the pro-Castro attitudes of papers they read, they rated both those told to write freely and those assigned the pro-Castro position as both having a positive attitude towards Castro. A tendency to overemphasize a person’s internal states and underemphasize the situational explanation is called this.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

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A safe-driving campaign asks you to place a small card in your window showing your support for seatbelt laws. Later, they ask you to put up a huge, tasteless sign in your front yard. This compliance tactic is being used.

What is foot-in-the-door?

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In this classic experiment by Philip Zimbardo, people quickly began acting out the roles assigned to them.

What is the Stanford Prison Experiment?

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This psychologist’s controversial experiment measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.

Who is Stanley Milgram?

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These are specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli.

What are reflexes?

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This is the reciprocal relationship between parent and child.

What is attachment?

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This syndrome characterizes physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a mother’s heavy drinking.

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

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This is a type of study where there is one variable that is manipulated (the independent variable) and its effect on another variable (the dependent variable) is observed.

What is an experimental study?

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This is a type of study where changes over time of a single group of subjects are studied. For example, a study in which the same group of children is studied at age three and a year later at age four.

What is a longitudinal study?

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This is a type of study where there are separate groups of subjects at different ages compared. For example, a study in which the performance of a group of three-year-olds on a language comprehension test is compared to the performance of a different group of four-year-olds.

What is a cross-sectional study?

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The term that Freud used to explain when boys resent their father’s relationship with their mother.

What is the oedipus complex?

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This psychologist created the psychosocial stage theory and thought that our personality was profoundly influenced by our experiences with others.

Who is Erik Erikson?

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This psychologist raised baby monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys in order to study attachment.Who is Harry Harlow?

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This is the second of the four stages of Freud’s psychosexual stages theory, which occurs from ages 1-3 and develops during toilet training.

What is the latency stage?

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Also known as Pavlovian conditioning. This type of conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a not-so-neutral stimulus, which creates a relationship between the two.

What is classical conditioning?

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Pioneered by B.F. Skinner, this type of conditioning aims to influence a response through various reinforcement strategies. (Idea that what we do reaps rewards and vice versa.)

What is operant conditioning?

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This theory posits that individuals learn through their culture. In other words, people learn what acceptable and unacceptable behaviors are through interacting in society.

What is social learning theory?

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This is any event that an organism reacts to.

What is a stimulus?

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This is the response that a conditioned stimulus elicits after conditioning.

What is a conditioned response?

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This is not punishment. It is reinforcement through the removal of a negative event.

What is a negative reinforcement?

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This is the reversal of conditioning. The goal is to encourage an organism to stop doing a certain behavior.

What is extinction?

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This describes decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of increasing familiarity with the stimulus.

What is habituation?

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He founded the school of behaviorism. His idea is that all behavior could be explained by stimulus-response chains and that conditioning was the key factor in developing these chains.

Who is John B. Watson?

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He proposed that performance= drive x habit, which means individuals are first motivated by drive, and then they act according to old successful habits.

Who is Clark Hull?

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This is an in-depth investigation of a subject.

What is a case study?

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This method makes groups more similar by giving equal chance for treatment or control.

What is random assignment?

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This is the tendency to give socially approved answers.

What is social desirability bias?

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This is when an experimenter does not intervene when studying a subject in its own environment.

What is a naturalistic observation?

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To analyze data and draw conclusions.

What is the 4th step in the

scientific method?

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This is a correlation that

covaries in the same direction.

What is a positive correlation?

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This is an extraneous variable which an experimenter can not be

sure of its effects.

What is a confounding variable?

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This is the repetition of a study to see if earlier results are duplicated and allows for reconciling of contradictory findings.

What is replication?

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This is a group that grants ethical approval of studies.

What is the IRB?

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This research allows an investigator to see if there is a

line or association between variables.

What is correlational research?

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This is the driving force behind behavior that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others.

What is motivation?

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These are patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture.

What are display rules?

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This is the basic categorization of positive and negative emotions.

What are positive and negative affect?

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According to behaviorists, these are the primary drives for motivation.

What are hunger, thirst, and sex?

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This is the brain structure that is central to emotional reactions.

What is the amygdala (or structures in the limbic system)?

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This theory suggests that people have three innate needs-competence, autonomy, and relatedness to others-and it says that motivation arises when these needs are fulfilled.

What is self-determination theory?

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This theory states that emotion-inducing stimuli elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses.

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

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This theory states that conscious goals regulate much of human behavior.

What is the goal-setting theory?

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This perspective suggests that humans are motivated to produce behaviors based on rewards by the environment and they will avoid behaviors that are punished.

What is the behaviorist perspective?

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This brain hemisphere is dominant in processing emotional cues from others and producing facial displays of emotion.

What is the right hemisphere?

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This is the founder of psychoanalytic therapy.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

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This is a form of psychology which is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders- This branch became popular around WWI.

What is clinical psychology?

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He is the founder of functionalism and originated the idea of a stream of consciousness.

Who is James?

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These are the two early

schools of thought.

What are structuralism

and functionalism?

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He is the founder of

cognitive psychology.

Who is Piaget?

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Founders of humanistic psychology who believed

behavior was guided by a ‘self concept’

Who are Rogers and Maslow?

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This person is considered the founder of psychology and opened the 1st research

laboratory.

Who is Wundt?

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This is the founder of behaviorism who believed in

Nature vs. Nurture.

Who is Watson?

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This theory the idea that psychology should be the

study of conscious experience instead of overt

behavior.

What is Gestalt Psychology?

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This is the spirit of Time and Place.

What are Zeitgeist and Ortgeist?

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