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Transcript of Social protection in Asia and the Pacific Gabriele Koehler Development economist Visiting Fellow,...
Social protection in Asia and the Pacific
Gabriele KoehlerDevelopment economist
Visiting Fellow, Vulnerability and Poverty Reduction Team, IDS Sussex
EC Social Protection Training Course Asia and Pacific Region
Bangkok 12-15 June 2012
Session 1 Day 2
Overview of session:
I. Introduction: the “quiet revolution” – snapshot from the global South
II. The Asian-Pacific big pictureIII. Social protection schemes and instruments:
interactive discussionIV. Summarising & outlook – quick quiz on
“good” social protection
I. The “quiet revolution”• Social protection gaining massive support in
multilateral fora, in regional agreements, in countries, and in North-South and South-South development cooperation
• Numerous, and many large schemes in place across the globe
• Regional specifics• Asia with some of the largest and most
innovative schemes globally
Social protection reforms in middle- and low-income countries across the globe
• Asignacion Universal por Hijo para Proteccion Social in Argentina
• Bolsa Familia (and the new Brasil Sem Miseria) programme) in Brazil
• Productive Safety Nets in Ethiopia • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee in India • Di bao reforms in China • Progresa and Oportunidades in Mexico.
Regional typologies of SP• Latin America
– addressing hunger and poverty, “human development oriented”, conditional cash transfers
• Africa – poverty and asset building, predominantly unconditional transfers
• South Asia – hunger, poverty, social exclusion, mixture of conditional and
unconditional, employment schemes as a frequent format
• East Asia and Pacific – addressing risk, mixed conditional and unconditional cash transfers,
CCTs in Indonesia or Philippines; pensions in East Asia; universal health systems in China, Philippines, Thailand
• Central Asia- emphasis on cash transfers to address transition poverty
Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America
Argentina Programa Familias
Bolivia Beca Futuro
Brazil Bolsa Familia, Bolsa Escola
Chile Chile Solidario
Colombia Familias en Accion Program
Costa Rica Programa Superemonos
Ecuador Bono de Desarrollo Humano
El Salvador Red Solidaria
Honduras Programa de Asignacion Familiar
Mexico Progresa, Oportunidades
Nicaragua Red de Proteccion Social
Unconditional Cash Transfers in sub-Saharan Africa
Food-related measures
Social Assistance
Public works
Affirma-tive action
Human rights
•Cooked school meals (IND)•Subsidized PDS (IND, NPL, BGD)•Subsidized grain prices
•Universal old age pension (NPL)•Benazir Income Support Program (PAK)•Child benefit (NPL)•Unorganized sector health insurance (IND)
•National Rural Employment Guarantee (IND)•Employment Generation Programme for the Poorest (BGD)•Karnali Programme; Employment Guarantee Act (NPL)•Employment generation for rural unskilled workers (PAK)
•Secondary school stipend for girls (BGD)• Education for all (NPL)•Child grants for girls (IND)•Rural development and community based interventions (IND)
•Right to food/National Food Security Act (IND)•Mid-day meal (IND)•Right to education (all)•Right to health services (all)•Right to work (IND)•Right to information (IND, BGD, NPL)
Social protection:South Asia
Social protection:South Asia
II. An Asian-Pacific snapshot – challenges
& selected country examples
Unequal progress in sub-regions
The Asia-Pacific share of the world’s deprived
Source: Asia-Pacific Regional MDG report 2011/12 (ESCAP/ADB/UNDP)
Social protection coverage
Cambodia
ChinaMinimum Living Subsidy Scheme (DiBao)
since 1997Description•The scheme pays the difference between the monthly income of poor households and an income minimum
Objectives•To assist poor households in urban China•to provide five guarantees for the elderly in the areas of housing, food, clothing, medical care, and burial expenses•transfers to childless and elderly people.
Monthly transfers•102 Yuan for poor urban households•37 Yuan for poor rural households
Target population and coverageThe “3 NOs”, no ability to work, no source of income, and no supporting from family members. In 2007 : 22.7 million poor urban households 34.5 million poor rural households2020 target:1.3 billion citizens.
IndiaNational Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme
IndonesiaObjective:• JAMKESMAS scheme: Access to health care to the poor and near poor
(76.4 million people)• Universal health insurance coverage by 2014Components:• Subsidized rice to targeted households (“rice for the poor” )• Scholarships for students from poor families• JAMSOSTEK: pilot for informal economy workersInstruments:• Unconditional Cash Transfers (2005 and 2008) • Conditional cash transfer program (Program Keluarga Harapan) and
Community Empowerment programme (PNPM).
Kazakhstan Targeted Social Assistance (TSA) scheme
(2002) Objective: • All families to receive the subsistence minimum, fixed by each region
Audience: • Families with children, the unemployed, care providers for children and the working poor
Format• monthly cash transfer
Early assessment:• certain problems defining eligibilities• serving its fundamental purpose of providing basic assistance for the poor• satisfactory number of family units were graduating from the scheme
PakistanBenazir Income Support Programme
(BISP) (2008)• Largest direct cash grant scheme in Pakistan’s history• 3.5 million economically distressed persons affected by poverty
and inflation • Cash transfers of $13 per month, disbursed every two months • Women as transfer recipient in each household• Poverty score card methodology (2010) • National Database Registration Authority (NADRA) • Partnership with private sector commercial banks• From $154 million = 0.4 per cent of total government spending
(2007/8) to $474 million = 1.3 per cent (2009/2010)
Solomon Islands Rapid Employment Project
2010Audience:• the urban poor especially youth, in the capital Objectives:• generate income • life-skill development training: life skills workshops dealing with domestic violence, money
management and health awareness • longer term employment prospects• enhanced infrastructure and services, esp in informal settlements Planned outcome:• estimated 500,000 labour days of work over the five years of the project • road repair, maintenance, construction and garbage collection
ADB Social protection index
• Social protection expenditure—• The total number of beneficiaries of social
protection programs— “coverage” • The number of poor beneficiaries of social
protection programs— “distribution”• Social protection expenditure going to the
poor— “impact”• Average for Asia: 0.36
III. Social protection
schemes and instruments: interactive group
discussion
Some guiding questions: • What is the challenge?• What is the vision?• What type of intervention is in place?• How does it work?• What is the coverage?• What is the cost?• What are obstacles to this intervention?• How could it be moved towards universalising or
systematising social protection?• What is missing?
Social protection by challenge
Situation Intervention Country examples
Emergency and Crisis Situations
Human Development Constraints – poverty, access to social services
Seasonal Unemployment and FoodInsecurity
Health Shocks
Vulnerable Groups
Social protection by types• Income oriented cash transfers (family benefits, social
pensions, etc.); • food insecurity-oriented (food and cash; school meals);• human development oriented (education, health grants,
health insurance); • social inclusion oriented (scholarships, girl child grants); • Employment and asset-oriented (public works
programmes, microcredit); • emergency related (food for work, food subsidies); • refugee/displaced person-conflict related
Social protection by type
SPF objectives
Existing SP provision
Planned SP provisions (strategy)
Gaps RecommendationsDesign
gapsImplemen-
tation issues
Health
Children
Working age
Elderly
Social Protection Floor template: guarantees and objectives
The Social Protection Situation
Design gaps and implementation
issues (to complete the SPF)
Priority policy options to be
decided through national dialogue
Country level: a phased approachStep 2 –Assessment of social protection
Country discussionCountry Inter-
ventionChallenge add-ressed
Objective
Indicators of progress/success
Coverage/cost/index
Obstacles
Shortcomings
Role for EC Del
Bangladesh
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Thailand
Vietnam
GROUP WORK: SOCIAL PROTECTION
COUNTRY PROGRAMMES• Present 1-2 country´s programme
within the group• Distill main characteristics for
both• Prepare 5-minute summary for
plenary
Country discussionCountry Interven
tionChallenge addressed
Objective Indicators of progress/success
Coverage/cost/index
Obstacle Short-comings
Role for EC Del
Social pension
Old age poverty
Coverage of all >70
Take up rate yr 2 …
0.5% GDP
Min of Child Welfare
Bias to well-off
Bangla-desh
Cambodia
China
India
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Nepal
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Thailand
Vietnam
India: RSBY, NREGA
Thailand: UC scheme, minimum pension scheme (500 THB)
Cambodia: NSPS with clear reference to the SPF … including HEFs, CBHIs, Food distribution, PWPs,…
Lao: extension of SHP for all
Vietnam: 10 years Social security strategy
Indonesia: Jamkesmas, Jampersal, PKH, Rice for the poor, PNPM
China: minimum living standard guarantee program; new rural corporative medical care (NRCMC); health insurance for urban uninsured residents (HIUR); rural old-age pension
Philippines: universal health reform
Pathways to “Four SPF guarantees”
Nepal: broad range
Bangladesh: Strategy…
Sri Lanka: …
Tajikistan :…
IV. Summarising & outlook
India: RSBY, NREGA
Thailand: UC scheme, minimum pension scheme (500 THB)
Cambodia: NSPS with clear reference to the SPF … including HEFs, CBHIs, Food distribution, PWPs,…
Lao: extension of SHP for all
Vietnam: 10 years Social security strategy
Indonesia: Jamkesmas, Jampersal, PKH, Rice for the poor, PNPM
China: minimum living standard guarantee program; new rural corporative medical care (NRCMC); health insurance for urban uninsured residents (HIUR); rural old-age pension
Philippines: universal health reform
Pathways to social protection
Nepal: broad range
Bangladesh: Strategy…
Sri Lanka: …
Tajikistan :…
Country discussionCountry Inter-
ventionChallenges add-ressed
Objective
Indicators of progress/success
Coverage/cost/index
Obstacles
Shortcomings
Role for EC Del
Bangladesh
Rural empoyment/income generation. Scale up
32% BPL;Employment; gender
Cash for work env .Assets accumulated p family
Women have sustain income
2.5%ofGDP ownership
Y
China Reform of SP system 5 social insurances & social assistance
Rural/urban.Urbanisation;ageing;Social stab; social justice
Universal soc sec system. Univ coverage. Mult levels. sustain
Expand rural pension 100%Urban pension increase vuln groups; combining pension funds/systems/modes. Investment of fund. Legal framework.97% med insurance
100 billRMB soc ass.…RMB investment in schemes1.7 trill RMB
Central/prov/local govt
Lack of policy framework; dispariites rur/urban – regions – occupations. Low benefits/reimbursement ;Med ins. Multiple counting;Govt only.Supply lim.Managing funds
Y
India NREGA Rural pop / maj of poor: unemployment; mig; low wage; prod
Push rural growth; local empl;Min wage; guaranteed leg instrument
IS; Wage rate increase100 days work/persondays; IS improved;Social audit
Lack of awareness/demand/local level cap. Fiscal budget/50% implementation
N
Indonesia
Nat prog for comm empowerment
Rural & urban disadbatged. ISAccelrate pov allevaiton liveilhood & participaiton
Nationwide. 65000 villages: large pop 72 mill poor
50000 Local mentors needed. Instit cap. Disparities large/marg comm’s/gender
Reduce pov 8/10%Access to servicesIncrease part of poor. Local Cap bldg
Faciliation.Attrition of good staff.Work overload.Cultural. Coord difficult..MIS sustainability.Reg disparities
Y
Nepal Many schemes
Pov. ConflictEnvSELowest HDI
Gap between commitment/impl
NationalCoverage3.5% GDP variesApproach needs to varyPc.benefits low
Weak gov.Suppy side weak.Confusion o entitlement:
Prod assets missing
Y
Tajikistan
Poor qual of services;low pension/unemploymenty
Pc income 1000$Vulnerabitlies n.a.Tangible results
Part of Sov Union collapse.rethink role of state
Poor targeting/improving
Resources lacking
y
Thailand
Vietnam
Cash transfers to poor families w school children
From pov red for spec groups to universal. Large programme.Compensate for user feesSocial cohesion
Qual of servic es. Health insurance 60% cov.Formal insured; not informal
Coevrage & distribution of benefits; edu outcomes. Graduaiton
Social insurance for informal sectorHouesehold based
cap
Poverty line issue. Fiscal space. Sustain. dependency
Non conditional
Y
QUICK QUIZWHAT IS “GOOD” SOCIAL PROTECTION?
……
QUICK QUIZWHAT IS “GOOD SOCIAL PROTECTION”?
Rights based - Universal right/universal coverage Citizenship- or residents-based
Accompanied by supply side measuresAccompanied by decent work policy & action
Addresses crises, chronic poverty, vulnerabilities Well-targeted and publicised entitlements for socially excluded groups
Special effort to reach disadvantaged households/communities
Systemic – uniting fragmented systems
Sustainable, predictable, meaningful benefit levels Affordable and long-term sustainable
Tax financed
Empowerment: space to civil society and public action
ManageableAdvanced IT
Monitoring & evaluation systems
Reading & resource list
Armando Barrientos, Miguel Nino-Zarazua and Mathilde Maitrot 2010. Social Assistance in Developing Countries Database. Brooks World Poverty Institute. University of Manchester . Version 5.0 July 2010 . http://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/resources/social-assistance-database-version-5.pdf
Sri Wening Handayani, 2010.Enhancing Social Protection in Asia and the Pacific. The Proceedings of the Regional Workshop. Asian Development Bank. Manila.. http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2011/proceedings-enhancing-social-protection.pdf.
Gabriele Koehler, 2011. „Transformative Social Protection: Reflections on Policy Experiences in Four South Asian Countries‟, IDS Bulletin 42.5. www.ids.ac.uk
Gabriele Koehler, Marta Calì, Mariana Stirbu 2009. Social protection in South Asia. A review. UNICEF Regional Office South Asia. http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/social_protection_in_south_asia_-_a_review_-_unicef_rosa_2009.pdf
ILO. Global Extension of Social Security. GESS data base. http://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/ShowMainPage.do
Reading & resource list
Social protection in Asia Research group 2010. Social protection in Asia: research findings and policy lessons . Programme synthesis reporthttp://www.socialprotectionasia.org/Conf-prgram-pdf/SPA_SynthReport_web.pdf
UN Development Group Asia-Pacific 2011. Social Protection Issues Brief. Prepared by UNDP Thematic Group on Social Protection. Annex. http://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/RessShowRessource.do?ressourceId=26321
UNDP 2011 Ensuring Inclusion: e-Discussion on Social Protection . Asia-Pacific Inclusive Growth and Development. Summary of e-Discussion. UNDP Asia and Pacific Regional Centre BANGKOK. http://www.gabrielekoehler.net/Data/Sites/1/UNDP%20Asia%20Pacific%20SP%20eDiscussion-Final-160112-1.pdf
UN ESCAP 2011. The Promise of Protection Social Protection and development in Asia and the Pacific. http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/social-protection/UN-Promise-of-Protection.pdf
World Bank 2012. RESILIENCE, EQUITY, AND OPPORTUNITY. The World Bank’s Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012–2022 . Washington April 2012. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/280558-1274453001167/7089867-1279223745454/7253917-1291314603217/SPL_Strategy_2012-22_FINAL.pdf