Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper...
-
Upload
abraham-butler -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper...
![Page 1: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chapter 1
Sociology: Studying Social Problems
Chapter 1:
Sociology: Studying Social Problems
![Page 2: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Seeing Patterns: The Sociological Perspective
• Sociology is the systematic study of human societies.
• Society is a term referring to people who live within a territory and share many patterns of behaviors.
• Culture refers to a way of life including widespread values, beliefs, and behavior.
![Page 3: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Further:
– People experience social problems in very personal ways
– Sociology shows that the problems we face are not only the results of personal choices but reflect the operation of society itself
– C. Wright Mills used the sociological imagination to show that our personal troubles are really social issues that affect many people – ourselves included
![Page 4: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Defining Social Problems
• A social problem – is a condition that undermines the well-being of
some or all members of society– is usually a matter of public controversy
• Determining social problems can be controversial– subjective and objective realities may – actually end up being quite different– what people identify as the most serious – social problems varies over time
![Page 5: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Table 1-1
![Page 6: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Social Constructionist Approach
• Social problems arise as people define conditions:– As undesirable– In need of change
![Page 7: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Claims Making
• Process of convincing the public that a particular issue or situation should be defined as a social problem
• Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
![Page 8: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-1The Objective and Subjective Assessment of Social Issues
![Page 9: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Defining Social Problems
• One indication that people recognize an issue as a social problem is the formation of a social movement – an organized effort at claims
making that tries to shape the way people think about an issue in order to encourage or discourage social change
![Page 10: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Stages in Social Movements
• Social movements progress through four distinct stages:– Emergence– Coalescence– Formalization– Decline
![Page 11: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Eight assertions that form the foundation for the analysis of social problems:
1. Social problems result from the ways in which society operates.
2. Social problems are not caused by bad people.
3. Social problems are socially constructed as people define a condition as harmful and in need of change.
4. People see problems differently.
![Page 12: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Further:
5.Definitions of problems change over time.
6.Problems involve subjective values as well as objective facts.
7.Many – but not all – problems can be solved.
8.Various social problems are related.
![Page 13: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-2Four Stages in the Life Course of a Social Movement`
![Page 14: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Looking Beyond Ourselves: A Global Perspective
• A global outlook shows– Harmful conditions often cross
national boundaries– Many of the problems that we in
the U.S. face are more serious elsewhere
![Page 15: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Analyzing Social Problems:The Role of Theory
Theory: A statement of how and why specific
facts are related
Theoretical Approach: A basic image of society that guides thinking and research
![Page 16: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Structural-Functional Approach
• A theoretical framework that sees society as
a system of many interrelated parts• Social Institutions: the main parts of this
system (organized to meet basic human needs)– education– family– economics– politics– religion
![Page 17: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Global Map 1-1Women’s Childbearing around the World
![Page 18: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Structural-Functional Approach
• Early Functionalism: Problems as Social Pathology
• The “Chicago School”: Problems as Disorganization
• More Recent Functionalism: Problems as Dysfunctions– Manifest versus Latent Functions– Eufunctions versus Dysfunctions
![Page 19: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Social Conflict Approach
• A theoretical framework that sees society as divided by inequality and conflict
• Social problems arise because our society is divided into “haves” and “have nots”
![Page 20: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Social Conflict Approach
• Marxism: Problems and Class Conflict– Capitalists– Proletarians
• Multiculturalism: Problems of Racial
and Ethnic Inequality• Feminism: Problems and Gender
Conflict
![Page 21: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach
• A theoretical framework that sees society as the product of individuals interacting with one another
![Page 22: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
The Symbolic-Interaction Approach
• Learning Theory: – Problems and the Social
Environment
• Labeling Theory: – Problems and Social Definitions
![Page 23: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
A researcher asks subjects to respond to items
in a questionnaire or interview.• A questionnaire is a series of items a
researcher presents to subjects for their response
• In an interview, the researcher meets face to face with respondents to discuss a particular issue
• While questionnaires offer a chance for greater breadth of opinion, interviews can provide greater depth of understanding
Survey Research: Asking Questions
![Page 24: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Field Research: Joining In
• Also called participant observation
• Involves researchers observing people while joining in their everyday activities
![Page 25: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Experimental Research: Looking For Causes
• Experiment: a method by which a researcher investigates cause-and-
effect relationships under highly controlled conditions
• Most experiments are carried out in specially designed laboratories
![Page 26: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Secondary Analysis: Using Available Data
• A common major research method that is based on collection of data originally collected by others
![Page 27: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Truth, Science, and Politics
• Max Weber’s “value-free” approach• The “value commitment” approach• Is “objective” research even
possible?
![Page 28: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Truth and Statistics
• Check how terms are defined• Numbers are subject to error• People often “spin” their statistics
![Page 29: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Figure 1-3Do Statistics Lie?
![Page 30: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Responding to Social Problems: Social Policy
• Social policy refers to formal strategies to affect how society operates.
![Page 31: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Responding to Social Problems: Social Policy
• The evaluation of social policy:– How is success defined? – What are the costs? – Whom should get the help?
![Page 32: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Policy and Culture
• Social policy tends to be shaped by existing cultural values
![Page 33: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Policy and Politics
• Conservatives: seek to limit the scope of societal change (focus is on shortcomings of individuals, not society)
• Liberals: favor more sweeping change in society (see problems in the organization of society)
• Radicals: support policies that go beyond mere reform – can be either ultra liberal or ultra
conservative
![Page 34: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Table 1-2
![Page 35: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Politics: Constructing Problems and Defining Solutions
• The Political Spectrum: a continuum representing a range of political attitudes from “left” to “right”
• Social Issues: political debates involving moral judgments about how people should live
• Economic Issues: political debates about how a society should distribute material resources
![Page 36: Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. MacionisCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Chapter.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032802/56649e115503460f94afdd39/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Social Problems, Fourth Edition by John J. Macionis Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Who Thinks What?
• Two good predictors of political attitudes are education and wealth – both of which are elements of social class
• The fact that social class affects social and economic attitudes differently means that most people have some combination of liberal and conservative attitudes