Social Norms and Helping Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.
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Transcript of Social Norms and Helping Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.
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Social Norms and Helping
• Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.
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Norm of Reciprocity and Helping
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• Norm of Reciprocity - We feel obligated to help people who have helped us.
• Qualified by Norm of Equity - The overbenefited should help the underbenefited
• Norm of Social Responsibility - We should help those who need us.
• Qualified by Norm of Justice - We should help those who deserve it.
Social Norms and Helping (Cont.)
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Good Mood and Helping
• People in a good mood are more likely to help• The cookie study• The dime in the phone booth study• One catch it wears off quickly
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Good Mood and Helping(Wears Off with Time)
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• How does it work• Positive thoughts• Mood maintenance
Good Mood and Helping
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Bad Mood and Helping
• People in a bad mood are also more likely to help• Guilt in particular seems to motivate helping
• The Lie Study• Other bad moods also increase helping
(sometimes)• Helping boosts people’s mood
• But if mood is improved in another way bad mood doesn’t improve helping
• It doesn’t workfor children• Suggests that helping provides an internal
gratification
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Empathy and Helping
• Other’s distress leads to two emotional responses• one’s own distress• empathy - compassion for the other person
• This leads to two motivations• motive to reduce own’s own distress• motive to help the other person
• This leads to two behavioral responses• attempt to reduce own’s distress - leave• attempt to help the other person - stay
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Batson, Duncan, Ackerman, Buckley, & Birch (1981) Experiment
• The Setup • Confederate receiving shock• Participant observing
• The Independent Variables• Increased empathy with the victim• Opportunity to leave the experiment
• The findings
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Results of Batson, et al., 1981
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Empathy and HelpingSummary of Batson’s Model
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Schaller & Cialdini (1988) - A Challenge to Batson’s Model
• The Setup -• Participants listened to a tape supposedly
from a fellow student in need of help.• The Independent variable -
• Increased empathy with the victim• They expected to listen to neutral or mood-
enhancing information, or be given the opportunity to help
• The results -
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Schaller & Cialdini (1988) results
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So, Are We Altruistic or Not?
• Cialdini and colleagues argue that an egoistic interpretation cannot be ruled out.
• Nevertheless, it seems that crass egoism can be distinguished from helping that is at least partially motivated by the desire to help the other.