Social network analysis of lexical diffusion - Investigating the … · 2019. 10. 9. · 2008 2010...

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionInvestigating the spread of new words on Twitter

Quirin Würschinger

LMU München

ICAME 2019, NeuchâtelWorkshop ‘Corpus approaches to social media’

1 May, 2019

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusion

Outline

• Theoretical background• lexical innovation• diffusion

• Twitter approach• usage intensity• social network analysis• comparative analyses

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionLexical innovation

What are ‘lexical innovations’?

nonce formations ICAMErs, Neuchâtelgate

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neologisms microflat, burquini, bediquette, biobag,poppygate, emojinal, toxic, alt-right,bromance, Brexit, selfie, smartphone

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conventional lexemes phone, internet, laptop

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionDiffusion

The S-curve model

The S-curve model of diffusion

Early stages

• prestige of coiner and early adopters• dense networks (J. Milroy and

L. Milroy 1985)• strong ties

Later stages

• diffusion via weak ties (Granovetter1977)

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionDiffusion

The EC-Model

How do new words diffuse?

Theoretical framework: The EC Model (Schmid forthc.)

Diffusion:

“Linking the three aspects of speakers, cotexts, and contexts,I define diffusion as a process that brings about a changein the number of speakers and communities who conformto a regularity of co-semiotic behaviour anda change in the types of cotexts and contexts in which theyconform to it.”

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionResearch questions

Diffusion of lexical innovations

Research questions – two dimensions of diffusion:1. How do neologisms diffuse across usage contexts?

• increasing usage intensity (Stefanowitsch and Flach 2017)• increasing diversity in text types and semantic domains

2. How do neologisms diffuse across the speech community?• increasing number of speakers• increasing diversity of speaker communities

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionPrevious work

Other work

Diffusion across usage contexts

Previous empirical studies

• case studies: Hohenhaus 2006• traditional corpora: Elsen 2004• web corpora: Gérard 2017; Cartier 2017; Davies 2013;

Kerremans, Stegmayr and Schmid 2012• social media corpora: Grieve, Nini and Guo 2016

→ main focus: usage intensity

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionTwitter approach

Potential

Diffusion across the speech community

Using Twitter data to study diffusion

• historical data• informal and creative language use• social media as a driving force in lexical innovation• beyond usage frequency:

• speaker information• sociolinguistic dynamics of diffusion

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Method

Collecting and processing Twitter data

Data collection

• Twitter’s APIs• scraping: twint

Data overview

• neologisms: 87• timespan: 2006–2019• number of tweets: 32 Mill.• number of unique users: 13 Mill.

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Method

Focus of analysis

• degree of diffusion• usage intensity• social networks of diffusion

• diffusion stages

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionDegrees of diffusion

Usage intensity

Advanced diffusion: shareable

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Usage intensity

Unsuccessful diffusion: microflat

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Usage intensity

Topical diffusion: poppygate1

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1poppygate: scandals around the ritual of wearing artificial flowers forRemembrance Day

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Usage intensity

Limited diffusion: alt-right2

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2alt-right: short for Alternative Right after White Supremacist Richard Spencer

images/ui_alt-right.html

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Usage intensity

Limited diffusion: alt-left

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Usage intensity

Degrees of diffusion – Clustersunsuccessful: microflat

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limited: alt-left

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Corpus examples

Corpus examples

use of alt-left in 2016 use of alt-left in 2017

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Social network analysis

Social network analysis3

Constructing the network• extracting nodes and edges (tidygraph, igraph):

• based on: mentions, retweets• data format: from text, from columns (twint)

• subsetting data: 1,000 interactions per1. first stage2. average usage intensity3. maximum usage intensity4. last stage

3all analyses and visualizations were done in R

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Network structure4

Nodes

• node centrality: in-degree• node positioning: Kamada-Kawai algorithm (ggraph)

Ties

• directionality: directed• weights: degree

Communities

• clustering: edge betweenness algorithm• modularity: fraction of ties within vs. between

sub-communities

4all metrics and visualizations rely on tidygraph and igraph

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microflat

faircompanies

uandiplc

frasermoyle

tobycharlesward

tartanbiretta

kirstendirksen

zijing_wu

deepincroydonbxbdevelopment

propertywords

homespropertyscmpnews

lornestotoledo

mikeisaac

nickriley_arch

independent

lstdbristol

peterstefanovi2

gilbertwebster7britprop

jlluk

estatesgazette

j_r_harley

scmp_news

concreteconst

benchmarxuk

mailonline

dezeen

philiphammonduk

enginealing

tomcopley

telegraphmenarchfoundation

itvnews

itvlondon

allaboutcroydoninspiredhomes_

frederikbalfour

fall_mojo

business

snpforglasgow

uppinghamsumsch

slybovyuciao_archi

astridwrainey

charmainechanks

ottong_laab

thetimesrspca_official

laurahamiltontv

nicola_davison

fthousehome

what_housevirgintrains

lifeedited

architectsjrnal

pocket_living

ibtimesuk

nytimes

euphorialove13candl_e

thebuie

govind_shivani

stevtay

neuschaefer

hiddi

anilawhitney

newyorktimes11

kienokammies

faisalislam

mattfrost

pegobry

fourhourtarget

thecamillacat

ladygaga

elliefairway

thegrouchhk

tomeats

patricia_mcc

sam_d janematthews

annewalton

subset: last (2018-11-14--2011-01-06)

microflat

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shareable

savvyblogtips

excinit

shareable

atviassist

jacksonmktginc

stgermaindrinks

goodreads

mtn180

dunkincincy

dunkindonuts

youtubesocialmedia2day

choosemuse

_developit

lolacabaya

microsoft

startgrowthhack

techcrunch

shareable_pod

cheddar

smartcares

teamepiphany

sharingbox

nike

kyrieirving livesmart

subset: last (2018-12-31--2018-12-14)

shareable

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alt-right

tradtom

mathieuvonrohr

shenanigansen lauraloomer

malcolmnance

louisemensch

shepmichaelstakedownmras

hpluckrose

foxnews

thehill

stucam7771

vp

andrewscheer

shaunking

chukaumunna

realmuckmaker

realdonaldtrump

jack

gop

diorionathaniel

twitter

youtube

ritapanahi

motherjones

jessebwatters

reaganbattalionnowthisnewspopehat

asharangappa_

tweetmommybop

usattybashtuckercarlson

charliekirk11

indivisiblenet

krassenstein

therickydavila

exorcizo_te

formerleftie

realbenaston

formerleft

semaphorian_lareviewofbooks

stevekingia

benshapiro

realjameswoods

jacob_williams0

raycheltania

slpng_giants

barackobama

jessihalloran

jackposobiec

cuomocpt_515

richardbspencer

justintrudeau

voxdotcom

subset: last (2018-09-10--2018-09-09)

alt-right

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alt-left

steewartj1

sjgrunewald

davidsirota

aocthedemocrats

garygurch

realdonaldtrump

dhfabian1primacornice

dailycaller

jaketapper

studiohqfoxnews

seanhannity

nbcnews

politico

drjillstein

potus

andyrichter

brianstelter

bcbluecon

jaredr

stefanmolyneux

sensanders

electricfire89

chuckwoolery

senschumer

jackposobiec

randpaul

barackobamacollegefix

timcast

tomwatson

paola_dec1231

aaronbastani

nancywonderful

nytimes

eclecticbrotha

harvard

kishan_devani

davidhogg111

marshmellogh0st

im_pulse

lumpylouish

stephenlautens

secnielsen

yougov

globalnews

walkerbragman

alt_uscis

guyverhofstadtfinancialtimes

subset: last (2018-12-30--2018-12-19)

alt-left

faircompanies

uandiplc

frasermoyle

tobycharlesward

tartanbiretta

kirstendirksen

zijing_wu

deepincroydonbxbdevelopment

propertywords

homespropertyscmpnews

lornestotoledo

mikeisaac

nickriley_arch

independent

lstdbristol

peterstefanovi2

gilbertwebster7britprop

jlluk

estatesgazette

j_r_harley

scmp_news

concreteconst

benchmarxuk

mailonline

dezeen

philiphammonduk

enginealing

tomcopley

telegraphmenarchfoundation

itvnews

itvlondon

allaboutcroydoninspiredhomes_

frederikbalfour

fall_mojo

business

snpforglasgow

uppinghamsumsch

slybovyuciao_archi

astridwrainey

charmainechanks

ottong_laab

thetimesrspca_official

laurahamiltontv

nicola_davison

fthousehome

what_housevirgintrains

lifeedited

architectsjrnal

pocket_living

ibtimesuk

nytimes

euphorialove13candl_e

thebuie

govind_shivani

stevtay

neuschaefer

hiddi

anilawhitney

newyorktimes11

kienokammies

faisalislam

mattfrost

pegobry

fourhourtarget

thecamillacat

ladygaga

elliefairway

thegrouchhk

tomeats

patricia_mcc

sam_d janematthews

annewalton

subset: last (2018-11-14--2011-01-06)

microflat

tradtom

mathieuvonrohr

shenanigansen lauraloomer

malcolmnance

louisemensch

shepmichaelstakedownmras

hpluckrose

foxnews

thehill

stucam7771

vp

andrewscheer

shaunking

chukaumunna

realmuckmaker

realdonaldtrump

jack

gop

diorionathaniel

twitter

youtube

ritapanahi

motherjones

jessebwatters

reaganbattalionnowthisnewspopehat

asharangappa_

tweetmommybop

usattybashtuckercarlson

charliekirk11

indivisiblenet

krassenstein

therickydavila

exorcizo_te

formerleftie

realbenaston

formerleft

semaphorian_lareviewofbooks

stevekingia

benshapiro

realjameswoods

jacob_williams0

raycheltania

slpng_giants

barackobama

jessihalloran

jackposobiec

cuomocpt_515

richardbspencer

justintrudeau

voxdotcom

subset: last (2018-09-10--2018-09-09)

alt-right

steewartj1

sjgrunewald

davidsirota

aocthedemocrats

garygurch

realdonaldtrump


dailycaller

jaketapper

studiohqfoxnews

seanhannity

nbcnews

politico

drjillstein

potus

andyrichter

brianstelter

bcbluecon

jaredr

stefanmolyneux

sensanders

electricfire89

chuckwoolery

senschumer

jackposobiec

randpaul


timcast

tomwatson

paola_dec1231

aaronbastani

nancywonderful

nytimes

eclecticbrotha

harvard

kishan_devani

davidhogg111

marshmellogh0st

im_pulse

lumpylouish

stephenlautens

secnielsen

yougov

globalnews

walkerbragman

alt_uscis


subset: last (2018-12-30--2018-12-19)

alt-left

savvyblogtips

excinit

shareable

atviassist

jacksonmktginc

stgermaindrinks

goodreads

mtn180

dunkincincy

dunkindonuts


choosemuse

_developit

lolacabaya

microsoft

startgrowthhack

techcrunch

shareable_pod

cheddar

smartcares

teamepiphany

sharingbox

nike


subset: last (2018-12-31--2018-12-14)

shareable

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Comparison: metricsnumber of communities in last 1,000 interactions

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left

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LEMMA

alt−left

alt−right

poppygate

shareable

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Social network analysis of lexical diffusionStages of diffusion

Stages of diffusion

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shareable

First stage

elsua

waynesutton

tojosan

swhitley

mediaphyter

robbie

jspepper

comcastcares

fredwilson

shripriya

schmutzie

steph_rose

jaygilmore

thorpus

shannonpaul

rashmi

pmhswe

musebrarian

pistachio

nathantwright

sshreeves

desconcentrado

arikhanson

jschneider

kellyolexa

mmalm

abbief

cjweb

irwebreport

dslunceford tdefrenjournalistics

armandotriana

prblogguykawasaki

matwilcox

prtini

shawnj55allenmireles

pamelam

prokofy

michaeldeutch

scottallengeorgedearing

lliu

danabrit

mba_piyush

quentingeorge

mikearauz

bmann

courosa

ncvo

omowizard

jedmiller

3keyscoachdavidspinks

chrisbrogan

dragosroua

smallbizbee

mikestro1

eatingwell

mimijohnson

graemethickins

eclisham

naypinya

chrisfreeland

trib

mmkrill

ourielohayon

laurashort

mdavid

cindi

cogdog

prash

ccmehil

richheilman

fleep

shashib

loiclemeur

stuartmcintyre

chopps

closetgeekshow

nancywhite

dwarlick

brianbuttonxp

scienceblogging

amandachapel

heymilly

druidsmith

stevecal

brbreslinhrheingold

doctorjones

jeffnolan

hieronymus

maruis

wafonso

michaelsigler

mindelei

fyc

soul4real

clarkus

spin

koralesky

pprlisa

jimgroom

objo

angelakeenredmonk

helenmosher

blandford

expectnation

coolcatteacher

lynnterry

lucincia

edtechworkshop

queenofspain

chrispirillo

oracletechnet

chrisfullman

jfriend

unklar

lance

spiritcoach

jutecht

infinitelymeta

phantasmical

lelamarie

giessen

andrewtc04

akma

jowyang

jack

aulia

otakgila

ayende

coachdeb

github

marick

nopasanada

greg2dot0

catnip

paulstovell

clagnut

travelrants

jefferythomas

tedeytan

johnwilkie

melfi

dustindk

onthecity

sutto

jasonhiner

stephendale

dbajec

williecrawford

johnstauffer

westleyl

evernote

douglasbrull

cre8tn

paul_davidson

korym

layt27

andrewgrill

hotpepper

marcorbito

technosailor

jeffreyjdavis bbag

kwyk

diigo

astrout

paulmay

michaelhbsamford

walesmdfaithfulgeek

groovymag

davidgurteen

rachelreuben

chriswinfield

northernchick

sneezypb

rjhintz

odannyboy

xcyanide

tigerbeat

joetrippi

marcesherross

monkchips

hannahmorgan

rasmuskl

dropbox

bloggeries

cvggrrlblackkitty

stevekatz

joycevalenza

infiltrators

nanpalmero

shytrblemaker

arisia

m1sterc

ifuckzombies

semanticwill

kittybradshaw

al3x

hayespotter

newyorksangel

speters

pixelrn

kthompso

gfxman

jamiehosmer

pcarlesrhyolight

larsw

microsofttag

travolution

hamccull

thegirlriot

ibmu2

tinywook

chrisbonney

tomraftery

jasoncalacanis

abrudtkuhl

beegoddess64

tonymorganlive

sim89

adders

therealdvorak

cwdaniels

servantofchaos

markobon scalenine

cosmicslim

gavsy

shwen

tdavidson

aral

navi

tandoori

ephrog

bpfox

cgouskos

meatstack

nicolesimon

heyjudeonline

davenavarro6767

andrewconnell

dangranata

chorazin

unclechet

inspiredeggs

jadesimian

you2gov

samharrelson

charlestrippy

sai_venkat

chrisoregan

amytiger

johnratz

bryanhunt

bcollins

omarg

markreiboldt

peterfriese

thomascookuk

firmani

chochomojo

teacurran

nickmuldoon

angelamaiers

kevinrutherford

theflygirl

texaseducation

rhwy

trippyhippy

mantia

pitchengine

gdhuyvetter

androidandme

denniskennedy

randomdude

raymondpirouz

jimrocks

febies

jkerrstevens

iwannabeabear

ghbrett

coretek

ceesaunders

gov20camp

leilokelani

theroadto

infosourcer

eysenbach

melissahourigan

debplunkdebindenver

lteisha

mparent77772

mcreative

kbodnar32

mattuk

nickcharney

hexodus

kykimnyc

dmscott

backtype

jgates513

cnansen

gale_

jessicahalper nmw

subtopes

kjpeacock

briandigital

dpalmisano

michellebeck

jbern

jamesschramko

sojoinc

kythin

cdcoppolaaudaciousgloop

scotmcknightlarstr

goodlife_sister

debasishg

muscati

willwade

toonlet

fredrikn

klu1

jennitheodd

thecharmquark

ashleyjablow

grinnpidgeon

cakey

juhayes

mphotographer

lerou

leeaase

edbennett

teajeni

rponte

darlenebe

brooksbayne

couchlearner

mofoz

janetleejohnson

sharethis

marlonribunal

mashable

medxcentral

soverpeckaskaroundottawa

gigi_b

walkinghorse

themediaisdying

socialtnt

ben_sim

mattdickman

propeople

issuu

konnexus

rbrambley

mikewho

dretsgillies

bpm140

mhoegg

nbnt

sockkpuppett

andybeard

andrewpwilson

cheth

cnewmark

petahopkins

jaffne

infobunny

simonford

brianwieser

cyberjmc66

andrewrsorkin

rohinik

tom_mcmullan neilhimself

twilhelmsen

abortedclone

mihai

theresaf

linseymorris

volvoshine

monicaburnettgillick

stanleyjessica

eyecube

jonbecker

shivsingh

shel

dberkowitz

lazerow

arseny

eternalscribe

developmentseed

marciamarcia

linkbuildraclu

bjeanes

jamestulli

avibryant

techsmithadamblowers

conversationage

motoole1

louisebrown

mage

srenan

_rga

jim_brown

reese

dirdigeng

jmarkockerbloom

simontay78

irisheyz77 aarons

daveknox

cshirky

buzzedition

roryparkinson

jenlion

gregvaneekhout

donaldmac

truebloodhbo

interviewproj

sidneyeve

hross

smange

jlongland

bcurious

davidblumenthal

niknizan

hjluks

mcahogarth

clearspring

rasiej

saragarth

alansee

kanter

traveline

amber_benson

moniquewade

mitchbenn

digitouch

ruthiegelber

onwardparam

bcarroll7

ambidexterous

jwitter

gabek

domzie

einfach_mich

pujamadanfak3r

slideshare

domrodwell

atlanticwasborn

frankverderosa

pedrogomesrocha

thebeatlesrb

dina

jepcke

charmaineyoest

stevenertelt

philmoreira

wmartino

wccnnews

irgxana

jnjcomm

keridwyn

appsfire

rayfleming

dzhimbo

duanejackson

xbrlspy

robotwisdom

subset: first (2007-07-19--2009-08-02)

shareable

27/40


shareable

Second stage

thenextweb

creativedensity

xl_shamoney

kissmywiggle

shareable

eswayne

bahjournalist

mbauwens

iizlizsusanhmorales

sochospitality

cgawley

lulugrimm

uscannenberg

corianda

volshy

brainzooming

rachelbotsman

jabadkelly

exchango

car2goamsterdam

andrewphelps

niemanlab

kaskadia

danschawbel

barrettall

mayhemstudios

swap

amyporterfield

martinlieberman

uniteddiversity

teebe_killenem

gorenflo

sharethemesh

kwameguy

trustcurrency

moloneyking

coolcatteacher

petepaphides

marcmunier

docmdmartin

jaycbee

addthis

phillipdodd

andrewfstewart

rootsmanuva

tnw

tnwsocialmediampanzarino

tnwapps

doremiimii

paulcitarella

bria

briansolis

christinetaffe

lizstrauss

kentlewis

upiicsalibre

toeknee_wright

howardjkenny

tomiahonen

140facts

twitter

roikles

mcschindler

couchsurfing

mashable

xlizziebethx

bmandelbaum

latddotcom

schellular

elipariser

chilihead

brafton

jungroup

technorati

faris

wayneb77

neuegalerieny

mikechittyfridaymediagrp

matthewlang90

steepercpga

btincq

iftf

aeschenburg

mightymendoza dakila

sigcis

_loveblondon

desmax74sbtourist

hugoguzman

mittromney

ccarretero

avalossf

timelessp

writerpollock

verso

thehudsonsbayco

timoreilly

genuine

b2community

dropbox

usatoday

rickknudtson

randomnade

spiralliamworks loosecubes

incmagazine

derekwebb

octavekitten

adapaavi

destroytoday

missanae

jayjizzle07

mitchjoel

tedglobal

spainyhk

roblongert

vital_design

barrymoltz

jasonbrooks

susan_adrian

miltonline

lfpavillion

nataliedeanna

vidyard

wilbotosterman

cityzencar

colmhanratty

mediapost

willstrohl

mynewsdesk_uk

jezfarmer

arbales

jeremyckahn

janetmsilva

melanieiglesias

loudsauce

devaujla

imakereality

seemelookngood

dougpete

hunch

geoffward

state_machine

phxreguy

nobuhata

blamelesslyjoansaskprairiegirl

kurtsouthern

randilotsberg

espn

bellatormmabrunocarvalhojj

mtvmtv_2

kyleweberphoto

russeltarr

thesummitsf

impactsessions

tiffany053p

justinbieber

markwithers

alexsteffen

fearlessindubai

kaishton

feedly

jaywll

markgurman

simplymeasured

time

simplyzesty

billnigh

vincegolangco

krleitzen

mrendyh

bodybybaker

ruelala

couture2juicy

jaykeith

lisannette

stephenatl

benrito

getaround

rocktique

yazzminnewell

mdurwin

mpranikoff

haydn1701

hubspot

jesturm

iimfahima

techcrunch

jeffsharlet

owslibrary

storyofstuff

amyleigh09

feras_n88

davidpadbury

robintransition

xydoapp

rejon

fab

longreads

becomingrebecca

rowanc

200ok

guykawasaki

chillami

bobburg

dtssmithers

johnolilly

pearlypops

kenlayne

jessi8303

chezpim

suzisquared

maryhenige

gm

tedtalks

sree

thoughtscom

ajenglish

robchristianson

mahebastien

futurelab_blog

littlemac042

extremetech

joystiq

heidisukle

humanitiesgc jalylahlexirodrigo

collcons

silverpop

grantland33

hipsterrunoff

aka_me

beseku

nikkikaye

blogeswari

anthillmagazine

wendye40

mdoktorchik

adconph

shineslike

tedxcambridge

yesvideo

kashimamiki

iwearyourshirt

mgeorge8pamslim

samhouston

susanelvina

patientslikemes4pm

joelion

rynobi

giveasmooch

baratunde

macsym

suzyy_h

amakoii

jessieeckert

paulwardein

tomwalsham

ginidietrich

itsmejeffyi

wwsdo

idea_org

marismith

scoopixromimoondi

nolovenoworries

killa_alumi

whatsldbupto

louisebrown

asktonyit

hadleybeeman

missielizzieb

_ralph

annika

fawceisfawce

fastcompany

copywriterldn

m_arsenault

robertmills

grandindo

hayesthompson

ianmcc

nonsuperwoman

ankiep

subset: mean (2011-11-02--2011-11-28)

shareable

28/40


shareable

Third stage

shareable

kineticwwuk

thewalluk

honeytech

fabnhsstuff

miralowe

cision

boydcohen

albertcanig

allisunrae

nathan_stevens

jennybryan

bcu4biz

inbuzzgrp

mbauwens

yvonneleow

gracepoole92

jennifer_yra

philippinestar

yesitsvberni

ingramspark

360i

markmccrindle tableau

embassynetwork

earthineer

searcysledge

socialsmktgbeckystorey91

bof

collectivebias

makeupgeek

hillaryclinton

teddygofffeldmancreative

wipehomophobia

noh8campaign

sue_fred

ekbensah

cubeitdotio

s_wothers

govgrrl

uscensusbureau

demo_ken

contchangeniklasnrdstrm

reliancemobile

salesireland

shireenmazari1

arsched

ntvkenya

trebors

p2p_foundation

smfrogers

sega

baer_bill

adshayed

golantern

hardballtalksampavin

ohsmclemore bridiesmithbiomedvic

fiona_peters1

nicscho

jeaned70

twtablets

haikudeck

hootsuite

marthakarhoff

liamt

zdnetmicrosoft

entrepreneur

t_lawson

dy5function

knightlab

gadgette

faithypo0

dizzzylu

insidiousintentjperelman

intlconfex

theo2

tryinteract

moz

hubspot

lkolo25 vivek4wild

ongc_

wti_org_india

kerrylagan

spektrix

copyblogger

relate_charity

charitycomms

magdalenadk

logicalcampaign

pollstationuk

pushsverige

jeffgoins

buffer

qz

teadrivendev

lenadroid

mijustin

sumome

thisthatbeauty

knowme

swiftumz

juno

elizabeth_fels

cfbendall

lushjames

eddavid

pamellaneely

nataliefisher

lonob

clubbydubby

nationalpostdoc

inspirationf

photofreak72theonion

proximusent

tpp_systmone emishealth

kerenflavell

townhallappbrandrepublic

wittyfeed

pokemon

roylilley

newyorker

blackkingbreezysusie_parker

kellyloubet

hermionetweeted

skisteffymarie

joshmccormack

slingerapp

washingtonpost

betsyrolland

mehlibrarian

khaost

glodigcit

thehappycity

itsmeekaciee

thecementbloc

sai_pathsciinschool

wbrcnews

wbrcweather

uber

kitkatca

lyannatsakiris

transfermke

hult

dieselfitt

nichehacks

billgates

prasys

batura_ese

olatukoop

etzipm

wsj

jill_rowley

maeschaefer

linkedin

gedesign

warfareplugins

ruukutia

replyall

readcube

_littlesbitch

gfletchy

roundrockisd

guerrillatrans

davidbollier

macdryad

jakebeckman

iris_xyzdrofcredit

nationaltrust

shopify

sarahgoodier

flavortown69

free

lawilc01

ilovelocalhfx

wersm

iabcnctriangle

niemanlabwnyc

barrettallsocialfresh

catjohnson

jennarenee97

tsned

briankrebs

thetechrabbi

fantasylabs

bobburg

buzz

rreverser

studentmoneysvr

tylerjewell

darkestkale

samhomewood

jcrew

digitaldnahq

pablomunozroman

abccatalyst

ey_uki

dovesandletters

howellsandhood

maddigzlz

delaneysocial

mr_brame adicloud

lindsi

shannondarcy7

subpress

mykola

heinzmarketing

bendgibbons

rhulshuls

metageeky

blckgirlsdo

ddiapers

flamingolondon

transportxtra

lfbdigital

cr3

goldenmoustache

karmarama

share_nl

clemencemermoz

livcitylancs

neighbourleigh

rachelfdcooper

benioff

journalismbuzz

jamiebrittain

underarmour

ericfrisino

paul_pants

elysa

housingwire

cinehead

matthewcutler

confluentforms

dannybrown

otterblushes

stateautothe_hanover

cdc_cancer

nasayembrick

guidobcor

dalejbarr

godless_mom

mattwaite

heritage_action

distinctivename

voxmediainc

myra_mc

thisismaz

corhospes

softsavage

annafieler

gmpiques15paul_larue

goosesroost

pamelaiwilson

domdifurio

adchesebro

ngreenberg

stattleship

_dmdx ceodotcom

wendykopp

markfrankel29

profjeffjarvis

digitalpromise

modernb2b

popazrael

a

dice_firewall

boemagazine

millennial20_20

fins0905

lichessorg

shukie3

iveyjanette_207

jlarrison

evannac

in2football

kake

distilled

feedly

berniesanders

katyperrycherry

melissap888

jodiepclark

edgarsmission

dollarjunior75

gapingvoid

soellerpower

jennbinis

earthfgardener

wordofthefree

jwilson828

ashbluewd

imagethink

aboutaaron

ft

doughaddix

upworthy

elipariser

pescami

crypttv

kfriedrich

seanpwojcik

detroitnews

steveconsley

dosomething

furryweekendatl

newurbanism

socstudiesshefbreehare

amateuridiot

leejeans

lifeofdadshow

mazdausa

sxsw

niga1985

pandadoc

voipceo

hertling

cnsicorp

mysocialagency

villagevetsaus

prezidaniel_callahancynnjuguna

laurenhjoseph

magschulz

thatgirlpeyton_

wwenetwork

tripleh

merynmurray

haikus

grigs

kathyennis

ethekwinim

cvshealth

patricetruongouishare

iotwatch

michcorsilles

coachdrewglobal

sonnylebythebay

helenhsupsyd

monteslu

aintacrow

jacq_mccarthy

geojo22

johnsonmaryj

facinghistory

nbl

northwayruth

ebnursingbmj

sproutsocial

designerhacks

dlberes

ashishp

unrulycoesrad

bbcworldbbcr1

mhill1703

amandahite

shareablee

sherrifflucy

brandtosales

chelsearustrum

jamesian

cupcakeaddictau

n0gat

canva

dshiznit1994xblmysocalledchaos

travelinann

itbusinessca

elbdudler

agolis

thisdotcm

bbcacademy

nomlet

zomatouae

thersaorg

torailwaymuseum

subset: max (2016-03-02--2016-03-18)

shareable

29/40


shareable

Fourth stage

savvyblogtips

excinit

shareable

atviassist

jacksonmktginc

stgermaindrinks

goodreads

mtn180

dunkincincy

dunkindonuts


choosemuse

_developit

lolacabaya

microsoft

startgrowthhack

techcrunch

shareable_pod

cheddar

smartcares

teamepiphany

sharingbox

nike


subset: last (2018-12-31--2018-12-14)

shareable

30/40


shareable

All stages

elsua

waynesutton

tojosan

swhitley

mediaphyter

robbie

jspepper

comcastcares

fredwilson

shripriya

schmutzie

steph_rose

jaygilmore

thorpus

shannonpaul

rashmi

pmhswe

musebrarian

pistachio

nathantwright

sshreeves

desconcentrado

arikhanson

jschneider

kellyolexa

mmalm

abbief

cjweb

irwebreport

dslunceford tdefrenjournalistics

armandotriana

prblogguykawasaki

matwilcox

prtini

shawnj55allenmireles

pamelam

prokofy

michaeldeutch

scottallengeorgedearing

lliu

danabrit

mba_piyush

quentingeorge

mikearauz

bmann

courosa

ncvo

omowizard

jedmiller

3keyscoachdavidspinks

chrisbrogan

dragosroua

smallbizbee

mikestro1

eatingwell

mimijohnson

graemethickins

eclisham

naypinya

chrisfreeland

trib

mmkrill

ourielohayon

laurashort

mdavid

cindi

cogdog

prash

ccmehil

richheilman

fleep

shashib

loiclemeur

stuartmcintyre

chopps

closetgeekshow

nancywhite

dwarlick

brianbuttonxp

scienceblogging

amandachapel

heymilly

druidsmith

stevecal

brbreslinhrheingold

doctorjones

jeffnolan

hieronymus

maruis

wafonso

michaelsigler

mindelei

fyc

soul4real

clarkus

spin

koralesky

pprlisa

jimgroom

objo

angelakeenredmonk

helenmosher

blandford

expectnation

coolcatteacher

lynnterry

lucincia

edtechworkshop

queenofspain

chrispirillo

oracletechnet

chrisfullman

jfriend

unklar

lance

spiritcoach

jutecht

infinitelymeta

phantasmical

lelamarie

giessen

andrewtc04

akma

jowyang

jack

aulia

otakgila

ayende

coachdeb

github

marick

nopasanada

greg2dot0

catnip

paulstovell

clagnut

travelrants

jefferythomas

tedeytan

johnwilkie

melfi

dustindk

onthecity

sutto

jasonhiner

stephendale

dbajec

williecrawford

johnstauffer

westleyl

evernote

douglasbrull

cre8tn

paul_davidson

korym

layt27

andrewgrill

hotpepper

marcorbito

technosailor

jeffreyjdavis bbag

kwyk

diigo

astrout

paulmay

michaelhbsamford

walesmdfaithfulgeek

groovymag

davidgurteen

rachelreuben

chriswinfield

northernchick

sneezypb

rjhintz

odannyboy

xcyanide

tigerbeat

joetrippi

marcesherross

monkchips

hannahmorgan

rasmuskl

dropbox

bloggeries

cvggrrlblackkitty

stevekatz

joycevalenza

infiltrators

nanpalmero

shytrblemaker

arisia

m1sterc

ifuckzombies

semanticwill

kittybradshaw

al3x

hayespotter

newyorksangel

speters

pixelrn

kthompso

gfxman

jamiehosmer

pcarlesrhyolight

larsw

microsofttag

travolution

hamccull

thegirlriot

ibmu2

tinywook

chrisbonney

tomraftery

jasoncalacanis

abrudtkuhl

beegoddess64

tonymorganlive

sim89

adders

therealdvorak

cwdaniels

servantofchaos

markobon scalenine

cosmicslim

gavsy

shwen

tdavidson

aral

navi

tandoori

ephrog

bpfox

cgouskos

meatstack

nicolesimon

heyjudeonline

davenavarro6767

andrewconnell

dangranata

chorazin

unclechet

inspiredeggs

jadesimian

you2gov

samharrelson

charlestrippy

sai_venkat

chrisoregan

amytiger

johnratz

bryanhunt

bcollins

omarg

markreiboldt

peterfriese

thomascookuk

firmani

chochomojo

teacurran

nickmuldoon

angelamaiers

kevinrutherford

theflygirl

texaseducation

rhwy

trippyhippy

mantia

pitchengine

gdhuyvetter

androidandme

denniskennedy

randomdude

raymondpirouz

jimrocks

febies

jkerrstevens

iwannabeabear

ghbrett

coretek

ceesaunders

gov20camp

leilokelani

theroadto

infosourcer

eysenbach

melissahourigan

debplunkdebindenver

lteisha

mparent77772

mcreative

kbodnar32

mattuk

nickcharney

hexodus

kykimnyc

dmscott

backtype

jgates513

cnansen

gale_

jessicahalper nmw

subtopes

kjpeacock

briandigital

dpalmisano

michellebeck

jbern

jamesschramko

sojoinc

kythin

cdcoppolaaudaciousgloop

scotmcknightlarstr

goodlife_sister

debasishg

muscati

willwade

toonlet

fredrikn

klu1

jennitheodd

thecharmquark

ashleyjablow

grinnpidgeon

cakey

juhayes

mphotographer

lerou

leeaase

edbennett

teajeni

rponte

darlenebe

brooksbayne

couchlearner

mofoz

janetleejohnson

sharethis

marlonribunal

mashable

medxcentral

soverpeckaskaroundottawa

gigi_b

walkinghorse

themediaisdying

socialtnt

ben_sim

mattdickman

propeople

issuu

konnexus

rbrambley

mikewho

dretsgillies

bpm140

mhoegg

nbnt

sockkpuppett

andybeard

andrewpwilson

cheth

cnewmark

petahopkins

jaffne

infobunny

simonford

brianwieser

cyberjmc66

andrewrsorkin

rohinik

tom_mcmullan neilhimself

twilhelmsen

abortedclone

mihai

theresaf

linseymorris

volvoshine

monicaburnettgillick

stanleyjessica

eyecube

jonbecker

shivsingh

shel

dberkowitz

lazerow

arseny

eternalscribe

developmentseed

marciamarcia

linkbuildraclu

bjeanes

jamestulli

avibryant

techsmithadamblowers

conversationage

motoole1

louisebrown

mage

srenan

_rga

jim_brown

reese

dirdigeng

jmarkockerbloom

simontay78

irisheyz77 aarons

daveknox

cshirky

buzzedition

roryparkinson

jenlion

gregvaneekhout

donaldmac

truebloodhbo

interviewproj

sidneyeve

hross

smange

jlongland

bcurious

davidblumenthal

niknizan

hjluks

mcahogarth

clearspring

rasiej

saragarth

alansee

kanter

traveline

amber_benson

moniquewade

mitchbenn

digitouch

ruthiegelber

onwardparam

bcarroll7

ambidexterous

jwitter

gabek

domzie

einfach_mich

pujamadanfak3r

slideshare

domrodwell

atlanticwasborn

frankverderosa

pedrogomesrocha

thebeatlesrb

dina

jepcke

charmaineyoest

stevenertelt

philmoreira

wmartino

wccnnews

irgxana

jnjcomm

keridwyn

appsfire

rayfleming

dzhimbo

duanejackson

xbrlspy

robotwisdom

subset: first (2007-07-19--2009-08-02)

shareable

shareable

kineticwwuk

thewalluk

honeytech

fabnhsstuff

miralowe

cision

boydcohen

albertcanig

allisunrae

nathan_stevens

jennybryan

bcu4biz

inbuzzgrp

mbauwens

yvonneleow

gracepoole92

jennifer_yra

philippinestar

yesitsvberni

ingramspark

360i

markmccrindle tableau

embassynetwork

earthineer

searcysledge

socialsmktgbeckystorey91

bof

collectivebias

makeupgeek

hillaryclinton

teddygofffeldmancreative

wipehomophobia

noh8campaign

sue_fred

ekbensah

cubeitdotio

s_wothers

govgrrl

uscensusbureau

demo_ken

contchangeniklasnrdstrm

reliancemobile

salesireland

shireenmazari1

arsched

ntvkenya

trebors

p2p_foundation

smfrogers

sega

baer_bill

adshayed

golantern

hardballtalksampavin

ohsmclemore bridiesmithbiomedvic

fiona_peters1

nicscho

jeaned70

twtablets

haikudeck

hootsuite

marthakarhoff

liamt

zdnetmicrosoft

entrepreneur

t_lawson

dy5function

knightlab

gadgette

faithypo0

dizzzylu

insidiousintentjperelman

intlconfex

theo2

tryinteract

moz

hubspot

lkolo25 vivek4wild

ongc_

wti_org_india

kerrylagan

spektrix

copyblogger

relate_charity

charitycomms

magdalenadk

logicalcampaign

pollstationuk

pushsverige

jeffgoins

buffer

qz

teadrivendev

lenadroid

mijustin

sumome

thisthatbeauty

knowme

swiftumz

juno

elizabeth_fels

cfbendall

lushjames

eddavid

pamellaneely

nataliefisher

lonob

clubbydubby

nationalpostdoc

inspirationf

photofreak72theonion

proximusent

tpp_systmone emishealth

kerenflavell

townhallappbrandrepublic

wittyfeed

pokemon

roylilley

newyorker

blackkingbreezysusie_parker

kellyloubet

hermionetweeted

skisteffymarie

joshmccormack

slingerapp

washingtonpost

betsyrolland

mehlibrarian

khaost

glodigcit

thehappycity

itsmeekaciee

thecementbloc

sai_pathsciinschool

wbrcnews

wbrcweather

uber

kitkatca

lyannatsakiris

transfermke

hult

dieselfitt

nichehacks

billgates

prasys

batura_ese

olatukoop

etzipm

wsj

jill_rowley

maeschaefer

linkedin

gedesign

warfareplugins

ruukutia

replyall

readcube

_littlesbitch

gfletchy

roundrockisd

guerrillatrans

davidbollier

macdryad

jakebeckman

iris_xyzdrofcredit

nationaltrust

shopify

sarahgoodier

flavortown69

free

lawilc01

ilovelocalhfx

wersm

iabcnctriangle

niemanlabwnyc

barrettallsocialfresh

catjohnson

jennarenee97

tsned

briankrebs

thetechrabbi

fantasylabs

bobburg

buzz

rreverser

studentmoneysvr

tylerjewell

darkestkale

samhomewood

jcrew

digitaldnahq

pablomunozroman

abccatalyst

ey_uki

dovesandletters

howellsandhood

maddigzlz

delaneysocial

mr_brame adicloud

lindsi

shannondarcy7

subpress

mykola

heinzmarketing

bendgibbons

rhulshuls

metageeky

blckgirlsdo

ddiapers

flamingolondon

transportxtra

lfbdigital

cr3

goldenmoustache

karmarama

share_nl

clemencemermoz

livcitylancs

neighbourleigh

rachelfdcooper

benioff

journalismbuzz

jamiebrittain

underarmour

ericfrisino

paul_pants

elysa

housingwire

cinehead

matthewcutler

confluentforms

dannybrown

otterblushes

stateautothe_hanover

cdc_cancer

nasayembrick

guidobcor

dalejbarr

godless_mom

mattwaite

heritage_action

distinctivename

voxmediainc

myra_mc

thisismaz

corhospes

softsavage

annafieler

gmpiques15paul_larue

goosesroost

pamelaiwilson

domdifurio

adchesebro

ngreenberg

stattleship

_dmdx ceodotcom

wendykopp

markfrankel29

profjeffjarvis

digitalpromise

modernb2b

popazrael

a

dice_firewall

boemagazine

millennial20_20

fins0905

lichessorg

shukie3

iveyjanette_207

jlarrison

evannac

in2football

kake

distilled

feedly

berniesanders

katyperrycherry

melissap888

jodiepclark

edgarsmission

dollarjunior75

gapingvoid

soellerpower

jennbinis

earthfgardener

wordofthefree

jwilson828

ashbluewd

imagethink

aboutaaron

ft

doughaddix

upworthy

elipariser

pescami

crypttv

kfriedrich

seanpwojcik

detroitnews

steveconsley

dosomething

furryweekendatl

newurbanism

socstudiesshefbreehare

amateuridiot

leejeans

lifeofdadshow

mazdausa

sxsw

niga1985

pandadoc

voipceo

hertling

cnsicorp

mysocialagency

villagevetsaus

prezidaniel_callahancynnjuguna

laurenhjoseph

magschulz

thatgirlpeyton_

wwenetwork

tripleh

merynmurray

haikus

grigs

kathyennis

ethekwinim

cvshealth

patricetruongouishare

iotwatch

michcorsilles

coachdrewglobal

sonnylebythebay

helenhsupsyd

monteslu

aintacrow

jacq_mccarthy

geojo22

johnsonmaryj

facinghistory

nbl

northwayruth

ebnursingbmj

sproutsocial

designerhacks

dlberes

ashishp

unrulycoesrad

bbcworldbbcr1

mhill1703

amandahite

shareablee

sherrifflucy

brandtosales

chelsearustrum

jamesian

cupcakeaddictau

n0gat

canva

dshiznit1994xblmysocalledchaos

travelinann

itbusinessca

elbdudler

agolis

thisdotcm

bbcacademy

nomlet

zomatouae

thersaorg

torailwaymuseum

subset: max (2016-03-02--2016-03-18)

shareable

thenextweb

creativedensity

xl_shamoney

kissmywiggle

shareable

eswayne

bahjournalist

mbauwens

iizlizsusanhmorales

sochospitality

cgawley

lulugrimm

uscannenberg

corianda

volshy

brainzooming

rachelbotsman

jabadkelly

exchango

car2goamsterdam

andrewphelps

niemanlab

kaskadia

danschawbel

barrettall

mayhemstudios

swap

amyporterfield

martinlieberman

uniteddiversity

teebe_killenem

gorenflo

sharethemesh

kwameguy

trustcurrency

moloneyking

coolcatteacher

petepaphides

marcmunier

docmdmartin

jaycbee

addthis

phillipdodd

andrewfstewart

rootsmanuva

tnw

tnwsocialmediampanzarino

tnwapps

doremiimii

paulcitarella

bria

briansolis

christinetaffe

lizstrauss

kentlewis

upiicsalibre

toeknee_wright

howardjkenny

tomiahonen

140facts

twitter

roikles

mcschindler

couchsurfing

mashable

xlizziebethx

bmandelbaum

latddotcom

schellular

elipariser

chilihead

brafton

jungroup

technorati

faris

wayneb77

neuegalerieny

mikechittyfridaymediagrp

matthewlang90

steepercpga

btincq

iftf

aeschenburg

mightymendoza dakila

sigcis

_loveblondon

desmax74sbtourist

hugoguzman

mittromney

ccarretero

avalossf

timelessp

writerpollock

verso

thehudsonsbayco

timoreilly

genuine

b2community

dropbox

usatoday

rickknudtson

randomnade

spiralliamworks loosecubes

incmagazine

derekwebb

octavekitten

adapaavi

destroytoday

missanae

jayjizzle07

mitchjoel

tedglobal

spainyhk

roblongert

vital_design

barrymoltz

jasonbrooks

susan_adrian

miltonline

lfpavillion

nataliedeanna

vidyard

wilbotosterman

cityzencar

colmhanratty

mediapost

willstrohl

mynewsdesk_uk

jezfarmer

arbales

jeremyckahn

janetmsilva

melanieiglesias

loudsauce

devaujla

imakereality

seemelookngood

dougpete

hunch

geoffward

state_machine

phxreguy

nobuhata

blamelesslyjoansaskprairiegirl

kurtsouthern

randilotsberg

espn

bellatormmabrunocarvalhojj

mtvmtv_2

kyleweberphoto

russeltarr

thesummitsf

impactsessions

tiffany053p

justinbieber

markwithers

alexsteffen

fearlessindubai

kaishton

feedly

jaywll

markgurman

simplymeasured

time

simplyzesty

billnigh

vincegolangco

krleitzen

mrendyh

bodybybaker

ruelala

couture2juicy

jaykeith

lisannette

stephenatl

benrito

getaround

rocktique

yazzminnewell

mdurwin

mpranikoff

haydn1701

hubspot

jesturm

iimfahima

techcrunch

jeffsharlet

owslibrary

storyofstuff

amyleigh09

feras_n88

davidpadbury

robintransition

xydoapp

rejon

fab

longreads

becomingrebecca

rowanc

200ok

guykawasaki

chillami

bobburg

dtssmithers

johnolilly

pearlypops

kenlayne

jessi8303

chezpim

suzisquared

maryhenige

gm

tedtalks

sree

thoughtscom

ajenglish

robchristianson

mahebastien

futurelab_blog

littlemac042

extremetech

joystiq

heidisukle

humanitiesgc jalylahlexirodrigo

collcons

silverpop

grantland33

hipsterrunoff

aka_me

beseku

nikkikaye

blogeswari

anthillmagazine

wendye40

mdoktorchik

adconph

shineslike

tedxcambridge

yesvideo

kashimamiki

iwearyourshirt

mgeorge8pamslim

samhouston

susanelvina

patientslikemes4pm

joelion

rynobi

giveasmooch

baratunde

macsym

suzyy_h

amakoii

jessieeckert

paulwardein

tomwalsham

ginidietrich

itsmejeffyi

wwsdo

idea_org

marismith

scoopixromimoondi

nolovenoworries

killa_alumi

whatsldbupto

louisebrown

asktonyit

hadleybeeman

missielizzieb

_ralph

annika

fawceisfawce

fastcompany

copywriterldn

m_arsenault

robertmills

grandindo

hayesthompson

ianmcc

nonsuperwoman

ankiep

subset: mean (2011-11-02--2011-11-28)

shareable

savvyblogtips

excinit

shareable

atviassist

jacksonmktginc

stgermaindrinks

goodreads

mtn180

dunkincincy

dunkindonuts


choosemuse

_developit

lolacabaya

microsoft

startgrowthhack

techcrunch

shareable_pod

cheddar

smartcares

teamepiphany

sharingbox

nike


subset: last (2018-12-31--2018-12-14)

shareable

31/40


alt-left

First stage

trash_ebooks

jshahryar

toddseavey

t_fisherking

gus_802

joanwalshjoshtpm

arthur_affect

green_footballs

lawnguylander

ckilpatrick

mtracey

codinghorror

wilw

cernovich

clarkhat

alt_left

jonahnro

nerobenshapiro

randodaily

rubinreportsargon_of_akkad

travisducote

freddiedeboer

davidsirotaandrewgleason

stevedeaceshow

algiordano

mmonides

docrocktex26sarahkendzior democracynow

joyannreid

delo_taylor

areyousurebruv

brucethompson51

parkermolloy theintercept

cushbomb

vgrbreitbartnews

jack

robertjbennett

thehill

tpm

therealroseanne

donna_west

ummjackson

davidfrum

daveweigel

hillaryclintonfoxnewskamvtv

natesilver538

nytimes

outfrontcnn

washingtonpost

jeevesmeister

hemantmehta

prisonplanet

cnnpolitics

msnbc

billmon1benjaminnorton

timkawakami

larrywebsite

jezzerat

libertarianblue

subset: first (2008-06-19--2016-08-31)

alt-left

32/40


alt-left

Second stage

skrossa

montie

realdonaldtrump

paulkrugman

cnn

cnnpolitics

shoq

drjillstein

mazmhussain

lmartods

thetimes

cultofdusty

sargon_of_akkadt_fisherking

actualflatticus

jeevesmeister

johnb78

foxnews

therickwilsonkurteichenwald

mtracey

sensanders

jspoupartdocrocktex26

smoothkobra

huffingtonpost

prisonplanet

snopes

politicogirlsreallyrule

mattyglesias

ericboehlert

splcenter

joyannreidmaddow

only4rmhillaryclinton

stranahanwashingtonpost

theage

talalalyan

miltshook

soledadobrien

maajidnawaz

green_footballs

angryblacklady

michaeldweiss

cbsnews

smh

jbarro

berniesanders

jordanchariton

bakari_sellers

jbouie

thedemocrats

cristinalaila1

gus_802

jaketapper

thedailybeast

goldengateblond

yottapoint

davidfrum

thexclass

cenkuygur

corybooker

armandodkosfawfulfan

deanbaquet

cernovich

joenbc

keithellison

joanwalsh

nbcnews

samharrisorg

jasonmillerindc

ananavarro

carolinahuddle

acoyne

seanhannity

subset: mean (2016-11-02--2016-11-15)

alt-left

33/40


alt-left

Third stage

simkoch

rsk_motorsport

milmore

jaybeegooner

amorgaia

andrierlingsson

rosettadrone

geeniusatwrokneeratanden

keidekaytomwatson

joyannreid

markos

blupfront

realdonaldtrumpmetroatldsa

nberlat

juliadavisnews

foxnews

waywardwinifredcffloyd

zerlinamaxwell

amjoyshow

potus

slate

abowersock

jackiemccaffreydnc

armandodkos

thepoliticalcat

queersocialism

mrdane1982

ironstacheroseanndemoro

amydentata

ceciliagant_rickii_

corybooker

delo_taylorlaflemm12

eclecticbrotha

emmavigeland

bridgiethereasemattmurph24

t_fisherking

sensanders

candiceaiston marcushjohnson

franklinrad

iamdarylleon

mindy_perkins

politicalantjoshtpm

stuxnetsource

sengillibrandisteintraum

ericgarland

ninaturner

leecamp

jordancharitonbenjaminpdixon

yashar

patriciamazzei

thetommoriarty

sarahlerner

acosta

bbcworld

alanzilberman

jimlautenbach

realllz

regwag2003

subset: max (2017-08-02--2017-08-03)

alt-left

34/40


alt-left

Fourth stage

steewartj1

sjgrunewald

davidsirota

aocthedemocrats

garygurch

realdonaldtrump


dailycaller

jaketapper

studiohqfoxnews

seanhannity

nbcnews

politico

drjillstein

potus

andyrichter

brianstelter

bcbluecon

jaredr

stefanmolyneux

sensanders

electricfire89

chuckwoolery

senschumer

jackposobiec

randpaul


timcast

tomwatson

paola_dec1231

aaronbastani

nancywonderful

nytimes

eclecticbrotha

harvard

kishan_devani

davidhogg111

marshmellogh0st

im_pulse

lumpylouish

stephenlautens

secnielsen

yougov

globalnews

walkerbragman

alt_uscis


subset: last (2018-12-30--2018-12-19)

alt-left

35/40


alt-left

All stages

trash_ebooks

jshahryar

toddseavey

t_fisherking

gus_802

joanwalshjoshtpm

arthur_affect

green_footballs

lawnguylander

ckilpatrick

mtracey

codinghorror

wilw

cernovich

clarkhat

alt_left

jonahnro

nerobenshapiro

randodaily

rubinreportsargon_of_akkad

travisducote

freddiedeboer

davidsirotaandrewgleason

stevedeaceshow

algiordano

mmonides

docrocktex26sarahkendzior democracynow

joyannreid

delo_taylor

areyousurebruv

brucethompson51

parkermolloy theintercept

cushbomb

vgrbreitbartnews

jack

robertjbennett

thehill

tpm

therealroseanne

donna_west

ummjackson

davidfrum

daveweigel

hillaryclintonfoxnewskamvtv

natesilver538

nytimes

outfrontcnn

washingtonpost

jeevesmeister

hemantmehta

prisonplanet

cnnpolitics

msnbc

billmon1benjaminnorton

timkawakami

larrywebsite

jezzerat

libertarianblue

subset: first (2008-06-19--2016-08-31)

alt-left

simkoch

rsk_motorsport

milmore

jaybeegooner

amorgaia

andrierlingsson

rosettadrone

geeniusatwrokneeratanden

keidekaytomwatson

joyannreid

markos

blupfront

realdonaldtrumpmetroatldsa

nberlat

juliadavisnews

foxnews

waywardwinifredcffloyd

zerlinamaxwell

amjoyshow

potus

slate

abowersock

jackiemccaffreydnc

armandodkos

thepoliticalcat

queersocialism

mrdane1982

ironstacheroseanndemoro

amydentata

ceciliagant_rickii_

corybooker

delo_taylorlaflemm12

eclecticbrotha

emmavigeland

bridgiethereasemattmurph24

t_fisherking

sensanders

candiceaiston marcushjohnson

franklinrad

iamdarylleon

mindy_perkins

politicalantjoshtpm

stuxnetsource

sengillibrandisteintraum

ericgarland

ninaturner

leecamp

jordancharitonbenjaminpdixon

yashar

patriciamazzei

thetommoriarty

sarahlerner

acosta

bbcworld

alanzilberman

jimlautenbach

realllz

regwag2003

subset: max (2017-08-02--2017-08-03)

alt-left

skrossa

montie

realdonaldtrump

paulkrugman

cnn

cnnpolitics

shoq

drjillstein

mazmhussain

lmartods

thetimes

cultofdusty

sargon_of_akkadt_fisherking

actualflatticus

jeevesmeister

johnb78

foxnews

therickwilsonkurteichenwald

mtracey

sensanders

jspoupartdocrocktex26

smoothkobra

huffingtonpost

prisonplanet

snopes

politicogirlsreallyrule

mattyglesias

ericboehlert

splcenter

joyannreidmaddow

only4rmhillaryclinton

stranahanwashingtonpost

theage

talalalyan

miltshook

soledadobrien

maajidnawaz

green_footballs

angryblacklady

michaeldweiss

cbsnews

smh

jbarro

berniesanders

jordanchariton

bakari_sellers

jbouie

thedemocrats

cristinalaila1

gus_802

jaketapper

thedailybeast

goldengateblond

yottapoint

davidfrum

thexclass

cenkuygur

corybooker

armandodkosfawfulfan

deanbaquet

cernovich

joenbc

keithellison

joanwalsh

nbcnews

samharrisorg

jasonmillerindc

ananavarro

carolinahuddle

acoyne

seanhannity

subset: mean (2016-11-02--2016-11-15)

alt-left

steewartj1

sjgrunewald

davidsirota

aocthedemocrats

garygurch

realdonaldtrump


dailycaller

jaketapper

studiohqfoxnews

seanhannity

nbcnews

politico

drjillstein

potus

andyrichter

brianstelter

bcbluecon

jaredr

stefanmolyneux

sensanders

electricfire89

chuckwoolery

senschumer

jackposobiec

randpaul


timcast

tomwatson

paola_dec1231

aaronbastani

nancywonderful

nytimes

eclecticbrotha

harvard

kishan_devani

davidhogg111

marshmellogh0st

im_pulse

lumpylouish

stephenlautens

secnielsen

yougov

globalnews

walkerbragman

alt_uscis


subset: last (2018-12-30--2018-12-19)

alt-left

36/40


Comparison of diffusion stages across lexemes

Comparison of diffusion stages across lexemesalt−left alt−right shareable

CO

MM

_firs

t

CO

MM

_mea

n

CO

MM

_max

CO

MM

_las

t

CO

MM

_firs

t

CO

MM

_mea

n

CO

MM

_max

CO

MM

_las

t

CO

MM

_firs

t

CO

MM

_mea

n

CO

MM

_max

CO

MM

_las

t

0

200

400

CO

MM

UN

ITIE

S

LEMMA

alt−left

alt−right

shareable

37/40

Social network analysis of lexical diffusionComparative analyses

Degree of diffusion

Comparison of communities across all lexemes

0

200

400

600

biob

agbi

rthe

rbl

ogge

rgat

eca

keis

mte

chla

shdo

tard

yout

hqua

kero

bo−

sign

ing

over

tour

ism

brof

lake

Bre

xite

rP

izza

gate

Bre

xite

erco

vfef

ene

wsj

acki

ngen

core

car

eer

solo

pren

eur

cuck

old

shar

entin

gB

rexi

tal

t−le

ftra

peug

eega

slig

htin

ggr

eenw

ashi

ngup

skir

ting

over

pare

ntin

gpo

ppyg

ate

deep

lear

ning

circ

ular

eco

nom

yra

pefu

gee

bloc

kcha

inda

shca

msm

artw

atch

deep

fake

man

kles

Boo

bgat

eal

t−rig

htw

hite

frag

ility

emoj

inal

refo

llow

glam

ping

broe

ttetw

itter

vers

ehy

perlo

cal

twee

ter

gege

npre

ssin

ghe

licop

ter

pare

ntin

gup

skill

cher

pum

ple

slut

sha

min

gtw

itter

erbr

oman

cetw

itter

sphe

resh

area

ble

twitt

osph

ere

co−

wor

kup

cycl

ing

lifeh

ack

mon

thve

rsar

ym

an b

unfo

odve

ntur

eov

ary−

actin

gm

onth

iver

sary

anim

oji

detw

eet

ghos

ting

brom

osex

ual

baec

atio

n

subc

omm

uniti

es /

1,00

0 in

tera

ctio

ns

e.g. covfefe, dotard, birther, Pizzagate e.g. animoji, detweet, man bun,monthversary

38/40

Social network analysis of lexical diffusionComparative analyses

Users vs. usage

Users vs. usagee.g. Brexit, blockchain, smartwatch

alt−left

alt−right

shareabledashcampoppygate

lifehacksmartwatch

upcyclingBrexiterBrexiteerencore careercherpumpleburquinibaecationPizzagatecovfefe

animojibeardruffbediquettebegpackerbiobag

birther

blockchain

bloggergateBoobgate

Brexit

broettebroflakebroga

bromance

bromosexualcakeismcircular economyco−workcookprocessorcuckold

decyclingdeep learningdeepfakedetweetdotard

ghostingman bunrefollow

dronographerdronographyemojinalfoodventuregaslighting

gegenpressingglamping

gorpcoregreenwashinghalfaloguehelicopter parentinghyperlocal

Kushnergatelevidromemanklesmicroapartmentmicroflatmonthiversarymonthversaryneckbudsnewsjackingovary−actingoverparentingovertourismrapefugeerapeugeerapugeerobo−signingsharentingsleep divorceslut shamingsolopreneur

superagertechlash

tweeter

youthquakewhite fragilityupskirtingupskilltwittospheretwitterertwittersphere

twitterverse

0.0e+00

2.5e+06

5.0e+06

7.5e+06

1.0e+07

0e+00 1e+06 2e+06 3e+06 4e+06

number of speakers

num

ber

of u

ses

Number of total uses vs. total users

e.g. tweeter, bromance, man bun, ghosting

39/40

Social network analysis of lexical diffusionConclusion and discussion

Conclusion: zooming out again . . .

• Social media data make it possible to go beyond usageintensity to study the sociolinguistic dynamics of diffusion.

• This is particularly important for cases of limited socialdiffusion.

• Dense networks promote diffusion in earlier stages of diffusion.• Weak ties are crucial for advanced diffusion to new parts of

the speech community at later stages.

40/40

Social network analysis of lexical diffusionConclusion and discussion

Discussion

Legal issues

• scraping• data vendors• Twitter authorization• user privacy

1/8


Thanks for your attention!

3/8


The NeoCrawler(Kerremans, Stegmayr and Schmid 2012)

Monitoring diffusion across usage contexts on the WWW

• sample: ≈ 1,000 candidates• time window: 2011–2018• corpus: ≈ 800,000 pages• usage contexts: private forums, blogs, newspaper websites etc.

4/8


Increase in speakers for shareable

0

50000

100000

150000

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

uniq

ue s

peak

ers

(cum

ulat

ive)

shareable

5/8


Increase in speakers for alt-left

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

2016 2017 2018 2019

uniq

ue s

peak

ers

(cum

ulat

ive)

alt−left

6/8


The role of weak ties

0.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

poppygate shareable alt−right alt−left

Pro

port

ion

of w

eak

ties

LEMMA

alt−left

alt−right

poppygate

shareable

7/8


Diffusion of gegenpressing

● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●

● ●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ●● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●● ●

●● ● ●

●

●

●

●

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●●

●

●

●

●

●●

●

●

●

●

●

●● ●

●

●

●

●

0

400

800

2014 2016 2018

Twee

ts /

mon

th

gegenpressing

8/8


Social network of gegenpressing

the_w_address

adinosmanbasic

messiminutes

renemaric

migueldelaney

fmanalysis

nchammer1980bundesliga4u

unfitforpurpose

sammcguire90

flafu_tbol

canetop

theengancherole

taintlessred

liverpooistuff

daveockop

lfcza

perilladerafa iainmacintosh

jay82_lfc

honigstein

cnyari

gnev2 bvb

noverheul

poznaninmypants

russcher

allas4

coachingfamily

mc79hockey

meninblazers

luc_bvb

dalenicholf365

moesquare

rorysmithtimes

semuanyabola

grubbavitchjoe_co_uk

beardedgenius

spielvercom

redoestercult

brodinho

alexgiovanni_

jamespearceecho

empireofthekop

lfc

melissareddy_

raksmistry

shareaholic

simonbrundish

davehendrick_aibenmcaleer1

fussballsusie

chrisbenteke

tolstoyfc

teamstream

stancollymore

boylesports thisisanfield

carra23

liverpool_fc_

matt5cott

klopp_juergen

dionfanning

stats4footy

kylemartino

robbiemustoe

neil1980

footyml

889brilafm

livecholfc

kevinhatchard

htafcdotcom

subset: first (2012-10-27--2015-11-11)

gegenpressing

Lexical innovationDiffusionResearch questionsPrevious workTwitter approachDegrees of diffusionStages of diffusionComparative analysesConclusion and discussionAppendix

Social network analysis of lexical diffusion - Investigating the … · 2019. 10. 9. · 2008 2010...

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