‘Social mixSocial mix and neighbourhood ’ and ... · ‘Social mixSocial mix and neighbourhood...

‘Social mix’ and neighbourhood ‘Social mix’ and neighbourhood Social mix and neighbourhood Social mix and neighbourhood ‘revitalization’: a transatlantic ‘revitalization’: a transatlantic

comparison of policy discourses comparison of policy discourses and local experiencesand local experiencesand local experiencesand local experiences

Research team Research team presentationpresentation in Toronto in Toronto to theto theto theto the

Neighbourhood Neighbourhood Change &Change &Building Inclusive Communities from Building Inclusive Communities from Within CURAWithin CURA

and and hb h d h khb h d h kToronto Toronto Neighbourhoods Research NetworkNeighbourhoods Research Network

15 15 May 2008May 2008

Our project and our teamOur project and our teamOur project and our teamOur project and our team

Full title: ‘Full title: ‘Social mix’ and Social mix’ and neighbourhood revitalization:neighbourhood revitalization:neighbourhood revitalization:neighbourhood revitalization:linking globalized policy linking globalized policy perspectives to locally perspectives to locally embedded experiences embedded experiences ––towards a transatlantic towards a transatlantic towards a transatlantic towards a transatlantic comparison’comparison’

Funding: Social Sciences and Funding: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Humanities Research Council Humanities Research Council Humanities Research Council of Canada, International of Canada, International Opportunities Fund Research Opportunities Fund Research Grant (2006Grant (2006--2008)2008)

•Tom Slater, Gary Bridge (School of Policy Studies, Univ. of Bristol)•Marie-Hélène Bacqué, Yankel Fijalkow, Lydie Launay (student) (LOUEST, CNRS, Paris)

IOF social mix team presentation to TNRNIOF social mix team presentation to TNRN 22

• Annick Germain, Amy Twigge (student), Damaris Rose (grant-holder) (Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, INRS, Montréal)

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RationaleRationaleRationaleRationale

Since midSince mid--1990s, marked resurgence in 1990s, marked resurgence in , g, gattention + seeming attention + seeming internationalinternationalconvergence around value of ‘social convergence around value of ‘social mix’/’mixed communities’ as urban policy mix’/’mixed communities’ as urban policy mix / mixed communities as urban policy mix / mixed communities as urban policy tooltoolWhy has this happened?Why has this happened?D thi h d b l D thi h d b l i il i il Does this shared vocabulary Does this shared vocabulary ⇒⇒ similar similar goals?goals?Or does it mask differences in values, Or does it mask differences in values, Or does it mask differences in values, Or does it mask differences in values, objectives between national contexts, objectives between national contexts, between local actors in a given context?between local actors in a given context?


Research objectivesResearch objectivesResearch objectivesResearch objectives

Explore international circulation of ideas re Explore international circulation of ideas re it f ‘ i l i ’/’ i d iti ’ it f ‘ i l i ’/’ i d iti ’ merits of ‘social mix’/’mixed communities’ merits of ‘social mix’/’mixed communities’

Explore links between national, subExplore links between national, sub--national and national and local scales of policy thinkinglocal scales of policy thinkingDecode different local actors’ Decode different local actors’ narrativesnarratives of social of social mix in innermix in inner--city neighbourhoods undergoing city neighbourhoods undergoing ‘revitalization’ ‘revitalization’ 11 h t d ‘ i ’ ?h t d ‘ i ’ ?1.1. what does ‘mix’ mean?what does ‘mix’ mean?2.2. what is a ‘mix’ policy meant to achieve?what is a ‘mix’ policy meant to achieve?3.3. how do ‘mixed neighbourhoods’ work out in practice?how do ‘mixed neighbourhoods’ work out in practice?

Our analysis = workOur analysis = work--inin--progress. This progress. This afternoon: synopsis of project and afternoon: synopsis of project and preliminarypreliminaryfindingsfindings


findingsfindings

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Social mix/mixed communities: Social mix/mixed communities: what are the differences that what are the differences that what are the differences that what are the differences that

matter? matter? housing type,

tenure

‘ ’ / ‘race’ / ethnicity

social class, incomeincome

Demographics: household/ family type, generation


Case studies: three Case studies: three neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods

In cities differentlyIn cities differently--iti d i iti d i

Commonalities:Commonalities:positioned in positioned in international international hierarchy: hierarchy:

CentrallyCentrally--locatedlocated1990s1990s--early 2000s policy & early 2000s policy & media discourses: media discourses: ‘islands ‘islands

Paris, FR:Paris, FR:La Goutte d’Or (18La Goutte d’Or (18ee

arrondissement)arrondissement)

ed a d scou sesed a d scou ses s a dss a dsof decay in a sea of of decay in a sea of renewal’ renewal’ (Wyly 1999)(Wyly 1999)•• impoverishment, impoverishment,

criminalitycriminalityarrondissement)arrondissement)Montréal, QC, CA:Montréal, QC, CA:HochelagaHochelaga--MaisonneuveMaisonneuve

criminalitycriminalitystrong neighbourhood strong neighbourhood organizationsorganizationsimportant local commercial important local commercial arteryarteryMaisonneuveMaisonneuve

Bristol, UK:Bristol, UK:EastonEaston

arteryarteryobject of multiple targeted object of multiple targeted policy interventionspolicy interventionsnascent gentrificationnascent gentrification


gg

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Wider national context for each Wider national context for each casecase

Please see Annex for outlines of Please see Annex for outlines of Please see Annex for outlines of Please see Annex for outlines of evolution of housing system, evolution of housing system, neighbourhood neighbourhood neighbourhood neighbourhood ‘revitalization’/’regeneration’ and ‘revitalization’/’regeneration’ and history of social mix in each of the 3 history of social mix in each of the 3 history of social mix in each of the 3 history of social mix in each of the 3 national contexts (UK, FR, CAN/QC)national contexts (UK, FR, CAN/QC)


Case study methodologyCase study methodologyCase study methodologyCase study methodology

Analysis of documentary sources (policy Analysis of documentary sources (policy y y (p yy y (p ydocuments, grey literature)documents, grey literature)Analysis of media coverageAnalysis of media coverageKey informant interviews (about 25 per city) Key informant interviews (about 25 per city) ––Key informant interviews (about 25 per city) Key informant interviews (about 25 per city) ––semisemi--structured facestructured face--toto--face, recorded, face, recorded, transcribed:transcribed:

officials involved in neighbourhood policy design and officials involved in neighbourhood policy design and •• officials involved in neighbourhood policy design and officials involved in neighbourhood policy design and implementationimplementation

•• elected municipal officialselected municipal officials•• representatives of neighbourhoodrepresentatives of neighbourhood based organizations based organizations •• representatives of neighbourhoodrepresentatives of neighbourhood--based organizations based organizations

(including residents’)(including residents’)•• local retailerslocal retailers•• other specialized informantsother specialized informants


•• other specialized informantsother specialized informants

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La Goutte d’Or (Paris)La Goutte d’Or (Paris)La Goutte d Or (Paris)La Goutte d Or (Paris)

40% Foreign

25%

30%

35%

40%

Paris

G d'O

Foreign nationality

5%

10%

15%

20% Goutte d'Or


0%

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Easton (Bristol, UK)Easton (Bristol, UK)


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Montréal: HochelagaMontréal: Hochelaga--MaisonneuveMaisonneuveMontréal: HochelagaMontréal: Hochelaga MaisonneuveMaisonneuve

80 000

90,000

Hochelaga-Maisonneuve: Population *

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

condos

coopnon-f

0

10,000

20,000

1961 1971 1981 1991

2000s:2000s: “A social mix project, infill in a “A social mix project, infill in a

profit

1990s:discourses of

revitalizing neighbourhood” revitalizing neighbourhood”

of abandon-ment


*

Some Some preliminary preliminary findingsfindingsSome Some preliminary preliminary findingsfindings


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Meanings of social mix: ParisMeanings of social mix: ParisMeanings of social mix: ParisMeanings of social mix: Paris

Very diverse expectations: Very diverse expectations: y py p•• to avoid ghettosto avoid ghettos•• a moral value, against selfa moral value, against self--interest, a way to interest, a way to

“live together”“live together”live togetherlive together•• Middle class taking powerMiddle class taking power•• An economic resource in poor An economic resource in poor neighborhoodsneighborhoods

Vague content :social diversity, Vague content :social diversity, sometimes ethnicsometimes ethnic

Diversity in housing, retail business, public Diversity in housing, retail business, public facilities schoolsfacilities schools


facilities, schoolsfacilities, schools

Social mix as strategy: ParisSocial mix as strategy: ParisSocial mix as strategy: ParisSocial mix as strategy: Paris

Create mix of housing types/tenuresCreate mix of housing types/tenuresC eate o ous g types/te u esC eate o ous g types/te u es•• lowlow--income social; intermediate; privateincome social; intermediate; privateSocial housing attribution policies to Social housing attribution policies to increase proportion of middleincrease proportion of middle--classclassTransformation of local retailing: less Transformation of local retailing: less “ethnic business” and more “traditional” “ethnic business” and more “traditional” ethnic business and more traditional ethnic business and more traditional stores; showcase for emerging local stores; showcase for emerging local designers; rebranding designers; rebranding g ; gg ; gThe inThe in--movers (retailers and residents) movers (retailers and residents) organize to transform the neighbourhoodorganize to transform the neighbourhood


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Experiences Experiences –– Paris: From social mix Paris: From social mix to gentrification? cohabitation and to gentrification? cohabitation and to gentrification? cohabitation and to gentrification? cohabitation and

social tensionssocial tensions

Overall discourse: mix is enriching but Overall discourse: mix is enriching but emphasis on difficulty of cohabitationemphasis on difficulty of cohabitationSocial tensions in private housing, public Social tensions in private housing, public parksparks

f l h h lf l h h lLimits of social mix: it stops at the school Limits of social mix: it stops at the school gategateTh i ti t t i l k Th i ti t t i l k The new associations contest social work The new associations contest social work and oldand old--style community organizingstyle community organizing


Meanings of social mix: BristolMeanings of social mix: BristolMeanings of social mix: BristolMeanings of social mix: Bristol

Social mix = housing tenure mix Social mix = housing tenure mix Social mix housing tenure mix Social mix housing tenure mix •• (implicit) avoiding concentrations of poverty in (implicit) avoiding concentrations of poverty in

isolated neighbourhoodsisolated neighbourhoods

Other terms Other terms •• ‘balanced communities’, ‘sustainable ‘balanced communities’, ‘sustainable

i hb h d ’i hb h d ’neighbourhoods’neighbourhoods’

It’s about having a mix of people with It’s about having a mix of people with It’s about having a mix of people with It’s about having a mix of people with incomes and cultural backgrounds … that incomes and cultural backgrounds … that is achieved by providing a mix of housing is achieved by providing a mix of housing


is achieved by providing a mix of housing is achieved by providing a mix of housing types and tenurestypes and tenures

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Social mix and strategy: Social mix and strategy: BristolBristol

No planned residential mix in this No planned residential mix in this No planned residential mix in this No planned residential mix in this neighbourhood but strong desire for neighbourhood but strong desire for `balanced community’`balanced community’Institutional actors Institutional actors –– tenure mix and tenure mix and range of servicesrange of services

ReRe--branding of Stapleton Rd (main branding of Stapleton Rd (main commercial street) from commercial street) from ‘the worst street ‘the worst street in Britain’in Britain’ to ethnic entrepreneurialismto ethnic entrepreneurialism


Social mix in practice: Social mix in practice: cohabitation: Bristolcohabitation: Bristol

StakeholdersStakeholdersStakeholdersStakeholders•• structural structural –– time of arrival of groupstime of arrival of groups•• contextual contextual –– positive and negative positive and negative contextual contextual positive and negative positive and negative

accounts of street lifeaccounts of street lifeElectedElected•• Mixed experiencesMixed experiences•• Pressures of gentrificationPressures of gentrificationIn the next ten years everything will In the next ten years everything will

changechange


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Experience of social mix: Experience of social mix: cohabitation: Bristolcohabitation: Bristol

Residents AssociationsResidents Associationst l / j t d t it l / j t d t i•• tolerance/ enjoyment and tensionstolerance/ enjoyment and tensions

•• hesitancy prevents fuller interactionhesitancy prevents fuller interaction•• ethnic subethnic sub--areas of the neighbourhoodareas of the neighbourhood•• street encountersstreet encountersstreet encountersstreet encounters

Institutional actors and stakeholders Institutional actors and stakeholders –– social mix can social mix can weaken political representation of the neighbourhoodweaken political representation of the neighbourhood•• Smaller groups, competing priorities, suspicions of policy Smaller groups, competing priorities, suspicions of policy

favouritism officials from other groups distrusted or not seen favouritism officials from other groups distrusted or not seen favouritism, officials from other groups distrusted or not seen favouritism, officials from other groups distrusted or not seen as representativeas representative

•• They … don`t think I`m representing the communityThey … don`t think I`m representing the communityRetailersRetailers

G l t h f t lG l t h f t l•• General atmosphere of toleranceGeneral atmosphere of tolerance•• Specific Specific –– positive and negative eventspositive and negative events


Meanings of social mix: Meanings of social mix: MontréalMontréal

“The idea (…) that all households could have access to housing in “The idea (…) that all households could have access to housing in Montréal and to have an equilibrium between the types of Montréal and to have an equilibrium between the types of Montréal and to have an equilibrium between the types of Montréal and to have an equilibrium between the types of housing”housing” (City of Mtl Urb. Planning Advisor for Lavo site, CP04M)(City of Mtl Urb. Planning Advisor for Lavo site, CP04M)

“Inclusion is to ensure that you have a mix of population groups “Inclusion is to ensure that you have a mix of population groups h h f h h h S i i h h f h h h S i i that we have forgotten to have meet each other. So it is more that we have forgotten to have meet each other. So it is more

than just housing. It is inclusion in life, day to day (…)than just housing. It is inclusion in life, day to day (…)With the arrival of sidewalk cafés on Ontario Street, people are With the arrival of sidewalk cafés on Ontario Street, people are realizing that it is good for [the local] people, [because they used realizing that it is good for [the local] people, [because they used t thi k] t thi k] ‘th t' t ibl t l lik I t ‘th t' t ibl t l lik I t to think] to think] ‘that's not accessible to people like us, I am not ‘that's not accessible to people like us, I am not capable of going to have a coffee at a sidewalk café, I have capable of going to have a coffee at a sidewalk café, I have never done that in my life’never done that in my life’. But now we see that everybody has . But now we see that everybody has access (…). So, it has a mobilizing and also a socializing effect access (…). So, it has a mobilizing and also a socializing effect

hi h did t t i H h lhi h did t t i H h l M i ”M i ”which you did not use to see in Hochelagawhich you did not use to see in Hochelaga--Maisonneuve”Maisonneuve”(Municipal councillor, E01M)(Municipal councillor, E01M)

Diversity of residents (income/demographic/lifestyle) means Diversity of residents (income/demographic/lifestyle) means


y ( / g p / y )y ( / g p / y )range of customers for local shops (but also less predictable range of customers for local shops (but also less predictable customer base?) (summary: 6 retailers, various types)customer base?) (summary: 6 retailers, various types)

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Social mix as strategy: Social mix as strategy: MontréalMontréal

“We increase the population and at the same time increase “We increase the population and at the same time increase the balance between different classes of the population”the balance between different classes of the population”(M i i l ill E02M)(M i i l ill E02M)(Municipal councillor, E02M)(Municipal councillor, E02M)

“If the local economic situation keeps improving, there will be “If the local economic situation keeps improving, there will be more jobs for the locals and more interesting shops (...), a more jobs for the locals and more interesting shops (...), a o e jobs o e oca s a d o e e es g s ops ( ), ao e jobs o e oca s a d o e e es g s ops ( ), anicer pastry shop, bakery (...). Because one of the big nicer pastry shop, bakery (...). Because one of the big problems of the neighbourhood, when everybody left [with problems of the neighbourhood, when everybody left [with deindustrialization and suburbanization], only renters were deindustrialization and suburbanization], only renters were left behind (...). The more owners, the better (...). That way, left behind (...). The more owners, the better (...). That way, ( ) , ( ) y,( ) , ( ) y,it's like people are taking possession of their neighit's like people are taking possession of their neigh--bourhood.”bourhood.” ((Lavo site condominium developer, PA01MLavo site condominium developer, PA01M))

“[The municipal revitalization strategy of 1996 aimed to] re“[The municipal revitalization strategy of 1996 aimed to] re--[The municipal revitalization strategy of 1996 aimed to] re[The municipal revitalization strategy of 1996 aimed to] reestablish the income mix in some of those [targeted] establish the income mix in some of those [targeted] neighbourhoods”neighbourhoods” (senior City housing policy official, CP06M)(senior City housing policy official, CP06M)

“Diversity in the genetic code of populations makes the “Diversity in the genetic code of populations makes the


Diversity in the genetic code of populations, makes the Diversity in the genetic code of populations, makes the human body stronger, so an urban milieu that is diversified human body stronger, so an urban milieu that is diversified [is healthier]”[is healthier]” (community non(community non--profit developer, MA02M)profit developer, MA02M)

Social mix in practice Social mix in practice --cohabitation: Montréalcohabitation: Montréal

“So today we are very proud because we hear a new reality in “So today we are very proud because we hear a new reality in HochelagaHochelaga--Maisonneuve, but it is bound up with the people who Maisonneuve, but it is bound up with the people who

f h ( ) P l d f l h d [b h i l f h ( ) P l d f l h d [b h i l are from here (…) People do not feel threatened [by the arrival are from here (…) People do not feel threatened [by the arrival of new residents]”of new residents]”(Municipal councillor, E01M)(Municipal councillor, E01M)

“It is possible that H“It is possible that H--M is on the upswing but keeping in mind M is on the upswing but keeping in mind It is possible that HIt is possible that H M is on the upswing, but keeping in mind M is on the upswing, but keeping in mind the role that has been played by community organizations, I the role that has been played by community organizations, I think they will succeed in doing controlled development”think they will succeed in doing controlled development” (QC (QC govt research director, hsg & n’hoods, CP07M)govt research director, hsg & n’hoods, CP07M)

"I personally [being of the type that frequents sidewalk cafés] "I personally [being of the type that frequents sidewalk cafés] am in the middle of the [gentrification] paradox (…). The people am in the middle of the [gentrification] paradox (…). The people who live in these new condos here, they have a different spirit. who live in these new condos here, they have a different spirit. I'm going to se the te m I think the ' e ppies that ha e no I'm going to se the te m I think the ' e ppies that ha e no I'm going to use the term, I think they're yuppies that have no I'm going to use the term, I think they're yuppies that have no children. I live right opposite the yellowchildren. I live right opposite the yellow--brick condos, and there brick condos, and there isn't a single child there. It's terrible. It's systematic. They're all isn't a single child there. It's terrible. It's systematic. They're all the same. They dress hip (...) they probably work in the same. They dress hip (...) they probably work in communications or the arts they need to be close to downtown communications or the arts they need to be close to downtown


communications or the arts, they need to be close to downtown, communications or the arts, they need to be close to downtown, and the Plateau Montand the Plateau Mont--Royal is full up”Royal is full up” (President, management (President, management board, Lavo site housing cooperative, AR01) board, Lavo site housing cooperative, AR01)

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Preliminary conclusions: (1) the Preliminary conclusions: (1) the h i di f i l i ?h i di f i l i ?changing paradigm of social mix?changing paradigm of social mix?

Historically, 2 phases of advocacy for social mix:Historically, 2 phases of advocacy for social mix:phase 1 (c 1900):phase 1 (c 1900): utopian vision of social class utopian vision of social class phase 1 (c.1900):phase 1 (c.1900): utopian vision of social class utopian vision of social class reconciliation through sharing of urban spacereconciliation through sharing of urban spacephase 2 (postphase 2 (post--WW2 welfare state):WW2 welfare state): egalitarian egalitarian ideal of spatial justice ideal of spatial justice ideal of spatial justice ideal of spatial justice

Today, a seeming international convergence toward…Today, a seeming international convergence toward…phase 3:phase 3: a neoliberal tactic for shifting a neoliberal tactic for shifting phase 3:phase 3: a neoliberal tactic for shifting a neoliberal tactic for shifting responsibility for aiding the poor onto nonresponsibility for aiding the poor onto non--state state actorsactors•• funding affordable housing via privatefunding affordable housing via private--sector dominated sector dominated •• funding affordable housing via privatefunding affordable housing via private sector dominated sector dominated

developments developments •• poverty deconcentration to achieve social integration by poverty deconcentration to achieve social integration by

‘the community’ or via middle‘the community’ or via middle--class influenceclass influence


Preliminary conclusions (2): themes Preliminary conclusions (2): themes f f h l if f h l ifor further explorationfor further exploration

Implicit or emerging agenda: social mix = Implicit or emerging agenda: social mix = Implicit or emerging agenda: social mix Implicit or emerging agenda: social mix ethnic mix?ethnic mix?•• Cohabitation issues?Cohabitation issues?•• The commodification of cosmopolitanism?The commodification of cosmopolitanism?

Is social mix ultimately a ‘real estate Is social mix ultimately a ‘real estate compromise’?compromise’?•• This conceptualization opens up space for This conceptualization opens up space for

exploring competing discoursesexploring competing discoursesexploring competing discoursesexploring competing discoursesin particular, gap between romantic visions of social in particular, gap between romantic visions of social mix and the reality of negotiations ‘on the ground’mix and the reality of negotiations ‘on the ground’


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Thank you for listening!Thank you for listening!Thank you for listening!Thank you for listening!


Annex:Annex:Annex:Annex:Overview of each Overview of each national national contextcontext


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France: evolution of housing France: evolution of housing systemsystem

Parmi les pays européens la France est à la croisée d’un modèle Parmi les pays européens la France est à la croisée d’un modèle libéral soutenant l’accession à la propriété et d’un modèle social : libéral soutenant l’accession à la propriété et d’un modèle social : libéral soutenant l accession à la propriété et d un modèle social : libéral soutenant l accession à la propriété et d un modèle social : 55% de ménages propriétaires, 17% de logements sociaux. 55% de ménages propriétaires, 17% de logements sociaux. Une politique nationale du logement mais mise en oeuvre Une politique nationale du logement mais mise en oeuvre localement par les municipalités ou par les structures localement par les municipalités ou par les structures intercommunales et contractualisée par le biais de programmes intercommunales et contractualisée par le biais de programmes intercommunales et contractualisée par le biais de programmes intercommunales et contractualisée par le biais de programmes locaux de l’habitat: locaux de l’habitat: •• l’Etat distribue les aides financières pour la construction de logements l’Etat distribue les aides financières pour la construction de logements

sociaux et pour la réhabilitation du parc ancien par le biais de l’Agence sociaux et pour la réhabilitation du parc ancien par le biais de l’Agence Nationale d’Amélioration de l’HabitatNationale d’Amélioration de l’Habitat

èè•• L’Etat fixe les règles d’attribution des logements sociauxL’Etat fixe les règles d’attribution des logements sociauxUne politique nationale en évolution:Une politique nationale en évolution:•• qui tend à développer l’accession à la propriété par des prêts à taux qui tend à développer l’accession à la propriété par des prêts à taux

0%0%i i ilé i l’ id à l dé d d l’ id à l i i i ilé i l’ id à l dé d d l’ id à l i •• qui privilégie l’aide à la personne au dépend de l’aide à la pierre qui privilégie l’aide à la personne au dépend de l’aide à la pierre

(depuis 1970)(depuis 1970)•• qui ouvre le marché du logement social à des partenaires privésqui ouvre le marché du logement social à des partenaires privés


France: neighbourhood France: neighbourhood revitalizationrevitalization

Des politiques en direction des “quartiers difficiles” mises Des politiques en direction des “quartiers difficiles” mises en place depuis 1982: une politique nationale mise en en place depuis 1982: une politique nationale mise en en place depuis 1982: une politique nationale, mise en en place depuis 1982: une politique nationale, mise en place par les municipalités sur la base d’une place par les municipalités sur la base d’une contractualisation avec l’Etat et la Régioncontractualisation avec l’Etat et la Région•• des programmes successifs: îlots sensibles, développement des programmes successifs: îlots sensibles, développement

i l b i t d l d é ti i l b i t d l d é ti social urbain, pacte de relance, programme de rénovation social urbain, pacte de relance, programme de rénovation urbaineurbaine

•• Une politique de discrimination positive sur une base Une politique de discrimination positive sur une base géographique et une politique transversale: école, logement, géographique et une politique transversale: école, logement, emploi jeunesseemploi jeunesseemploi, jeunesseemploi, jeunesse

•• Depuis 2003 un recentrage sur la rénovation urbaine Depuis 2003 un recentrage sur la rénovation urbaine s’accopagnant d’une recentralisation des financements et de s’accopagnant d’une recentralisation des financements et de leur distribution : création de l’Agence nationale de rénovation leur distribution : création de l’Agence nationale de rénovation urbaine objectif de démolition de logements sociauxurbaine objectif de démolition de logements sociauxurbaine, objectif de démolition de logements sociauxurbaine, objectif de démolition de logements sociaux

•• A Paris, cette politique existe depuis vingt ans mais a été A Paris, cette politique existe depuis vingt ans mais a été structurée comme politique locale depuis le changement de structurée comme politique locale depuis le changement de municipalité en 2002municipalité en 2002


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France: history of social mixFrance: history of social mixFrance: history of social mixFrance: history of social mixUne question débattue dès le vote des premières lois en faveur du Une question débattue dès le vote des premières lois en faveur du logement social et dès la la construction des premiers immeubles d’habitat logement social et dès la la construction des premiers immeubles d’habitat logement social et dès la la construction des premiers immeubles d habitat logement social et dès la la construction des premiers immeubles d habitat social: pour qui et où les construire?social: pour qui et où les construire?Un parc de logement sociaux destiné aux salariés, aux ouvriers et Un parc de logement sociaux destiné aux salariés, aux ouvriers et employés, aux petites couches moyennesemployés, aux petites couches moyennesAprès la deuxième guerre mondiale, une politique de construction massive Après la deuxième guerre mondiale, une politique de construction massive d l t i l à ti i l l t ill t t d l t i l à ti i l l t ill t t du logement social à vocation sociale large et accueillant pour un temps du logement social à vocation sociale large et accueillant pour un temps des couches moyennesdes couches moyennesDans les années 1970, un départ des couches moyennes vers l’accession à Dans les années 1970, un départ des couches moyennes vers l’accession à la propriété, le début d’un processus de précarisation sociale des ménages la propriété, le début d’un processus de précarisation sociale des ménages ouvriers; dans les années 1980, l’arrivée de familles étrangères grâce aux ouvriers; dans les années 1980, l’arrivée de familles étrangères grâce aux ; , g g; , g gmesures en faveur du regroupement familialmesures en faveur du regroupement familialA partir des années 1990, diverses lois affirment le droit au logement puis A partir des années 1990, diverses lois affirment le droit au logement puis le droit à la ville: mise en place de dispositions imposant aux villes un le droit à la ville: mise en place de dispositions imposant aux villes un quota de 20% de logements sociaux sous peine de verser une taxe à la quota de 20% de logements sociaux sous peine de verser une taxe à la diversité de l’habitatdiversité de l’habitatdiversité de l habitatdiversité de l habitatMise en place de nouveaux financements de logements sociaux, Mise en place de nouveaux financements de logements sociaux, Programmes locatifs à usages sociaux visant à mixer des ménages aux Programmes locatifs à usages sociaux visant à mixer des ménages aux revenus faibles et moyensrevenus faibles et moyensPolitique de rénovation urbaine visant à démolir une partie du parc social Politique de rénovation urbaine visant à démolir une partie du parc social t à di ifi l l t t à di ifi l l t


et à diversifier les logements et à diversifier les logements

UK: evolution of housing UK: evolution of housing systemsystem

Significant growth in home ownership since 1900 Significant growth in home ownership since 1900 (f 10% t 70% t d ) d d ti i (f 10% t 70% t d ) d d ti i (from 10% to 70% today), and dramatic increase (from 10% to 70% today), and dramatic increase since 1979 via rightsince 1979 via right--toto--buy ‘stock transfer’buy ‘stock transfer’Private rented sector decline from 90% to 10%Private rented sector decline from 90% to 10%Fragmentation of state involvement in social Fragmentation of state involvement in social renting (increase in charitable Housing renting (increase in charitable Housing Associations)Associations)

d f dd f dDeepening commodification due to emergent Deepening commodification due to emergent ‘Shared Ownership’ schemes (partnership ‘Shared Ownership’ schemes (partnership between govt. and charities) between govt. and charities) –– aimed at ‘firstaimed at ‘first--time buyers’ priced out of inflated property time buyers’ priced out of inflated property time buyers priced out of inflated property time buyers priced out of inflated property markets. People markets. People buy a 25%, 50% or 75% share buy a 25%, 50% or 75% share in their home, and pay rent on the share that in their home, and pay rent on the share that they don't buy. they don't buy.


they don t buy. they don t buy.

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UK: neighbourhood ‘regenerationUK: neighbourhood ‘regeneration’’g gg g

The UK has a bewildering array of strategies for The UK has a bewildering array of strategies for the ‘regeneration’ of deprived areasthe ‘regeneration’ of deprived areasg pg pMost regeneration activity is now influenced by Most regeneration activity is now influenced by the central govt. the central govt. Sustainable Communities PlanSustainable Communities Plan(2003), trying to create “places where people (2003), trying to create “places where people ( ), y g p p p( ), y g p p pwant to live and work, now and in the future.” want to live and work, now and in the future.” MultiMulti--level delivery: local councils, regional level delivery: local councils, regional development agencies, regeneration development agencies, regeneration

h l / dh l / dpartnerships, voluntary/community groups and partnerships, voluntary/community groups and the private sectorthe private sectorNational Strategy for Neighbourhood RenewalNational Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal(2001) “Withi 10(2001) “Withi 10 20 20 h ld b h ld b (2001): “Within 10(2001): “Within 10--20 years, no20 years, no--one should be one should be seriously disadvantaged by where they live.” 88 seriously disadvantaged by where they live.” 88 most deprived areas in England receive most deprived areas in England receive substantial funds to be used via ‘joinedsubstantial funds to be used via ‘joined--up’ up’


substantial funds, to be used via joinedsubstantial funds, to be used via joined--up up working to address ‘social exclusion’.working to address ‘social exclusion’.

UK: history of social mixUK: history of social mix

Social mix planning first observed in the 19Social mix planning first observed in the 19thth centurycenturyNew Towns of the postNew Towns of the post--WWII era were supposed to be “the WWII era were supposed to be “the pp ppppliving tapestry of a mixed community”, but became living tapestry of a mixed community”, but became dominated by skilled workingdominated by skilled working--class families with young class families with young children (no mix!)children (no mix!)RightRight--toto--buy, 1980s: ‘tenure mix’ enters the political scene, buy, 1980s: ‘tenure mix’ enters the political scene, RightRight toto buy, 1980s: tenure mix enters the political scene, buy, 1980s: tenure mix enters the political scene, and remains dominant todayand remains dominant todayFrom 1997From 1997--2005, creating ‘balanced communities’ has 2005, creating ‘balanced communities’ has become the official policy discourse to address social become the official policy discourse to address social exclusionexclusionexclusionexclusionJanuary 2005: January 2005: Mixed Communities InitiativeMixed Communities Initiative, heavily , heavily influenced by HOPE VI demolitions in the USA (aimed at influenced by HOPE VI demolitions in the USA (aimed at remodeling deprived social housing estates by introducing a remodeling deprived social housing estates by introducing a broader range of households): “Mixedbroader range of households): “Mixed income communities income communities broader range of households): “Mixedbroader range of households): “Mixed--income communities income communities can give lowcan give low--income residents access to successful income residents access to successful environments.” (role model thesis of W.J. Wilson)environments.” (role model thesis of W.J. Wilson)


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Canada/Québec: Evolution of Canada/Québec: Evolution of housing systemhousing system

A dualistic systemA dualistic systemA ti f h A ti f h f d l l i t t i WW2 f d l l i t t i WW2 A nation of homeowners A nation of homeowners –– federal role in mortgage system since WW2; federal role in mortgage system since WW2; today = 2/3 of Canadians (but 53% in Montréal region)today = 2/3 of Canadians (but 53% in Montréal region)Help for ‘core needy’ via late and modest social housing system; today:Help for ‘core needy’ via late and modest social housing system; today:≅≅6% are in social housing (low6% are in social housing (low--rent public housing; norent public housing; no--equity equity cooperatives; other noncooperatives; other non profit housingprofit housingcooperatives; other noncooperatives; other non--profit housingprofit housingRent allowances: very minor role in affordable housing provisionRent allowances: very minor role in affordable housing provision

Institutional frameworkInstitutional frameworkNo longer a national housing policy: federal withdrawal from 1985 onNo longer a national housing policy: federal withdrawal from 1985 on1960s1960s--: Provincial housing corporations: responsibility for social housing : Provincial housing corporations: responsibility for social housing under costunder cost--sharing agreements with federal govtsharing agreements with federal govtVaried history of municipal commitments (Vancouver, Montréal, Toronto)Varied history of municipal commitments (Vancouver, Montréal, Toronto)20012001--: federal: federal--provincial agreements (B.C., Québec, others later):provincial agreements (B.C., Québec, others later):p g ( , Q , )p g ( , Q , )•• new social/community housing by nonnew social/community housing by non--profit developers profit developers •• new “affordable” housing (rental, ownership) by nonnew “affordable” housing (rental, ownership) by non--profit and forprofit and for--profit profit

developersdevelopers•• municipal or other “community” $ contribution as condition of federal fundsmunicipal or other “community” $ contribution as condition of federal funds


Québec also has own social/community housing program Québec also has own social/community housing program –– similar similar requirements for “partner” contributionsrequirements for “partner” contributions

Canada/Québec: Neighbourhood Canada/Québec: Neighbourhood revitalizationrevitalization

Lack of visible “crises”: innerLack of visible “crises”: inner--city neighbourhoods never city neighbourhoods never abandoned by middle classesabandoned by middle classesabandoned by middle classesabandoned by middle classes•• some W. Canada exceptions some W. Canada exceptions →→ recent recent special programs special programs

1970s: Neighbourhood Improvement Program (federal) 1970s: Neighbourhood Improvement Program (federal) 1980s1980s--: Provincial (Manitoba, Québec) programs: Provincial (Manitoba, Québec) programs1980s1980s : Provincial (Manitoba, Québec) programs: Provincial (Manitoba, Québec) programs2000s: federal pilot projects with NGOs2000s: federal pilot projects with NGOsVarious municipal programs (some with prov./fed. Various municipal programs (some with prov./fed. contributions)contributions)

éé•• Montréal:Montréal:1960s1960s--: rehabilitation (private rental, owner: rehabilitation (private rental, owner--occupied); housing code occupied); housing code enforcement; recycling + new construction of social/community enforcement; recycling + new construction of social/community housing. housing. 1980s1980s : commercial & residential street revitalization/embellishment: commercial & residential street revitalization/embellishment1980s1980s--: commercial & residential street revitalization/embellishment: commercial & residential street revitalization/embellishment1980s1980s--: stimulation of infill projects to retain households in Montréal : stimulation of infill projects to retain households in Montréal ((contracontra suburban exodus)suburban exodus)2000s: pilot projects for ‘integrated’ revitalization2000s: pilot projects for ‘integrated’ revitalizationFunds usually concentrated on targeted n’hoodsFunds usually concentrated on targeted n’hoods


Funds usually concentrated on targeted n hoodsFunds usually concentrated on targeted n hoods

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Canada/Québec: history of social Canada/Québec: history of social mixmix

Late C19: Reconciliation of social classes in urban parks (Olmsted)Late C19: Reconciliation of social classes in urban parks (Olmsted)WW2WW2 1960 1960 d d b b h l i d d b b h l i i i i di i i dWW2WW2--1960s: mass1960s: mass--produced suburbs whose planning produced suburbs whose planning minimizedminimizedintraintra--n’hood socion’hood socio--economic & demographic mix (C. Perry)economic & demographic mix (C. Perry)1960s: community1960s: community--based housing experimentation (newbased housing experimentation (new--leftist leftist social movements) social movements) →→ 1970s: creation of 3rd sector tenures1970s: creation of 3rd sector tenures

it (l & d t i ) it (l & d t i ) fit t lfit t l→→nono--equity coops (low & modest incomes), nonequity coops (low & modest incomes), non--profit rentalprofit rental•• ex. Miltonex. Milton--Parc (Montréal); Centretown (Ottawa)Parc (Montréal); Centretown (Ottawa)

late 1970slate 1970s--1980s: planned mixed neighbourhoods (via state land1980s: planned mixed neighbourhoods (via state land--banking of brownfields): False Creek (Vancouver); St. Lawrence banking of brownfields): False Creek (Vancouver); St. Lawrence Market (Toronto); Angus (Montréal)Market (Toronto); Angus (Montréal)Market (Toronto); Angus (Montréal)Market (Toronto); Angus (Montréal)1980s: Reduction of (relative) social mix in public housing 1980s: Reduction of (relative) social mix in public housing ←←increased targeting of most needyincreased targeting of most needyFrom social mix to inclusion strategies:From social mix to inclusion strategies:•• inclusionary zoning (Vancouver, 1988inclusionary zoning (Vancouver, 1988--); Strategy for the inclusion of ); Strategy for the inclusion of

affordable housing in new residential developments (Montréal, 2004)affordable housing in new residential developments (Montréal, 2004)2000s: Redevelopment of public housing for mixed2000s: Redevelopment of public housing for mixed--tenure tenure developments (Toronto)developments (Toronto)


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