Social Media in Pharma Summit 2011: Drug Safety
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Successfully Incorporating Social Media in a Drug Safety Strategy –
Is it Possible? Michael A. Ibara
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Please note:
I am an employee of Pfizer. The statements or opinions expressed during this presentation are my own and do not necessarily represent those of Pfizer.
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Michael A. Ibara
http://www.linkedin.com/in/ibara
http://gplus.to/MikeIbara
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AGENDA1.History2.Issues3.Fundamental Causes4.Implications5.Solutions (long term / short term)
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“Social Media”
• Web sites• Social networking (e.g., Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, Google+)
• Wikis (Wikipedia)
• Blogs (web logs)
• Customer forums• Micro Blogs (e.g., Twitter)
• Social bookmarking (e.g., digg)
• Location-based services (e.g., Foursquare)
• Virtual Worlds (e.g., Second Life)
• Patient Networking (e.g., PatientsLikeMe)
by example…
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HISTORY
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Fallacy…• Adverse event reports are not lilies in the field…
there is not necessarily a finite number• AE reports are the product of awareness and
having a framework to observe them• One of the determinants of the number of AE
reports is how much news coverage the particular AE is getting
• So, the rate of AEs found by Nielson is not a rate set by nature, but a rate set by social interaction and awareness, and therefore subject to radical swings in frequency
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A Rush to Judgment…• Blindly applying the ‘four criteria’ points out a conceptual problem
in the way social media is approached for safety• What does it mean to have “an identifiable reporter”? • In the ASTER Study, we identified reports by institution only, not
individual reporter• Another difficulty with the Nielson interpretation is understanding
‘triggers’ • Triggers could be explicit (designed into a system) or implicit
(occurrence of a news report)• Triggers can greatly modify the reporting rate• A third problem is assuming the workload is proportional to the
final output, vs the raw output• Nielson counted only “serious, unexpected, unlabeled’ AEs, but
that’s not what companies will have to look at
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Online Drug Safety
James Allen Heywood
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Extrapolating Comparision Data of Forum Posts
Forum Posts Reviewed:• Randomly selected 500 posts from
over 360,000 • Identified 35 times the number found
by Nielsen Online with identifiable patient, drug, reaction and reporter.
Extrapolating for our current number of Forum Posts we calculate:
• 1,080,000 X .07 = 75,000 potential AE
Patient
Drug
Reaction
Reporter
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Drug Safety Platform: Free-text data (excluding Forum)
Free-text assessed for current clients:
• 9977 entries of free-text data• For all drugs in our database 1500
entries contained an identifiable patient, drug, reaction and reporter
Extrapolating to our current content:• There are currently over 200,000
free-text entries (Bios, Comments, Advice/Tips)
• 200,000 x 0.15 = 30,000 potential AE
Patient
Drug
Reaction
Reporter
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Total AERS DataNumber of reports in FDA AERS by reporter since 2000
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Potential AE Numbers from Forum Posts at 1 Million Members
Number of Forum Posts
March 2009 June 2010
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Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language ProcessingACL 2010, pages 117-125, Uppsala Sweden, 15 July 2010
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“…we propose and evaluate automatically extracting relationships between drugs and adverse reactions in user posts to health-related social network websites.”
• Used DailyStrength health-related social network• Automated web-crawler (‘scraped the data from the
raw HTML)• Lexicon created from four resources (UMLS, COSTART,
SIDER, MedEffect)• Annotated comments• Used NLP techniques
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Measuring the Coastline…“…the length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it
From Wikipedia: “Coastline paradox”
‘Measuring’ adverse events in social media might be like measuring the coastline – the finer the instrument used, the greater the measurement…
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issues
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Issues• Uncertainty…
– Who is responsible?– What are they responsible for?– What gets monitored?– What is done with the findings?
• Workload– More means more!
• Quality– Is it any good?
• Improving public health– Will this help us, provide any value?
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causes
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Current post marketing safety reporting model in U.S. is built on vertical organizations having the resources to find, collect and process safety information
Manufacturers have been the de facto owners of safety information and responsible for it (focus of regulations) because they were the only organizations able to afford the transaction costs
Two developments allow for a dramatic lowering of the ‘transaction cost’ of finding, collecting and reporting safety information- Healthcare data is moving toward greater digitization- There are established and evolving standards for exchanging safety information
Once transaction costs drop, new business models will be possible
The Hypothesis
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ADE Spontaneous Triggered Electronic Reports
David Westfall Bates, MD, M.Sc.Chief of the Division of General Internal Medicine at the Brigham and Women's Hospital; Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Harvard School of Public Health (Co-Director of the Program in Clinical Effectiveness)
Jeffrey A. Linder, MD, MPH, FACP - PI of *ASTERAssistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA
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ASTER at Brigham and Women’s
Patient Physician
EHR
Ambulatory Clinics
Service Provider
Regulator
MAH
*AE Report- EHR pt data- Physician Assessment- Coding & Bus Rule Results- Electronic Wrapper
*CodingBus Rules
*
*”Triggered” Adverse Event Reports
CDISC/IHE RFD
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"Overall ASTER was well-accepted by the participating physicians, who felt it was unobtrusive and who saw the public health potential.
“The clinicians, most of whom submitted no reports in the prior year - submitted over 200 reports in 3 months."
Jeffrey A. Linder, MD, MPH, FACPBrigham and Women’s Hospital / Partners Healthcare
PI on ASTER Study
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• Paper or separate site
• 36 minutes
• Several days or more
• 0 reports per physician
• 1 page of information
• At point of care
• 60 seconds
• 20 minutes (triaged)
• 5 reports per physician
• 7 pages of information
Traditional ASTER
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The underlying problem is that we’re using rules and regulations and concepts which were developed when data was hard to find…
…but we’re trying to use them in a world that no longer matches the one in which they were developed
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"A design representation suitable to a world in which the scarce factor is information may be exactly the wrong one for a world in which the scarce factor is attention.”
Herbert Simon The Sciences of the Artificial
p.144
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We’ve got a safety (and regulatory) system built on sparse, hard to get safety data.
But we’re entering a world of abundant, easy to get safety data.
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[further in…]
“…the current pharmacovigilance legislative framework is unsuitable for today’s digital era…”
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implications
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HEADLINE
Let’s play: Is that
Real ?
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Publishing
Industry accepts
digital publishing
as beneficial for
their business
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“Print newspapers like The New York Times have struggled with this whole internet thing, in which online users have come to expect free and immediate access to all kinds of information…”
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Music publishing
Industry accepts
digital file sharing
as beneficial for
their business
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“It was decided that an interpretation of copyright law enabling the music industry to sue for more money than they’ve made in the history of recorded music was necessarily wrong, and accordingly the damages were reduced to “a single statutory damage award from Defendants per work infringed, regardless of how many individual users directly infringed that particular work.”…”
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Pharma Safety
Industry accepts
digital healthcare
data as beneficial
for their business
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YOU SEE WHERE THIS IS GOING…
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SOLUTIONs
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“The transition from a paradigm in crisis to a new one from which a new tradition of normal science can emerge is far from a cumulative process, one achieved by an articulation or extension of the old paradigm. Rather it is a reconstruction of the field from new fundamentals, a reconstruction that changes some of the field's most elementary theoretical generalizations as well as many of its paradigm methods and applications. During the transition period there will be a large but never complete overlap between the problems that can be solved by the old and by the new paradigm. But there will also be a decisive difference in the modes of solution. When the transition is complete, the profession will have changed its view of the field, its methods, and its goals.”
Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), 84-5.
…reconstruction of the field from new fundamentals…
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4 elements vs 4 questions
Identifiable PatientIdentifiable DrugIdentifiable ReactionIdentifiable Reporter
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What is safety data?
Where does it come from?
How do we get it?
What can we do with it?
Follow the data…
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Cameron Neylon from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council is quoted in the Nature article as saying that it makes much more sense to publish everything and filter after the fact. We are moving from a world of “filter then publish” to a world of “publish then filter.”
[Italics mine]
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We need to really educate ourselves on this if we hope to understand the implications
What is it?Who uses it?How do they use it?What does it mean for safety?
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So what do we do?
• What we don’t do is take each case as a unique ‘one-off’ situation…– Should we monitor/collect from web sites?– Should we monitor/collect from Facebook?– Should we monitor/collect from Twitter?
• O, that way madness lies…
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I’m not saying we shouldn’t collect AEs in social media…
I’m saying we need to call them something different than ‘serious’ or ‘nonserious’ AEs
Maybe call them ‘Potential AE Lead Reports’ …
This data clearly could be very valuable…
…but this is where our old concepts clash with the new world
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Even better.. Designate the information from social media as a ‘public good’ …
Allow searching and matching of potential adverse event ‘pointers’ by pharma, academics, others, with no attempt to apply today’s regulations on reporting
Reserve those regulations for specific programs a manufacturer runs on it’s drug …
This could address not only collection issues, but data privacy issues as well
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What can we get started on today?• Consider designating the social media information
space a public good• Formulate new rules to govern the use of this space• Consider new classes of reports on drug safety
– Information lead– Recurring syndrome– Well-formed adverse event– Serous adverse event
• Convene groups of informed individuals from pharma, government, academia, to start figuring out how to create the ‘new fundamentals’ for drug safety in the world of digitized healthcare
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ASTER Safety Consortium
A group of like-minded companies and individuals determined to take full advantage of digitized healthcare data
Goals are twofold:1. Explore the implications of the
ASTER model to improve pre/post safety reports and other areas of clinical research
2. Design and execute a working model in the real world
Pfizer
GSK
Astra Zeneca
Cerner
GE
Greenway Medical
CDISC
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1. Social Media is a symptom, not a cause, of what is wrong with safety
2. SM is both a new source of old data and a potential new source value
3. We are naturally predisposed to resist thinking this way - as is any established industry when it is threatened by a sudden shift in it's business model brought on by the digitization of its core business
4. We are now entering the era of abundant data in safety and it is bringing new business models
5. Solutions to this problem will require a paradigm shift which leads to a reconstruction of the field of pharmacovigilance from new fundamentals
6. This is creating a divide between those who see the world as it was and those who see the world as it could be
7. It is possible to begin working, however haltingly in this new paradigm for safety
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Maynard Keynes (economist) said that …
…“It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on him not understanding it.”
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