Social Interaction and Social Processes

8/13/2019 Social Interaction and Social Processes

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Social interaction &

Social Processes


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Nature & Approaches to Social

Interaction

When 2 or more persons, group

meet, there will be a mutual

awareness & response between

them, both verbal & non-verbal.

Exchange of messages is carriedon through the medium of

language.


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Language is a system of

verbal and non-verbal

written symbols with

standardized meaning.


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Non-verbal language

involves the use of

written symbols.


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Social interaction refers to the

mutual inter stimulation &response between 2 or more

persons and groups throughsymbols, language, gestures, &

expression of ideas, (PANOPIO,

1997)


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3 situations for social

interaction

Person

toperson


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Person

to-group


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Group-to-group


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2 Approaches to Social

Interaction

a. Symbolic

interactionb.Functionalist view


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Symbolic interactionrefers to the

communication of thoughts &

feelings between individuals that

occurs by means of symbol.


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Specific Approaches under Symbolic

Interaction

1. Definition of the Situation (W.I

Thomas)

-refers to the sociological

perspective that views the

meaning people attribute to asocial setting. This process is

called negotiated interaction


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2. Dramaturgy (Erving Goffman)

-views social interaction as a resembling a

theatrical performance in which peoplestage their behavior in such a way as to

elicit the responses they desire from other

people.


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3. Ethno Methodology(Harold Garfinkel)

-studies the procedurespeople use to make sense

of their everyday lives &experiences


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4. Social Exchange (Blau &

Homans)-portrays interaction as a

more or lessstraightforward &

rationally calculated seriesof mutually beneficial

transactions.


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b. Functionalist view

-human interactions involveslittle more than people acting

out roles (parent, child, worker)based on social script, much as

theatrical actors take their linesfrom a play.


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THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF

SOCIAL PROCESSES

1. THE NATURE OF SOCIALPROCESS

Social Processrefers to therecurrent and patterned

interactions or responses ofindividuals to one another

which have attained stability.


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2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIALPROCESS

a. Based on Formation

1. Universal or basic processes

2. Derived social processes

b. Based on unity or opposition1. Conjunctive social processes

2. Disjunctive social processes


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BASED ON FORMATION

1.

Basic or universalsocial processes

refers topatterned and

recurrent responsesobservable in all

human societies


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Three Universal Social Processes

a. Cooperation- involves two or more persons

joining their intelligence,efforts, talents and resourcestogether to attain a goal which

can be shared. (e.g. businesspartnership).


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Type ofCooperation

1. Informalcooperation

-characterizedasspontaneousand involvesmutual giveand take.


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2.Formalcooperation

characterizedas a deliberatecontractual

nature andprescribes thereciprocalrights andobligations ofmembers.


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3.Symboliccooperation

a situationwhere two or

more person livetogether

harmoniouslyandare supportive

and

interdependentresulting inmutualinterest.


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Functions of Cooperation

- It makes for social cohesionand integration among the

members of a group.- It contributes to socialstability and order

- It fosters consensus andcompromise in various socialissues.


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b. Competition

- it is a form of impersonalized

struggle or opposition to secure areward or goal which cannot beshared. It is a form of disjoint

action between opposingindividuals or group aimed toexcel, surpass or outdo the

opponent in order to achieve thegoal. (e.g. sportsfest; rivalry)

Type of Competition


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Type of Competition

1. Personal competition

involves direct face-to-face

contact between opposing

parties.


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1. Impersonal competition

involves a struggle

between persons or groups

not directly aware of eachother.


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Functions of Competition

- Competing individuals or

groups try to outdo each

other and thereby innovate

ways to do so.


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* Competition can be a driving forceto persons to develop their

potentials to the fullest and attainmaximum efficiency andeffectiveness.

* Competition can developproductivity, creativity andingenuity.

*Competition of members of asociety for certain goals and thecompetition for scarce resources

lead to variation or differentiation.


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c. Conflict- is a form of highly

personalized and emotionalizedstruggle or opposition betweenindividuals or groups to attain

scarce goals or values.( e.g.group riots, violent strikes, waror revolution)

- it may involve physicalviolence or non-violence.


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Functions of Conflict

- Conflict may helpestablish unity andcohesion. Within a group

which has beenthreatened by hostile and

antagonistic feelingsamong the members.


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- Internal conflict becomes astabilizing and integrating

mechanism in certain instances.

- Conflict provides an outlet for the

expression of suppressedemotions and frustrations.

- Competition and conflict promotesocial change.


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2. Derived social processes- refers to secondary social

processes that arise out of the basicsocial processes.

a. Acculturation it is a social process wheregroup blends in and takes on somecharacteristics of another culture.

Also called cultural borrowing/imitation. (e.g. Christianization ofFilipinos)


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c. Amalgamation

refers to some kind of biological fusion

through intermarriage of persons coming fromdifferent ethnic groups .(e.g. intermarriage of

Filipino and Chinese)

b. Assimilation

it involves some kind of interpenetration or fusion of

cultural elements whereby persons or groups accept the

cultural traits, attitudes, beliefs and sentiments of

another through direct, friendly and continuous

contacts. (e.g. Filipino immigrants to American way of

life)


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d. Differentiation refers to the creation of interest

resulting in individuals or groupsneeding or wanting different things orservices rather than the same thing. Itrefers to specialization or division of

labor. (e.g. adjacent stores sellingdifferent goods)

e. Accommodation

refers to the social process wherebycompeting or conflicting individuals orgroups trash out difficulties in order to

minimize or stop the conflict.


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2. Truce or Pact

is an agreement to cease hostilities or

fighting for a certain period of time. (e.g.

peace negotiations)

3. Compromiseis a process of settling differences where opposing parties withdraw their

demands to adjust their relationship. It involves a give-and-take

relationship, the mutual giving of concessions.

Types of Accommodation

1. Domination

a process that involves a dominant- subordinate relationship wherethe stronger party imposes its will upon the weaker party. It involves power

relations. (e.g. hold-upper and a hold-up victim)


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4. Mediation

is a form of settling disputes where a neutral

third party intervenes and gives suggestions orrecommendations to warning nations or parties

to stop their hostilities.

5. Conciliation

is an accommodative processes where the

third or neutral party can be anybody to settle

disputes and who may or may not giverecommendations to settle the conflict.

6 Arbitration


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6. Arbitration it is an accommodative social process

where the neutral third party has legal

authority to decide on the conflict. Thedecision is followed by opposing parties.(e.g. judge or labor arbiter)

7. Toleration is a form of accommodation without

formal agreement. It is a result of the live

and let live policy where conflictingindividuals or groups put up with otherswithout trying to modify the behavior ofthe others.


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BASED ON UNITY OR OPPOSITION

1. Conjunctive Social Processes

- they refer to patterned forms of social interactions whichlead to unity, organization, cooperation and harmony. Theseinclude cooperation, acculturation, assimilation, differentiation,amalgamation and accommodation.

2. Disjunctive Social Processes

- they refer to patterned forms of social interactions which

lead to disunity, disorganization, division, and disharmony.These include competition and conflict.


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Social Interaction and Social Processes

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