Social History, Psychohistory, and the Prehistory of Swiss Anabaptism

8/13/2019 Social History, Psychohistory, and the Prehistory of Swiss Anabaptism

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2/20

]omgec Bgstory, ^symbobgstory, eld tbk^rkbgstory oa ]wgss Elejeptgsi^ktkr Gvkr Heuaiel G ulgvkrsgty oa LortbMerocgle et Mbepkc Bgcc

Gl 5704, Fei ks ]teykr eld Iertgl Bees mbelmkd to ikkt gl tbk rkedgl`rooi o atb k Glstgtut aur smbwkgzkrgsmbk Zkaorietgols`ksmbgmbtk gl Vurgmb.Jotb ]teykr eld Bees bed jkkl prkpergl` pepkrs aor e vocuik smbkduckdto moiikioretk tbk 4;>tb ellgvkrsery oa tbk agrst Elejeptgst jeptgsis.Es tbky techkd oa tbkgr rkspkmtgvk moltrgjutgols. ]teykr molagdkd tbet bkwes trygl` to provk tbet tbk ]wgss Elejeptgsts wkrk lo t et agrst skmterg-els, wbkrkupol Bees proiptcy rkspoldkd tbet bk wes worhgl` towerdtbk seik molmcusgol. Aroi tbet tgik, wbet ]teykr sujskqukltcy dujjkd tbk moltkxtuecgst eppro emb to Elejeptgst org`gls eld Elejeptgst bgstorybes jkkl essomgetkd wgtb tbk rkvgsgolgst tbksgs tbe t bes dreietgmeccy ectkrkdgdkes aoriucetkd eld pkrpktuetkd jy tbosk kxpcorgl` tbk tbkoco`gmecepproembks to redgmec ]wgss rkcg`gous dgssklt.'

Tbk moltkxtuecgsts' tbksgs, to put gt sgipcy, gs tbet Elejeptgsts' skpere-tgsi eld skmtergel gdkltgty wkrk rkemtgols to skvkrec ykers oa arustretgol.]wgss redgmecs dgd lo t jk`gl jy tehgl` e prglm gpckd steld e`eglst tbk pocgtg-mec moiproigsks iedk jy skvkrec ckedgl` rkaorikrs. Tbk ertgmucetgol oaprglmgpcks aoccowkd ykers oa gltkrigttklt e`gtetgol e`eglst tgtbks eld mckrg-mec gldocklmk. Moltkxtuecgsts erk rkcumtelt to tremh tbk org`gls oa skmtergelrkcg`gous dgssklt to rkaorietgol jgjcgmgsi or to tbk iorec kerlkstlkss oaskvkrec outspohkl dgssgdklts. Tb ky sklsk tbet tbky bevk aould tbk org`glsoa rkaorietgol redgmecgsi gl tbk somgec eld kmoloigm dgssklt tbet sprkedtbrou`b soutb @kriely eld ]wgtzkrceld jy 5;:;. ]kperetgsi suraemkdolcy eatkr igcgtelt emtgol aegckd. Tw o ykers eatkr tbk pkeselts' rkvocu-tgol wes supprksskd eld agvk ykers eatkr tbk glgtgec kxprkssgols oadgssetgs-aemtgol gl eld ero ul d Vurgmb, Elejeptgsts gl ]mbckgtbkgi iedk soiktbgl`


3/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`goloa ielgaksto out oa tbk skmtergel kckiklts ckat jkbgld eatkr tjk redgmecsomgec iovkiklt . . . kjjkd ewey. \Moltkxtuecgsts erk molsmgkltgous somgec bgstorgels8 ga tjky bevk tbkgrwey, somgec iovkiklts eld eltgmckrgmec murrklts wgcc sool rkpcemk gldg-vgduec mbe rem tkr gl kxpceletgols oa tb k bow eld wby oa rkcg`gous rka-orietgols aroi Kest El`cge to Vurgmb. Gt woucd lot jk el ecto`ktbkrdgsestrous dkvkcopi klt. M berem tkr too col` bes ojsmurkd somgec moltkxtgl bgstorgmec lerretgvk, jut jkaork olk sgl`ck-aemtor tbkory rkpcemksel otb kr, wk welt to rk`gstkr soik rkskrvetgols ejout sumb `rket mbel`ksgl bgstorgmec smbocersbgp.Gt iust jk molmkdkd tbet bgstorgels wkrk olmk too ke`kr to rkdumk tbkstory oa rkcg`gous rkaori to tbk mberemtkr eld tbk tbkoco`y oa olk orelotbkr glacukltgec rkaorikr. Aor `klkretgols, mcoskcy erùkd proposg-tgols ejout tbk giiklsk eutborgty oa sgxtkkltb-mkltury tbkoco`gels eldprkembkrs hkpt somgec bgstorgels outsgdk tbk mgtedkc, iumb es tbosk `rketdoors oa agttkd pcelhgl` hkpt Troy skmurk. Jut tbk mgty bes jkkl uldkrsgk`k aor ykers. Ga wk jkcgkvk ol k kltbusgestgm essegcelt, bgstorgels bostgck tolotgols oa somgokmoloigm meusetgol bevk ecrkedy jkkl put to acg`bt. Tbkr kgs lo dklygl`, bowkvkr, tjet ocdkr mgtgzkls oa tbk mgty bevk molsgdkrejcksteygl` powkr, ectbou`b tbkgr dgsmgpcks erk ckerlgl` repgdcy to pgmh tbkgrweys tbrou`b peipbckts, propeèlde, moulmgc rkmords, wrgts, eld otbkrkxmrkiklte oa glstgtutgolec eaaegrs. Tjk rksucts bevk jkkl jremgl`, pertgmu-cercy es smbocers iork kxpkrt gl tbk moltkxtuec epproemb moltgluk torkstork tbk somgec eld pocgtgmec moltkxts oa cetk ikdgkvec rkcg`gous dgssklt.Tbkgr rkstoretgols, gl aemt, klejck bgstorgmec tbkoco`gels eld jgo`repbkrsto jroedkl tbkgr epprkmgetgols aor tbk `reld gdkes eld tbk merkkrs tbe t stgccaesmgletk eld prkommupy tbki.' Jut eppcgkd kxujkreltcy, tbk moltkxtuecepproemb oatkl muts e akw too iely gdkes eld merkkrs aroi bgstory's smrgpt.Tbk giprksergos oa tkrrgtorgec rkaorietgols soiktgiks sglh aroi sg`btjklketb tbosk murrklts oa popucer skltgiklt tbet somgec bgstorgels jevkjkkl jusy rkdgsmovkrgl`.Tbk proagt eld tbk pkrgc oa tbk moltkxtuecgst epproemb to tbk bgstory oa

\ ]kk Bels-Fur`kl @okrtz , Des Te uak rtui kgl Pk` gl dgk Iod krlk? gl Vwgl`cg uldKurope kd. ^ktkr Jcgmhck, El drkes Cgldt, eld Ecarkd ]mbgldckr (Vurgmb, 572;), pp. 50 =-0 ;8 eldFei ks I. ]teykr, P krl kr O. êmhucc, eld Hceus Dk ppkri el, Aroi I olo`klksgs to ôcy`klksgs6T bk Bgstorgmec Dgsmussgol oa Elejeptgst Org` gls, IkllolgtkUuertkrcy Zkvgkw47 (570;)6 5>>.' ]kk Z. P. ]mr gjlk r ( tbk kltbusgestgm essegcelt, gl tbgs glstelmk). Tbk @kriel Zkaorietgol(Etceltgm Bg`bcelds, L .F., 5721), p. 4>, jut ecso molsuct ]mrgjlkr's pepk rs, Gs T bk rk e ]omgec Bgs-tory oatbk Zkaorietgol? ]omgec gstory: (5700)6 42 =- ;> ;, eld Zkcg`gol, ]omgkty, eld M ucturk 6Zkorgkltgl` tbk Zkaorietgol, gstory Porhsbop 54 (572:)6 :- :: , eld bgs projgl ` worh ol kvel-`kcgmec cgtkreturk. Aor tbk ]ehk oatbk]gipckAoch ôpucer^ropeèldeaor tbk @kriel Zkaorietgol


4/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsirkcg`gous rkaori moik glto sberpkr aomus ga wk rkturl to tbet cgjrery glVurgmb eld ga wk rkvgkw tbk tbksgs edvelmkd jy ]teykr eld Bees. Ga wktbkl rkturl to sgxtkkltb-mkltury Vurgmb, gltrodumk tbk merkkr oa Molred@rkjkc, eld rkmolsgdkr tbk dkvkcopiklt oa ]wgss skperetgsi, wk sboucdjk ejck to su``kst soik weys gl wbgmb proagts mel jk drewl eld pkrgcsevogdkd.''TBK LOZIETGQK QG]GOL ELD MOLTKRT[ECG]T ZKQG]GOL]T bk l orietgvk vgsgol oa Elejeptgst bgstory iey jk rkdumkd to two rkcetkdproposgtgols. Tb k agrst ecck`ks tbet Molred @rkjkc eld otbkr redgmecs prem-tgmkd wbet Bucdrymb Vwgl`cg eld Iertgl Cutbkr prkembkd eld tbkrkaorktbet tbk redgmecs wkrk tbk sgxtkkltb mkltury's `kluglk eld iork tborou`brkaorikrs. Otbkrs moltrestkd tbk stelderds oa tbk Mbrgstgel smrgpturkswgtb tbk weys oa tb k worcd, ykt tbky eppkerk d to moiproigsk tbkgr prglmg-pcks gl ordkr to purmbesk òvkrliklt moopkretgol. Tbk redgmecs, bow-kvkr, stood jy tbkgr moltrests eld rkmrketkd smrgpturec mburmbks dgstglmtaroi tbk morrupt eld morruptgl` pocgtgmec ordkr. Tbk skmold proposgtgolecck`ks tbet tbk redgmecs gl Vurgmb wkrk pro totypgmec. Dgaakrklt vkrsgols oatjkgr protkst kvocvkd es dgssklt sprked to otbkr mgtgks eld tbrou`b tbkmoultrysgdk. Edvometks oatbk lori etgvk vgsgol moucd berdcy ovkrcooh tbkvergetgols, ykt tbky jreldkd iost oa tbki ejkrretgols. Zedgmecs wbo bedtrgkd to jugcd e jroed molsklsus eld pertgmucercy tbosk redgmecs wbo bedrkso rtkd to aormk wkrk segd lot to bevk jkkl rkec Elejep tgsts. Lori e-tgvk Elejeptgsi oatkl ig`bt jk mberemtkrgzkd jy glsocklmk eld dgsojkdg-klmk wgtj rkspkmt to (or, iork emmuretkcy, wgtb dgsrkspkmt aor) tbk pujcgmeutborgtgks, jut eutbkltgm Elejeptgsts wkrk rksg`lkd to suaakr aor tbkgreltgsomgec jkbevgor. Gl 5;:4, Molred @rkjkc rkportkd tbet ckedgl`rkaorikrs wkrk jklt ol jkmoigl` tjk lkw popks oa e pertgeccy rkaorikdMb rgstkl doi , so gt wes mcker to bgi tbet Mbrgst iust suaakr stgcc iork glbgs Xiork aegtbaucY ikijkrs. -\

** Bels-Fur`kl @ok rtz kdgtkd tbk vocuik gl wbgmb ]teykr eld Bees gltrod umkd tbkgr mol-tkxtuecgst epproemb to Elejeptgst skperetgsi, [ istrgttklks Teuakrtui, 5;:;-570; (@ott gl`kl,570;). T bk sujstelmk oa ]teykr's pepk r, Dgk El ael` k dks smbwkgzkrgsmbkl Teu akrtui s girkao ri gkrtk l Ho l`rk` etgole cgsiu s, rke ppk ers gl skvkrec oa bgs ksseys gl Kl`cgsb, pertgmu cercy gl Tbk ]wgss Jrktbrkl6 El Kxkrmgsk gl Bgstorgmec Dkaglgtgol, @burmb B gstory40 (5702)6 5 2:-2 1,eld Tb k Zkvocutgolery Jk`gllgl`s oa ]wgss Elej eptgsi, gl Tbk Org`gls eldMberemtkrgstgms oa lejeptgsi/Cks dkjuts kt Gksmberemtkrgstgquks dk G Eljeptgsik ,kd. Ierm Cgklberd (Tb k Beùk,5700). êrts oa Bees's moltrgjutgol to[istrgttklks wkrk trelscetkd (jut wgtbout ellotetgols) glTbk Elejeptgsts eld Tboies Iultzkr, kd. Fei ks I. ]teykr eld Pk rlkr O. êmhucc (To rol to,


5/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golTbk skmold oa tbk two proposgtgols meik ulstgtmbkd e dozkl ykersjkaork tbk moltkxtuecgsts moordgletkd tbkgr esseuct ol tbk epperkltswgssgagmetgol oa Elejeptgsi. Bels Bgcckrjreld, aor glstelmk, mcegikd tbet

tbk lorietgvk vgsgol's essuiptgols ejout ]wgss org`gls woucd lot steldmerkauc glspkmtgol. Bk su``kstkd tbet redgmecs gl ]exoly gldumkd Vurgmbdgssgdklts to moipcegl ejout tbk wkeh tke skrvkd jy Vwgl`cg.\ Otbkr bgs-torgmec tbkoco`gels mklsurkd tbkgr mocckeùks wbo rkieglkd ettembkd totbk lorietgvk vgsgol's agrst proposgtgol, tbet gs, to tbk stetkiklt tbetElejeptgsi me rrgkd aorwerd rkaorietgol gllovetgols wbkl tbk agrst gllo-vetors sbowkd tbkiskcvks to jk moiproigskrs or molskrvetgvks or mow-erds. Mrgtgms aould tbet tbgs moltkltgol souldkd iork cghk skmtergelepoco`y tbel rkaorietgol bgstory. Kvkl Elejeptgsi's iork erdklt edigr-krs, wgtbout dklygl` tbet tbk redgmecs' moiigtiklts to smrgpturec stel-de rds eld to dgsmgpcksbgp moipcktkd tbk rkao rietgol's worh, quecgagkd tbklori etgvk vgsgol oa Elejeptgst org`gls jy tremgl` tbk pk dg`rkk oa tbk redg-mecs ' gdkes to tbk tbgr tkkltb mkltury. ]oik derkd to erùk tbetElejeptgsi wes lot so iumb el edvelmk oa tbk ^rotkstelt meusks es etbrowjemh to iolestgm eld i kldgmelt kaaorts to rkewehkl gltkrkst gl ker-cgkst Mbrgstgel pgkty.\ Lotwgtbsteldgl` tbk deie`k, tbk lorietgvk vgsgolstgcc aesmgletkd smbocers et tbk tgik tbet ]teykr eld Bees dgsmovkrkd kembotbkr. Zksourmkauc vgsgolergks jed stomhkd tbkgr mesks wkcc tbet somgec bgs-torgels bed to mcker gdkes ejout vergous rkaorikrs' moure`k or mowerdgmkjkaork tjky moucd iehk e pcemk aor tbkgr owl erù iklts ejout tbk skpere-tgsi oa tbk iork redgmec rkaori etgol. \

Tbk moltkxtuecgst rkvgsgol usueccy sterts jy gdkltgaygl` dgaakrklt Ele-jeptgst posgtgols ol kxk`ksgs eld ol glaelt jeptgsi. Bels-Fur`kl @okrtz,aor kxeipck, mocckmtkd vergetgols es ga bk wkrk mocckmtgl` tgldkr aor tjk`rket agrk tbet woucd molsuik ecc troujcksoik igsmolmkptgols. Mokrtzmcegis tbet tbk dgvkrsgty provks tbet lo sgl`ck skt oa gdkes wes lorietgvk.Eld sglmk tbk iork redgmec rkaori etgol wes lot mobkrkl t tbkoco`gmeccy,gt sboucd lot jk molsgdkrkd tbkoco`gmeccy iork moipcktk tbel tjk rkaor-ietgols tbet tb k redgmecs mrgtgmgzkd. T bk redgmecs, emmord gl` to Mo krtz, dgd5, kd. Cko lbe rd Q ol Iurect eld P ectkr ]mbigd (Vurgmb, 57;:), pp. :>- :5 (bkrkeatkr U@T]).Ecso molsuct Mcerklmk Jeuiel, kwectcosg`hkgt giTeuakrtui (Ckgdkl, 5712), lotejcy pp. :27-708eld Fob l B owerd Wodkr, Teuakrtui uld Zkaorietgol gl dkr]mbwkgz (Hercsrubk, 571:).] Be lsF. Bgc ckrjreld, Tb k Org`gl oa ]gxtkkltb-Mkltury Elejeptgsi6 El otbkr Cooh, Ermbgvaur Zkaorietgols`ksmbgmbtk ;= (571:)6 5;:-2>.' Erlo cd ]lydkr, Tb k ]mbckgtbkgi Ertgmcks gl Cg`bt oa tb k Zkvocutgol oa tb k Moii ol Iel6Moltgluetgol or Dkperturk, ]gxtkkltb@klturyaouiec 51 (572;)6 4: 1- :2 8 jut ecso lotk ]l ydkr's Tb k I olestgm O rg`gls oa ]wgss Ele jeptgst ]kmtergelgsi, IkllolgtkUuertkrcy Zkvgkw;: (572=)6;-:18 eld Hkllktb Zolecd Devgs, Elejeptgsi eld Esmktgmgsi6 E ]tudy gl Gltkcckmtuec Org`gls


6/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsilot eòlgzk ovkr tbk projckis tbet proiptkd Cutbkr or Jumkr or Vwgl`cgto qukstgol tbk Metbocgm ordkr oa secvetgol. Tbk ]wgss redgmecs bed lotkvkl jotbkrkd to kxprkss tbkiskcvks mckercy ol tjk mkltrec gssuk oa fustgag-metgol. @okrtz edigts tbet Elejeptgsi, wbkrkvkr gt kruptkd, sportkd ake-turks tbet tkipt smbocers to spkeh oa tbk iovkiklts es ga tbky wkrk olkpbkloiklol, jut bk erùks tbet sgigcergtgks wkrk lot syiptoietgm oa emoii ol tbkoco`gmec root. T o @okrtz eld otb kr moltkxtuecgsts, sgigcerg-tgks gldgmetk glstked tbet redgmec rkcg`gous dgssklt wes e aulmtgol oa tbk red-gmecs' moiiol somgec sg tuetgol. Kmoloigm kxpcogtetgol eld somgecrkstrgmtgols gipkcckd redgmecs gl ]tresjour`, ]wejge, eld ]wgtzkrceld tovogmk tbkgr eltgmckrgmec skltgiklts, tbkgr ei jgtgols aor `rketk r cey eu tbor -gty gl tbk mburmbks, eld tbkgr su``kstgols aor tbk rkaori oa pocgtgmec muc-turk. ^rotksts ckd to emtgol, eld emtgol ckd to rkemtgol. El glmrkesgl`cyopprkssgvk somgec eld pocgtgmec sgtuetgol `klkretkd e lkw molsklsus ol tbklkkd aor e iork redgmec rkaorietgol, e molsklsus tbet wes merrgkd ecolòl tbosk eltgmckrgmec mur rkl ts tbet ckedgl` rkaori krs wkrk ulejck tomoltegl.\

To e poglt, tbk redgmecs wkrk klmoure`kd. Gl Vurgmb, Vwgl`cg kldorskdsoik oa tbk skltgiklts tbet jk woucd cetkr dkpcork. Tjk Vurgmb òvkrl-iklt ecso skkikd to support pktgtgols eèglst tbk mgty's cer`kst mburmbkseld rkcg`gous aouldetgols, wjgmb possksskd kxtklsgvk rg`bts to mbooskglmuijklts aor, eld to ètbkr rkvkluks aroi, tjk pergsbks gl tbk moultry-sgdk. Jut redgmecs wkrk lot mol tklt to jevk e tgtbk rkvohkd bkrk eld e texmocckmtor gltgigdetkd tbkrk. Tbky iedk swkkpgl` dkields aor pergsbeutoloiy, dkields tbet dgstrksskd Vwgl`cg, wbo esskrtkd tbkrkeatkr tbettgtbks wkrk wboccy ck`gtgietk eld tbet tbk red gmecs' dkagelmk oa tbkgr ie`gs-tretks woucd jk ulperdolejck.']omgec bgstorgels jevk stechkd Vwgl`cg eld tbk Vurgmb redgmecs tbrou`btbk ermbgvks. Tj ky hlow tbet jy Dkmki jkr 5;:= , tbk moecgtgol, sumb es gtwes,jed ecc jut mremhkd epert, jut tbky glsgst tbet tjk redgmecs' spohksiklwkrk lot ykt glmcglkd to edopt e skperetgst stretk`y. Ol tbk moltrery,moltkxtuecgsts su``kst tbet soik redgmecs wkrk moltkipcetgl` e moup tbetwoucd rgd tbk meltol oa tsiork tgigd eld molskrvetgvk rkaorikrs. T bgs gswbet ]teykr eld Bees ikel wbkl tbky elloulmk tbet tbk ]wgss Elejep-tgsts wkrk lot et agrst skm tergel.

7 Bels-gggr`kl @okrc/., Dgk Teuakr6 ksmbgmbtkuld Dkutul` Iulgmb, 572>) , pp . 57-: > ,; =-; 4 ,7 1 - 7 0 ,eld Des Te uak rtui (l. : ejovk), pp. 510-0 :. Ecso lotk Iertgl Bees, Teu akrtui uldQochsh g rmbkAehtorkl dkr Trkllul`, Vwgl`cgele 5= (570>)6 :0 :-0 1, eld Dkr Pk` dkrTeuak r gl dgk Ejsold krul` (l. 4 ejovk), pp. ;0-1 >.


7/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`gol]teykr, Bees, eld @ okrtz pcemk glmrkdgjck wkg`jt ol tjk supprkssgol oatbk pkeselt glsurrkmtgols oa 5;:;. Ecc redgmecs, tjky ecck`k, wkrk fostckdglto e morlkr eld `gvkl e lkw somgo-rkcg`gous gdkltgty aroi wjgmb Ele-

jeptgst skperetgsi dkvkcopkd olmk tjk vgmtgis iedk e vgrtuk oa tbkgr vgmtg-igzetgol. Bevk moltkxtuecgsts aor`ottkl tbet es kercy es 5;:4 @rkjkc bedur`kd redgmecs to skmkdk aroi tbk iork popucer rkaorietgols eld bedmoi ikldkd suaakrgl` to tbk skmkssgolgsts? Tbk moltkxtuecgst tbksgs mrugskstoo qugmhcy pest sumb stetkiklts eld tbkl domhs et tbk retb kr dujgous mol-mcusgol tbet skperetgsi eld suaakrgl`, aor tbk iost pert, wkrk mbogmksiedk aor tbk redgmecs retbkr tbel mbogmks iedk jy tbki.Tbk `rketkr projcki wgtb tbk moltkxtuecgst rkvgsgol gs tbet gldgvgduecsecol` wgtb gldgvgduec mbogmks tkld to `kt cost gl tbk mrowds, iessks, eld

murrklts tbet somgec bgstorgels bevk kgtbkr dgsmovkrkd or glvkltkd. Pbkrk@rkjkc gs molmkrlkd, tbgs coss woucd trucy jk ceikltejck jkmeusk tbk kercypert oa bgs merkkr gs so wkcc rkprkskltkd jy bgs morrkspoldklmk, eldelotbkr cooh tbkrk ig`bt rkstork wbet tbk moltkxtuecgst epproemb bespcelkd ewey, leikcy, tbk rkvkecgl` moipcgmetgols oa tbgs moipcgmetkdmberemtkr. ' 'MOLZED @ZKJKC ELD TBK ^ZKBG]TOZW OA ]PG]] ELEJE^TG]I[ltgc Berocd ]. Jkldkr drepkd merkauc rkskermb eld meutgous molfkmturkero uld bgs jgo`repby oa Molred @ rkjkc gl 57;>, pkrsols gltkrkstkd gl tbkrkaorietgols' iost redgmec ^rotkstelts wkrk akd ike`kr retgols. Iumb oawbet tbky hlkw ejout tbk redgmecs meik aroi otb kr rk aori krs' mursks eldmoldkiletgols. Jut Jkldkr jugct e socgd mesk aor tbk lorietgvk vgsgolwgtb bgs cgak-eld-tgiks epproemb to @rkjkc eld to tbk org`gls oaElejeptgsi. Ectbou`b sgcklmks eld retgolecgzetgols wgtb rkspkmt to@rkjkc's skvkrk iood swgl`s eld skca-pgty sboucd jevk erouskd suspgmgol,tbk rkputetgol oa Jkldkr's jgo`repby wes tbgmh-rgjjkd.Jkldkr strksskd tbk giportelmk oa gdkes6 purportkdcy tbk `rket mbel`kgl @rkjkc's cgak rksuctkd wbkl bk tredkd tbk lkutrec bui elgst ettgtudkstowerd rkcg`gol, wbgmb bk emqugrkd aroi bgs glstrumtors gl Qgklle eld^ergs, aor Bucdrymb Vwgl`cg's smrgpturec pro`rei aor tbk rkaori oa tbk]wgss mburmbks. Emmordgl` to Jkldkr, @rkjkc wes so tehkl wgtj Vwgl`cg'sgdkes tbet bk wes rkedy to tehk tbki aertbkr tbel Vwgl`cg woucd eccow.Aroi Vwgl`cg's pkrspkmtgvk, @rkjkc eld bgs essomgetks wkrk rkmhckss eldgipetgklt. Tbky weltkd too iumb too sool, eld tbus tbky kld el`krkd tbk


8/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgstlrkaori etgol's uctgietk summkss jy ecgkletgl` i odkretks eld molskrvetgvksol tbk mgty's moulmgcs. Jkldkr ul dkrsmorkd tbk redgmecs' moure` k eld tbkgrstkedaest ecck`gelmk to tbk agrst prglmgpcks oatbk rkaorietgol tbet dgmtetkd,es aer es @rkjkc eld Jkldkr wkrk molmkrlkd, tbk sgipcgagmetgol oa worsbgpeld tbk kcgigletgol oa ulsmrgpturec premtgmks.Jkldkr's @rkjkc wes lketcy tegcorkd aor tbk tredgtgolec, lorietgvk, tbk-oco`gmec vgsgol oa Elejeptgst org`gls. Tbk Vurgmb redgmecs wkrk tbk eutbkl-tgm Elejeptgsts. Pbkl tbky wkrk molvglmkd tbet Vwgl`cg sbeikcksscymourtkd tbk mgty's pocgtgmec oaagmgecs, tbky kvel`kcgzkd gldkpkldkltcy elddkagkd tbk òvkrliklt. Tbky surkcy kxpkmtkd rkprgsecs, jut tbky wkrkrkedy to suaakr aor tbkgr meusk. Col` jkaork ikesurks wkrk pesskd eèglsttbki, tbky emmkptkd tbet tbkgr aetk wes to kxbgjgt tbk ]mrgpturk's trutbseld powkr wgtb tbkgr au`gtgvks' cgvks eld iertyrs' dketbs.'\Et jotb klds oa gsstory. Jkldkr bes drewl soik qukstgolejck molmcu-sgols. @rkjkc's `rud`k eèglst Vwgl`cg gs ecc jut rkdumkd to el kxk`ktgmeceld tbkoco`gmec dgse`rkkiklt ejout tbk pcemk oa pocgtgms gl Vurgmb's rkcg-`gous rkaori etgols. Pk sbecc sool skk tbet sumb e sgipcgagmetgol pur`ks tooiumb aroi tbk rkmord. Gt wgcc jk jkst to stert, bowkvkr, wgtb elotbkr oaJk ldkr's sgipcgagmetgols, bgs lotgol tbet @rkjkc pesskd aroi e merkarkkcgak oa mcessgmec studgks glto tbk rkaori etgol wbkl bk i kt Vwgl`cg. T b k teckgs klmuijkrkd wgtb gdkes ejout buielgsts' ecck`kd gldgaakrklmk towerdrkcg`gol, gdkes tbet wkrk ojsocktk wbkl Jkldkr edeptkd tbki to @rkjkc'sstory. Tbk su``kstgol tbet @rkjkc wes merkarkk gs stgcc iork jkwgcdkrgl`,glesiumb es @rkjkc 's agrst ckt tkrs ovkracow wgtb doujts eld skcadkprkme tgol. Bk jrood kd molsteltcy ovkr tbk sglmkrgty eld tbk survgvec oabgs argkldsbgps es ga tbky wkrk are`gck jer`ks gl rou`b skes.

Gl pe rt, @ rkjkc's kxprkssgols oa elxgkty erk ettrgj utej ck to tbk jesgm mestoa buielgst morrkspoldklmk. Lortbkrl Kuropkel buielgsts rkstcksscyùerd kd tbkgr argkldsbgp lktworhs, tbrou`b wbgmb tbky bopkd to proi otktbk rkaori oa kdumetgol eld tbk study oa mcessgmec celùe`ks eld cgtkre-turk.Kresius oa Zottkrdei wes pertgmucercy epprkbklsgvk. B k arkqukltcyrkigldkd argklds eld morrkspoldklts tbet cgtkreturk wes uldkr ettemh,eld bk werlkd tbet buielgsts tbkiskcvks ig`bt emmoipcgsb wbet tbkgrjerj erou s klkigks eld tbk klkigks oa ckerlgl` wkrk tbus aer powkrckss toembgkvk. @orrkspoldklts, bk `rgkvkd, oatkl wkrk dgstremtkd. Ckttkrswoucd ò ulelswkrkd. Porsk stgcc, aeigcger syiptois oa buielgsts'dgsputksojduremy, rkskltiklt, eld klvydgsieltckd buielgsi'sargkldsbgp lktworhs. @rkjkc wes lkercy es vg`gcelt eld es lkrvous.'\


9/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golAcettkry bkcd tbgl`s to`ktbkr, eld buielgsts routglkcy skrvkd up Jet-tkry wgtb doccops oa skca-ejeskiklt. @rkjkc akg`lkd eiezkiklt tbetckerlkd eld dgstglùgsbkd argklds woucd bevk elytbgl` to do wgtb bgi,

wgtb tbkgr skca-dgiglgsbkd edigrkr. Bk molagdkd to Vwgl`cg gl tbk suiikroa 5;52 tbet bk bed sklt bgs scepdesb eld moltkiptgjck cgttck ckttkr olcy glordk r to ettkst tbet bk hlkw fust klou`b to kstkki smbocersbgp eld krudg-tgol gl otbkrs. Bk bed lot ykt ikt Vwgl`cg, wbo wes prkembgl` tbkl glKglsgkdkgl, jut bk bed bkerd oa Vwgl`cg's covk aor ckerlgl` eld eaakmtgolaor Kresi us. @rkjkc weltkd Vwgl`cg to vgsgt Vurgmb, to fogl wgtb bgs otb krbuielgst argklds. ]boucd bk jk ulejck to errel`k tbk trgp, et tbk vkryckest, @rkjkc glsgstkd, Vwgl`cg iust proigsk to sbowkr bgs sugtor wgtb ckt-tkrs.Kor bgs pe rt, @rkjkc proigskd to iehk tbosk ckttkrs aroi Kglsgkdkglso wkcmoik {mrkjrgs osmucgs dgssuevgejor tbet tbky woucd welt to aoccowbgi kvkrywbkrk.'*

@rk jkc's ovk rturks eld glvgtetgols oa tbgs letu rk wkrk tbk mejcks aor bgsowl argkldsbgp lktworh. Bk ecso aorwerdkd ielusmrgpts moiposkd jyolk argkld to otbkrs so tbet pregsk eld acettkry ig`bt jgld eutborsto`ktbkr (eld to @rkjkc). Bk sklt olk oa Qedgel's worhs to @rkjkc. Cetkrgl 5;52, bk dgstrgjutkd Qedgel's tkxts eiol` bgs owl argklds gl êrgs.Zetbkr tbel perepbresk tbkgr rkvgkws, bk glmcudkd skvkrec trgjutks ecol`wgtb org`glec ietkrgec popucer gl êrgs wbkl bk wrotk to bgs ]wgss argklds.@rkjkc wes jusy molstrum tgl` bgs cgtkrery mgrmck or moii ulgty, soik tkl-elts oa wbgmb sool wkrk trketkd to eppkecs oa e vkry pkrsolec mbe remtk r.@rkjkc's ckttkr to Qedgel gl Omtojkr 5;52, wes agcckd wgtb acettkry. Emopy oa Kresius'saucgus kxmcususwes klmcoskd. Es e i ettkr oa mo ursk,@rkjkc ecso pemhkd skvkrec kxprkssgols oa gs owl glsg`lgagmelmk6 jkmeuskbk wes wokauccy glkpt, Qedgel iust wrgtk bgi col`kr ckttkrs eld tbkrkjytkemb bgi to jkmoik kcoquklt.'\ @rkjkc wes iork ojskqugous tbelKresius bed jkkl et jgs e`k, pkrbep s jkmeusk Kresius bed p ktgtgolkd bgspkkrs wbgck @rkjkc eddrksskd bgs rkquksts to ocdkr eld jkttkr-hlowlsmbocers. Bk tkldkd to iehk skvkrec oa tbki surroètk aetbkrs, pertgmu-cercy wbkl argmtgol dkvkcopkd gl bgs aeigcy eld wbkl bgs mrevgl` aorargkldsbgp pkrmkptgjcy jckl dkd wgtb bgs dksgrks aor aetbkrcy eaakmtgol. Wou moulskc ik cghk e aetbkr, bk tocd Qedgel. G ei lot mkrtegl tbet iy

Ecckl, B. I. Ecckl, eld B. P. @errod (Oxaord, 57>1-;2), 6 1:8 jut ecso lotk ^ktkr GvkrHeuaiel, T bk Dgsputkd Detkoa Kresius'sCgjkrEpoco`ktgmus, IkdgkvecgektBuielgstgme, l.s., 5>(5725)6 542-;5.'' VP,0675-7:.'\ QedgelgsmbkJrgkaseiicul` 0 vocs., kd. Kigc Erjklz (]t. @ecckl, 5275-575=) :6:>4 (bkrk-


10/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsiowl aetbkr moucd pcey tbk pert oa moulskccor qugtk es wkcc. '\Olk lkkd lot rked aer glto @rkjkc's morrkspoldklmk to agld tbet aeigcyprojcki s prkommupgkd bgi. Bgs aetbkr,Femoj,glmrkesgl`cy igstrustkd bgieatkr bevgl` rkmkgvkd dgstrkssgl` rkports aroi Qgklle eld tbkl aroi êrgsoa bgs sol's dgsrkputejck moldumt. Femoj @rkjkc rkedgcy jkcgkvkd tbet@olred eld bgs uldgsmgpcglkd studklt moipelgols mourtkd del`kr kvkrytgik tbet tbky mcoskd tbkgr joohs. Durgl` e jrewc gl êrgs, tbk youl`kr@rkjkc eld bgs moiredks hgcckd two tbgkvks wbo bed emmostkd tbki, eldtbgs kpgsodk kspkmgeccy ecerikd bgs aetbkr wbo rkauskd to skld bgs soliolky tbet woucd bevk klejckd bgi to skttck bgs dkjts eld to fourlkyboi k. P bkl bk bke rd tbet bgs sgstkr wes sool to i erry bgs trustkd argkldeld molagdelt Qedgel, @olred jkmeik dkspkretkcy boiksgmh. Bgs aetbkrwes pkrsuedkd tbet bk bed igsspklt iolgks tbet prkvgouscy bed jkkledvelmkd, eld bk woucd provgdk lo iork. @olred @ rkjkc moipceglkd jgt-tkrcy gl bgs ckttkrs to argklds tbet bgs aetbkr bed pcemkd tjk worst possgjckgltkrprktetgol ol tbk kvgdklmk oa gssol's igsjkbevgor. Bk emmuskd Femojoa glmoiperejck mrukcty. Bk proloulmkd bgiskca tbk iost wrktmbkd ielgl êrgs. Ectbou`b bk gltkldkd to mol`retucetk Qedgel eld to dkmcerk bgskltbusgesi aor tbk ietmb, @rkjkc kldkd bgs eppkecs aor Qedgel's bkcpwgtb tech oa aulkrecs eld kpgtepbsuleijgùouscy bgs owl.

Femoj @rkjkc agleccy rkckltkd, eld bgs sol rkturlkd to Vurgmb, too cetkaor Qedgel's wkddgl` ykt pkrbeps wgtb soik tbou`bts ejout kldgl` bgsjembkcorbood, aor bk wes gl covk sool eatkr bgs boikmoigl`. Tbk werjktwkkl aetbkr eld sol, bowkvkr, acerkd eègl jkmeusk Femoj dgsepprovkdoa tb k jrgdk-to-jk. @olred tbkrku pol iedk soik retbkr odd pcels aor bgskcopkiklt. B k sklt bgs gltkldkd ebked to Jeskc eld tbkl mocckmtkd auldsaor bgs owl ksmepk. Bgs dkperturk wes dkceykd, agrst jy bgs aetbkr's gcclksseld tbkl jy trouj cgl` gltkrvgkws wgtb Femoj @ rkjkc durgl` eld eatkr bgsmolvecksmklmk. @olred molsockd bgiskca wgtb ckttkrs. Bk tocd argklds bowulrkesolejck eld stujjorl bgs aetbkr wes. Bk vgrtueccy sojjkd to Qedgeltbet bgs owl bkectb wes gipkrgckd, bgs lg`bts wkrk sckkpckss, eld bgs deysmcoudkd wgtb dkjgcgtetgl` dkspegr. Ectbou`b bk wes low ol tbk tbrksbo cdoa ierrge`k , @rkjkc stgcc wes propbksygl` bgs owl dke tb.'\ Cgtk retu rk lowwes lo dgstremtgol. Bk molaksskd tbet bk ikrkcy iopkd ejout prktkldgl`to study. Olcy wbkl bgs aetbkr eègl mepgtucetkd eld wbkl bk ckat Vurgmb

' \ QJ,:6:>16 Edko lol ieck kt petk rlk molsucgs, ut lksmgei, el petkr tei jk lk molsucki glrkjus ikgs k`krgt. Aor Kresius's kercy argkldsbgps, skk Wvollk Mbe rcgkr, Kresi k kt G eigtgkd eprks semorrkspoldelmk (êrgs, 5700), pp. =45-4:. QJ,:6:1=8 eld]]E,pp. 70 -5> >. Ecso molsuctQJ,:6:476 t c tmulq uk ik klkmklt iork socgtogre petrgs kt aortulek odgui . @rkj kc's sujskquk lt ckttkr to Iymolgus sbows tbet bk sool sus-


11/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golaor Jeskc dgd gt skki tbe t @olred @rkjkc e t cest bed iedk e dkmgsgvk jgd aoreutoloiy.'\@rkjkc's `ktewey, bowkvkr, jro u` bt lo pkemk to tbk aeigcy. B gs perkltsgipcorkd bgi to rkt url , eld tbky rkmrugtkd Qedgel to bkcp curk bgi jemh.Olk mel sloop erould aor rkesolspkrbeps Femoj @rkjkc akerkd tbkkaakmts oa bgs sol's cgmklsk ol bgs owl proigsgl` pocgtgmec merkkrjuttbkrk gs lotbgl` dkaglgtk, sevk tbk erùiklts oaakrkd jy Qedgel eldemmkptkd jy bgs morrkspo ldkl t, wbo mcegikd tbet bk bed rktu rlk d aor rke-sols oa bkectb. Olcy wbkl bgs aetbkr ckat Vurgmb ol jusglkss dgd @rkjkcierry tbk woiel wbo so dgspckeskd bgs aeigcy, ykt povkrty tbkl aormkdtbk youl` moupck glto tbk aeigcy boik. @rkjkc's ckttkrs eccudkd to tbkkldurgl` tklsgol. Bgs col`gl` aor argkldsbgp uldkrsteldejcy wes low eluldgsùgskd skermj aor steys eld stkedygl` glacuklmks.Cetk gl 5;:5, @rkjkc rkdgsmovkrkd Vwgl`cg, wbo bed ckat Kglsgkdkgl skv-krec ykers jkaork eld wes tbkl olk oa Vurgmb's tbrkk pkopck's prgksts.Vwgl`cg bed fus t ceulmbkd bgs meipeg`l aor mburmb rkaori eld bk wescoohgl` aor egdks eld eccgks. Jy Euùst 5;::, bk moucd wrgtk to OswecdIymolgus, wbo bed iovkd to Cumkrlk, tbet @rkjkc wes olk oa skvkrecyoul` ikl w bo bed klcgstkd gl bgs eriy. \'' Gl aemt, Vw gl`cg's socdgkrs bedòttkl tbkgr agrst testk oa jettck tbk prkvgous ioltb. ^rkembkrs klmour-e`kd jy tbk mgty's molskrvetgvks de rkd to dkakld premtgmks tbet Vwgl`cg bedettemhkd gl bgs owl skriols. Tb k rkao rie tgol's op polkl ts trgkd to vgldg-metk sumb tgik-bol orkd mustois es tbk mocckmtgol oarkcgmseld tbk vklkre-t gol oa seglts, jut Vwgl`cg 's argklds dgsruptkd tjkgr skriols elddkieldkd smrgpturec prooas. @olred @rkjkc wes eiol` tbk protkstors,eld bkw ssuiiolkd jy tbk òvkrli klt to elswkr aor tbk dgsturjelmks.Jkrlberd Pyss, e moltkiporery mbrolgmckr, tooh up tbk story wgtb@rkjkc's bkergl`, aor gt provkd to jk e retj kr dreietgm molaroltetgol. Fustes tjk moulmgc glstrumtkd @ rkjkc eld otjk r e`gtetors to dksgst aroi aurtjk rigs bgka tbk mbeijkr wes agcckd wgtb moiiotgol { gl `ross l smblecc .@oulmgciel ]mbcglg`kr spkmucetkd tbet tbk dkvgc wes coosk gl tbk rooi,wbgmb pro i ptkd @rkjkc to edd tbet tbk dkvgc wes lot olcy gl tbk rooi jutbk wes sketkd ei ol` tbk vkry fud `k s wbo bed sgcklmkd tb k klkigks oaulsmrgpturec eld rkemtgolery prkembgl`. @rkjkc wklt ol to smocd tbk òv-krli klt aor tockretgl` eld protkmtgl` tbk gdocetrgks eld supkrstgtgols tbe tmcuttkrkd @etbocgm worsbgp. Bk sockilcy werlkd tbet @od woucd rkpeysumb grrkvkrklmk ulckss mbel`ks wkrk iedk giikdgetkcy.:'Vwgl`cg dgd lot col` stgmh to tbk sgdkcglks. ]kvkrec wkkhs eatkr @rkjkc,


12/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsidkspgtk bgs outjurst, wes dgsigsskd wgtb olcy e rkprgield, Vwgl`cgg`lorkd tbk òvkrl iklt's rkstrgmtgols eld gltk rruptk d e skriol dkcgvkrkdjy Arelz Ceijkrt oa Evg`lol, wbo bed moik to Vurgmb to essgst tbkDoiglgmels eèglst tbk rkaorietgol.\\ ôssgjcy, gl tbgs glstelmk, tbk `kl-krec jorrowkd temtgms aroi bgs troops, jut gt gs iumb iork cghkcy tbetVwgl`cg, @rkjkc, eld otbkrs mgtkd aor tbk suiikr dgsturjelmks molspgrkdaroi tbk stert. Gl ely kvklt, @rkjkc aould Vwgl`cg el edigrejck molakdkr-etk.Vwgl`cg's gltkrvkltgol moexkd tbk ò vkrli klt to mecc e spkmgec skssgoloa tbk moulmgc to bker Ceijkrt eld Vwgl`cg dkjetk tbkgr dgse`rkkiklt,eld tbkrk erk lo `roulds aor doujtgl` tbk emmoult ckat jy Pyss6 Ceijkrtmolmkdkd dkaket, tbketrgmeccy rkloulmkd bgs krrors, eld pckd`kd to sur-rkldkr bgs rosery.:s To tbgs poglt, @olred @rkjkc moucd lot bevk jkkljkttkr setgsagkd wgtb tbk pro`rkss oa bgs rkaorietgol. Bk wrotk mbkkrauccyto Qedgel ejout tbk summkssks gl Vurgmb eld ejou t tbk glmorrup tgjckVwgl`cg wjo bed kl`glkkrkd tbki.\ *

Vwgl`cg moltglukd to mourt òvkrliklt support. Gab moucd rkcy ol tbkie`gstretks' moopkretgol, bk moucd iork molagdkltcy perry tbk jgsbop'sojfkmtgols to tbk mbel`ks tbet bk wes dktkriglkd to iehk. @rkjkc's pertgl tbk pcellgl` et tbgs ste`kgssoikwbet u lmcker. Pk hlow tbe t bk molsgd-krkd tbk jgsbop e moltkiptgjck mrooh8 Vwgl`cg's klkigks bed jkmoik bgsklkigks.\\ Jut lot ecc Vwgl`cg's eccgks wkrk @rkjkc's eccgks. Tbk Vurgmbmoulmgcs berjorkd soik rkskrvetgols ejout tbk kaakmts oa repgd rkaoris,rkskrvetgols tbet Vwgl`cg glmrkesgl`cy wes prkperkd to emmoiiodetk juttbet @rkjkc wes lot.Jy tbk kl d oa 5;:=,Vwgl`cg e`rkkd to postpolk soik oa tbk gllovetgolseld mbel`ks gl worsbgp aor wbgmb bk eld bgs emmoipcgmks bed cojjgkd.@rkjkc wes ojtrusgvkcy mrgtgmec oa tbk molmkssgols. ^krbeps, es Vwgl`cgcetkr ùksskd, @rkjkc dksgrkd to skgzk tbk glgtgetgvk eld to ste`k e rkvocu-tgol wgtbgl tbk ]wgss rkaorietgol. Eatkr ecc, bk syipetbgzkd wgtb outspo-hkl dgssgdklts wbo bed dkagkd eutborgtgks gl skvkrec lkerjy vgcce`ks, tbkseik dgssgdklts, emmo rdgl` to tbk moltkxtuecgsts, wbo ckd iess iovk-iklts aor swkkpgl` kmmcksgestgmec eld pocgtgmec rkao ri. Lolktbkckss, e

\\ ]kk Bkglocd Aest, Zkaori etgol dur mb ^rovohe tgol6 ^rkdg` tstorul` kl gl dkl krstklFe br kl dkr Zkaorietgol gl dkr ]mbwkgz, gl[istrgttklksTeuakrtui l. 4 ejovk), pertgmucercy pp.2 7 - 7 5 .\ ' Dgk brolgh dksJkrlberd Pyss, pp. 5 1-5 06 Do jremb ikgstkr [ crgmb des ect uld lggw tkste-iklt . . . uld jrembt dkl igglmb derzu, dess kr jkgd bkld zuseiklbuj, delhkt @ott uld spremb,kr woct gl ecgkl sglkl lotkl ecckgl @ott elruaakl uld ecck hroljett uld rosklhrklz vkrcesskl uld@ott elbe l`kl . Ecso skk @ottar gkd P. Combkr, Dgk zwgl`cgsmbk Zkaorietgol gi Zebikl dkrkuropdgsmbkl Hgrmbkl`ksmbgmbtk (@ott gl`kl, 5707), pp. 77-5>:.\-c QJ, 06508 ;]E, p. 57=.


13/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golmcoskr cooh et tjk vgcce`k redgmecs eld et @rkjkc, wjo rkpudgetkd prkmgpg-tous eld igcgtelt emtgol , rkvkecs sg`lgagmelt dgaakrklmks.\\ G su``kst, tj krk-aork, tbet wk melves tjk rkesols aor @rkjkc's `rud`k eèglst Vwgl`cgwgtbout ckevgl` tjk mgty oa Vurgmb, eld wk iey do so jy pcemgl` Vwgl`cg'skaaorts to eppkesk tbk òvkrliklt gl tbk moltkxt oa @rkjkc's aeigcybgstory.

Aor Vwgl`cg, tbk deys aor dgsruptgvk temtgms bed pesskd jy tbk tgik tbetCko Fu d , wbo bed summkkdkd bgi gl Kglsgkdkgl, fogl kd bgi gl Vurgmb gl5;:=.Fust w bkl @rkjkc tbou`bt b k bed aould e ikltor eld gltgietkargkld, Fud jkmeik Vwgl`cg's rg`bt beld eld prksgdkd ovkr tbk meipeg`lto bevk gie`ks eld stetuks rkiovkd aroi tbk mgty's mburmbks.\' Vwgl`cgeld Fud prkvegckd upol tbk òvkrliklt to eppoglt e moiigssgol tbetwoucd sort tbrou`b tbk rkaorikrs' ojfkmtgols to Metbocgm worsbgp. Kckvklmoulmgcikl ikt wgtb Vwgl`cg, Fu d, eld Bkglrgmb Kl`kcbert, tbk tb grd oaVurgmb 's tbrkk pkopck's prgksts, to errgvk et soik skttckikl t tbe t molskrve-tgvk ikijkrs oa tbk moulmgcs moucd kldorsk. Es dkcgjkretgols promkkdkd,Vwgl`cg smreppkd bgs redgmec proposecs. Bk eld Fud emmkptkd e moipro-igsk8 jut to skk tbet moiproigsk wgtb @rkjkc's kyks, wk iust hlow tbetolk oat bk moulmgcikl ol tbk moiigssgol, wbgmb epperkltcy lku tkrkd tjkrkaorikrs' `reld dksg`ls to outcew tbk iess, wes lolk otbkr tjel@rkjkc's aetbkr.\\

@olred @rkjkc proi ptcy dkmcerkd tbet b k wes aglgsbkd wgtb Vwgl`cg, yktbk wes lot tr uk to bgs word. Dgsmussgols jktwkkl tbk two dre`` kd ol dur -gl` tbk lkxt yker (5;:4). Pbkl tbk moulmgcs g`lorkd tbk moii gssgol's rkm-oiikldetgol tbet kemb mol`rkètgol jk eccowkd to suspkld tbk iess gapergsb molsklsus to tbet kaakmt moucd jk rkembkd, @rkjkc eld bgs argkldsjkcgkvkd tbet tbky ig`bt pry Vwgl`cg aroi bgs aegtb gl tbk òvkrliklt'sòodwgcc. Gt wes sool ojvgous, bowkvkr, tbet Vwgl`cg eld Fud wkrk prk-perk d to wketbkr sktjemhs eld to prkskrvk tb kgr pertl krsb gp wgtb tbk mgty'soaagmgecs. Gl @rkjkc's vgkw, Vwgl`cg bed jktreykd tbk org`glec òecs oatbkrkaori etgol, or, to pu t gt el otb kr wey, Vwgl`cg's rkaori etgol bed rkembkdel gipessk eld bed turlkd jemh. @rkjkc's iork redgmec rkaorietgol,prkssgl` aorwerd, jkmeik tbk lumckus oa ]wgss Elejeptgsi.\\

:\ ]k k VP , 16==8 jut ma. B kglocd Aest, Dgk P ebrb kgt wgrd kumb arkgiem bkl, Ikllolgtgsmbk@ksmbgmbtsjcdttkr =: (570;)6 5=-54, :4.:'' ]kk @o ktkrs (l. 5> ejovk), pp. :05 -0 :8 eld Herc-Bkglz Pyss,Ckoaud ]kglkKltwgmhcul` zuiZkaorietor, / ; / 7 - /; : g (Arelhaur t, 5701), pp . 554-:: , 5=5-=: .:2 K`cg, kd . (l. :5 ejo vk) , 56510 eld 5652=.:7 ]kk Wodkr (l. ; ejovk), pp. 51: -1; . Wodk r jceiks Vwgl`cg aor tb k jrkeh eld iegltegls tb et


14/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss ElejeptgsiÊTBO@ZE^BW ELD ^]WMBOBG]TOZWôldkrgl` tbk org`gls oa Elejeptgsi, somgec bgstorgels tkld to ikesurkdgseaakmtgol eld rkskltiklt eciost kxmcusgvkcy gl somgokmoloigm tkris.Pk glvohkd Molred @rkjkg's kercy merkkr to gltrodumk tbk prospkmts aor eiork moipcktk uldkrsteldgl` oa redgmec dgssklt, eld gt rkqugrks lo moemb-gl` aroi jkbevgorec smgkltgsts to su``kst tbet @ rkjkg's agcgec dkagelmk soi k-bow wes rkmymckd gl bgs rkemtgols eèglst Vwgl`cg eld tbk Vurgmb moulmgcs.Vwgl`cg's moiproigsks ecgkletkd iost oa tbk redgmecs wbo bed foglkd bgstroop jkaork tbk suiikr dgsturjelmks oa 5;::, Erùejcy, bowkvkr, tbkmoiproigsks bed e `rketkr kaakmt ol @rkjkc, wbosk aetbkr molspgrkd wgtbVwgl`cg to emmoiiodetk pocgtgmeccy meutgous moulmgccors. Molmkgvejcy, tbkdkcgjkretgols durgl` tbk wgltkr oa 5;:= rkigldkd @rkjkc oa aeigcy argm-tgol eld oa bgs prkvgous arustretgols8 ykt to wbet cgigt mel wk merry tbkskerùejck eld molmkgvejck proposgtgols? Et wbet poglt, ga et ely, do tbkerù ejck eld molmkgvejck, gl tbgs mesk, jkmoi k pceusgjck? Ga elswkrs erk tojk aould, petbo`repby iey agld tbki, ectbou`b petbo`repby gs sgipcytbk lerretgvk gccustretgol oa pettkrls oa jkbevgor tbet domuiklt tbk dkvkc-opiklt oa mberemtkr.

Olk lkkd lot kldorsk ^ktkr Cokwkljkr`'s moltkltgol tbet eccbuielemtgols rkecgzk gipcgmgt trkld s wgtbgl pest sgtuetgols to eccow tbe t ielygiportelt eld ostklsgjcy suddkl or spoltelkous dkmgsgols wkrk rootkd glprgor kxpkrgklmks, emtgols, molacgmts, eld rksocutgols. êtbo`repbkrs, cghkiost jgo`repbkrs, cooh aor tbosk gipcgmgt trkl ds tbet mollkmt tbk prgo rwgtb tbk prksklt. Lerretgvk gccustretgol, ga summkssauc, iehks tbk gipcgmgtkxpcgmgt eld iehks tbk kxpcgmgt eppker skca-kvgdklt. Mrgtgms aroi olk meip,gl wbgmb tbk psymboelecytgmeccy sopbgstgmetkd rksgdk, agld gt dgaagmuct to aor-`gvk petbo`repby's rkcumtelmk to eppkec to olk or elotbkr oa tbk rgvectbkorgks oa psymboelecytgm dkvkcopiklt. To sey tbet petbo`repby gsdkaglkd jy tbk ejsklmk oa gltkrprk tetgol, bowkvkr, gs ulpe rdole jck. Ler-retgvk gtskcagsgltkrprk tetgol 8 usueccy ga olk smretmbks e petbo`repbgmec ler-retgvk, olk ecso aglds soik oa tbk jkst eld ordglergcy soik oa tbk ckestmoltrovkrsgec gdkes oa tbosk psymboelecysts eld psymbobgstorgels wbo bevkklejckd petbo`repbkrs to gdkltgay pettkrls oa moldumt eld to kvecuetktbkgr sujfkmts' pkrsolec mrgsks.'

Pbet hkkps petbo`repby aroi jkmoigl` psymbobgstory gs e mkrteglshkptgmgsi ejout psymboelecysgs eld psymboelecytgm tbkory. ^symboele-cysts oatkl tullkc so dkkpcy glto tbk rkmkssks oa pkrsolecgty eld r ktur l wgtb* Mo ip erk Tb oi es E. Hob ut, ^symbobgstory es Bgstory, Eikrgmel Bgstorgmet Zkvgkw7 5


15/20

Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golsumb strel`k storgks eld souvklgrs (moipckxks, glstglmts, trelsakrklmks,eld dkaklsks) tbet petbo`repby mellot tehk edvelte`k oa sumb sujtkrre-lkel kxpcogts wgtbout produmgl` shkwkd retbkr tbel streg`btaorwerdstudgks oa buiel mberemtkr. [ldklgejcy, bowkvkr, psymboelecysgs besiedk petbo`repby eld ecc bgstory scycy sklsgtgvk to tbk giiklsk glacuklmkoa tbk aeigcy klvgroliklt.

Tbk dgsmovkry oa aeigcy tklsgols ommesgoleccy gldumks bgstorgels torkmoult educt jkbevgor gl weys tbet klvgejcy gccuiglk tbkgr sujfkmts'merkkrs. Wkt bgstorgels' ojskssgols wgtb aeigcy tklsgols mel cked torkdumtgolgsi eld mel beldgmep bgstorgmec uldkrsteldgl`. Emmordgl` toKrgh Krghsol, psymboelecysgs bes iedk e aeigcy eaaegr ou t oa kvkry bgstorg-mec kvklt, jut tbgs wes lot Krghsol's cest word ol tbk iettkr . Bk proi ptcywoucd bevk gltkrmkptkd mrgtgms glmcglkd to rusb bgs rkierh glto tbkgrwbockseck rkpudgetgols oa tbk psymboelecytgm eppro emb . Krghsol, eatkr ecc,dgd iork tbel ely otbkr psymbobgstorgel to pkrsuedk us tbet doikstgmdreies do lot kld ejruptcy wbkl sols eld deu`btkrs ckevk boik.' ' Bkeld bgs edigrkrs glstrumtkd bgstorgels to tredk ol doikstgm smklks wbkltbky erk evegcejck, ectbou`b gt iust jk segd tbet sumb smklks erk lot esevegcejck es iely psymbobgstorgels w oucd bevk us jkcgkvk. E stesb oa rkig-lgsmklmks rkedgkd aor tbk moi posgtgol oa eutojgo`repby , aor glstelmk, ark-qukltcy dgs`ugsks or igsrkprksklts tbk squeccs oa aeigcy cgak or tbk foys oambgcdbood. To tbk kxtklt tbet moltkipt or lostec`ge bes worhkd gts ie`gm, tbk `rket trkesurk gs ultru stwortby , ulckss bgstorgels erk mol-mkrlkd iork wgtb ikiory's trgmhs tbel wgtb gipcgmgt trklds. Ikiory'strgmhs erk teltecgzgl` jgts oa bgstorgmec kvgdklmk, ykt bowkvkr smrupucouscytbk educt eutbor trgks to rkiki jkr eld gipkrsoletk tbk mbgcd or tbk edo-cksmklt, mrumgec oigssgols or kxtrepocetgols qukkr tbk emmoult.

^symbobgstorgels ke`kr aor aeigcy p ortregts soi ktgiks ovkrcooh tbk cghk-cgbood oa sumb gledvkrtklt teipkrgl` eld dkcgjkretk glvkltgol. Eld wbklaeigcy portregts erk lot evegcejck, soik psymbobgstorgels rkemb aor tbkjrusb. Iery Iepcks Dull, aor olk, mel jk meu`bt dogl` too iumb wgtbtoo cgttck wbgck sbk wes bultgl` aor kiotgolec dktk ri glel ts tbet iedkPgccgei ^kll's dkagelmk oa somgec eutborgty gltkccg`gjck eld prkdgmtejck.Du ll bed kvgdklmk aor ^ kll 's lolmolaori gty6 bgs rkausec to doaa bgs bet etmourt ( bet jkbevgor ), bgs molvkrsgol to tbk Uuehkrs, bgs gldgsmrgigleltusk oa pkrsolec prolouls. Wkt ^kll wes sgcklt ejout bgs youtb. Tbksgcklmk skkis gipklktrejck, jut argklds oa psymbobgstory eccow tbet ordg-

\' Pgtbout rkedgl` Krghsol's emmoults oa bow Bels Cutbkr purportkdcy beultkd bgs solI ertgl's kxk`ksgs oa tbk psecis eld mbrgstoco`y, olk mello t auccy e pprkm getk tb k lerre tgvk powkr


16/20

Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsilery rucks oa kvgdklmk iey bevk to jk suspkldkd gl ord kr to sbgp `klu glkglsg`bt glto bgstorgmec cgtkreturk, Dull bed lo dgrkmt kvgdklmk aor ^kll'syoutb. Essuigl` tbk mbgcd's prksklmk gl tbk educt, bowkvkr, sbk spkmu-cetkd tbet b kr sujfkmt, gl cetkr cgak, wes emmuiucetgl` arksb weys to dgsojkybgs perklts. Gl tbk aglec elecysgs, bkr pepkr ol ^kll juccdozkd bgs gdgosyl-mretgm educt jkbevgor glto tbk kipty pgt oa ^kll's youtb, eld sbk trustkdtbet kiotgolec dktkriglelts woucd jk aorikd jy tbk jemhagcc,'\

Dull's cejors erk giportelt bkrk jkmeusk sbk wes glvkstgètgl` tbkeatkrcgak oa agcgec dkagelmk eèglst odds `rketk r tbel tbosk wk aemk wbkl wkmolarolt tbk seik gssuk wgtb rkspkmt to @olred @rkjkg's merkkr. Bkrpepkr gs ecso gipo rtelt es e rkcetgvkcy rkmkl t eld rkprkskltetgvk spkmgikloa tbk psymbobgstorgel's mreat, wbgmb pk rpktu etks e premtgmk tbe t wes popu-cer kvkl wbkl jgo`rep bkrs prospkm tkd aor sujtkrrelkel bostgcgty glPoodrow Pgcsol's youtb tbgrty ykers eò,\*[lcghk petbo`repbkrs, psymbobgstorgels skki to bevk el grrkprkssgjcklkkd to hlow wbet beppkls uldkr`rould, gl tbet skmrkt pergsb eptcymecckd jy Fok c Hovkc e rkeci oa tbk rkpu dge tkd eld gipossgjck, e pcemkwb krk tbk rksgduk aroi kxpkrgklmk eld aeltesy es wkcc es ulspohkl bostgcg-tgks `kt storkd aor sujskqukltusk,* *^symbobgstorgels sey tbet otbkr glvks-tgètors, wbo bevk lo pessgol aor lkòtgetgl` e skttckiklt jktwkkl tbgsuldkrworcd eld tbk iork aeigcger eld vgsgjck cgvks oa tbkgr sujfkmts, bevkstoppkd sbort oa moipcktk moiprkbklsgol. Ordglergcy, bgstorgels erktki ptkd to bect et e pcemk ierhkd skca-gltkrkst, Pbo lkkds sujtkrre-lkel bostgcgtgks eld sujcgiglec skcvks wbkl lehkd skca-gltkrkst skkis toemmoult aor tbk moursk oa buiel eaaegrs? ^symbobgstorgels rkpcy tbetskca-gltkrkst, es sumb, gs lkvkr rkeccy lehkd. [sueccy gt bes jkkl mcoehkd wgtbmckvkr retgolecgzetgols, jut kvkl strgppkd oa gts sopbgstry, skca-gltkrkst gs epbk loi klo l tbe t jk`s aor aurtbkr elecysgs, Tb k wgsbks tbet kvkltuetk glskca-gltkrkst iey jk glstglmtuec or dkaklsgvk gl org`gl. Tbky iey stkiaroi tbk krotgm or e``rkssgvk drgvks gl skermb oa eiorous ter`kts or bep-

'\ Iery Iepcks Du ll, T bk ^krsolecgty oa Pgccgei ^kl l, ^romkkdgl`soatbkEikrgmel ^bgcosopbgmec]omgkty5:0 (5 72=)6 = 5 1 - : 5 ,\ ' Eckxeldkr C, @kor`k eld Fucgkt tk @ko r`k,PoodrowPgcsol eldMocolkcBousk6 E ^krsolecgty]tudy (Lkw Worh, 57;1), pertgmucercy pp, =-5=, 554,:27-75, Gl tbk seik vkgl, skk Musbgl`]trout, Pgccgei Feiks eld tbk Twgmk-Jorl ]gmh ]ouc, Dekdecus70(5721)65>1:-2:, ]ujtkrre-lkel bostgcgty gsecso tbk molmkrl oasmboc rsrkspolsgjck aor psymbobgstorgmec kxpkdgtgols to tbksgxtkkltb mkltury. Gl eddgtgol to Krghsol's trketiklt oa Cutbkr, skk Lkcsol B, Igllgmb eld P,P, Ikgsslkr, Tbk Mberemtkr oa Kresius, ikrgmel Bgstorgmec Zkvgkw2= (5702)6 ;22-1:4, aorKresius's dklgkd, rkprksskd, eld ulmolsmgous rkskltiklt (wbkrkjy bgs ejeldolgl` aetbkreld tbk dkjrgs aroibgsjrohkl boik dgmtetk tbk aormk oabgscetkr pockigms eèglst smbocestgms eldakccow buiel gsts)8 eld CFGrgmb Jujklbkgi kr, @kcessklbkgt uld Ejcosul`6 Kglkpsymbobgstorgsmbk ]tudgk ujkr Eldrkes Jodklstkgl vol Hercstedt uld skglkl Holaccht igt Iertgl


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Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`golckss vgmtgis, tbky iey molstgtutk el ettki pt to hkkp elxgkty et jey, T b kmbgka ojfkmtgvk oa psymbobgstory gs lot to ui pgrk tb k moi pktgtgol jktwkkltbkorgks eld tbkrepgks. Lo sgl`ck joohhkkpkr mel ordkr tbk ulmolsmgousmoipcktkcy to tbk setgsaemtgol oa tbkorktgmeccy glaorikd mocckeùks. Tbkpsymbobgstorgel's ojcgètgol gs to ellkx tbk ulmolsmgous eld tbk glmks-selt treaagm jktwkkl igld el d worcd to tbk bgstorgel's ck`gtgietk tkrrgto ryoa glqugry, \\

êtbo`repby , bow kvkr, gs ckss molmkrlkd tbel psymbobgstory wgtb quks-tgols oa store`k eld rkmovkry. Olk iey molmkdk tbet stetkd purposks eldmolsmgous egis do lot ecweys kxpcegl tbk moldumt tbky erk segd to bevkproiptkd, ykt olk lkkd lot tbkl strkeh eatkr meusks glto tbk ulmolsmgous.Trklds eld pettkrls provgdk tbkgr owl kxpceletory powkr, eld tbkysoiktgiks glspgrk petbo`repby to pkraori soik oa gts owl jrketbtehgl`ckeps aroi tbk edocksmklt to tbk educt.Gl tbk mesk oa @olred @rkjkc, tbk gltkrprktgvk ckeps erk kesgkr to kxk-mutk jkmeusk tbk trklds or pettkrls erk rkcetgvkcy kesy to gdkltgay. Pbkl@rkjkc tb ou` bt bk bed jkkl jktre ykd, bk akcc glto dkspegr eld tbkl ste`kdbgs owl iutglgks, Bkglocd Aest wes tbk olcy ojskrvor to bevk jregdkd@rkjkg's gltklsk pkrsolec akkcgl`s, bgs skermb aor su rroètk aetbkrs, eld bgsrkcg`gous eld pocgtgmec mbogmks, jut Aest drovk p etbo`repby ovkr tbk arol-tgkr oa psymbobgstory jy su``kstgl` tbet tbkrk wes soiktbgl` okdgpecejou t @ rkjkg's spkmgec mursk. Emmordgl` to Aest, @rkjkc wes moipkcckd tosurpess bgs aetbkr eld aetbkr agùrks8 to jk iork emmuretk. Aest eccowkdtbet psymboelec-\8tgm tbkory woucd iehk gt skki so. Emtueccy Aest doujtkdtbet tbk psymboelecytgm epproemb bed iumb ikrgt. Bk oaakrkd gt es elkxmusejck ykt jy lo ikels prkakrejck rkedgl` oa @rkjkg's jkbevgor. Bksboucd jk mrkdgtkd wgtb bevgl` vocultkkrkd tbk kxpceletgol, ykt bgsepprkbklsgol ejout gts epproprgetklkss possgjcy (eld pkrvkrskcy?) pro-vohkd bgi to rkcy ol soik oa psymbobgstory's i ork projckietgm molmkp ts.P bkrk Aest posgts auldei kltec psymboco`gmec stru mtu rks , gt sboucd jkklou`b to supposk tbet jgttkr eld ulrksocvkd doikstgm jettcks probgjgtkd@rkjkc aroi rkmolmgcgl` bgs eaakmtgol aor eutborgty agùrks wgtb bgs lkkdaor eutoloiy,\\ @oltkiporery mcglgmgels tkcc us tbet aeigcy molacgmt melcked kgtbkr to iutuec rkspkmt, wbgmb provgdks vgtec `rou ld aor Xe sol'sYskca-dkaglgtgol, or to petboco`gmec skperetgol eld kl du rgl` kligty,@rkjkc eld bgs aetbkr eciost molsmgkltgouscy bkcd to tbk cettkr moursk, eldwk iust lot aor`kt tbet @rkjkc dkloulmkd Vwgl`cg sool eatkr Vwgl`cgdkmgdkd to moccejoretk wgtb tbk mgty moulmgcs' moiigssgol ol worsbgp eld,

;; ^ktkr @ey,Arkud aor Bgstorgels(Lkw Worh, 572 ;), p. :> 7. Ecso skk pp . 5> ;-5 > aor wgsbks


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Bgstory eld ]wgss Elejeptgsidurgl` tbk moiigssgol's dkcgjkretgols, wgtb @rkjkg's aetbkr,'\Et elotbkr poglt, Aest's beca-bkertkd acgrtetgol wgtb soik qukstgolejckpsymboelecytgm tkrigloco`y su``ksts e skmold moipceglt. Aest proposkd to`rould @rkjkg's tbkoco`y oa iertyrd oi gl @rkjkg's dketb glstglmt,wbgmb, bk edigttkd, wes tbk iost stupkaygl` aketurk oa gssujfkmt's mber-emtkr strumturk{eivkrjcuaakldstkl).Bkrk, es wkcc, petbo`repby sboucd jkejck to tremk tbk dkvkcopiklt oa @rkjkg's dgsmoltklt wgtbout glsteccgl`glstglmts eld strumturks.

Pk bevk skkl ecrkedy tbet @rkjkc wes prkommupgkd wgtb bgs suaakrglèld dketb. ]oik oa bgs kercgkst rkierhs ol trgjucetgol rkackmt bgs molvgm-tgol tbet tbk òod meusk gs ecweys et e dgsedvelte`k gl tbgs worcd. Bke`rkkd, tbkl, wgtb bgs buielgst argklds wbo vgrtueccy muctgvetkd elxgktgksejout tbkgr argkldsbgp lktworhs eld tbkgr pkssgigsis ejout tbk aetk oa cgt-kreturk eld ckerlgl`, Kresius mcegikd tbet bk eld bgs mocckeùks wkrkjksgk`kd jy jerjergels eld dkstglkd to suaakr glsucts eld glfurgks, @rkjkcckerlkd tbet suaakrgl` wes tbk ro utk to rg`btkouslkss eld tbet ikcelmbocywes tbk ierh oa mkckjrgty kvkl jkaork jk dgsmovkrkd ]mrgpturk eld rke-cgzkd tbe t @brgst iust suaakr stgcc iork gl bgs Xiork aegtbaucY iki jkrs,

T b k lori etgvk vgsgol oa Elejeptgst org`gls molstruks @rkjk g's tbkoc-o`y oa ierty rdo i es e aulmtgol oa tbk redgmecs' dgstglmtgvk kxk`ksgs,@ol tkxtuecgsts skk gt es e rkemtgol to tbk redgme cs' emqugrkd outmest stetus,es ga, gl cer`k pert, tbk redgmecs sgipcy iedk e vgrtuk oa lkmkssgty. Pgtboutiglgigzgl` tbk kaakmts oa kxk`ksgs or tbk giportelmk oa rkfkmtgol eldpkrskmu tgol, petbo` repby , ol tbgs arolt, sopbgstgmetks stkrkotypks, tbetgs,petbo`rep by skts @rkj kg's dkvkcopkd tbou` bts ol suaakrgl` eld dketbgl tbk strkei oa dktegcs aroi bgs prkvgous pkrmkptgols eld pkrsolec bgs-tory,** Gdkeccy, wk ig`jt tbkl hlow wby @rkjkc gltkrprktkd ]mrgpturk esbk dgd eld wby bk rkspoldkd to prkssurk eld to pkrskmutgol es bk dgd.[lcghk iumb psymbobgstory, wbgmb mkrteglcy skkis eddgmtkd toolto`klktgm kxpceletgols oa educt jkbevgor, petbo`repby steys lortb oatbk levkc eld wkst oa tbk mrgj. Gts òec gs lot to tehk tbk sujfkmt es elkxbgjgt oa ulgvkrsec glstglmts eld psymjgm strumturks jut to iehk tbk suj-fkm t kipetbgmeccy uld krstel dej ck,

Kipetbgm uldkrsteldgl` eld petbo`repby do lot provgdk ecc tbkelswkrs to qukstgols regskd jy tbk kikr`klmk oa Elejeptgst skperetgsi.

\ ' ]kk C. Devgd Ckvg, Bkci ]tgkrcgl, eld Zo jk rtF . ]everd, Aetbkrs eld ]ols6 T b k Gltkrcomh -gl` Mrgsks oa Gltk`rgty eld cEklugy, symbgetrygj (570:)6 42 -; 1, 5 gipcy bkrk tbet moltkiporerymcglgmec studgks iey jk eppropr getkd meutgouscy eld w gtbout prksui gl` tbet aeigcy klvgro lik ltsiolgtorkd todey rkskijck gl kvkry pertgmucer sgxtkkltb-mkltury aeigcy cgak.


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Tbk Fourlec oa Zkcg`gol@eusec kxpceletgols iust jk suaagmgkltcy moipckx eld mepemgous to iehkrooi aor gdkes eld kxk`ksgs es wkcc es aor eltgmckrgmec murrklts eld somgo-kmoloigm mol tkxts. Jut petjo`repby sboucd dgsmgpcglk soik oa tbk wgcdkrspkmucetgols spewlkd jy sgl`ck-aemtor tbko rgks, @ oktk rs s glaorietgvkkssey ol Elejeptgst prkbgstory, aor kxeipck, essuiks tbet @rkjkc woucdbevk aecckl jemh gl cglk jkbgld Vwgl`cg eld Cko Fu d bed tbk òv krli klt smoiigssgol ol worsbgp prksskd aor tbk kcgigletgol oa tbk @etbocgm iess.Jut, ga G ei morrkmt, tbet gs qugtk ulgie`glejck. Pbetkvkr tbk rksucts oaVwgl`cg s moopkre tgol wgtb tbk òvkrli klt, tbk aemt tbet gt ecso rkq ugrkdVwgl`cg to worh mcoskcy el d moipelgolejcy wgtb @rkjk g s aetbkr tkccseèglst @o ktkrs s ùkss. Gl 5;:=, ga lot jkaork, @rkjkg s aeigcy akuds eldagcgec dkagelmk jkmeik glacukltgec perts oa tbk ]wgss rkaorietgols

Moiperk @oktkrs (l, 5> ejovk), p. :07.


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Social History, Psychohistory, and the Prehistory of Swiss Anabaptism

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Transcript of Social History, Psychohistory, and the Prehistory of Swiss Anabaptism