Social Contexts andSocioemotional Development

Socioemotional Development

The Self MoralDevelopment

Coping with Stress

Erikson’s Life-Span Development Theory

Development proceeds in stagesEach stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge or crisisStages reflect the motivation of the individual

Erikson’s Human Development Stages

1 - Trust vs. Mistrust0–1 years

2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt1–3 years

3 - Initiative vs. Guilt3–5 years

Developed through consistent love and support

Independence fostered by support and encouragement

Developed by exploring and accepting challenges

Erikson’s Human Development Stages

4 - Industry vs Inferiority6 years–puberty

5 - Identity vs. Role ConfusionAdolescence

6 - Intimacy vs. IsolationEarly adult years

Mastery comes from success and recognition

Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity

Form positive, close relationships with others

Erikson’s Human Development Stages

7 - Generativity vs. StagnationMiddle Adulthood

8 - Integrity vs. DespairLate Adulthood

Transmitting something positive to the next generation

Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem

Self-esteem is the affective or emotional reaction to one’s self-concept.

Self-concept is a cognitive appraisal of our social, physical, and academic competence.

CognitiveAcademic Social Physical

Improving Children’s Self-Esteem

Identify causes of low self-esteem and areas of competence important to the self

Provide emotional support and social approval

Help children achieve

Develop coping skills

Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity

Has the person made a commitment?

Yes No

IdentityAchievement

IdentityMoratorium

IdentityForeclosure

IdentityDiffusion

Has the personexploredmeaningfulalternatives?

Ethnic Identity …“is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense

of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feeling related to that membership”

(Phinney, 2006) (as cited in Santrock, 2009).

Positive ethnic identity – Higher school engagement– Lower aggression– Navajo adolescents: higher self-esteem, school

connectedness, and social functioning

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development

• Preconventional

• Conventional

• Postconventional

Moral reasoning is controlled by external rewards and punishments.

Internal standards are imposed by others.

Morality is internal, not based on external standards.

Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development – Basic Changes with Age

External to internal control

Increasing sophistication in reasoning simple to complex

Moral reasoning increasing reflects social role-taking skills

Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, others might also do so and this could result in disorder in the classroom. Because of this, he understands that it is his duty to follow the rules.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice

Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning?

Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, he will be punished.

Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning? Explain.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice

Sam starts to get out of his seat to sharpen his pencil without permission. He stops because he realizes that if he does, it will displease his teacher.

Q: At which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is Sam functioning? Explain.

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Theory into Practice

Care vs. Justice Perspective

Justice perspectivefocuses on rights of

individuals

Care perspectiveemphasizes relationships and concern for others

Four Steps from Moral Reasoning to Moral Behavior

Interpreting the situation in terms of how people’s welfare is affected

Figuring out what the ideally moral course of action would be

Selecting among different valued outcomes before a particular moral course of action is implemented

Executing the selected moral course of action

CheatingWhat form does cheating take?

plagiarism, using “cheat sheets” during an exam, copying from a neighbor during a test, purchasing papers, falsifying lab results

Why do students cheat?

the pressure for getting good grades

time pressures

poor teaching

lack of interest

CheatingWhat factors influence cheating?

students are not closely monitored during an examstudents know their peers are cheatingstudents know another was caught cheatingscores are made public

How to decrease cheating?students understand what cheating isstudents are closely monitored during an examemphasize the importance of academic integrity, perhaps institute an honor code

Moral Education1. Hidden Curriculum

School personnel serve as models of ethical behavior.

Classroom rules and peer relationships transmit positive attitudes to students.

2. Character Education

Schools take a direct approach to teaching moral literacy and design an environment that rewards proper behavior.

Moral Education3. Values Clarification

Schools design programs that allow students to clarify their own values and understand the values of others.

4. Cognitive Moral EducationSchools base programs on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as moral reasoning develops.

Moral Education5. Service Learning

Schools encourage students to be involved in the community by becoming a tutor, helping the elderly, volunteering in hospitals or day care, etc.

6. Integrative ApproachSchools encourage students to be reflective moral thinkers and committed to justice, and develop children’s moral character.