Social and Environmental Safeguard Policies of World Bank ...
Transcript of Social and Environmental Safeguard Policies of World Bank ...
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Social and Environmental Safeguard
Policies of World Bank & ESMF
Rizwana Anjum(Sr. Social & Environmental Safeguards Specialist )The Urban Unit
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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
• What Is Environment?-Components of Environment
• Environmental Parameters relating to:
• Water Resources
• Land Resources
• Air, Climate and Marine Resources
• Biological Resources
• Human Resources
• Existing Regulatory Frameworks
• EIA-Some Definitions
• Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures (2000) Based on “PEPA 97”
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
• EIA Process• EIA Techniques• Safeguards-why are they important• World Bank's Environmental & Social Safeguards &
their Policy Objectives• Applicability of Safeguards Policies• Elements of World Bank Environmental Assessment• Environmental & Social Management Framework for
PCGIP• Screening of Schemes• Profile of Schemes with tentative Environmental
Categorization• Categorization of Schemes on Social Sensitivity
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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT….
• The sum total of all the external conditions which may influence organisms (hanson’s dictionary of ecology)
• The physical, chemical and biotic conditions surrounding an organism (macmillan dictionary of environment)
• The total of all those physical, chemical, biological and social economic factors that impinge on an individual, a community or a population (faoirrigation and drainage paper 53)
COMPONENETS OF ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL FACTORS
• Water
• Air
• Climate
• Marine
• Land
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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
- Flora
- Fauna
- Protected Areas
- Biodiversity
COMPONENETS OF ENVIRONMENT
HUMAN FACTORS
- Social
- Socio-economic
- Institutional
- Human Use
- Cultural
COMPONENETS OF ENVIRONMENT
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HUMAN FACTORS
• Irrigation water quantity/quality, • River System quality (salinity), • River System (pollution),• Groundwater levels, Groundwater quality• (salinity), • Groundwater quality (pollution),• Wetlands water quality, • Drainage effluent quantity, • Drainage effluent quality,• Water logging, • Flooding, Siltation
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS RELATING TO WATER RESOURCES
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO LAND RESOURCES
• Soil erosion
• Soil salinity
• Soil degradation
• Soil Pollution
• Land availability
• Land capability
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO LAND RESOURCES
• Soil erosion
• Soil salinity
• Soil degradation
• Soil Pollution
• Land availability
• Land capability
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO AIR, CLIMATE AND
MARINE RESOURCES
• AIR- Dust, Odour, Pollution, Noise• CLIMATE- Microclimatic change, Regional climatic
change, Global climatic change• MARINE- Marine pollution, Marine turbidity,
Shoreline stability
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO BILOGICAL RESOURCES
FLORA:
- Forests/trees extent/integrity,
- Other terrestrial vegetation extent/integrity,
- Aquatic vegetation extent/integrity (freshwater),
- Mangrove forests
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO BILOGICAL RESOURCES
FAUNA:
- Mammal communities/habitats, - Amphibian communities/habitats, - Reptile communities/habitats, - Invertebrates communities/habitats,- Fish communities/habitats, - Bird communities/habitats
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO BILOGICAL RESOURCES
PROTECTED AREAS:- National Parks, - Nature Reserves, - Ramsar Wetlands, - Forest Reserves
BIODIVERSITY:- Overall Biodiversity
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO HUMAN RESOURCES
SOCIAL- Human carrying capacity- Population growth- Demographic structure- Land tenure/security- Social equity- Social cohesion/conflicts- Social attitudes- Gender and age- Health- Safety
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO HUMAN RESOURCES
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
- Incomes
- Employment
- Land values
- Credit availability
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO HUMAN RESOURCES
INSTITUTIONAL
- Institutional activity
- Institutional effectiveness
- Community participation
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ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERSRELATING TO HUMAN RESOURCES
HUMAN USE
- Rainfed Cultivation, Irrigated Cultivation
- Livestock/Pastoralism, Fisheries, (Freshwater and Marine), Forestry, Industry, Transport, communications, Domestic water supplies, Recreation/Tourism, Settlement, Energy supply, Energy utilization
EXISTING REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
National & Provincial Laws
• Pakistan Environmental Protection Act,1997
• Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Reviewof IEE & EIA Regulations ,2000
• National Environmental Quality Standards
• Land Acquisition Act,1894 as amended in 1984
• Punjab Local Govt.Ordinance,2001
• Employment of Child Act,1991
• Legislation related to Cultural & ArcheologicalHeritage
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT-SOME DEFINITIONS
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE):
The preliminary environmental review of the reasonable foreseeable qualitative and quantitative impacts on the environment of a proposed project to determine whether it is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect for requiring preparation of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). Also called Initial Environmental Investigation (IEI), partial EIA or Preliminary EIA.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT-SOME DEFINITIONS
Initial Environmental Scoping (IES): An exercise involving the preliminary identification of the environmental issues surrounding a project that requires an assessment.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Environmental Assessment (EA): A formal process to predict the environmentalconsequences of human development activities and to plan appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and augment positive effects.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): A document or report which contains the result of an EIA study.
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PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES (2000)
BASED ON “PEPA 97”
SECTORAL GUIDELINES MAJOR THERMAL POWER STATIONS MAJOR CHEMICAL AND MANUFACTURING
PLANTS MUNCIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL NEW TOWNSHIP DEVELOPMENT OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND
PRODUCTION MAJOR ROADS WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS SEWARAGE SCHEMES INDUSTRIAL ESTATES
PROJECT CATEGORIZATION FRAMEWORK
PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT
PROCEED TO EA
IES PROCESSAny Significant Negative Environmental ImpactYES NO
YES
Impacts diverse& significant
Impact more specific & of lessdegree and or/significance
Unlikely to haveenvironmental impacts
CATEGORY B‐Project requiring IEE study‐‐ Outline of minor EAP &EMES plans required
CATEGORY AProject requiring EIA study‐Full EMP, EAP,EMES & RAP required
CATEGORY CProjects to proceedto implementation ‐No plan for follow uprequired
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EIA PROCESS
SCREENING:Screening is a process of deciding onwhether EIA is required or not.
Example:- Repair of destroyed diversion structure does
not require EIA whilst construction of amajor new headwork structure does.
The output from the screening process is adocument called as Initial EnvironmentalExamination or Evaluation (IEE).
EIA PROCESS
SCOPING:Scoping is a process of determining whichare the most critical issues to study and willinvolve community participation to somedegree.
Importance:- The problems can be pinpointed early
allowing mitigating design changes to bemade before expensive detailed work iscarried out.
- To insure that detailed prediction work isonly carried out for important issues.
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EIA PROCESS
PREDICTION AND MITIGATION: Prediction is the identification of impacts
under “without project” and “with project”scenarios.
Mitigation is the measure which minimizeany identified adverse impacts and enhancepositive impacts.
Importance:- The irreversible impacts may be avoided.
EIA PROCESS
MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING: The part of EIS covering monitoring and
management is referred as EnvironmentalAction Plan or Environmental ManagementPlan.
The monitoring is comparing the predictedand actual impacts.
Importance:- This section sets out the mitigation measures
needed for environmental management andalso the institutional requirements forimplementation.
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EIA PROCESS
AUDITING:
It is an analysis of the technical, proceduraland decision making aspects of EIA
Importance:
- It determines whether recommendationsand requirements made by the earlier EIAsteps were incorporated successfully intoproject implementation.
EIA PROCESS
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: The public participation should be at the
level of pre feasibility, feasibility anddetailed design of a project.
Importance:- Projects or programmes have significant
impacts on the local population. The lack ofunderstanding of the people and their societymay result in development that hasconsiderable negative consequences.
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EIA PROCESS
MANAGING UNCERTAINTY: The EIA involves predictions and thus uncertainty is an
integral part. There are two types of uncertainty associated with EIAs: that associated with the predictions and, that associated with the process .
The significance of impacts is subjective, but the value judgements required are best arrived at by the consensus: public participation and consultation with a wide sector of community will reduce uncertainty.
The results of EIA should indicate the level of uncertainty with the use of limits of probability analysis. Sensitivity analysis similar to that used in economic evaluation, could be used if adequate quantifiable data are available.
EIA cannot give a precise picture of the future, much as the Economic Rate of Return cannot give a precise indication of economic success.
Define Proposal
Screening
EIA Process
NoEIArequired
EIArequired
Scoping
Predictions and mitigations
PrepareDraft EIS
Management and monitoring
AUDITAssess EIA process
Publicparticipation
Public Informed &consulted
Review of EIS by regulatoryAuthority and public
Pre‐feasibilitystudies
Feasibilitystudies
Detailed Design and preparations
Implementation
Operation andManagement
PrepareFinal EIA
Public participation
Parallel studies
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EIA TECHNEQUES
BASELINE STUDIES: Baseline studies using available data and
local knowledge will be required for scoping.
A full year of baseline data is desirable to capture seasonal effects of many environmental phenomena.
To avoid in decision making, short term data monitoring may be under taken in parallel with long term collection to provide conservative estimates of environmental impacts.
Environmental & Social Management Framework for PCGIP
Objectives:
• Ensure that schemes to be designed and implemented under the project are environmentally sound and socially acceptable
• Ensure that the schemes under the project comply with the national regulatory and WB policy frameworks; and
• Internalize & integrate the environmental & social management procedures and processes in the routine projects/operations/service delivery of CDGs and city entities
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SAFEGUARDS-WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?
Environmental and social safeguards are:
• policies and measures that enable the adoption and integration of precautionary environmental and social principles and considerations into programmes and projects,
• as well as the development of internal organisational policies.
• The objective is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to the environment and people at the earliest possible planning stage.
World Bank's Environmental & Social Safeguards & their Policy Objectives
Safeguard Policy Objectives
Environmental Assessment
Help ensure the environmental and social soundness and sustainability of investment projects.Support integration of environmental and social aspects of projects in decision ‐making
Natural Habitats Promote environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions
Physical Cultural Resources (PCR)
Assist in preserving PCR and in avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR includes resources of archeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance
Involuntary Resettlement
Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and, where this is not feasible, assist displaced persons in improving or at leastrestoring their livelihoods and standards of living in real terms relative to pre‐displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
Indigenous Peoples Design and implement projects in a way that fosters full respect for indigenous peoples’ dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness and so that they (1) receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits, and (2) do not suffer adverse effects during the development process
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World Bank,s Environmental & Social Safeguards & their Policy Objectives
Safeguard Policy Objectives
Forests Realize the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests
Safety of Dams Ensure quality and safety in the design and construction of new dams and the rehabilitation of existing dams, and in carrying out activities that may be affected by an existing dam
Projects on International Waterways
Projects on International Waterways Ensure that the international aspects of a project on an international waterway are dealtwith at the earliest possible opportunity and that riparians are notified of the proposed project and its details.
Projects in Disputed Areas
Ensure that other claimants to the disputed area have no objection to the project, or that the special circumstances of the casewarrant the Bank’s support of the project notwithstanding any objection or lack of approval by the other claimants.
APPLICABILITY OF SAFEGUARDS POLICIES
• WB,S Operational Policy Linkages with PCGIPOperational Policy Triggered
Environmental Assessment Yes
Involuntary Resettlement No
Forestry No
Natural Habitat No
Pest Management No
Safety of Dams No
Projects on International Waterways No
Cultural Property No
Indigenous people No
Projects in Disputed Areas No
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT1. Screening
Projects are categories as:
• Category A (high risk-- likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented)
• Category B (modest risk-- potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects)
• Category C (likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts),
or
• Financial Intermediary (FI) operation (involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts)
(Project assessed a priori, depending on estimated environmental risk)
ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT2. Documentation
• Category A, Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Category B, Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
• Category C, No requirement
• Category FI, Environmental Framework
Documentation includes requirements for subproject EA.
• Environmental Framework describes EA process.
• Loan conditions include obligation for effective supervision and monitoring of EMP implementation.
• Sector investment loans may have similar requirements.
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
3. Consultation
• Category A
At least two consultations
• Category B
At least one consultation
• (Consultations are conducted to receive input from local affected groups on their views of important environmental issues)
ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
4. Disclosure
• Category A
At the World Bank Infoshop (English)
• In-country, accessible to local affected groups (local language)
• Category B
In-country, accessible to local affected groups (local language)
• Category FI
Framework disclosed at the World Bank Infoshop and appropriate in-country Web site (e.g. Ministry of Environment).
Individual subproject disclosure requirements defined in Framework
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ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
5. Review and approval
• Category A
Regional Safeguards Coordinator
• Category B
Sector Manager or Regional Safeguards Coordinator
• Category FI
Framework reviewed/approved by Regional Safeguards Coordinator; individual subproject review and approval arrangements defined in Environmental Framework
• (Depends on whether project is “delegated)
ELEMENTS OF WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
6. Conditionality
Borrower is obligated to implement EMP (Category A or B)
7. Supervision, monitoring, and reporting
Category A, B, or FI
Institutional arrangements defined in EA documentation (EIA, EMP, or Framework
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SCREENING OF SCHEMES
• Environmental Categories:
• E1-major environmental impacts are foreseen
• E2-only moderate environmental impacts
• E3-negligible environmental impacts
PROFILE OF SCHEMES WITH TENTATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION
Schemes Environme
ntal
Category
Requirem
ent
Schemes Environme
ntal
Category
Requirement
I. Water Supply &
Sewerage
II. Transportation
A. Water Supply A. Roads
1. Water treatment
plants
E‐1 EIA 2. Widening of roads outside
ROW
E‐1 EIA
3. Water supply
augmentation
E‐2 ESMP 3. Widening of roads within ROW
avoiding any effect on
environmental sensitive
components
E‐2 ESMP
4. Water supply
distribution lines
E‐2 ESMP 4. Rehabilitation and
improvement of roads’ surface.
E‐2 ESMP
5. Repair and
Maintenance of
E‐3 EIA 5. Construction and improvement
of foot paths.
E‐2 ESMP
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SCREENING OF SCHEMES
• Social Categories
• S1-Schemes that will impact more than 40 households-significant negative social consequences
• S2-that will impact less than 40 households-significant social consequences affecting local inhabitants
• S3-schemes not expected to have any adverse social impacts
CATEGOTIZATION OF SCHEMES BASED ON SOCIAL SENSITIVITY
Category
Description Type of Scheme Requirement
Level of issues Management measuresS-1 Serious negative
social impactexpected
Resettlement andRehabilitation Plan willbe required, in additionto a Social AssessmentReport
> 40 householdsinvolved
RAP
S-2 Moderate negativesocial impactexpected
Social Management Plan(SMP) in addition toSocial AssessmentReport
1-40 householdsinvolved
RAP
S-3 No negative socialimpacts expected
Social AssessmentReport
No involuntaryresettlement orAffected Persons
None