Social and Economic Development of Peatland Community

Forum of National Bioethics Committees (NBCs) on Transboundary Haze PollutionJakarta, 6-7 December 2017

Ernoiz Antriyandarti, JokoSutrisno, Endang Siti Rahayu, Nuning Setyowati, Isti Khomah, Eksa Rusdiyana

Universitas Sebelas Maret

IntroductionIndonesian Export of Agricultural Commodities

Figure 1. Export of Main CommoditiesSource: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016

Palm Oil Production around the world, 2014(in metric ton)

33,000,000

19,800,000

2,000,0001,108,000

930

Indonesia

Malaysia

Thailand

Colombia

Nigeria

Figure 2. Palm Oil ProductionSource: http://www.indonesia-investments.com

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Production(million tons)

19.2 19.4 21.8 23.5 26.5 30.0 31.5 32.5 32.0¹

Export(million tons)

15.1 17.1 17.1 17.6 18.2 22.4 21.7 26.4 27.0¹

Export(in USD billion)

15.6 10.0 16.4 20.2 21.6 20.6 21.1 18.6 18.6¹

The majority of Indonesia's palm oil production is exported to China, India, Malaysia, Singapore and the Netherlands.

Positive Impacts Negative impactsGrowing economy DeforestationIncreasing income Peatland Fires

Source: http://www.indonesia-investments.com/

World Bank’s Report, 2016

Peatland and Forest Fires on period of 2011-2016 (Ha)No PROVINCES 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 20161 Aceh - 13 - 155,66 - -2 Bali - 250 60,5 30 8,5 -3 Bangka Belitung - - - - - -4 Central Java 712,24 454 31,2 159,76 6.995,34 -5 East Java 48,35 2.960,05 1.352,14 4.975,32 975,95 -6 West Kalimantan - 577,4 22,7 3.556,10 3.191,98 1.771,827 South Kalimantan - 60,5 417,5 341 1.714,89 1608 Central Kalimantan 22 55,15 3,1 4.022,85 122.882,90 912,899 East Kalimantan 148,8 51,5 - 325,19 19.179,86 1.197,20

10 North Kalimantan - - - - - 311 Kepulauan Riau - - - - - -12 Lampung 31 - - 22,8 19.695,86 -13 West Nusa Tenggara - - 12 3.977,55 1.462,04 -14 East Nusa Tenggara - 553,2 649,9 980,87 372,43 64,3715 Papua - - - 300 1.792,44 -16 West Papua - - - - - -17 Riau 74,5 1.060,00 1.077,50 6.301,10 4.040,50 1.928,2618 West Sulawesi - - - - - -19 South Sulawesi 31,75 45,3 40,5 483,1 720,4 18,9120 South Sumatera 84,5 - 484,15 8.504,86 30.984,98 266,4921 North Sumatera 5 1.181,00 295,4 3.219,90 177 547,522 Yogyakarta - 6,45 6 0,27 - -

TOTAL 2.612,09 9.606,53 4.918,74 44.411,36 261.060,44 7.055,30

Source: http://sipongi.menlhk.go.id, 2016

Mizuno & Gunawan, 2014, presented on workshop of peatland fires in Riau University

river

canalforest fireFarm

Ground waterPeat moisture

pond

Carbon

JEREBU

bacteria

Fires

DecompositionSubsidence

Making CanalNatural Peatlland and Forest

Haze

CO2 Emission

Water Discharge

Ecological Problems: Peatland Fires and Haze Disaster

Social and Economic Problem• Poverty in the midst of high economic value

of land• Unclear Land status• Law enforcement has not been effective• Lack of Community participation • There is no alternative way to open

agricultural land instead of burning• The weakness of Coordination and

commitment of related parties

Solutions

1. Develop the alternative livelihood to support peatland restoration through rewetting program

2. Community empowerment on peatland area3. Increase the participation of community to

prevent peatland fires4. Changing livelihood?

Objectives

to identify the occupation of peatland community

to analyze and find prospective product to be developed in peat land

Action research and empowerment the peatlandcommunity to gain higher income

Community Empowerement

SIAK

KAMPAR

DUMAI

KUANTAN SENGINGI

BENGKALIS

ROKAN HILIR

INDRAGIRI HILIR

ROKAN HULU

INDRAGIRI HULU

PEKANBARU

PELALAWAN

PROP

INSI

SUMA

TERA

UTA

RA

PROPINSI JAMBI

PROPINSISUMATERA BARAT

ROKAN HULU

100

100

101

101

102

102

103

103

104

104

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

2 2R KH-3

SU-R KH-1

R KH-2

R KH-4

R KH-5

R KH-6

R KH-7

R KH-8

R KH-9

R KH-10

R KH-11

R KH-12

R KH-13

R KH-14

R KH-16R KH-15

R KH-17

R KH-18

R KH-22

R KH-24

R KH-25

R KH-26

R-J KH-27

PETA SEBARAN KESATUAN HIDROLOGIS GAMBUT

S

N

EW

R-J KG 28

R KG 27

R KG 26

R KG 25

R KG 23

R KG 22

R KG 18R KG 19

R KG 20

R KG 11 R KG 12

R KG 13

R KG 14

R KG 15

R KG 16

R KG 17

R KG 9

R KG 8

R KG 7

R KG 21

R-SU KG 1

R KG 2R KG 3

R KG 4

R KG 5

R KG 6

R KG 10

Skala 1 : 2.150.000

R KG : Kawasan Lindung Kubah Gambut (KLG)

R KH : Kesatuan Hidrologis Gambut

sumber :pusat penelitian tanahland systemwetland internationalrupa bumi indonesiatim KLH - jakarta

Empowerment activities will be conducted in locations thatsupport the implementation of rewetting and restoration ofpeatlands in one Peatland Hydrological Unit bounded by rivers orseas.

Livelihood IN Peatlandpelalawan riau

Sawit21%

Karet14%

Nanas18%

Walet25%

Nelayan14%

Keripik Tuakang

4%

Emping jagung4%

Sub-district of Teluk Meranti

Sawit Karet Nanas

Walet Nelayan Keripik Tuakang

Emping jagung

Sawit28%

Karet24%

Nelayan20%

Sembako4%

Karyawan4%

UMKM20%

Sub-district of Pelalawan

Sawit Karet Nelayan Sembako Karyawan UMKM

Sawit43%

Karet27%

Nelayan30%

Sub-district of Langgam

Sawit Karet Nelayan

Sawit32%

Karet12%

Nelayan20%

Walet16%

Pengrajin ikan asin12%

Pedagang4%Pengrajin kayu

4%

Sub-district of Kerumutan

Sawit Karet Nelayan Walet Pengrajin ikan asin Pedagang Pengrajin kayu

Sawit43%Karet

57%

Sub-district of Bunut

Sawit Karet

The Majority Commodities

Palm Oil Rubber Walet

Fish

Community Empowerment1. Managing Peatland2. Strengthening Village

Institution3. Diversification of

economic activites4. Strengthening

participation of the community

Assisting Farmer Group

Diversification of economic activities

Pineapple

Diversification of economic activities

Cassava

Diversification of economic activitiesProblem:

Unhygienic processFish waste contaminates the riverHigh production cost

Fish

Challenges

• Market demand of diversification product• Economic interest of palm oil and rubber

companies• Sustainable of diversified economic activities• Shifting Livelihood? >>>>> Further research

Community Participation

Figure Spectrum of Participation

Input : Participation

Output: Empowerment: Created alternative livelihood

Public

Privat 1. Negotiative 4. consultative

2. Instructive

3. Individualistik

Critical point

Participation level: Attending on decision making

Scale of involvement in activities

123

1 2 3

Capital

1.2 1.31.21.31.1

2.2

3.32.3 2.3

Figure Participative Analysis Curve

Result of participation analysis• Mainland Malay CommunityCommunity participation is met at point 3.3. It is indicated that community participation and involvement in empowerment activities are highly rated and open for new activities (consultative).• Coastal Malay CommunityCommunity participation meets at point 3.2, it means the level of participation and community involvement in activities is growing. In addition, we need to encourage them toward consultative participationthrough modification of individualistic and instructive participation.

Conclusion

It is highly possible that prevention of peatlandfires through livelihood alternatives by strengthening empowerment, participation and market certainty. Thus, social and economic conditions of peatland community can be developed further.

Thank you