SOCH111 History of Healing · SOCH111 –History of Healing ... incantations, plasters ......

SOCH111 – History of Healing

www.endeavour.edu.au

Session 21

Manual/Soft Tissue

Therapies

Department of Social

Sciences

© Endeavour College of Natural Health www.endeavour.edu.au 2

Session Aims

o To explore the historical roots and practices of

manual soft tissue therapies, such as massage

o To examine the evolution of soft tissue

therapies as part of Western conventional

healthcare

o To overview the major types of soft tissue

therapies commonly seen in modern practice


Soft Tissue Therapies

o Assessment, treatment

and management of injury,

pain, or dysfunction or the

neuromusculoskeletal

system using manipulation

of the skin, connective

tissue, muscle and joints

o Used to relax muscle

spasm and tension,

improve circulation, range

of motion, lymphatic

drainage, and nerve

function

By Andreas Bohnenstengel, CC BY-SA 3.0 de,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=38558861



Shamanistic Roots

o Use of massage in

combination with many other

healing approaches,

including magico-religious

rituals, incantations, plasters

and baths

o Used magically with the idea

of cleansing something such

as a demon or spirit from the

body to remove illness, or

adding some healing energy

to the bodyBy Sergei Ivanovich Borisov -

http://www.sibheritage.nsc.ru/index.php?id=269

1&showcoll=73&f=1&media=4, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu

rid=2541614



Shamanic Cultures

o Aboriginal Australians

o Africans

o Native North, Central

and South Americans

o Pacific Islanders

o Filipinos

o Russians and

UkrainiansPublic Domain,




Ancient Civilisations

o Mesopotamia

o Egypt

o China

o India

By Original uploader was 80jimmylouie at en.wikipedia - Public Domain,




Greco-Roman Practices

o Aesclepian healing

temples contained

aleipterions, which

were essentially

massage centres

o Massage was

provided by aliptae

(masseurs) who were

often slaves trained

in manual therapy

CC BY-SA 3.0,




Greco-Roman Practices

o Hippocrates’ method of massage

was called anatripsis or frictions

o The Hippocratic Corpus describes

the effects and benefits

o Observation and experience led the

method to focus on moving waste

materials toward the digestive tract

to aid their elimination

o This was a shift from the ancient

method of applying strokes from the

core to extremities http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe

dia/commons/d/d2/Hippocrates_Li

ght.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Hippocrates_Light.JPG


Persian/Arabic Practices

o Ibn Sina (Avicenna)’s

Canon of Medicine

cites massage as

effective for pain relief

o Ibn Sina was also

known for use of spinal

manipulation for the

reduction of deformities

or injuriesBy Adam Jones from Kelowna, BC, Canada -

Avicenna Portrait on Silver Vase - Museum at

BuAli Sina (Avicenna) Mausoleum - Hamadan -

Western Iran Uploaded by mrjohncummings, CC

BY-SA 2.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid

=30320426



A Long Lull in Europe

o From the early Middle Ages until the 16th century,

healing practices regressed generally, being taken up

primarily by monasteries and convents

o Roman practices such as exercise and baths, along

with massage, were banned as being un-Christian

o Healing centres established by women of the church

took care of severely and terminally ill people, and baths

and massage were tacitly allowed in this setting

o Rituals that included laying on of hands and anointing

with oil were used in healing and other contexts


Renaissance Europe

o By the 16th century, due to a more

liberal approach to life in general, and

also to an increased understanding of

human anatomy and physiology

o Massage in written medical works

around this time was most often

paired with exercise or other

movement as a “mechanical

treatment”

o Rubbing and kneading were often

mentioned, but friction was a

favoured term By Jan Stephan van Calcar

(illustrator) - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/

w/index.php?curid=35797054



Midwives’ Traditions

o Massage used in midwifery to ease

pain prior to birth, for application of

oils to the abdomen, and to ease

swollen ankles

o Turning of breech presentation was

accomplished via massage

o As with other Wise Women,

midwives up through the mid-

1600’s in Europe were labelled as

witches, with more than half of

~60,000 executions in Europe

being midwiveshttp://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/c0/b4/ed2f11

8679f9dcf10817cf5589f3.jpg, CC BY 4.0,


http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/c0/b4/ed2f118679f9dcf10817cf5589f3.jpg



Revision Questionso What was a major point of difference between

shamanistic massage technique and ancient

Western medical massage technique?

o Reviewing your learning from earlier this semester,

what would have been the major social and cultural

forces that caused a lapse in use of massage as a

medical technique in the Middle Ages?

Other food for thought:o In its early resurgence, why do you think massage

was grouped with exercise and movement rather

than being a more general therapy as in the past?


Late 18th Century Europe

o An ancient Chinese text, The

Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse, had

become a standard for study

and practice of massage in the

West

o Per Henrik Ling, a Swedish

fencing and gymnastics lecturer

at Lunds University, was a key

figure who used the teachings

of this text to develop a new

system, which we now know as

Swedish Massage By Gardon, Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/

w/index.php?curid=624112



Relationship to Nature Cure

o Dr John Harvey Kellogg:

published in 1885 the Art of

Massage, Its Physiological

Effects and Therapeutic

Actions, and in 1895 the Art

of Massage: A Practical

Manual for the Nurse, the

Student and the Practitioner

o Considered a pioneer in the

use of massage and

exercise to heal in the US

in the late 1800’s

By Klemming’s Atelier, Stockholm - Gymnastik- Public Domain,




Massage As An Early Profession

o 1895, Britain: group of five

female nurses/masseuses

establish first massage

association, the Society of

Trained Masseuses

o Developed in respond to the

British Medical Association’s

claims that the massage

profession lacked credibility

o Promoted use of massage in

medicine and accredited and

monitored training schools to

high standards

By Unknown or not provided - U.S. National Archives and

Records Administration, Public Domain,




Massage As An Early Profession

o Move by physicians to distinguish formally trained

medical massage therapists from those who were

not

o Move by physicians to separate massage therapy

from movement therapy to create two distinct

modalities

o Qualification in massage became more prevalent

and important for nurses, as massage was

considered a critical aspect of nursing


WWI & WWII: Focus Changes

o In both wars, massage was

used for multiple purposes

for injured servicemen in

field and repatriation

hospitals

o Assisted with recovery from

and rehabilitation of physical

injuries

o Used as a therapy for shell

shock (what we would call

PTSD today)Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w

/index.php?curid=10707761



Massage in Australia

o History in Australia paralleled that of Europe and the

US

o From the late 19th century to the 1930s, massage was

provided as treatment in hospitals

o Medical doctors also referred patients to massage

therapists in independent practice

o In 1906 the first national association, the Australasian

Massage Association (AMA), was established

o In 1912, Joseph Fay, a remedial massage therapist,

wrote Scientific Massage for Athletes


Post-WWII: Focus Changes

o Shift of conventional

medicine strongly

toward use of modern

drugs and surgery

o Shift of massage to

focus more on sports

and exercise settings

o Massage provided by

athletics and sporting

clubs and the YMCA for

care and preparation of

sportsmen

By Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - Public

Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4263754



Second Half of the 20th Century

o Massage grew and

diversified as a stand-alone

therapy with many

specialties and styles

o Regulation and education

were strengthened and

became more specialised

o General population began to

actively seek massage for

health and stress relief apart

from medical referrals

By Nick Webb - Flickr: Massage, CC BY 2.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?c

urid=16699759



Some Types of Manual (Soft Tissue)

Therapies Today

o Swedish massage

o Remedial massage

o Deep tissue massage

o Sports massage

o Trigger point therapy

o Myofascial release

o Myotherapy

o Tui Na

o Thai massage

o Lomi Lomi/Kahuna

o Ayurvedic massage

o Acupressure

o Lymphatic drainage

o Shiatsu

o Rolfing


Revision Questions

o What were some of the major cultural and historical

influences in the use of massage as a healing

modality?

o Trace the history of massage in its connections

with other healing systems.

Other food for thought:o What are the pros and cons of massage being an

independent, stand-alone therapy vs. being a

therapy under direction of a medical doctor?


Swedish Massage

o Name stems from

historical Swedish

Gymnastics, but the two

are not equivalent

o Uses gentle to

moderate stroking,

kneading, tapping/

striking and friction

o First stand-alone

massage therapy

o Called “classical

massage” in Europe

By Thomas Wanhoff from Phnom Penh, Cambodia - CC BY-SA

2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2735045



Deep Tissue Massageo Sometimes known as

neuromuscular technique

o Aimed at the deeper

tissue structures of the

muscle and connective

tissue

o Uses many of the same

movements and

techniques as Swedish

Massage, but generally

with more intense

pressure

By Henry Vandyke Carter - Gray's Anatomy, Plate 409, Public

Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=527331



Trigger Point Therapy

o Originally a medical treatment from the 1940’s

using saline and procaine injected into trigger

points to release muscle spasm

o In the 1970’s, manual therapist Bonnie

Prudden began using sustained and focused

manual pressure on these points and obtaining

good results

o Treatment effects are from interruption of

neural signals as well as inducement of blood

flow to the area of spasm


Sports Massageo From some of the oldest

roots, in the care of athletes

and gladiators in ancient

Greece and Rome

o Specific techniques for

reducing muscle recovery

time and soreness, improving

circulation and performance

o Modern roots began after

WWII, but with major

expansion from the 1970’s

onwardBy Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-J0506-0013-

001 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, CC BY-SA 3.0 de,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=5364306



Myofascial Release & Rolfing

o Both based on the work of Ida

Rolf (1896 – 1979)

o Myofascial Release is a

technique aimed at eliminating

restrictions in connective tissue

to correct posture and other

misalignments

o Rolfing, or Structural

Integration, utilizes myofascial

release in a systematic series

of treatments aimed at

realigning the body as a wholeFair use,

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/in

dex.php?curid=12728384

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12728384


Thai Massageo Some date the lineage of

this practice to the time of

the Buddha in relation to

Tibetan medicine

o It has evolved greatly as

part of a holistic approach

within general Thai

medicine

o Thai people view their

massage practitioners as

doctors

o Performed on a mat on

the floor with the client

fully clothed, no oils

By Bhattharasinthorn Kosawan & Chot-Anan Kittiraweechot - CC

BY 3.0,




Acupressureo Closely related to Tui Na,

Shiatsu, and Thai

Massage

o Use of pressure or stroking

on acupoints and/or

meridians to stimulate

movement of qi and blood

so that the body’s innate

healing capacities can

bring it back to balance

and health

o No needles are usedBy Damiano from Sevilla, CC

BY-SA 2.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.or

g/w/index.php?curid=2734411



Manual Lymphatic Drainage

o Technique defined in the

1930’s in Europe by Drs Emil

and Estrid Vodder

o Use of pumping, circling

movements of the limbs and

very light pressure to

encourage return of lymph

from extremities to the core

o Most useful in diseases that

compromise lymphatic return,

such as chronic infections or

when lymph nodes have

been surgically removed

By NIH - Public Domain,

https://commons.wikimedia.or

g/w/index.php?curid=212994



Myotherapyo From IRMA: “assessment, treatment and

management of musculoskeletal conditions, which

may cause muscular dysfunction and pain thus

affecting movement and mobility”

o Many of the techniques discussed on prior slides are

consolidated into this system, to apply the most

appropriate assessment and treatment technique to

the individual client’s condition

o Utilises neuromuscular and orthopaedic testing to

specifically assess myofascial pain and dysfunction

and determine appropriate treatment plan

o Originated in the US in the 1950’s; major growth in

training and practice in Australia in the past 15 years


Revision Questions

o What are some of the similarities and differences

between the treatment techniques studied?

o List three or more body systems that are supported

by the treatment techniques studied in this session.

Other food for thought:o From the mid-1950’s to present, medical

specialisation has grown immensely, and parallel to

this, specialised techniques have been established

in manual soft tissue therapies. What do you think

has driven this?


Referenceso Jayinto, J 2015, A brief history of Thai massage, Massage Magazine, viewed 2 Nov 2016

<https://login.ezproxy.endeavour.edu.au:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=awh&AN=100861645&site=eds-live&scope=site>.

o Benjamin, P n.d., The evolution of massage: the importance of knowing the profession's history, Massage & Bodywork, EBSCOhost, viewed 28 October 2016.

o Callaway, K & Burgess, S 2010, A history of massage, in Casanelia, L & Stelfox, D (eds) Foundations of Massage (3rd edn), Elsevier, NSW.

o Calvert, RN 2002, The history of massage: an illustrated survey from around the world, Healing Arts Press, Rochester, Vermont.

o Calvert, RN 2014, Pages from history: Swedish Massage, Massage magazine, viewed 1 Nov 2016 <https://www.massagemag.com/magazine-2002-issue100-history100-24026/>.

o Dr. Vodder School International, Manual Lymphatic Drainage History, viewed 2 Nov 2016 <https://vodderschool.com/manual_lymph_drainage_history>.

o Stelfox, D 2010, The emergence of manual therapies: physiotherapy and massage, Endeavour College of Natural Health.

o Trigger point therapy, Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine, viewed 1 Nov 2016 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/trigger-point-therapy>.

o Institute of Registered Myotherapists of Australia, What is myotherapy?, viewed 2 Nov 2016 <http://www.myotherapy.org.au/about/whatismyotherapy>.

https://login.ezproxy.endeavour.edu.au:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=awh&AN=100861645&site=eds-live&scope=site

https://www.massagemag.com/magazine-2002-issue100-history100-24026/

https://vodderschool.com/manual_lymph_drainage_history

http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/trigger-point-therapy

http://www.myotherapy.org.au/about/whatismyotherapy

SOCH111 History of Healing · SOCH111 –History of Healing ... incantations, plasters ......

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