SOC 204 Goldberg ch 5
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Transcript of SOC 204 Goldberg ch 5
THE PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGSGoldberg Chapter 5SOC 204 Drugs & Society
How ‘bout them Seahawks?A. 12 for life! Super
Bowl bound, baby!B. They got lucky.C. This is me…not
caring about football.
D. Is there really such a bird? 12 fo
r life!
They got lu
cky.
This is m
e…not carin
g abo..
Is there re
ally su
ch a bird
?
0% 0%0%0%
Pharmacology
• Different drugs produce different effects within the psyche and soma
• The interaction between drugs and living organisms is called pharmacology
• Drug pharmacology relates to the way it is administered, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System• Somatic Nervous System• Autonomic Nervous System
• Sympathetic• Parasympathetic
• Central Nervous System
Neuron
• Homeostasis• Neurons and Glial Cells• Neurotransmission
You have approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses in your brain. How long would it take to count to a trillion?
A. All dayB. A monthC. A trillion secondsD. 32,000 years All d
ay
A month
A trilli
on seco
nds
32,000 years
17% 17%17%
50%
The Brain
Expert Group
• What does your neurotransmitter do?• What happens if there is an excess?• What happens if there is a deficit?
Chemical Pathways
1. Dopamine (excitatory)• Found in basal ganglia and
other regions – behavior & emotions, including pleasure
• Nigrostriatal dopamine pathway• Related to muscle rigidity
• Mesolimbic dopamine pathway• Related to psychotic behavior• Possible component of the
“reward” properties of drugs
Chemical Pathways
2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)• Found in the cerebral cortex & basal ganglia• Involved in Alzheimer’s disease, learning, memory
storage, movement3. Norepinephrine (excitatory & inhibitory)• Regulates level of arousal and attentiveness, memory• May play a role in initiation of food intake (appetite)
Chemical Pathways
4. Serotonin (inhibitory or excitatory)• Found in the brain stem raphe nuclei• May have a role in impulsivity, aggression, depression,
control of food, and alcohol intake• Hallucinogenic drugs influence serotonin pathways5. GABA (Gamma-amino butyric acid) (inhibitory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Inhibitory neurotransmitter, sleep, anxiety
Chemical Pathways
6. Glutamate (excitatory)• Found in most regions of the brain• Excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in long-term
memory7. Endorphins (inhibitory)• Opioid-like chemical occurring naturally in the brain• Play a role in pain relief
People who engage in strenuous exercise actually emit a neurotransmitter that contributes to a “high” feeling.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%
100%
The neurotransmitter responsible for control of alertness and the fight-or-flight response is:
A. GABAB. DopamineC. SerotoninD. Norepinephrine
GABA
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
0%
100%
0%0%
This neurotransmitter is the brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter
A. SerotoninB. GABAC. EndorphinsD. Acetylcholine
SerotoninGABA
Endorphins
Acetylcholin
e
83%
17%
0%0%
This neurotransmitter has a huge influence on moodA. EndorphinsB. GlutamateC. SerotoninD. Acetylcholine
Endorphins
Glutamate
Serotonin
Acetylcholin
e
0%
20%
60%
20%
This neurotransmitter is responsible for feelings of pleasure/reward.A. GlutamateB. SerotoninC. DopamineD. GABA
Glutamate
Serotonin
DopamineGABA
0% 0%
100%
0%
Synaptic Gap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGINQ7xhPkM
Drug Actions
• Alter neurotransmitter availability• Agonists - Mimic neurotransmitters• Antagonists = Occupy neurotransmitter and prevent
its activation• Interference with reuptake• Video: https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXREQnFGHGA
Classifications
One’s mood while taking a psychoactive drug will affect the experience derived from the drug.A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%
100%
Drug Effects
• Nonspecific effects
• Specific effects
• Placebo effects
Double-blind procedure
Dose
• Threshold• Effective dose• Lethal dose• Therapeutic Index = LD50/ED50
If a drug has a lethal dose that is close to its effective dose, that drug is more dangerous than if the LD is far from the ED.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
Dose
• Potency = measured by the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect
• Toxicity = capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse side effects
• Safety margin = difference between: • Dose that produces the desired therapeutic effect in most
patients• Lowest dose that produces an unacceptable toxic reaction
• Most drugs have an LD1 well above the ED95
Routes of Administration
Forms and methods
of taking drugs
oral ingestion
inhalation
injection
topical application
Distribution
Mechanisms
• Transport in the blood• Blood-brain barrier• Effects on all neurons• Effects on neurotransmitters• Enzyme induction• Deactivation
Tolerance
• Pharmacological• Behavioral• Cross-tolerance• Reverse tolerance
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-Qtd6RhfVA