SOC 186Final Review Questions

The idea of “racial democracy” seems to have drawn support from which of these?

A) racial segregation in Brazil B) racial segregation in the United

States C) Race mixing in Brazil D) South African Apartheid E) None of the above

The ideology of “racial democracy” A) represents the aspirations of many

Brazilians or “a dream for Brazil’s future”

B) Does not represent the actual state of race relations in Brazil

C) actually serves to hide the extent of racial inequality in Brazil

D) all of the above E) none of the above

According to Telles the shift of the Brazilian state to “affirmative action”

A) shows that false ideas about the extent of “racial democracy” are increasingly under question

B) is a U.S. import that does not fit Brazilian needs

C) has been pushed by Black organizations and by the Workers Party of Brazil

D) A and C E) None of the Above

Brazilian racial categories are A) more or less equivalent to those of

the U.S. B) very different in that there are three,

not two racial groups C) A and B D) exactly like those of the U.S. E) none of the above

In Brazil, racial categories in the Census are the same as the popular categoriesused by folks in the street.

A) True B) False

In Brazil the black movement prefers to focus on A) the distinction between morenos or

pardos, on the one hand, and blacks on the other

B) The distinction between black and brown

C) the distinction between brown and white

D) the distinction between white and non-white

True or False In Brazil, self-reported and interviewer

reported racial classifications always coincide.

A) True B) False

There is great income inequality by race in Brazil. Wealth inequality A) is nonexistent B) is only mildly supported by the

evidence C) is even greater than income

inequality D) is progressively disappearing E) has faded with industrialization

The industrialization of brazil A) has replaced inequality by equality B) has eliminated racial inequality as

markets do their job of reqarding only performance

C) has actually increased racial inequality, particularly in the most skilled sectors of the labor market

D) all of the above E) none of the Above

In Brazil investment in higher education has A) contributed to erasing racial

inequality B) has had no effect on racial inequality C) has actually contributed to rising

racial inequality D) None of the above E) all of the above

In Brazil elite universities are public and access to them is disproportionately reserved for

A) students of private high schools B) students of public high schools C) all students equally D) foreign students E) none of the above

Differences in intermarriage rates between North, Center and South are due to

A) different levels of racial tolerance by region

B) difference availability of non-whites to marry (“propinquity”)

C) a redefinition of racial roles caused by immigration

D) all of the above E) none of the above

The multiracial siblings test shows that A) Once you control for family income,

residence, neighborhood, human capital, social capital, the effects of race disappear

B) Once you control for family income, residence, neighborhood, human capital, social capital, the effects of race remain

Incarceration Blacks are 5.6 times as likely as whites

to be imprisoned in Brazil Blacks are 7 to 8 times as likely as

whites to be imprisoned in the U.S. In the U.S., blacks are 12 percent of the

population but 50 percent of the inmates in state and federal prisons

In 1950, in the U.S. blacks were one third of the incarcerated population

Which country does the following statement refer to? “Twenty four percent of all self-identified

whites report being married to someone of a different color, while 44 percent claim to have dated someone of a different color.”

A) United States B) Brazil C) South Africa D) Algeria E) Morocco

What do the findings about intermarriage and education suggest?

A) Educational differences between blacks and whites are disappearing

B) whites always need more education to marry blacks

C) the brown and black population intermarry without darker people paying a “price”

D) Brazilian music is awesome E) blacks always need more education to

marry whites

Marriage across racial boundaries A) Is more prevalent in Brazil than in the US

but it is still very rare B) is banned by law in Alabama and Arizona D) Happened in colonial times in Brazil due

to lack of white women but has progressively disappeared

D) Shows that racial stratification in Brazil is nonexistent

E) is relatively frequent in Brazil

Differences in intermarriage rates between North, Center and South are due to

A) different levels of racial tolerance by region

B) difference availability of non-whites to marry (“propinquity”)

C) a redefinition of racial roles caused by immigration

D) all of the above E) none of the above

Residential segregation in Brazil A) disappeared with industrialization B) is especially salient at the upper-

income, middle class level C) is very weak among the poor sectors

of the population D)B and C E) All of the above

In their attempt to defend the continuation of Spanish colonialism in Cuba, Spanish propaganda emphasized that

A) the French origin population of Cuba had historical affinities with Spain

B) the U.S. was trying to Annex Cuba. C) independence would open up free trade

with the United States. D) an independent Cuba would lead to a

“Black Republic” where whites would be oppressed.

E) Cubans would have to switch from bullfighting to baseball as a favorite sport.

José Martí’s ideology of racial equality was an attempt to

A) contribute to acquiring the status of a province under the Spanish imperial system.

B) bring together Cuban blacks and whites in a common effort of nation building.

C) annex Cuba to a larger Latin American confederacy.

D) fool Cubans into thinking that racial equality was actually going to happen.

E) replicate the Brazilian ideology of racial democracy.

Racial democracy in Cuba, according to De La Fuente, is an ideology that

A) was used to generate complacency about the state of the black population, but also served blacks in their claim to a rightful place in the new republic.

B) served, exactly as in Brazil, only to mask racial equality and the fact that blacks were actually excluded.

C) an invention of whites that Cuban blacks never actually believed.

D) An ideology which originated in the Afro-Cuban population and was then opportunistically seized by whites.

E) was able to deliver on its promise and achieve actual equality.

Racial democracy in Cuba was

A) an aspiration more than a reality B) a US import C) Brazilian import D) a product of the multiracial struggle

for independence E) A and D

The afro Cuban contribution to independence

A) was nonexistent B) was an exaggeration of the Spanish

colonialists C) was central to black demands for full

equality in the nation. D) is an invention after the fact of

historians and journalists E) A and C

In the early years of the Republic black generals of the Cuban War of independence were

A) derided by the Cuban white population

B) the best allies of the US occupation force

C) universally celebrated in public ceremonies throughout Cuba.

D) exiled to Haiti, to avoid racial conflict. E) none of the above.

The American occupation of Cuba

A) began in 1895. B) introduced American ideas of full racial

equality for all C) introduced notions of black racial

inferiority buttressed by supposedly “scientific” evidence.

D) became the guarantee of racial equality for Afro-Cubans.

E) introduced baseball to the Cubans.

Immigration policy in the early Republic (1902-1933) A) was governed by implicit and explicit

notions of whitening. B) was completely forbidden. C) was composed only of Spaniards. D) Was composed only of Haitians and

Jamaicans. E) all of the above

Which of the following protested against the racist campaigns against darker immigrants and its racist character

A) General Leonard Wood, military governor of Cuba

B) The Spanish government. C) a few Afro Cuban voices and later the

Communist Party. D) the full spectrum of the Cuban press. E) the Cuban Congress.

Despite its contradictions, the ideology of racial democracy A) actually eliminated racial discrimination. B) served mostly white Cubans. C) represented at least an obstacle, a wall

against the crudest forms of racism coming from within and from without.

D) evolved into a farce, serving only to hide, never to condemn, racial inequality.

E) B and C

Cuban political parties A) sometimes had quotas for blacks,

representing an early form of “affirmative action.

B) neglected universally the black vote. C) were always racially segregated D) served mostly to buttress the U.S.

occupation. E) all of the above

The “Morúa Law,” which forbade racially exclusive political parties

A) was authored by a Black Cuban senator.

B) never passed in committee. C) was instantly declared

unconstitutional. D) A and B E) B and C

The U.S. occupation forces in 1898-1902 A) favored a universal male voting franchise B) never yielded on their demand that

blacks be segregated in all aspects of social life

C) A and B D) mostly opposed the idea of universal

male franchise E) introduced the same segregation in voting

that existed in the U.S. South

White veterans of the war of 1895

A) did not want black veterans to have the right to vote.

B) typically favored a universal male franchise as a “right” acquired in the common struggle against Spain.

C) sided with the U.S. authorities on racial matters

D) A and B E) B and C

The Partido Independiente de Color A) was actually a multiracial party B) was a black party C) was declared illegal by the Morúa

Law. D) had its largest base in the East of

Cuba. E) B, C and D.

The Partido Independiente de Color A) took up non-racial matters such as

the eight hour work day, free immigration for all races, and distribution of land to veterans

B) took positions only on racial matters C) actually avoided political issues D) A and B E) B and C

The Partido Independiente de Color was A) founded in 1908 B) was banned prior to the

congressional elections of 1910 C) revolted and was destroyed before

the presidential elections of 1912 D) all of the above E) none of the above

The supression of the Partido Independiente de Color A) involved terrorizing the black

population of eastern Cuba. B) never happeneed. C) was carried out exclusively by white

Cuban troops. D) was sternly opposed by the U.S.

authorities. E none of the above

The Ku Klux Klan A) never set up shop in Cuba. B) actually created a chapter in Cuba in

1928. C) could never take hold in a racial

democracy such as Cuba. D) opposed the right to vote of blacks

but not of pardos. E) all of the above.

The word “tradition” A) was used by many whites to convey that

blacks should know their “proper” (i.e. inferior) place in society.

B) was used by many blacks to refer to the tradition of the war of independence and its aspiration of a “nation for all.

C) A and B D) none of the above E) always meant the same thing, racial

hierarchy.

Cuban political parties A) could not afford to ignore the black

vote B) always provided equal representation

for blacks C) never admitted blacks to their ranks D) competed for black votes since the

beginning of the Republic in 1902. E) A and D.

Many Cuban blacks were A) integrated into the political

patronage structures of Cuban parties. B) politicians in Republican Cuba. C) believers in Cuba Libre. D) all of the above, E) drank exclusively Cubalibres.

Many Cuban blacks A) favored separate political parties for

blacks B) favored integration into the existing

multiracial parties, always seeking to improve their role in them.

C) favored the cause of Cuba Libre. D) favored the United States presence in

Cuba as the only guarantee of equality. E) A, B and C

The U.S. sugar companies in Cuba A) favored the immigration of cheap

labor. B) universally opposed the immigration

of Haitians C) never really cared about who they

hired. D) were pro-union and pro racial

equality. E) none of the above.

The demographic structure of Haitian and West Indian cane cutters

A) was similar to the structure of slave populations in that it had skewed male to female ratios

B) was a perfectly symmetrical population pyramid

C) was exactly like that of Afro-Cubans D) all of the above E) none of the above

Cuban immigration policy A) preferred Spaniards but under pressure from

the sugar interests allowed West Indian and Haitian immigration

B) preferred West Indians but under pressure from the U.S. sugar companies allowed the immigration of Spaniards.

C) showed a racist preference for whitening and a pragmatic economic preference for cheap labor, which meant West Indian and Haitian labor.

D) A and C. E) all of the above

The Great Depression of 1929 A) did not really touch Cuba. B) led to crisis and anti-immigrant

sentiments among Cubans, against West Indians, Haitians, as well as against Spaniards.

C) led Cubans to oppose black immigration only

D) led Cubans to oppose Spanish immigration only.

E) all of the above.

The expansion of the sugar industry in eastern Cuba A) led to the introduction of West Indian

and Haitian migrants to cut cane. B) displaced Afro-Cuban farmers from

their lands. C) introduced, in U.S. owned mills, some

segregationist practices such as separate barber shops for whites and blacks.

D) all of the above E) none of the above.

Retail commerce in Cuba A) was an Afro-Cuban specialty. B) had overwhelming representation of

Spaniards. C) excluded blacks by not hiring them. D) was equally in the hands of all racial

groups. E) B and C.

Black representation in the telephone companies A) was overwhelming. B) was not an issue. C) was minimal. D) All of the above. E) None of the above.

American families in Cuba A) never hired blacks. B) never hired Spaniards. C) never hired Cubans. D) never hired Americans. E) preferred Jamaican and other English

speaking servants.

According to the Anarchists in Cuba’s labor movement A) blacks should never join unions. B) unions should never accept blacks. C) workers should never be considered

“foreign” anywhere D) Cuban whites, but not blacks, were

the bearers of the great tradition of Bakunin and Malatesta.

E) none of the above.

Separate black organizing in Cuba A) never really recovered after the

brutal repression of 1912 B) never took off. C) was never something Cuban blacks

considered. D) All of the above E) None of the above.

U.S. General Leonard Wood A) reluctantly agreed to let blacks in the

Army but created segregated units B) was a radical Republican in the

tradition of Lincoln and Thadeus Stevens,and promoted complete integration in the armed forces

C) believed in racial equality D) none of the above E) B and C

Black representation in the Army A) increased as you moved up the

hierarchy B) decreased as you moved up the

hierarchy C) was independent of rank D) was something the U.S. occupation

introduced. E) none of the above.

For most blacks in Cuba, the army A) was the worst enemy of the Afro-

Cuban people. B) represented one of the few avenues

of social mobility. C) was the true representative of the

Cuban people. D) was the only place with full racial

equality. E) none of the above,.

In general, the number of blacks A) decreased as one moved up the

occupational structure. B) increased as one moved up the

occupational structure. C) was independent of the occupational

structure. D) in Cuba diminished in absolute terms

due to extermination. E) in the armed forces was negligible.

In the 1940s A) blacks achieved parity with whites in

the professional occupations B) blacks remained underrepresented in

the professional occupations C) blacks surpassed whites in the

professional occupations D) A and B E) B and C

Black advances in education were__________ during the great depression

A) reversed B) consolidated C) further advanced D) A and B E) B and C

Elite private high schools in Cuba A) did not admit blacks in significant

numbers B) made it a point of guaranteeing equal

representation for all races C) were eliminated after the revolution

of 1933 D) A and B E) B and C

Exclusive clubs in Cuba A) refused service to blacks B) were egalitarian C) refused service to whites and blacks

equally D) a and b E ) b and c

In response to exclusion by the elite clubs A) blacks created their own exclusive

clubs B) the Cuban legislature banned all

racially exclusive institutions C) blacks created open clubs for all

sociall classes D) a and B E) b and c

Athletic clubs in Cuba A) also excluded blacks B) never excluded blacks C) were exclusively black D) A and B E) B and C

Although supposedly founded on the principle of “a nation for all,”Cuban society was

A) actually segregated B) in some ways, like the South of the

United States C) nevertheless free of racism. D) A and B E) B and C

In the 1930s Cuban intellectuals began redefining the Cuban nation as

A) a “mulatto” nation B) a nation characterized by “mestizaje” C) a nation where the African element

was central D) all of the above E) none of the above

According to some analysts, the redefinition of the Cuban nation as a synthesis or a “mulatto” nation served primarily to reproduce racial hierarchies. According to De La Fuente,

A) Afro Cubans were active participants in this reformulation of the nation, not merely passive objects of elite redefinition.

B) this was similar to what happened in the United States.

C) whites were the main drivers of the redefinition.

D) A and B E) B and C

Communist labor unions in Cuba A) organized native and foreign workers B) Organized black and white workers C) organized Cuban residents and

immigrants from the Caribbean (West Indies, Haiti).

D) all of the above E) none of the above

The legacy of the Cuban communist unions of the 1930s was

A) segregationist B) an association between communism

and racial equality C) inconsequential D) a and b E) b and c

After the overthrow of Machado’s government in the context of a general strike

A) the “revolutionary” government of Grau passed a law requiring 50% of workers in all enterprises to be Cuban

B) all the Spanish left Cuba C) the United States government and

the sugar companies were pleased with the new revolutionary government.

D) A and B E) B and C

Whereas black workers participated for the most part in cross-racial labor unions, the Afro-Cuban

intelligentsia tried to organize an autonomous voice.

A) True B) False