Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy 14th ed - Volume 2.pdf

AtLas of Human Anatomy

Edited by R. Putz and R. Pabstln collaboration with Renate Putz

Transtat ion by S. Bedoui

Volume 2Trurk, Viscera, Lower Limb

14th edi t ion, newty edi ted704 cotour ptates wi th 914 t igures

URBAN T FISCHERMtinchen .Jena

Atlas of Human Anatomy

Volume 2Trunk, Viscera,' Lower Limb

Correspondence and feedback should be addressed to:Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Ver lag, Department for MedrcaI Student Informat ion, Alexander Gattnarz ik, Kar lst raBe 45, 80333 Munich, Germanye -ma i t : med i z i ns tud ium@etsev ie rde

Addresses of the edi tors:

Professor Dr. med Reinhard PutzVorstand des Anatomischen Inst i tutsde r Ludw ig -Max im i t i ans -Un i ve rs i t d tPet tenkoferstraBe 1 180336 Mi inchenGermanye -ma i [ : r e i nha rd pu t z@med un i -muenchen de

Professor Dr. med Reinhard PabstLei ter der Abtei lungFunkt ionel te und Angewandte AnatomieMed i z i n i sche Hochschu [e Hannove rCa r t -Neube rg -S t raBe 130625 HannoverGerma nye -ma i [ : pabs t r e i nha rd@mh-hannove r . de

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Att rights reserved

14 th ed i t i on 200602006 E t sev ie r GmbH, Mun i chUrban & Fischer Vertag is an impr int of Elsevier GmbH

0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 5 4 3 2 1

Att r ights, inctuding t ranslat ion, are reserved No part of th is pubt icat ionmay be reproduced, stored in a retr ievaI system, or t ransmit ted inany other form or by any means, e lectronic, mechanica[ , photocopying,recording, or otherwise wi thout the pr ior wr i t ten permission of thep u bl ishe r .

The 14th edi t ion of the Sobotta At tas consists of two volumes ano abooklet contain ing tables (enctosed in Vo[ume 1 l ;

Vo tume 1 : Head , Neck , Uppe r L imb

Votume 2: Trunk, Viscera, Lower L imb

TransLat ion: Dr. med Sammy Bedoui , HannoverEdi tor iat staf f at Elsevier : Dr. med Dorothea Hennessen

Atexander Gattnarz ikDr. rer . nat Andrea Richarz

l t t us t r a to r s : U t r i ke B rugge r , Mun i ch ; R i j d i ge r H immethan , He ideLbe rg ;Ho rs t RuB , Mun i ch ; Hen r i e t t e R in te l en , Ve tbe rnBook p roduc t i on : Rena te Hausdo r f , Mun i chComposed by: Typodata, MunichPr i n ted and bound by : App t , Wemd ingCove r des ign : Ca rs ten Tsch i r ne r , Mun i chPr l n ted on Nopacoa t 1 15 g

P r i n ted i n Ge rmanylsB N- 1 3 : 97 8-0- 443- 1 031+9 -0lsBN-1 0: 0- /+43-10349 -6

This at tas was founded by Johannes Sobottat , former Professor of Anatomyand Director of the Anatomical Inst i tute of the Univers i ty of Bonn, Germany.

German Editions:ls tEdi t ion: 1904-1907 J. F. Lehmanns Ver[ag, Munich2nd-11rh Edi t ion: 1913-191,1, J. F. Lehmanns Vertag, Munich1 2rh-20rh Edi t ion : 1 948- 1 993 U rban & Schwarzenberg, Munich13 th Ed i t i on : 1953 , ed i t o r H . Beche r14 th Ed i t i on : 1956 , ed i t o r H Beche r1S th Ed i t i on : 1957 , ed i t o r H Beche r16 th Ed i t i on : 1967 , ed i t o r H Beche r1 7" Edi t ion: 1972, edi tors H Ferner and J Staubesand18 ' ' Ed i t i on : 1982 , ed i t o r s H Fe rne r and J S taubesand1 9 th Ed i t i on : 1 988 , ed i t o r J S tauoesano20 rh Ed i t i on : 1993 , ed i t o r s R Pu t z and R Pabs t21 ' t Ed i t i on :2000 , ed i t o r s R Pu t z and R Pabs t , U rban & F i sche r Ve r t ag ,

M un i ch22 "d Ed i t i on : 2006 , ed i t o r s R Pu t z and R Pabs t , E t sev ie r GmbH, Mun i ch

Foreign Editions:A rab i c Ed i t i onModern TechnicaI Center, DamascusCh inese Ed i t i on [ comp tex cha rac te r s lHo -Ch i Book Pub t i sh i ng Co , Ta iwanCh inese Ed i t i on I s imp t i f i ed Ch inese ed i t i on lElsevier , Heatth Sciences Asia, SingaporeCroat ian Edi t ionNaklada Stap, JastrebarskoDu tch Ed i t i onBohn Staf teu van Loghum, HoutenEng t i sh Ed i t i on lw i t h nomenc la tu re i n Eng t i sh )At las of Human AnatomyL ipp inco t t W i t t i ams & W i t k i nsEngt ish Edi t ion lwi th nomencLature in Latrn lAt las of Human AnatomyE lsev ie r GmbH, U rban & F i sche rF rench Ed i t i onA t t as dAna tom ie Huma ineTec & Doc Lavois ier , Par isGreek Ed i t i on [w i t h nomenc ta tu re i n G reek lMa r i a G Pa r i ss i anos , A thensGreek Edi t ion [wi th nomenctature in Lat in lMar ia G Parrssranos, AthensHunga r i an Ed i t i onaz embe r ana t6m i5 j5nak a t t aszaA t t i t e r K iad5 i , Budapes tI ndones ian Ed i t i onA t t as Ana tom i Manus iaPene rb i t Buku Kedok te ran EGC, Jaka r t aI t a t i an Ed i t i onA t t an te d i Ana tom ia UmanaUTET, Tor inol r n r n o c o t r r l i t i n n

lgaku Shoin Ltd. , TokyoKorean Edi t ionSh ingHeung MedSc ience , Seou lPo t i sh Ed i t i onAttas anatomi i cztowiekaUrban & Partner, WroctawPortuguese Edi t ion lwi th nomenclature in Engt ish]A t t as de Ana tom ia HumanaEd i t o ra Guanaba ra Koogan , R io de Jane i r oPo r tuguese Ed i t i on lw i t h nomenc ta tu re i n La t i n lA t [ as de Ana tom ia HumanaEd i t o ra Guanaba ra Koogan , R io de Jane i r oSpan i sh Ed i t i onA t l as de Ana tom ia HumanaEd i t o r i aL Med i ca Panamer i cana , Buenos A i r es /Mad r i dTu rk i sh Ed i t i onInsan Ana tom is i A t l as iBeta Basim Yayim Dagi t im, ls tanbul

Current informat ion by www etsevier .com and www elsevier .de

Preface

Back

Sur face anatomy 1Vertebral cotumn, Cotumna vertebratis 2-25MuscLes o f the back , Muscut i dors i , subocc ip i taL

musctes , Muscut i subocc ip i ta tes , and musc lesof the neck, Musculi coLl. i . . . 26-34

Computed tomograph ic sec t ions th rough the ver tebra Ic o l u m n 3 5

Vessets and nerves o f the back and the occ ip i taLregron . 36-40

Vessets and nerves o f the ver tebra l cana l . 41-1+5

1,6-73

Surface anatomy 46Ribs, Costae, thoracic . .u i ,u , b.u. . t f 'or . . i , . . . . . 1+7-49Sternum, Sternum 50-51MuscLes o f the thorax , MuscuL i thorac is , and

abdominaI musc tes , Muscu[ i abdomin isI n g u i n a I c a n a [ . .D i a p h r a g m , D i a p h r a g m aB r e a s t , M a m m a . .Vessets and nerves o f the thorac ic and abdominaI waLtSegmenta I sensory innerva t ionLumbosacraL p texus , P lexus [umbosacra I isAnter io r abdomina l wat [ . .Sec t ions th rough the abdominaI wat [ . . .

. 71-127

Heart, Cor 74-89Trachea, Trachea 90-91L u n g s , P u L m o n e s . . .Shaoe o f the hear tBronchoscopyPro jec t ion o f t rachea, [ungs and p [eura I borders . . . . .0esophagus, 0esophagusThymus, ThymusP[eura I cav i ty , Cav i tas p [eura t is , and med ias t inum,

M e d i a s t i n u mAorta, AortaPoster io r med ias t inumA u t o n o m o u s n e r v o u s s y s t e m , P a r s a u t o n o m i c a . . . . . .Phren ic nerve , Neryus phren icusSect ions th rouqh the thorax

Contents

Abdominat viscera 128-181

1 - 1 . 5 S t o m a c h , G a s t e r . . . . 1 2 8 - 1 3 3Smatl. intest ine, Intest inum tenue . . . 134-137Large in tes t ine , In tes t inum crassum 138-141L iver , Hepar , ga t t b tadder , Ves ica b i t ia r i s ,

a n d b i t e d u c t s y s t e m . . . . . 1 4 2 - 1 5 1Pancreas , Pancreas 152-155Spleen, Spten [L ienJ 156Per i toneaI cav i ty , Cav i tas per i toneat is , devetopment . . 157Locat ion o f the abdominaI v iscera , S i tus v iscerum . . . 158-167Abdomina l a r te r ies , overv iew 168Abdomina l ve ins , overv iew 169Coet iac t runc and super io r as we[ [ as in fe r io r

mesenter ic a r te r ies and ve ins , Truncus coe[ iacus ,Ar te r iae e t Venae mesenter icae super io r e t in fe r io r

Vessets and nerves of the retroperitoneal space . . . .hepat is

Pelvic viscera and retroperitoneaI space 182-251

K i d n e y , R e n l N e p h r o s l . . . . . . 1 8 2 - 1 B BS u p r a r e n a I g l . a n d , G L a n d u i . t r p . " r " n . i i r . . . : : : : : . . . 1 8 9U r i n a r y b t a d d e r , V e s i c a u r i n a r i a . . . . . 1 5 0 - 1 9 1M a L e u r i n a r y a n d g e n i t a l o r g a n s . . . . . 1 9 2 - 1 9 9Female urinary and genital organs . . . 200-209Rectum, Rectum . . 210-215Rena lar te ry , Ar te r ia renat is 216Organs o f the re t roper i tonea l space 217Vessets and nerves of the retroperitoneaI space . . . . . 218-221lnnerva t ion o f mate gen i ta t ia 222lnnerva t ion o f female gen i ta t ia 223l n t e r n a l p e t v i c a r t e r i e s . . . . . 2 2 4 - 2 2 5P e t v i c v i s c e r a . . . . . 2 2 6 - 2 2 9PeLv ic d iaphragm and per ineum, maLe and femate

ex terna l gen i ta t ia 230-2 /+1Sect ions th rough abdomen and pe tv is 242-261

vl

170-178179

1 8 0 - 1 8 1

52-5960-6 162-6364-65

66676B

69-7172-73

92-1001 0 11021 0 3

104-1091 1 0 - 1 1 1

112-11311/+

1 1 s - 1 1 61171 1 8

119 -127

L o w e r t i m b . . . . . . . 2 6 2 - 3 8 1

Sur face anatomyBones, jo in ts , [ tgamentsMusctes o f the Lower t imb . .Vessets and nerves

t n o e x

262263-305306-343344-379380-384

Appendix 385-399

. . . . 385 -399

Thoracic and abdominaI wa[ [

Preface

I t was jus t over a hundred years ago tha t Johannes Sobot ta se tou t to pubt ish the f i rs t ed i t ion o f h is A t [as o f Human Anatomy.S ince then, th is p iece o f work has evo lved s tep by s tep as a re -suLt o f the cons tan t in te rac t ion be tween s tudents , [ec tu rers anded i to rs . l t has no t on ty been the most modern bas is fo r the com-ptex sub jec t o f macroscop ic anatomy th roughout many genera-t ions o f doc tors , bu t has aLso devetoped in to a Las t ing work o fre fe rence fo r bo th c t in ica I t ra in ing and advanced med icaL educa-t ion . A tL in aL l . , i t has become a book fo r a med ica I doc tor ' s L i fe .0nce aga in , in th is new ed i t ion the add i t iona I f igures have beendrawn s t r i c t ty on the bas is o f o r ig ina Ispec imens

The 14 th ed i t ion has been par t i cu ta r l . y des igned to meet the de-mands o f a re fo rmed med ica I cur r i cu tum, emphas iz ing the in te -gra t ion o f cL in ica I med ic ine in to the precL in icaL cur r i cuLum. Forth is purpose, the new ed i t ion has been ex tended to inc lude thefo l towing fea tures :- Sur face anatomy inc lud ing pro jec t ion o f in te rna I o rgans

[45 coLour photos ]- A n a t o m i c a I d i a g r a m s n e x t t o i m a g i n g f i g u r e s- In tegra t ion o f imag ing techn iques to a g rea ter ex ten t {u [ t ra -

sound, X- ray , CT, MRI ; 1 19 f igures l- Endoscop ic , in t raopera t ive co [our images and f igures exem-

pL i fy ing techn iques o f punc ture and examinat ion (54 f igures l- lmages o f pa t ien ts p resent ing w i th typ ica l . pa [s ies- D iagrams o f the most impor tan t a r te r ia l var ia t ions (93 f igures l- F requent var ia t ions in the [oca t ion o f in te rnaL organs [21* f ig -

u res l- In tegra t ion o f h is toLogy a t low magn i f i ca t ion o f impor tan t in -

te rna I o rgans { in tes t ine , L iver , k idney , e tc . )

ln o rder to improve the presenta t ion o f the knowtedge, the foL-lowing fea tures have been in t roduced:- CLear -cu t a r rangement o f the chapters accord ing to the d i f fe r -

en t reg ions o f the body- Themat ica t ty cor respond ing f igures presented on doubLe pages- A conc ise , separa te book te t ( inc tuded in Votume 1 l con ta ins

tab tes o f musc tes , jo in ts and nerves , enabI ing the reader top tace i t nex t to any f igure in the a t [as

0ne par t i cu ta r a im o f the new ed i t ion is to fac i t i ta te f ind ing o fspec i f i c s t ruc tu res . The S0B0TTA dep ic ts anatomica I s t ruc tu resprec ise ty w i thout the reader Loos ing the grea ter p rc tu re . There-fo re , spec i f i c d idac t ic tooLs have been improved and new aspec tsi n c [ u d e d :- Each chapter has been a t loca ted to a par t i cuLar co tour- A "menu bar " on each doubte page ensures prec ise or ien ta-

t ion w i th in a g iven chapter- The number o f ou t t ines dep ic t ing spat ia I o r ien ta t ion has been

s ign i f i can t ty inc reased [270 f igures l- Overv iews o f to ta I body reg ions ensure genera I o r ien ta t ion- New d iagrams o f par t i cu [a r musc tes c ta r i f y the i r Locat ion and

course (21+ f iqures l

- Confus ion is kept to a min imum by on ty dep ic t ing I imbs o f ther igh t s ide o f the body

- "Compass roses" po in t to ad jacent f igures , thus fac iL i ta t ingfot lowing a given structure over severaI pages

- Cont inuous [eader I ines fac iL i ta te f ind ing o f s t ruc tu res- CoLoured do ts a t the end o f leader [ ines in topograph ic d ia -

grams mark ar te r ies , ve ins , nerves , and musc tes- The f igures in the book te t re la te d i rec t [y to the f igures in the

at tas- The [a rger d imens ions o f the book improve c [a r i t y

Wi th the except ion o f d iscuss ions about the genera l concept o fthe a t tas and mutuaI cor rec t ion , the ed i to rs have worked sepa-ra te ty on ind iv iduatchapters , w i th the work d iv ided as fo t tows:R. Putz : Genera I anatomy, upper [ imb, b ra in , eye , ear , back ,

lower t imb;R. Pabst : Head, neck , thorac ic and abdominaI wat ls , thorac ic ,

abdominaI and peLv ic v iscera .

The incLus ion o f a [a rge number o f new f igures is the resu [ t o fthe ex t raord inary capab i l . i t y o f the fo t low ing med ica I iL lus t ra to rs :ULr ike Brugger , R i . id iger H immelhan and Hors t RuB. l t i s tothe i r c red i t tha t the c tass ic "S0B0TTA s ty l .e " has been re ta ined.SeveraL o f the d iagrams have been genera ted on the computerby Henr ie t te R in teLen. We a lso gra te fu t l y acknowledge our c t in i -ca I co tLeagues fo r mak ing c t in ica I i t lus t ra t ions ava iLab[e to uslsee p ic tu re c red i ts l We owe a debt o f g ra t i tude to our co [ -Leagues f rom the ins t i tu tes fo r the i r unders tand ing and he l .p fu l .suggest ions . Dr . N . SokoLov and A. Buchhorn have pu t met icu-lous e f fo r ts in to genera t ing the spec imen prepara t ions . S . Frykand G. Hoppmann have suppor ted us in tex t p rocess ing .

The s ta f f o f the ed i to r ia I o f f i ce o f E tsev ie r pubL ishers , in par t i cu-[a r Dr . D . Hennessen and A. Gat tnarz ik , has our s incere thanks .Some o f the c rea t ive deveLopment o f the work i s a resu t t o f veryf ru i t fu I d iscuss ions . We wouId a tso L ike to thank R. Hausdor f fo rt remendous e f fo r ts in the oroduc t ion o f the a t tas . R. Putz to -ge ther w i th G. Me ier were respons ib le fo r the proo f read ing ands impt i f i ca t ion o f page des ign and legends 0ur spec ia [ thanksgo to Dr . U .Osterkamp-Baust fo r genera t ing the index , and a t [o thers invo tved in the cor rec t ions Wi th our jo in t e f fo r ts , theS0B0TTA has been once more modern ized bo th in conten ts andd e s r g n .

We have inc tuded many o f the he tp fu t suggest ions made overthe years by s tudents and co t leagues, and wouLd there fore askaIL readers o f th is ed i t ion to pass on to us any c r i t i c ism or sug-ges t ions on the new fo rmat o f th is a t tas .

Mun ich and Hannover , September 2005R. Putz and R. Pabst

Univ.-Prof . Dr.

Univ.-Prof . Dr.

med. Reinhard Putz

Born in Innsbruck /Aus t r ia1962-1968 Stud ied med ic ine a t the LeopoLd-Franzens-Un ivers i ty o f Innsbruck1 968 Received a doctorate1968-1982 Univers i ty ass is tant at the Inst i tu te of Anatomy at the Univers i ty of Innsbruck19781979

Lecturer in anatomyConsut tan t fo r anatomy

Univers i ty degree and doc tora teReg is t ra t ion to p rac t ise med ic ineSc ien t i f i c assoc ia te in the Depar tment o f C [ in ica I Phys io togy , Un ivers i ty o f U tm

Lecturer fo r CL in ica l . Phys io togy , Un ivers i ty o f U tm, and new [ec turesh ip a t the

Hannover Med ica I SchooLSen ior ass is tan t in the Depar tment o f Func t ionaI and Appt ied Anatomy,Hannover Med ica t SchooIEx tens ion o f the Ven ia legend i to inc tude anatomyHead o f the Depar tment o f Topograph ic Anatomy and B iomechan icsHead o f the Depar tment o f Func t ionat and Appt ied Anatomy, Hannover Med ica l Schoo l

Prorec tor fo r s tud ies and educat ion , Hannover Med ica I SchooIDean o f the Hannover Med ica I Schoo lCha i rman o f the Anatomica I Soc ie tyProrec tor o f Research o f the Hannover Med ica l SchootMember o f the Akademie der Natur fo rscher und Arz te ILeopotd ina l

1982-1989 Cha i r o f the Anatomica t Ins t i tu te a t the A[ber t -Ludwigs-Un ivers i ty o f F re iburg

s ince 1989 Cha i r o f the Anatomica l . Ins t i tu te a t the Ludwig-Max imi t ians-Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich

1992-1994 Pres ident o f the Eurooean Assoc ia t ion o f Ct in ica t Anatomis ts1993 Regis t ra t ion to p rac t ise med ic ine1998-1999 Cha i rman o f the AnatomrcaI Soc ie ty

Member o f the Akademie der Natur fo rscher und Arz te (Leopo[d ina)

Dr . h .c . o f the Un ivers i ty o f Constan ta , RomaniaProrec tor I o f the Ludwig-Max imi t ians-Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich

Research and fiel.ds of interest- Func t ionaI anatomy o f the pass ive tocomotor sys tem- Evotu t ion and func t ionaI anatomy o f the ver tebra I co tumn- Form- func t ion- re ta t ions o f jo in ts- App l . ied anatomy lanatomica I bas ics o f o r thopaed ics , surgery , rad io l 'ogyJ- Quest ions about the conten ts and organ isa t ion o f the med icaL cur r i cu tum- Devetopment o f d idac t ic t ra in ing programmes a t un ivers i t ies

med. Reinhard Pabst

Born in Posen, g rown up in L i . ineburg1965-1970 Stud ied med ic ine a t the Hannover Med ica l Schoot , and in G lasgow/Scot land

199920022003

1970197 11971-76197 6

197 6-80

19781980-1992s ince 19921986-19901993-19971997-19981999-20032001

Research and f ietds of interest- Func t ionaIanatomy o f l ymphat ic o rgans- Pro l i fe ra t ion and migra t ion o f l ymphocy tes- DeveLopment o f the in tes t ina t immune sys tem- Func t ion o f the pu Imonary immune sys tem- Quest ions o f a c l . in ica t l . y o r ien ta ted anatomy in the med ica I cur r i cu tum- Evatua t ion o f teach ing

PictureThe ed i to rs s incere ty thank a t I cL in ica t coL teagues tha t made u [ -t rasound, computed tomograph ic and magnet rc resonance ima-ges as wetL as endoscop ic and in t raopera t ive p ic tu res ava i tab [e :

Pro f . A t ta ras , Cent re fo r Rad ioLogy, Un ivers i ty o f G ieBenI F i g . 1 0 0 9 , 1 0 3 1 , 1 0 3 2 ]

Dr . Baumeis te r , Depar tment o f Rad io [ogy , Un ivers i ty o f F re iburgtF is . 1 157)

PD Dr . Burgkard t , Or thopaed ic CI in ic , Techn icaL Un ivers i ty o fM u n i c h I F i g . 1 4 3 1 1

Pro f . Br i i ckmann & Dr . L inn , Neurorad io togy , Ins t i tu te fo rD iagnost ic Rad ioLogy, Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich [F ig .662,726 a ,b ,7 2 7 a , 6 l

Pro f . Dan ie t , Depar tment o f Card io togy , Un ivers i ty o f Er tangent F i s . 8 9 9 , 9 0 0 , 9 0 1 , 9 7 3 1

P r o f D e g e n h a r d t , B i e t e f e t d { F i g . 1 1 3 3 , 1 1 3 5 )Pro f . Ga[ansk i & Dr . K i rchhof f , Depar tment o f D iagnost ic Rad io t -

ogy , Hannover Med ica I Schoot {F ig . 962,964, 1212, j2 j3 )Pro f . Ga lansk i & Dr . Schdfer , Depar tment o f D iagnost ic Rad ioL-

o g y , H a n n o v e r M e d i c a L S c h o o L I F i g . 8 7 1 a , b , 9 2 7 , 9 7 1 , 9 9 1 ,1194, 1204,1207,12091

Pro f . Gebet , Depar tment o f Gast roenteroLogy, HepatoLogy andE n d o c r i n o t o g y , H a n n o v e r M e d i c a t S c h o o l I F i g . 2 4 2 , 1 0 j 1 ,1026, 1027, 1 038, 1 039, 107 4, 1092)

Dr . Goe i , Rad ioLogy, Heer len , The Nether lands (F ig . 1 150, 1 1511(wi th permiss ion f rom Rad io l .ogy 173;137-141: ig }g l

Dr . Greeven, S t . -E l . i zabeth-Hosp i taL , Neuwied {F ig 150, 123g1Pro f Hof fmann & PD Dr . Bek tas , CL in ic fo r Abdominar ano

Transptan ta t ion Surgery , Hannover Med icaL Schoo l . (F ig . '1 028,101*01

Pro f . HohLfeLd, C[ in ic fo r Pneumology , Hannover Med icaLSchooL( F i 9 . 9 2 9 , 9 3 0 1

Pro f Jonas , Uro togy , Hannover Med icaL Schoo l IF ig . 1102 a , b ,1 1 0 3 1

Pro f . Kampik & Pro f . M i iL te r , Ophtha tmotogy , Un ivers i ty o fM u n i c h I F i g . 6 5 7 )

Dr . K i rchhof f & Dr . Weidemann, Depar tment o f D iaqnost icRad io l .ogy , Hannover Med ica t Schoo l (F ig . 1O4i , i093 , j102 ,1196, 1198, 1200, 1202. 12051

Pro f . Kremers , Depar tment fo r Res tora t ive Dent is t ry anoPer iodonto togy , Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich tF ig . 169)

Pro f . Kunze, von Haunersches Ch iLdren 's Hosp i ta l . , Un ivers i ty o fM u n i c h l F i g . 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 )

Dr . Meyer , Depar tment o f Gast roenteroLogy, Hepato l .ogy andE n d o c r i n o t o g y , H a n n o v e r M e d i c a L S c h o o L l F i g . g 4 4 , 9 8 7 a , b ,992,1145,111+61

Pro f . M i j t le r -VahL, Neuro togy , Hannover Med ica t SchooL( F i g . 1 2 8 a , b )

Pro f . P fe i fe r , Rad ioLogy, Ins t i tu te fo r D iagnost ic Rad ioLogy,Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich lF ig 293,294,310,312, 449, t+51 ,769-772, 807-810, 1255, 1286, 1287, 1317, 13181

PD Dr . Rau, Depar tment o f Rad ioLogy, Un ivers i ty o f F re iburglFis. 912, 925, 9261

c red i ts

Prof . RaveI t i i , fo rmer [y Ins t i tu te o f Anatomy, Un ivers i ty o flnnsbruck IF ig .767)

PD Dr . R ieger , Rad ioLogy, Ins t i tu te fo r D iagnost ic Rad io l .ogy ,Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich tF ig . 13951

Pro f . Re ich , 0 ro fac iaLSurgery , Un ivers i ty o f Bonn IF ig . 113 a , b ]Pro f . Re iser & Dr . Wagner , Ins t i tu te fo r D iagnost ic Rad io togy ,

Un ivers i ty o f Munrch lF ig . 436, 449, 451 , 453,571,572,573,57 6 , 577 .7921

Pro f . Rudzk i -Janson, Depar tment o f 0 r thodont ics , Un ivers i ty o fM u n i c h 1 F i 9 . 7 2 , 7 3 )

Dr . Sche ibe , Depar tment o f Surgery , Rosman Hosp i ta t , Bre isach( F i g . 1 2 8 9 a - c )

Pro f . Scheumann, C[ in ic fo r AbdominaI and Transp lan ta t ionSurgery , Hannover Med icaL Schoo l IF ig . 21+3, 244, 2451

Pro f . Sch i t l . inger , Depar tment o f Gynaecotogy , Un ivers i ty o fF r e i b u r g I F i 9 . 1 1 3 4 i

Prof . Schl. iepha ke, 0 rofac ia I Su rge ry, Gcitt i n g ent F i g . 1 5 2 , 1 9 6 , 1 9 7 1

Pro f . Sch lc jsser , Cent re fo r Gynaeco[ogy , Hannover Med icaLSchoot IF ig . 1 132a, b , 1 1 40 , 1 1 41 , 1178]

Pro f Schumacher , Neurorad io togy , Depar tment o f Rad io togy ,Un ivers i ty o f F re iburg (F ig . 461 a , b )

Dr . Sommer & PD Dr . Bauer , Rad io [og is ts , Mun ichlF i7 . 662,1290-1292)

Prof. Stotz, Paediatr ics, University of Munich [Fig. 1239, 1240ltPD Dr . VogL, Rad io togy , Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich (F i9 436, 453,

644,645)Pro f . Vo [ [ ra th , Ear - Nose-Throat Depar tment , M i inchengtadbach

lF is 229,230,2311Pro f Wagner t , D iagnost ic Rad io togy l l , Hannover Med icaL

SchooL IF ig . 952,1061* ,1 055, 1 069, 1072, 1152)Pro f . Wenz, fo rmer ty Depar tment o f Rad ioLogy, Un ivers i ty o f

F r e i b u r g { F i g . 7 6 8 lPro f Wi t t , Depar tment o f Neurosurgery , Un ivers i ty o f Mun ich

tFis. a05)Dr. WiLt f i jhr , formerty CI in ic for AbdominaI and Transpl .antat ion

Surgery, Hannover Medical Schoot {F ig. 1 051 )PD Dr. Wimmer, Department of RadioLogy, Univers i ty of

Freiburg IFig 7991

fj.Ol,j:.., iLtustrations were obtained from the fotl.owinq text-

Benn ingho f f -D renckhahn : Ana tom ie , Band 1 [D renckhahn D . ,H rsg ) , 16 . Au f t . , U rban & F i sche r , M i i nchen 2003 [F ig .823 ,824, B/+8,849, 8501

Wetsch, U. : Lehrbuch HistoLogie, Urban & Fischer, Mi jnchen2003 {Fis. 922, 1020, 1097, 1 122, 1 1231

WeLsch, U. (Hrsg. l : Sobot ta, At l .as Histotogie,6. Auf l . ,Urban & Fischer, Mr inchen 2002 lF ig. 1 037, 1 085, 1 1 25 a, b)

Wicke, L. : At las der Rdntgenanatomie, 3. AufL. ,Urban & Schwarzenberq, Mt inchen-Wien-BaLt imore 1985(Fiq 943 a l

Spina scapulae

Scapula, Angulus inferior

M. erector spinae

Articulatio sacroiliaca

Vertebra lumbalis V,Proc spinosus

Regio intrascapularis

Regio cervicalis posteriol

M. latissimus dorsi

M gluteus maximus

Fig.728 Back, Dorsum;surface anatomv.

Linea mediana oosterior

Linea oaravertebralis

Linea scapularis

Linea axillaris oosterior

Fig.729 Regions and orientat ion [ ines ofthe back .

> Back

Skeleton of the trunk

Muscles

Angulus superior

Spina i l iacaposterior inferior

Columna vertebralis(Pars cervicalis)

Columna vertebralis(Pars thoracica)

Columna vertebralis(Pars lumbalis)

Os sacrumlvertebrae sacrales l-V]

Os coccvois[Vertebra6 coccygeae l-lVl

Fig. 730 Skel.etal. system, Systema skeleta[e,of the t runk.

Skeleton

Canalis vertebralis

Clavicula

Vertebra cervicalis VllIprominens]

Vertebrathoracica I

Scapula

costa xll

Vertebra lumbalis I

Oscoccygrs

Tuber ischiadicum

Fig,732 VertebraI co[umn, Cotumna vertebra[is;pec tora I g i rd l .e , C inguLum pec tora te , and pe [v ic g i rd [e ,C ingu[um pe lv icum;median sec t ion th rough the ver tebra I co tumn;viewed from the teft .

Clavicula,Extremitassternalis

HUmerus

Costa xl

Manubr iumsterni

Corpusstern i

Arcus costalis

Costa xlCosta xll

Vertebra lumbalis l l l

Spina i l iacaanterior superior

Promontorium

Facies symphysialis

Ossacrum

;,Spina

ischiadica

Tuber ischiadicum

Fig .731 Ver tebra I co tumn, Co lumna ver tebraL is ;pec tora I g i rd te , C ingutum pec tora te , and pe [v ic g i rd te ,C i n g u [ u m p e l v i c u m ;median sec t ion th rough the ver tebra tco lumn;m e d i a L v i e w .

Vertebraecefvicales

t-vtl

Vertebraelumbales

Os sacrum

Os coccygis

> Back

VertebraL column

Disciintervertebrales

Muscles

Promontorium

Fig. 733 VertebraI cotumn,Co[umna ver tebra[ is ;ventraIv iew.

Fig.73l, VertebraL coLumn,Co lumna ver tebra t is ;dorsaI view.

Fig. 735 VertebraI cotumn,Co[umna ver tebrat is ;viewed from the teft.

Ve rte b ra I colLt m n, d eve lo p m e nt

Fig .736 a-e Reg iona l charac ter is t i cs o f the ver tebrae .0n ty in the thorac ic reg ion o f the ver tebra I co lumn dothe [a te ra I par ts ( tabet ted in red ] remain separa ted andform r ibs .

First cervicaL vertebra, At[asFourth cervicaI vertebra, Vertebra cervical is lVF i rs t thorac ic ver tebra , Ver tebra thorac ica l , w i thcor respond ing r ibs , Cos tae , and s te rnum, SternumThi rd [umbar ver tebra , Ver tebra Lumbal . i s l l lSacrum, 0s sacrum

abc

de

Epiphysisanularis*

Proc. articularis [Zygapophysis]supenor

Fig. 737 VertebraI devetopment.Demonst ra t ion o f the appearance o f p r imary oss i f i ca t ioncent res in a [umbar ver tebra Iped ic le : second foe ta l month ;corpus : th i rd to s ix th foe taL monthJSynostos is o f the oss i f i ca t ion cent res o f the ver tebra I a rchwi th those o f the corous occurs be tween the th i rd and thes ix th year o f [ i fe .

Proc.sprnosus

Epiphysisanularis'

Proc costalis

Proc accessorius

Fig. 738 VertebraI deve[opmentC i rcu tar oss i f i ca t ion cent res [= r ims* ] appear in theep iphyses o f the ver tebrae dur ing the e igh th year o f l i fe andfuse w i th the ver tebra l bod ies un t i I the e igh teenth year o fLife.The cent ra I por t ions o f the ep iphyses remain as hyaL inecar t i tag inous [aminae * * th roughout L i fe .Secondary oss i f i ca t ion cent res (apophyses) devetop a t theorocesses.

> Back

Atlas and axis

Tuberculum anterius

Facies articularissupeflor

Arcus anterior atlantis

Foramen vertebrale

l\4assa lateralis atlantis

Arcus Dosterior atlantis

lvlassa lateralisatlantis

Foramenmagnum

occipitalisexterna)

Tuberculum anterius

Fovea dentis

Arcus anterior atlantis

atlantis

Facies articularis inferior

Massa lateralis

Fig .739 Occ ip i ta I bone, 0s occ ip i ta le ;sec t ion i t lus t ra t ing the fo ramen magnum and thear t i cu [a r sur faces o f the a t tan to-occ ip i ta I jo in t ;in fe r io r v iew

Sulcusarteriaevertebralis

Arcus posterior atlantls

Fig.710 First cervicaI vertebra, At[as;supenor v rew.The super io r a r t i cu ta r sur faces o f the a t las a ref requent [y d iv ided.* Canatis arteriae vertebratis as a variat ion

Dens axisFacies articularis superior

ForamenIransversanum

Proc,Iransversus

Faciesarticularis

anterior

Foveadentis

Corpusvertebrae

Foramentransversarium

Foramenvertebrale

Proc articularissupeflor

Procsprnosus

Foramentransversarium Arcus vertebrae

Proc articularis inferiol

Corpus vertebrae

Tuberculum posteriusArcus posterior atlantis

Fig.711 First cervicaI vertebra, Attas;in fe r io r v iew.

Apex dentis

Dens axisFacies articularisanterior

Proc articularissupenor


Proc articularissupenor

ProcIransversus

Fig.712 First and second cervicaI vertebrae,Atlas et Axis;median sect ion.

Apex dentis

Facies articularis oosterior


Procarticularis

inferior

Tuberculumposterius Proc, articularis

inferiorArcus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Fig.711 Second cervicaI vertebra, Axis;dorsosuoer io r v iew.

Corpusvertebrae

Arcus vertebraeProc. spinosus

Fig .713 Second cerv icaL ver tebra , Ax is ;ventraI view.

Tuberculum posterius

Cervical vertebrae

Uncus corporisIProc. uncinatus] Corpus vertebrae,

Facies intervertebralis

Unci corporislProcc uncinati]Corpus vertebrae,

Epiphysis anularisTuberculum

anterius tsoramen Iransversaflum

Sulcusnerutspinalis

Unci corporisIProcc uncinati]

ForamentransversaflumTuberculum

poslerius

Proc

Proctransversus

articularissupenor Proc,

articularissupenor Pediculus arcus

vertebraeArcus vertebrae Foramen vertebrale

Proc spinosus

Fig ,715 F i f th cerv ica Iver tebra , Ver tebra cerv icaL is V ;supenor v rew.The t ips o f the sp inous processes o f the cerv icaLver tebrae l l -V l a re f requent ty d iv ided.

Arcus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Fig.746 Seventh cervicaI vertebra, Vertebra cervicatis Vl l ;supef lo r v rewIn genera I the seventh cerv ica I ver tebra can be eas iLyident i f ied by i t s p ro t rud ing sp inous process and isre fe r red to as ver tebra prominens . In fac t , the sp inousprocess of the f irst thoracic vertebra often protrudeseven further.

Fig,718 First to seventh cervicaL vertebrae,Vertebrae cervicaLes l-Vl I Idorso [a te raLv iew.

Proctransversus

f Tuberculum

I anrenus

'I

I Tuberculum\ poslenus

Corpus vertebrae


Sulcus nervispinalis

Fig .7 t7 Second to seventhVer tebrae cerv ica tes l l -V l l 'ventraI view.

cerv ica I ver tebrae ,

t t

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Epiphysisanularis *

Foveacostalis

supenor

Corpus vertebrae,Facies intervertebralis

Articulatio capitiscostae

Caput costae

Collum costae

Foramencostotransversarium

Costa

Fovea costalis superiorPediculus arcus

vertebrae

Foramenvertebrale

Proc adicularislZygapophysisl

supenor

Foveacostalis

processustransversi

Corpusverlebrae

Proc transversus

Fovea costalisprocessus transversl

Corpusvertebrae

Proc transversus Lamrna arcusvertebrae

Tuberculumcostae

Articulatiocostotransversaria

Proc spinosus

Fig.719 Vertebra, Vertebra;typ ica I s t ruc tu ra I fea tures exempt i f ied by thef i f th thorac ic ver tebra ;supenor v tew.+ Atso: r im of vertebraI body

F ig , 751 Tenth thorac ic ver tebra , Ver tebra thorac ica X;ventraL view.

Corpus vertebrae

Fovea costalis inferior

lncisura vertebralis inferior

Proc articularisinteriorProc spinosus

Fig . 750 S ix th thorac ic ver tebra , Ver tebra thorac ica V l ;viewed from the teft .

Proc. articularissupenor

Arcus vertebraeProc mamillaris

Proc accessorius

Procsptnosus

Fovea costalis

Proc articularisinferior

Fig.752 Twetf th thoracic vertebra, Vertebra thoracicaviewed f rom the Lef t .* Region of the vertebraI arch between the super ior and

infer ior ar t icu[ar processes( " i s t hmus " = i n t e ra r t i cuLa r po r t i on l

Xil;

F ig . 753 Th i rd [umbar ver tebra , Ver tebra LumbaL is l l l ;m e d i a n s e c t i o n ; s p e c i m e n o f a n o L d e r i n d i v i d u a [ .* Oss i f i ca t ion o f the [ iqamentous inser t ions

;:ili'::.

Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Proc articularissupeflorFovea costalis

supenorFovea costalis processustransversi

Corpus vertebrae,Facies

intervertebralis

Pediculus arcusvedebrae Foramen vertebrale

Procsprnosus Proc

costalis

Proc costalis

Proc accessorius

Proc articularis inferior

Fig.751 Tenth to tweLfth thoracic vertebrae,Ver tebrae thorac icae X-X l l , and f i rs t to second [umbar ver tebrae ,Ver tebrae [umbaLes l - l l ;dorsa I v iew f rom the [e f t .

Pediculus arcus vertebrae

Epiphysis anularis

Fig.757 Fif th [umbar vertebra, Vertebra [umbatis V;median section.Note the characterist ic wedge-shape of the body of thef i f th [umbar vertebra.

Proc articularissuperlor

Lamina arcus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Fig . 755 Four th [umbar ver tebra , Ver tebra Lumbat is lV ;supenor v rew

Proc, articularissupenor Proc costalis

Corpus vertebrae

Facies articularis inferiorProc articularisinferior

Fig . 756 Four th [umbar ver tebra , Ver tebra [umbaL is lV ;ventraI view

Proc articularis superior

Proc. spinosus


Proc articularisinterior

+ Region of the vertebraI arch between the super ior and infer ior ar t icu[arprocess. Here in the fifth and Less frequently in the fourth [umbarvertebraa cteft, bridged by connective tissue lspondylolysisl can be formed. This isprobabty caused by locat bending stress. As a consequence, the superlorvertebra may stip [otisthesisl onto the inferior vertebra lspondylotisthesis).

Proc accessorius

Proc mamillaris

> Back

Sacrum

Procarticularis superior

Canalis sacralis

Facies auricularis

Crista sacralis mediana

Hiatus sacralis

Fig . 758 Sacrum, 0s sacrum;dorsa I v iew

Promontorium

Lineae transversae

Fig , 759 Sacrum, 0s sacrum;vent ro in fe r io r v iew.

Pars lateralis

Fig .760 Sacrum, 0s sacrum;the bone has been sec t ioned a t the[eve [ o f the second sacraL ver tebra :suDenor v tew

Tuberositas ossis sacri

Crista sacralis lateralis

Crista sacralis medialis

Foramina sacralia posteriora

Cornu sacrale

Apex ossis sacri

Apex ossis sacri


Pars lateralis

Foramina sacralia anteriora

Ala ossis sacri

Basis ossis sacri

Promontorium

Proc articularis superior Crista sacralis medialis

Muscles

Canalis sacralis Crista sacralis mediana

Proc articularis superior ------:r

Canalis sacralis

Foramina sacraliaposteriora

Pars lateralis

Basis ossis sacri

Promontorium

Crista sacralismedlana

Cornu sacraleCornu

coccygeum

Os coccygis

Crista sacralismedtana

Hiatus sacralis

Facies pelvica

Apex ossis sacri

Fig .762 Sacrum, Os sacrum;median sec t ion .* Remnants of intervertebraI disc t issue

persist even in the adutt.

F ig .76 I , Sacrum, 0s sacrum;oender d i f fe rences .

Fig.761 Sacrum, 0ssacrum;v iewed f rom the r ight .

F ig .763 Sac rum, 0ssac rum;gender d i f ferences.

Cornu coccygeum

Cornucoccygeum

Vertebracoccygea I

Vertebracoccygea ll

Vertebraecoccygeae lll-V

Fig .765 Coccyx , 0s coccyg is ;vent rosuoer io r v iew.

Fig.765 Coccyx, 0s coccygis;dorso in fe r io r v iew.

Pars lateralis

> Back

Cervical part of the vertebraL column, radiography

Ramusmand ibu lae

Atlas, Arcusanterior

Cavitas nasi,S inus

max i l la r i s

Palatumosseum

Axis, Dens

Ax is , Corpusvertebrae

Angu lusmand ibu lae

Ltngua

Vertebracerv ica l i s l l l ,

Corpusvertebrae

Epiglottis

Os hyo ideum

Discus inter-vertebralis

Carti lagocricoidea,

Lamtna

Facies intervertebrales

Vertebracerv ica l i s V l l ,

Corpusvertebrae

Procmastoideus

Os occipitale

Atlas, Arcusposterior

Atlas,Tuberculumposterius

Axis, Procsprnosus

Inc tsuravedebralisin fe r io r

Inctsuravertebralissupenor

Articulatiozygapophysialis

Proc articularisinlerior


Proc spinosus

Pediculus arcusvene0rae

Foramenintervertebrale

Fig . 767 Cerv icaL ver tebrae , Ver tebrae cerv ica tes ;La tera I rad iograph o f the cerv icaL par t o f the ver tebra I coLumn;upr igh t pos i t ion ; the cent ra I beam is d i rec tedonto the th i rd cerv ica I ver tebra ;shoutders a re puLted downwards .

$\'oturs*{o*l

Topography

Proc spinosus -

Proc transversus -

Vertebra cervicalis Vl,Corpus vertebrae

Cervical part of the vertebral column, radiography

- Unci corporum[Procc uncinati]

Fig, 768 CervicaI vertebrae, Vertebrae cervicates;AP- rad iograph o f the cerv ica I par t o f the ver tebra I co tumn;upr igh t pos i t ion ; the cent raL beam rs d i rec tedonto the th i rd cerv ica I ver tebra .x IntervertebraI disc soaces

> Back

Thoracic partof the vertebral column, radiography

Corpus vertebrae

Facies intervertebrales ""

Fig .769 Thorac ic ver tebrae , Ver tebrae thorac icae;La tera I rad iograph o f the thorac ic par t o f the ver tebraL coLumn;u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e t h o r a x i n i n s p i r a t i o n ;the cent ra I beam is d i rec ted on to the s ix th thorac ic ver tebra .


a ^ r ^ , , c v 6 d 6 h r r 6

Costa

Articulatio costotransversaria

Proc transversus

Articulatio capitis costae

Caput costae

Fig .77O Thorac ic ver tebrae , Ver tebrae thorac icaeAP-rad iograph o f the thorac ic par t o f the ver tebraL coLumn;u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n w i t h t h e t h o r a x i n i n s p i r a t i o n ;the cent raL beam is d i rec ted on to the s ix th thorac ic ver tebra

+ I n te r ve r t eb ra I d i sc space* * CL in i caL t e rm : end -pLa tes

Foramen intervertebrale

Proc spinosus



* I n t e r ve r t eb ra I d i sc space

Lumbar part of the vertebral column, radiography

Fig .771 Lumbar ver tebrae , Ver tebrae Lumbates ;la te ra I rad iograph o f the [umbar par t o f the ver tebra I co lumn;upr igh t pos i t ion ;the cent ra t beam is d i rec ted on to the second [umbar ver tebra .In th is case, the an ter io r edges o f the lower [umbar ver tebraeare ob t ique due to pa thoLog ica I a l te ra t ions .

Foramina intervertebralia

Arcus vertebrae,Pediculus arcus vertebrae

lncisura vertebralis inferior

Incisura vertebralis superior

Proc. spinosus

Proc. articularis superior


Articulatio zygapophysialis


* IntervertebraI d isc space** Region of the vertebral arch between the super ior and infer ior

a r t i cu [a r p rocesses l " i s t hmus ' = i n t e ra r t i cu [a r po r t i on l***The marks indicate the posi t ion of the twetf th r ib, which is poorty

v is ib le in th is copy of the radiograph.

Vertebra lumbalis l,Corpus vertebrae


Os il ium. Crista i l iaca

Basis ossis sacri

Promontorium

Os sacrum

Musc[es

Lumbar part of the vertebral column, radiography

costa Xll




Proc. articularis inferior



Proc. costalis

Foramina sacralia anteriora

Procc. costales

Procc splnosi

Os coxae;Os i l ium

Articulatio sacroil iaca

Fig ,772 Lumbar ver tebrae , Ver tebrae Lumbales ;AP- rad iograph o f the Lumbar par t o f the ver tebra Iand the sacrum;upr igh t pos i t ion ; the cent ra I beam is d i rec ted on toLumbar ver tebra .+ IntervertebraI disc space

cotumn

the second

Os occioitale. Pars basilaris

Os occioitale. Pars lateralis

Articulatio atlantooccioitalis +

Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis

Axis

Vertebra cervicalis lll

Membrana atlantooccioitalis anterior

Os occiDitale. Pars lateralis

Capsula articularis

Lig longitudinaleanterius

Discus intervertebralis

Lig atlantooccipitalelaterale

Tuberculum oosterius

Articulalio atlantoaxialis lateralis,Caosula articularis

Vertebra cervicalis lll,Corpus vertebrae

Fig.773 Craniocerv icaI junct ions and the upper cerv icaI par tof the ver tebra l to[umn;ventrat vtew.

Os occipitale Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior

Atlas, Massa lateralis

Sulcus arteriae vertebralis

Articulatio atlantoaxialislateralis

Axis, Arcus vertebrae

Fig.771 CraniocervicaI junctions;dorsaI view.

C ra nioce rvi ca I j u ncti o ns

Back

C ra n i o ce rvi ca I j u n cti o n s

Sulcussrnus

sigmoidei

Articulatioatlantooccipitalis,

Capsula articularis

Articulatioatlantoaxialis lateralis,

Capsula articularis

Fig . 775 Cran iocerv ica I junc t rons ,d c o n l i n e m o n f c .

dorsaLv iew.

Os occipitale, Clivus

Os occipitale

Atlas

Membrana tectoria

Axis

Vertebra ceruicalis lll

Canalis nervi hypoglossi

Sulcus sinus sigmoidei

Articulatio atlantooccipitalis

Atlas, Arcus posterior

Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis

Fasciculi longitudinales

Ligg alaria

Lig cruciformeatlantis

Capsula articularis

Lig transversum atlantis

Fasciculi longitudinales

Lig apicis dentis

Capsulae articulares

Fig . 776 Cran iocerv ica I junc t ions ,deep I igaments ;dorsaLv iew.

Dens axis

Fig . 777 Cran iocerv ica I junc t ions ,d o o n l i n r m a n i c .

dorsa Iv iew.The aLar L igaments f requent [y ex tend to the la te ra Imasses o f the a t tas .

Muscles

Topography

Os occioitale. Pars basilaris

l\4embrana atlantooccioitalis anterior

Atlas, Arcus anterior

Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana anterior

Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana posterior

Dens axis

Discus interuertebralis

Vertebra cervicalis lll,Corpus vertebrae

Atlas,Arcus anterior,

Fovea dentis

Dura mater cranialis

Lig. apicis dentis

Dura mater sPinalis

Membrana tectoria

Nn cervicales, Badices

Fig . 778 Cran iocerv icaL junc t ions ;

m e d i a n s e c t i o n

Fasciculilongitudinales I

Lig. transversum atlantis lLig cruciforme atlantis

- Fasciculi longitudinales J

C ra n i oce rvi ca I j u n cti o n s

Squama occipitalis

Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior

Atlas, Arcus posteriol

Axis, Proc spinosus

Articulatio atlantoaxialismediana anterior

Dens axis

Os occipitale

Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis

Dens axis


Atlas, Arcus anterior

Atlas, Massa lateralis

Articulatio atlanto-axialis lateralis

Axis, Corpus

Axis, Proc spinosus

Articulatio atlantoaxialismediana posterior

Atlas, Faciesarticularis

supenor

Membranaatlanto-

occipitalisposterior

Proc spinosus

F ig , 77 i Cran iocerv ica I junc t ions ;supenor v tew

Fig . 780 Cran iocerv icaL lunc t tons ;AP- rad iog ra ph .

li..-'-,,.+W

> Back

Ligaments of thevertebral column

Lig costo-transversaflum

Discusintervertebralis

Arcusvertebrae

Vertebrathoracica Xll,Corpusvertebrae

Tuberculum costae

Lig costotransversariumlaterale

Fig .781 L igaments o f the ver tebra Ico lumn;exempt i f ied by the Lower thorac ic par t o f thev e r t e b r a t c o [ u m n ;vent raLv iew.

Lig capitis costae radiatum


Lig costotransversarium

Collum costae


Lig flavum

j o in ts , Ar t i cu la t iones cos tover tebra [es ;o f the Lower par t o f the jo in t a t a head o f a r ib ;

F ig .782 L igaments o f the ver tebra Ico lumn;exempl i f ied by the lower thorac ic and theupper [umbar par t o f the ver tebra l co lumn;dorsa I v iew.


Proc transversus

Fig .783 Costover tebra Ic ross-sec t ion a t the leve Isupef lo r v tew.

Muscles

Fovea costalisinferior

Fovea costalissupenor

Pediculus arcusvertebrae

Topography

Fovea costalis superior

Corpus vertebrae

Lig longitudinale anterius


Lig costotransversarium

Lioaments of the vertebral column


Fig .781 L igaments o f the ver tebraL co tumn and thecostovertebraI joi nts, Art icu lat io nes costoverteb rates;[a te ra I par ts o f the an ter io r Long i tud ina [ [ igament havebeen removed;viewed f rom the teft .

Fovea costalisprocessus transversl

Ligg flava

Capsula articularis


Fig .785 Junc t ions be tween the ver tebra l a rches ;vent ra Iv iew.

Fovea costalis processus transversi

Foramen costotransversarium

Lig costotransversarium laterale

Lig costotransversarium superius

Lig intertransversarium

Lig capitis costae radiatum


> Back

Costovertebral joints



Proc spinosus


Lrg costotransversarium superius

Lig costotransversarium laterale


Fig .786 Costover tebra I jo in ts , Ar t i cu [a t ionescostove rte bra [es;vent raL v iew f rom the le f t .

Arcus vertebrae


Lig costotransversariumsupenus

Lig costotransversariumlaterale


Tuberculum costae

Caput costae

Ligg intertransversaria

Lig flavum

Proc transversus


Lig, supraspinale"

Fig .787 L igaments o f the ver tebraL arches and thecos tover tebra I jo i n ts , Ar t i cu la t iones cos tover tebra tes ;dorsaLv iew.* The med ian por t ion o f the thoracotumbar fasc ia rs re fe r red

to as suprasp inous l igament

Muscles

Capsula articularis

Ligaments of the lumbar part of the


Disci intervertebrales

Lig longitudinale posterius

Vertebra lumbalis V,Corpus vertebrae

Os sacrum

Fig . 788 L igaments o f the [umbar par to f the ver tebra I co lumn.

Proc costalis




Proc spinosus

Fig . 789 Ver tebra l jo in ts o f the [umbar par t o f the ver tebra lco tumn, Ar t i cu ta t iones zygapophys ia les [umba les ;dorsa l v rew f rom the r iqh t

Articulatio zygapophysialis; Lig, transversum

Lig flavum

Rein forcement o f the in te rar t i cu [a r jo in ts by s t rong andt ransverse f ib res IL igg . t ransversa ] i s res t r i c ted to the [umbarpar t o f the ver tebra I co lumn.

> Back

lntervertebral discs

Uncus corporrsIProc uncinatus]

Anulus l ibrosus

Pediculus arcusvertebrae

Corpus vertebrae

N spinalis,Gangl ion

sensoflumnervi spinalis

Fig . 790a, b In te rver tebra I d iscs , D isc i in te rver tebraLesa Cerv ica I in te rver tebra I d iscs , D isc i in te rver tebra les

cerv ica [es ;f ron taL sec t ion

b Lumbar in te rver tebra l d isc , D iscus in te rver tebraL is tumbaL is :m e d i a n s e c t i o n

F ig . 791 Lumbar in te rver tebra I d isc ,D iscus in te rver tebraL is [umbaI is ;supen0r v tew

* Hya t i ne ca r t i [ ag i nous cove r i ng o f t he end -pLa tes o f t heve r t eb ra I bod ies r e f [ ec t i ng t he non -oss i f i ed po r t i on o f t heep r p hyses

*x I n t he f i r s t decade o f I i f e , so - ca l t ed uncove r t eb ra I c l e f t sdeve[op in the LateraI zones of the cerv icaL intervertebraId i scs , wh rch can p rog ress f u r t he r t owa rds t he m idd le i nt he f o t t ow ing decades

Epiphysis anularis

Anulus fibrosus

Epiphysis anularis

Nucleus pulposus

Corpus vertebrae

Fascia thoracolumbalis


Proc spinosus


Canalis vedebralis;Cauda equina

Spat ium epidurale

Vertebra lumbalis V,Corpus vertebrae

Canalis sacralis

Fig .792 Lumbar par ts o f the ver tebraLco lumn;m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i c i m a g e I M R l ) ;m e d i a n s e c t i o n .

Mr.rsu[es

Topography

Uncus corporis[Proc uncinatus]


Epiphysis anularis *

Corpus vertebrae

Lig. longitudinale anterius


Anulusfibrosus

Nucleuspulposus

(Foramen venaebasivertebralis)

Epiphysis anularis "

Fig.793 CervicaI motion segment;schemat ic med ian sec t ion .

Epiphysis anularis *

Motion segments

Proc articularis suoerior


Articulatio zygapophysialis, Capsula articularis

Lig flavum

Lig interspinale

Lig. nuchae


* Also: r im of vertebral body** Hyal ine cart i laginous cover ing of the end-plate of the vertebrat body

ref tect ing the non-ossi f ied port ion of the epiphysis

Oi"ara J'intervertebralis

I


Lig. longitudinale posterius



Proc. articularis suoerior

Lig flavum

Lig. interspinale



/I Anulus fibrosus

urscus Iintervertebralis I

I Nucleus pulposus\

Lig supraspinale

Fasciathoracolumbalis

(Foramen venaebasivertebralis)

Fig,79t, Lumbar motion segment;schemat ic med ian sec t ion .

Proc. spinosus


* A[so: r im of vertebrat body** Hyat ine cart i laginous cover ing of the end-plate of the vertebraI body

ref tect ing the non-ossi f ied port ion of the epiphysis

Lamina arcus vertebrae ' Proc soinosus


> Back

Superficial muscles of the back

M trapezius

Protuberantia occiDitalis externa

M sternocleidomastoideus

IVI splenius capitis

Fig .795 Musc tes o f the back , Mm. dors i ;super f i c ia I Layer o f the t runk-arm and t runk-shou ldero i rd le musc tes .

Spina scapulae

Fascia deltoidea

M infraspinatus,Fascia infraspinata

M teresmalor

Vertebra prominens, Proc spinosus


M latissimus dorsi

Vertebra thoracica Xll. Proc. sDinosus


Crista iliaca

Os sacrum,Facies dorsalis

M, rhomboideus major

M obliquus externus abdominis

Topography

l\4 splenius capitis

M splenius cervicis

Superficial muscles of the back

M trapezius

l\4 sternocleidomastoideus

M. trapezius

M. teres maior

M rhomboideus major

M infraspinatus,Fascia infraspinata


M erector spinae

M latissimus dorsi

Fascia thoracolumbalis*

M obliquus e)dernus abdominis

Trigonum lumbale

Crista iliaca

Fascia deltoidea

M serratus posteriorsupenor

M latissimus dorsi


M obliquus internusabdominis

Fig .796 Musc tes o f the back , Mm. dors i ;deep layer o f the t runk-arm and t runk-shoutderg i rd le musc les .* The so-catled thoracotumbar fascia forms a dense

ao0neur0s ts

i:'

> Back

Deep muscles of the back

M semisDinalis caoitis

M splenius capitis

l\4 longissimus capitis

M. splenius cervicis

M levator scapulae

M longissimus ceruicis

M semispinaliscervicis

M il iocostaliscervicis

t t a t " t

M splenius capitis


M splenius cervicis

M. scalenus oosterior

nuchae

i/ inlraspinatus,Fascia infraspinata

M trapezius

M teres major

M serratus posterior superior

M rhomboideus major

M ll iocostalis thoracis

M latissimus dorsi

M. longissimus thoracis

M. serratus anterior

M serratus oosterior inlerior


M erectorspinae

M spinalis thoracis

M il iocostalis thoracis

M longissimus thoracis

M iliocostalis lumborum

M obliouus externus abdominis

M obliquus internus abdominis

Fig .797 Musc les o f the back , Mm. dors i ;super f i c iaL Layer o f the deep Iau toch thonous] muscLes.


Ben

M psoas major

Plexus lumbalis

Proc costalis

M quadratuslumborumCosta xll

M obliquus externusabdominis

lvl latissimus dorsi

Proc spinosus


Proc articularis superiof



Proc spinosus


Fig .799 Musc les o f the back , Mm. dors i ;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion (CT) a t the leve I o f thein te rver tebra l d isc be tween the th i rd and the four th [umbarve rte b ra;inferior view.

Muscles of the back, sections

Cauda equina

Pediculus larcus I a,.,,"vertebrae |

""il"urr"Lamrna arcus Ivertebrae )

t\4mtransversospinales *"

M. erector spinae *

(Laminaprotunda)


(Laminasuperficialis)

Corpus vertebrae

Nucleus pulposus)' I Discusf intervertebralis

Anulus fibrosus /

N spinalis

M psoas major

Cauda equina

Lig flavum *

M. erector spinae

Mm transversospinales

* Catc i f icat ion or ossi f icat ion f requentty occurs at the s i tes of insert ionof the [ igamenta f tava, even in younger indiv iduats.

*+ Adipose t issue deposi ts

Fig . 798 Musc tes o f the back , Mm. dors i ;c ross-sec t ion a t the [eve [ o f the second Lumbar ver tebra :in fe r io r v iew.The deep [autochthonousl musctes of the back l ie within an osteofibroustube formed by dorsat parts of the vertebrae and the surroundingaponeurotic thoracoLumbar fascia The muscLes are divided into a lateral *

and a med ia [ * * t rac t

Tract

> Back


LongitudinaI system

M longissimus-capitis

-cervtcts-thoracis

M iliocostalls-cervtcts-thoracis

-lumborum

M. spinalis-capitis

-cervtcts-thoracis

Mm. interspinales-cervrcts-thoracis

lumborum


Fig .800 Deep [au toch thonous) musc tes o f the back ;d iagram o f the d i f fe ren t g roups o f musc tes .The deep [au toch thonousJ musc tes o f the back can oed iv ided in to a tong i tud ina l and an ob t ique sys tem, aswet l as in to a med ia l and a la te ra l t rac t .+ Spinotransverse+* TransversosoinaI

->> l Sur face lSke te ton l Musc tes

0btique system Tract

M. semispinalis**-capitis-cervtcts

M. multifidus"*-cervtcts-thoracis-lumborum

Mm. rotatores breves**-cervrcrs-thoracis-lumborum

Topography

l \4 semispinalis capitis

l\4 rectus capitis posterior minor

M rectus capitis posterior major

Atlas, Tuberculum posterius

Atlas, Proc transversus

M obliquus capitis inferior

M semispinalis capitis

Mm multi l idi

M semispinalis ceruicis

Mm interspinales cervicis

M spinalis capitis

Mm levatores costarum breves

M semispinalis thoracis

lvlm lntercostales externi, Fascia

Mm levatores costarum breves

Mm levatores costarum longi

lvlm intertransversarii thoracis

Costa Xll



Mm intertransversarii laterales


M obliquus capitis superior

M splenius capitis

l\4 longissimus capitis

M digastricus, Venter posterior

l\4m intertransversarii posteriores cervicis


Ligg. interspinalia; Lig supraspinale

Mm rotatores thoracis breves

Mm intertransversarii thoracis

Mm, intercostales externi

Mm. rotatores thoracis longi

Lig costotransversarium superius


Membrana intercostalis interna

Mm intercostales interni

Mm intercostalesexterni

M quadratus lumborum, Fascia

Mm intertransversarii mediales lumborum

M transversus abdominis

Mm interspinaleslumborum


Lig i l iolumbale

Spina iliaca posterior superior

Lig sacrotuberale

tumoorum

Fascia lransversalis

l\4 obliquus externus abdominis

Mm multi l idi

Fig . 801 Musc les o f the back , Mm. dors i ,and subocc ip i ta I musc tes , Mm. subocc ip i ta tes .

muscles of the back

Lig. costotransversarium

M levator costae longus

M levator costae brevis

Mm rotatores thoracis

Vertebra lumbalis l,Arcus vertebrae

Ligg. flava

Mm. intertransversariimediales lumborum

Vertebrae lumbales, Procc sDinosi

Vertebrae lumbales,Procc. costales

Mm. intertransversariilaterales lumborum

Fascia thoracolumbalis(Lamina profunda)

Mm. multif idi

M erector spinae

Fig .802 Musc les o f the back , Mm. dors i ;deepest layer in the reg ion o f the lower thorac ic and the tumbarpart of the vertebraI column.

t t

Lig. intertransversarium

Costa lx

Mm. multifidi


Costa Xll

M splenius capitis

M splenius cervicis

M longissimus capitis

i,il semispinalis capitis

Atlas, Tuberculum posterius

Axis, Proc. spinosus

Mm. interspinales cervicis

M. longissimus cervicis

M iliocostalis cervicis

M rectus caoitis oosterior minor

Suboccipital muscles

M. trapezius

M semisDinalis caoitis

M rectus capitis posterior major

M. obliquus capitis superior

M splenius capitis


M. splenius cervicis

Proc mastoideus

M. longissimus capitis

M digastricus, Venter posteriot

Proc styloideus


M. longissimus capitis


Mm multif idi

M. semispinalis cervicis

Lig supraspinale

Fig .803 Musc tes o f the back , Mm. dors i , andsubocc ip i ta I musc tes , Mm. subocc ip i ta [es .


M. semispinalis thoracis


M rectus capitisposterior minor

M. rectus capitisposterior major

Atlas. Arcus oosterior


Fig. 804 Suboccip i ta l . muscles, F T r0; l

Mm. suboccio i ta tes.

> Back

Suboccipital muscLes

M splenius capitis

M longissimus capitis


splenius cervicis

levator scapulae

l\4 longissimus cervicis

M scalenus medius

M scalenus posterior


M splenius capitis


lvl longissimus capitis

M digastricus, Venter posterior

M rectus capitis lateralis

Proc styloideus


M longissimus cervicis

M intertransversarius posteriorcervicis

Axis, Proc transversus

M splenius cervicis

t t

-:s

Lrg nucnae

lvl trapezius

Vertebra prominens,Proc, spinosus

M il iocostalis cervicis

M semispinalis thoracis

Fig . 805 Musc tes o f the back , Mm. dors i ,a n d m u s c l e s o f t h e n e c k . M m . c o t L i .

Mm multif idi

F i g . 8 0 6 S u b o c c i p i t a L m u s c [ e s ,M m . s u b o c c i p i t a t e s .

M rectus caoitis posterior minor

M rectus capitisposterior major

Membrana atlantooccipitalisposterior

A vertebralis,Pars atlantica

Atlas, Proc transversus

i l -

l\4 obliquus capitis inferior

M splenius cervicis

Poster io r tuberc [e o f the a t tasSp inous process o f the ax is


Ve rte b ral co Iu m n, sectio ns

Corpusvertebrae

Foramenvertebrale


Lamina arcusvertebrae

Lig. flavum

Proc. spinosus,Tubercula

Larynx

Cartilago thyroidea

M sternocleido-mastoideusVertebra cervicalis V,Corpus vertebraeUncus corporisProc. transversus,Tuberculum anteriusDiscusintervertebralis

N spinalisPediculus arcusvertebraeVertebra cervicalis Vl,Corpus vertebraeProc. articularis

Lamina arcusvertebraeProc. spinosus

V cava inferior

Aorta, Parsabdominalis

Corpus vertebrae

M. psoas major

Pediculus arcusvertebraeLig flavum

Proc costalisProc. articularisinferior

Proc articularissupeflorLig interspinale

Mm dorsi


Fig .807 Cerv ica I par t o f the ver tebra I co tumn;computed tomographic cross-section ICT] at the Level.o f the in te rver tebraL d isc be tween the four th and the f i f thcervicaI vertebra.+ EndotracheaI tube and endoscooe

Aorta, Parsabdominalis

V cava interior


M. psoasBen

Foramenintervertebrale

Proc. articularissupeflor

ArticulatiozygapophysialisProc articularis

inferiorProc. mamillaris

Mm dorsi

Proc spinosus


Fig .809 Lumbar par t o f the ver tebra I co lumn;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion [CT l a t the Leveto f the in te rver tebra I d isc be tween the second andthe th i rd lumbar ver tebra .

F ig . 808 Cerv ica I par t o f the ver tebra l co tumn;computed tomographic cross-section ICTJ at the teveto f the f i f th and the s ix th cerv ica I ver tebra .

F ig .810 Lumbar par t o f the ver tebra Ico tumn;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion [CT] a t the Leve l .o f the oed ic les o f the th i rd [umbar ver tebra .

)a--->-/ q .

lrrl+-C*lA\ r.'-}y'

> Back

Cutaneous innervation

L3

L4

L5

S1

s2

S3

N. auricularis magnus, R posterior (Plexus cervicalis)

N. occipitalis minor (Plexus cervicalis)

Nn. supraclaviculares laterales (Plexus cervicalis)

N. cutaneus brachiilateralis suoerior(N. axillaris)

N. cutaneusbrachii lateralisinforior (N. radialis)

N. cutaneus brachiiposterior (N. radialis)

(Rr. cutanei mediales et laterales)(Nn. spinales C.$-L1, Rr. posteriores)

Rr. cutanei laterales(Nn. spinales, Nn. intercostales)

R. cutaneus lateralis(Plexus lumbalis, N. iliohypogastricus)

Nn. clunium superiores(Nn. spinales L1-13,Rr. posteriores)

Nn. clunium medii (Nn. spinales51-S3, Rr. posteriores)

Nn. clunium inferiores(N. cutaneus femoris posterior)

N. cutaneus femoris laleralis (Plexus lumbalis)

N. cutan€us femoris posterior (Plexus lumbalis)

Fig. 811 SegmentaI cutaneous innervat ion ldermatomes)and cutaneous nerves of the back.

N occipitalis tertius (C3) ,

N occipitalis major (C2) ,

N suboccipitalis (Cl) ..' -- '

A vertebralis a

N occipitalis minor (Plexus cervicalis) 1l '

N auricularis magnus (Plexus cervicalis) t

M longissimus capitis O

M serratus posterior superior l'

Mm multi l idi t

Vessels and nerves of the

a a N. occipitalis maior (C2);A.;V occipitalis

.* N auricularis magnus (Plexus cervicalis)

& R, posterior (C6)

* R posterior (C7)

., B posterior (C8)

, R posterior (T1)

Nn thoracici, Rr posteriores, ,mediales et laterales

M levator scapulae I

R posterior (S3) : R posterior (S4)

Fig,812 Vessets and nerves of the back.* Vessels and nerves of the tr iangutar space** VesseLs and nerves of the quadrangutar space

t, N supraclavicularis lateralis (Plexus cervicalis)

a M. deltoideus

$ N cutaneus brachii lateralisinlerior

& N radiaiis;a o A.; (V) profunda brachii

& N cutaneusbrachii posterior

I M tricepsbrachii,Caput longum

& N intercostobrachialis

c a a N axillaris;A ; V circumflexa

M il iocostalis thoracis a

M longissimus thoracis o

M serratus posterior inferior t

R posterior (T12) .

M latissimus dorsi o

M obliquus externus abdominis a

Trigonum lumbale;N iliohypogastricus :

Crista i l iaca

R posterior (T12) :

Nn clunium superiores

M gluteus maximus t

humeri posterior*'

a M. teres major

a o A ; V circumtlexa scapulae*

a M teres minor

a M infraspinatus

a M rhomboideus major

|| M latissimus dorsi

(Bursa subcutanea spinae iliacaedosterioris superioris)

(Bursa subcutanea sacralis)

(Bursa subcutaneacoccygea)

8 1 381t ,

> Back

Vessels and nerves of the posterior cervical region

N occipitalis major $

lvl semispinalis capitis *

A ; V o c c i p i t a l i s O O

A occipitalis a

V auricularis posterior a

A occipitalis, aR mastoideus

N occipitalis minor i

M longissimus capitis *

N accessorius [Xl] {

l\4 splenius capitis $

M levator scapulae *

N dorsalis scapulae :

O A occipitalis, Rr occipitales

a A occipitalis

N occipitalis major

O V occipitalis

: N occipitalis minor

* N auricularis magnus

a A auricularis posterior, R occipitalis

t M splenius capitis

I M sternocleidomastoideus

O V jugularis externa

,] Rr cutanei posteriores (Nn cervicales etthoracici, Rr posteriores)

B profundus O(A transversacolli)

M levator scapulae O

V transversa Ocolli

M rhomboideus amtnor

N4 trapezius *

lvl rhomboideus OmaJor

M latissimus dorsi E

O lvl trapezius

* Rr. cutanei posteriores(Nn thoracici,Rr posteriores)

{ Rr. cutanei lateralespectorales (Nn thoracici,Nn, intercostales)

8',14il r'"

,,.,'i,812

Fig .813 VesseLs and nerves o f the occ ip i ta I reg ion ,Reg io occ ip i taL is , the pos ter io r cerv ica I reg ion ,Reg io cerv ica t is pos ter io r , and the upper back

Musctes

Topography

l\4. semispinalis capitis a

M rectus capitis posterior major a

N suboccipitalis 3

A occipitalis O

M obl iquus acapitis superior

A vertebralis a

M splenius caoitis o

M. longissimus capitis o

M obliquus caoitis interior a

R posterior (C 2) a

M semispinalis capitis a

R. posterior (C 3) ,

N accessorius [Xl] a

l/essels and nerves

Protuberantia occioitalis externa

c N dorsalis scaoulae

Fig .814 Vessets and nerves o f the occ ip i ta I reg ion ,Reg io occ ip i ta t i s , and the pos ter io r cerv ica I reg ion ,Regio cervicatis posterior.

a M. epicranius; M. occipitofrontalis, Venter occipitalis

a N. occipitalis maior

a A vertebralis

o V auricularis oosterior

O V occipitalis

o V. vertebralis

O A occipitalis

O A. cervicalis profunda

o V cervicalis profunda

a M. semispinalis cervicis

3 N accessorius [Xl]

e N dorsalis scaDulae

a Mm rhomboidei major et minor

R super{icialis a(A transversa colli)

Fl profundus (4. transversa colli) a

posterior cervical

81

1 5

N occipitalis major &

M semispinalis capitis a

M obliquus capitis superior I

M, rectus capitis posterior major I

A vertebralis, Pars atlantica a

> Back

i,!W Cervical part of the vertebral canal

t t

* N. occioitalis tertius

O M rectus caoitis oosterior minor

Os temoorale. Proc mastoideus

& N. suboccipitalis

Atlas, Arcus poslerior

a M obliquus capitis inferior

a A vertebralis, Pars transversaria

o M rectus capitis posterior major

a Mm intersoinales ceruicis

N suboccipitalis $

M obliquus capitis inferior a

R posterior (C 2) *

N occipitalis tertius *

Plexus cervicalis {}

&xY;,e, d Y

Fig .815 Nervesand the ver tebra I

o f thea rre ry,

pos ter io r cerv ica I reg ion , Reg io cerv ica t is pos ter io r ,A . ver tebra t is

81tl

Vertebra ceruicalis VProc transversus

N, cervicalis [C7], rFila radicularia posteiior-a

Sinus transversus o

Cisterna cerebellomedullaris

Arachnoidea mater cranialis;Cerebellum

Arachnoidea mater spinalis

Dura mater spinalis


M, scalenus medius a

Sinus sagittalis superior o

Medulla spinalis

I

Foramen magnum

!& N suboccipitalis

Proc. transversus atlantis

O A vertebralis

,t N. occipitalis major

& N occipitalis tertius

&N spinalis, R posterior

Lig denticulatum

&N spinal is ,R anter ior

& N spinalis, Ganglion sensorium

,s.t&{& /4

Fig .816 Vessets and nerves o f the deep pos ter io r cerv ica I reg ion ,Reg io cerv ica I is pos ter io r , and the conten t o f the ver tebra I canaL.

aA vertebralis

Truncus sympathicus,Ganglion trunci sympathici

Lumbar part of the vertebral canaL

Corpus vertebrae

Medul la sp ina l i s

Badix anterior

R communicans

R meningeus

F i g . 8 1 7 S p i n a L n e r v e , N . s p i n a t i s ;in the thorac ic reo ion

Ganglion sensorium nerui spinalis

Truncus nervi spinalis

R posterior

N intercostalis

] ror"r"n intervertebrate

Costa

R lateralis

Radix posterior

Canalis vertebralis

Arcus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Mm. dorsi

(R cutaneus medialis)


Vertebra lumbalis ll, Proc. costalis

Lig flavum

* l\4. quadratus lumborum

a Plexus venosusvertebralis internus posterior

Dura mater spinalis

0 Mm intertransversariimediales lumborum


Pia mater spinalis


Proc, articularis superior

s M intertransversariuslateralis lumborum

t M. intertransversariusmedialis lumborum

Lig. iliolumbale

Os sacrum, Parslateralis

Os coxae, Os ilium

R medialis

(R cutaneus lateralis)

Spatium epidurale

Rr dorsales (A ;V lumbalis) a a

Radices anterior et posterior

V spinalis posterior a

Cauda equina

R anterior

Radix anterior .

Radix posterior ,

Dura mater spinalis

Arachnoidea materspinalis

Spatium epidurale;Plexus venosus a

vertebralis internusanterior Pia mater spinalis

Fig .818 Vessets and nerves o f the [umbar par to f the ver tebra I canaL, Reg io [umbat is .

Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Os sacrum, Procarticularis superior

(Spatium subdurale)

:,8

> Back

Veins and nervesof the lumbar part of the vertebral column

Lig longitudinale

(V basivertebralis) Plexus venosus vertebralisexternus anterior

Plexus venosus vertebralis

Plexus venosus vertebralisinternus posterior V lumbalis ascendens

intervertebralis)


R. meningeus

Ganglion trunci sympathici

B communicans albus

R communicans griseus

R anterior

Plexus venosus vertebralisexternus posterior


Capsula articularis

Fig .819 Ve ins o f the ver tebraL cana[ , Canat is ver tebra t is ;venous p texus

Discus intervertebralis, Anulus librosus

B posterior Truncus nervi spinalis(R medialis)

Gangl ion sensor iumnervi spinalis(R lateralis)

Fig .820 Nerves o f the ver tebra I co lumn, Cotumna ver tebra l i s ;s o m a t i c a n d a u t o n o m o u s i n n e r v a t i o n

internus anterior

Topography

fl:ei

Vessels and nerves of the vertebral canal

N spinalis, Radix anterior

Lig denticulatumTruncus nervi soinalis. R communicans

Truncus nervi sDinalis, R anterior

Epineur ium

Truncus nervi spinalis, R posterior

Ganglion sensorium nerui spinalis

Spatium subarachnoideum

Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis

Dura mater spinalis

N spinalis, Radix posterior

(Spatium subdurale)

Dura mater spinalis

Pia mater spinalis


Filum terminale

Spatium epidurale; Plexus venosusvertebralis inlernus oosterior

Periosteum

Fig .821 Conten t o f the ver tebraL canat , Canat is ver tebra t is ;c ross-sec t ion a t the leveL o f the f i f th cerv ica I ver tebra .


Plexus venosus vertebralis internus anterior

Truncus nervi spinalis, R meningeus

Ganglion trunci sympathici

Truncus nerui soinalis. B communicans

Truncus nervi soinalis. R anterior

Truncus nervi spinalis, R, posterior

R lateralis

R medialis

SDatium subarachnoideum

Cauda equina

N spinalis, Fladix anteriot

Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis

N, spinalis, Radix posterior


(Spatium subdurale)

Dura mater spinalis

Pia mater spinalis Spatium epidurale

Lig flavum Periosteum

Fig ,822 Conten t o f the ver tebra I canaL, CanaL is ver tebra t is ;c ross-sec t ion a t the leveL o f the th i rd [umbar ver tebra .

Musctes

Lumbar and sacral puncture

Fig .823 Lumbar punc ture to ob ta incerebrosp ina I f lu id , L iquor cerebrosp ina t is ,o r fo r [umbaL anaesthes ia .pos i t ion o f the oa t ien t .

Plexus venosus vertebralisinternus posterior

Vertebra lumbalis lll,Proc. spinosus

Lig interspinale

Fig. 824 Lumbar puncture;guidance of the puncture needLe.

F ig .825 Sac ra tpunc tu re ;guidance of the puncture needte.

Cauda equina

Arachnoidea mater soinalis

Dura mater soinalis

Lig. f lavum

Lamina arcus venebrae lV

R communicans

Fig.827 a, b IntervertebraI foramina, Foramlna intervertebratia;[umbar oar t o f the ver tebra I co lumn.

Vessels and nerves of the vertebral canal

Dura mater spinalis

Arachnoidea mater soinalis

O A sDinalis anterior, R radicularis anterior

o Truncus nervi spinalis,R posterior

a Truncus nervi spinalis,R anterior

Spatiumsubarachnoideum

Arachnoideamater spinalis

& R meningeus

a Plexus venosusvertebralisinternus anterior

Lig longitudinaleposterius

Corpus vertebrae


Soatium subarachnoideum

Lig. f lavum

Discus intervertebralis,Anulus fibrosus

N soinalis, Fila radicularia *


Lig. denticulatum

Ganglion sensorium nerui spinalls I

Arcus vertebrae

Rr. spinales O(A intercostalis posterior)

Fovea costalis orocessus transversi

R interganglionaris 6

Truncus sympathicus; *Rr communicantes

Ganglion trunci sympathici &

Fig .825 Conten t o f the ver tebraL canat , Cana l is ver tebra t is ;thorac ic por t ion a f te r s tepwise exposure ;vent raLv iew.

Radix anterior Radix posterior

a Viewed from the [eftb Sag i t ta tsec t ion

I

> Thoracic and abdominal wal l

Arcus costalis

Spina iliaca anterior superior

M. pectoralis major


Fig.828 Surface anatomy of the thoracic andabdomina l wa[ [ o f a young woman.

t t

Angulus sterni

Angulus infrasternalis

Anulus umbilicalis

M deltoideus

Linea alba

M. rectus abdominis

M. rectus abdominis,Intersectio tendinea

Fig.829 Surface anatomy of the thoracic andabdominaI wa[ [ o f a young man.


Incisura jugularis

Corpus sterni

Proc xiphoideus

Angulus inf rasternalis

Arcus costalis

Extrel

Proc coracoideus

Tuberculum pubicum

Fig .830 Pro jec t ion o f the ske le tononto the thorac ic and abdomina l wa[ t .

> Thoracic and abdominat wal [


Vertebra cervicalis Vl

Vertebra thoracica I

Proc. coracoideus

Cavitas glenoidalis

Scapula

Costa lv

Sternum

Costae verae!-vill

Costae spuriaevilt_xill

Fig .831 Thorac ic cage, Cavea thorac is , andle f t shoutder g i rd l .e , C ingutum pec tora te .

Caput costae

Collum costae

Tuberculum musculiscaleni anterioris

Sulcus venae subclaviae

Sulcus arteriaesubclaviae

Collum costae,Crista colli costae Corpus costae

Angulus costae

Angulus costae

Tuberositas musculiserrati anterioris

Corpus costae

Sulcus costae

Fig .832 R ibs , Cos tae ;l . - l l l . r ib , super io r v iew;V l l l . r ib , in fe r io r v iew.

Facies articulariscapitis costae

Crista caoitis costae

Collum costae

Tuberculum costae

> Thoracic and abdominal wal [

Sternum

Incisura jugularis

Incisura clavicularis

Incisura costalis I

Incisura costalis ll

Incisura costalis lll

Incisura costalis lV

Symphysis Angulus sternimanubriosternalis

Manubrium sterni

Corpus sterni

Proc. xiphoideus

Symphysisxiphosternalis

Incisura costalis lV

Fig. 834 Sternum, Sternum.Fig. 833 Sternum, Sternum.

Musctes

0rgans

Lig costoclaviculare

Capsula articularis

Cartilago costalis I

Carti lago costalis l l l

Cartilago costalis V

cartilago costalis vll

Articulatio sternoclavicularis,Discus articularis

Fig , 835 Sternum, Sternum, andcos ta I car t iLages , Car t i [ag ines cos ta [es ;sec t io n .

Manubrium sterni

Symphysis manubriosternalis

Lig sternocostale intraarticulare

Corpus sterni

Articulationes sternocostales

Lig interclaviculare

Lig costoclaviculare

Lig sternoclaviculare anterius

Lig sternocostale radiatum

Carti laoo costalis l:Synchondr6sis costae i

Symphysis manubriosternalis

Fig . 836 Sternoc lav icu tar jo in t ,

Ar t i cu ta t io s te rnocLav icu [ar ts .

Cartilago costalis ll

> Thoracic and abdominaI wa[[

Muscles of the thoracic and the abdominal waLL

M trapezius

Spina scapulae

->> l Sur face lSke te ton l Musc tes

M pectoralis major, Pars sternocostalis

Corpus mammae,Lobi glandulae mammariae

Papilla mammaria

M serratus anterior

M pectoralis major, Pars abdominalis

Arcus costalis

Anulus umbilicalis

Vagina musculi recti abdominis, Lamina anterior

M obliquus externus abdominis, Aponeurosis


M tensor fasciae latae

M sartorius

Clavlcula

M, infraspinatus

M teres minor

M, teres major

M. triceps 0,".n', {%TJ,,,,iJi3i#

M, deltoideus

M brachlalis

M. biceps brachii

lvl latissimus dorsi



Trigonum lumbale


(Fascia glutea)

M gluteus maxlmus

) T 15 , T 17 ,T 18 .T 26 Fig . 837 Musc les o f the thorac ic and the abdomrnaLwal .L .M m . t h o r a c i s e t a b d o m i n i s .

Muscles of the thoracic and the abdominal wall

Trigonum clavipectorale

M deltoideus


M. latissimus dorsi

M pectoralis major,Pars abdominalis


Anulus umbilicalis

Spina i l iaca anteriorsupeflor

Tela subcutanea;Panniculus adiposus

Mm sternocleidomastoidei

Platysma

Lig. tundiforme penis

Fasciabrachii

obliquus externusabdominis,

Aponeurosis

Fascia axillaris

M, pectoralis major,Pars clavicularis

M. pectoralis major,Pars sternocostalis

Ligg. costoxiphoidea

Linea alba

Vagina musculi recti abdominis,Lamina anterior

Fibrae intercrurales

Lig. reflexum

Lig suspensorium penis

Funiculus spermaticus

Fig . 838 Musc tes o f the thorac ic and the abdominaIwat [ ;superf icia[ layer.

) T 15 , T 17 , t 18 ,1 26

> Thoracic and abdominal wat l

Muscles of the thoracic and the abdominaL wall


lvl pectoralis major, Pars clavicularis

Vl intercostalis internus

M deltoideus

/

lvl pectoralis minor

M coracobrachialis Plexus brachialis,Pars in{raclavicularis

lvl biceps brachii,Caput breve

M pectoralismalor

lvl pectoralismtnor

Costa l l

M latissimus dorsi

M serratus anterior

M pectoralis major, Pars abdominalis

) T 13, T ' . ts ,T 26 Fig .839 Musc tes o f the thorac ic waLt , Mm. thoracrs .

M serratus anteri(

M intercostalis internus

M intercostalis externus

Fig . 840 Musc tes o f the thorac ic wat [ , Mm. thorac is ;f ron taL sec t ion .* Pos i t ion o f the need le fo r punc ture o f the p leura I cav i ty IpLeurocentes is l

t t a [ " ,

(M sternalis, Var)

M subclaviusV axillaris

A axil laris

M serratusantenor

M, pectoralis major, Pars sternocostalis


Costa Vlll

V intercostalis posterior

A intercostalis posterior

N intercostalis (T8)

Pulmo

Pleura visceralis lpulmonalis]

Pleura parietalis, Pars costalis

Pleura parietalis, Pars diaphragmatica

Pars costalis diaphragmatis

Hepar

Peritoneum viscerale

Peritoneum parietale

Recessus costodiaphragmaticus

Muscles of the thoracic wall

Tuberculum anterius lcaroticum](Vertebra cervicalis Vl)

M. scalenus anterior

M longus colli

Membrana intercostalis interna



Carti lago costalis I

M. sternothyroideus

Manubrium sterni

Mm intercostalesinterni

M transversus thoracis

Fig.841 Thoracic cage, Cavea thoracis;oos ter io r waL[ .

Diaphragma,Centrum tendineumForamen venae cavae


Proc. xiphoideus

Fig .842 Thorac ic cage, Cavea thorac is ;an ter io r waLt .

> Thoracic and abdominal wal [

Abdominal muscles

>> l Sur face lSke te ton l Musc tes

M. pectoralis major,Pars abdominalis

M obliquusexternusabdominis

Mm.intercostalesinterni

M. rectusabdominis

M. obliquusexternusabdominis,Aponeurosis

M, serratusantenor

M rectus abdominis,Intersectio tendinea

M rectus abdominis

M. obliquus externusabdominis

Anulus umbilicalis

Fibrae intercrurales

-> T 13-T 15,T 17,T 26

Funiculus soermaticus: M. cremaster

M pyramidalis Lig. reflexum

F i g . 8 4 3 M u s c l e s o f t h e a b d o m i n a l w a t [ , M m . a b d o m i n i s ;super f i c ia I and midd te layer .

0rgans

Abdominal muscLes

lvl serratus anteriorM pectoralismalor

Vagina musculirecti abdominis,Lamina anterior

M rectus abdominis

Anulusinguinalis superf icialis

M pyramidalis

lvl latissimusdorsi

tuv


Mm intercostales externi

Mm intercostalesinterni

Cartilago costalis X



Spina i l iaca anteriorsupeflol

Lig inguinale

Funiculus spermaticus;M cremaster

Fig .811 Musc tes o f the abdomina l wat t , Mm. abdomin is ;middte layer.

) T 13 -T 15 ,T 17

> Thoracic and abdominaI wat l t t

Abdominal muscles

M rectus abdominis

M rectus abdominis

F i g . 8 4 5 M u s c l e s o f t h e a b d o m i n a t w a L t , M m a b d o m i n i s ;deep layer.

M pectoralis major

Mm intercostalesextern i

l\ilm intercostalesinterni

M obl iquusinternus abdominis

M obl iquusinternus abdominis,

Aponeurosis

Ltnea arcuata


Fascialransversalis

Funiculusspermalrcus

M latissimusdorsl

M serratusanterior

l\il obliquusexternus

abdominis

Costae lX:X

Vagina musculi rectiabdominis,

Lamina posterior

L inea semi lunar is

lvl obliquusexlernusabdominis

Intersectionestendineae


M rectusabdominis

M obl iquusinternusabdominis

M transversusabdominis

Intersectiotendinea

Anulusinguinal issuperficialis,Crus mediale

Anulusinguinal issuperficialis,Crus laterale

h,

[/ pyramidalis

Lig. falciforme

Diaphragma

Lig. tereshepatis

Diaphragma

Fascia transversalis

Fossa inguinalis lateralis

Fossa inguinalis medialis

Fossa paravesicalis

M. transversusabdominis

M rectus abdominis

Plica umbilicalislateralis

Plica umbilicalismedialis

Plica umbilicalismediana

>T 14,T 15 ,T 21Fig . 846 In te rna l sur face o f the an ter io r abdomina l wat l .

> Thoracic and abdominal wat l

lnguinal canal

->> l Sur face lSke le ton l Musc les

M obl iquusexternus abdominis

Linea alba

M obl iquusexternus abdominis,Aponeurosis

Lig. inguinale

M. obl iquusexternus abdominis

M obliquusexternus abdominis,

Aponeurosis

[/. obliquusinternus abdominis

lvl cremaster

Lig reflexum

Lig fundiformepenrs

M. obliquus externusabdominis, Aponeurosis

M. obliquus internusabdominis

M lransversusabdominis

N i l io inguinal is


A ductus deferentis

Ductus deferens

/ll.:i

Fig .817 Super f i c ia I ingu ina I r ing , AnuIus ingu ina t is super f i c iaL is


Plexus pampiniformis

Anulus ingu ina l i sprofundus

A..; W epigastica(e)Inreflor(es)


N i l io ingu ina l i s

Anulus inguinalissuperficialis

Lig reflexum

N genitofemoralis,R genitalis

N. genitofemoralis,B genitalis

M cremaster

Lig inguinale

Fascia spermatica

Fig . 848 Wat ts o f the ingu inaL cana[ .





M obliquus externus abdominis(Fascia superticialis)

M obliquus externusabdominis, Aponeurosis


M obliquusinternus abdominis

(Fascia superf icialis)

Lio. umbilicale medianum- (Chorda urachi)

A epigastrica inlerior

M rectus abdominisChorda arteriae umbilicalis

2 lAePigastr icainfer ior

Septum scroti

Fascia spermatica externa

Fascia cremaslerica; M cremaster

Fascia spermatica interna

Ductus deferens

Epididymis

Cavitas serosa scroti

Testis

Fig . 849 D iagram o f the ingu ina l canat .The ingu inaL canat , the spermat ic cord and the scro tum arei t tus t ra ted in the same o tane fo r d idac t ica I reasons .


Fascia transversalis A. epigastrica inferior

Anulus inguinalis supedicialis

Ductus deferens

(Proc vaginalis peritonei),Peritoneum parietale


Fascia cremasterica; M cremaster


F i g . 8 5 0 D i a g r a m o f i n g u i n a l h e r n i a s ;[e f t s ide : [a te raL , ind i rec t hern ia ;r igh t s ide : med iaL , d i rec t hernra .

A epigastrica inferior

Ductus deferens


Fascia cremasterica;M cremaster

Cavitas serosa scroti

* He rn ia I sac w i t h an i n t es t i naL l oop* * Pe r i t onea I space*** Newly formed per i toneaI herniaI sac

Fossa supravesicalisFossa inguinalis medialisFossa inguinalis lateralis

1

2

3

M. obliquusexternusabdominis

Anulus inguinalissuperficialis

Fascia spermaticaexterna

Fasciatransversalis

> Thoracic and abdominal wa[[ t t

Diaphragm and posterior abdominal wall

Pars sternalis diaphragmatis

FOramen venae cavae Pars costalis diaphragmatis


Oesophagus, Pars abdominalis

Hiatus oesophageus

Centrumtendineum

Hiatus aorticus

Truncus coeliacus

Pars abdominalis aortae

Pars lumbalisdiaphraomatis.Cius d-extrum

Lig arcuatummediale

Lig arcuatum laterale

(lvl psoas minor)

M quadratustum00rum

l\4 transversusabdominis

M psoasmalor

M. il iacus

) T 1 5 , 1 1 6 , T 2 1 , T / + 2


Vertebrae lumbales lll: lV

Crista iliaca

(M. psoas minor),tenoo

M psoasmaJor

M iliacus

Promontorium

Lacunavasorum

A temoralis

V femoralis

Lig. inguinale

Vesica urinaria

M, rectusabdominis

Fig . 851 D iaphragm, D iaphragma, and musc tes o f thea b d o m i n a l w a [ t , M m . a b d o m r n r s

Foramen v cavae: V cava inferior

N phrenicus dexter,R phrenicoabdominalis


Lig arcuatum medianum

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis,Crus dextrum, (Pars lateralis)


Costa Xll

Pars sternalis diaphragmatis

W phrenicae inferiores

Centrum tendineum

Proc xiphoideus

l\4 psoas malor

Truncus sympathicus

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis,Crus dextrum, (Pars medialis)

(Trioonum sternocostale): A.; V thoracica interna,N. olhrenicus sinister, R. phrenicoabdominalis

Hiatus oesophageus: Oesophagus;Trunci vagales anterior et posterior

N. phrenicus sinister,R. bhrenicoabdominalis

A phrenica inferior

N splanchnicus major

V hemiazygos

(Trigonum lumbocostale)

N splanchnicus minor

Hiatus aorticus: Aorta abdomi-nalis; Ductus thoracicus

l\4 quadratus lumborumProc costalisvertebrae lumbalis I

Lig arcuatum mediale

V azygos

V cava inferior, W hepaticae

Pars sternalis diaphragmatisPericardium

Fig . 852 D iaphragm, D iaphragma


Pars thoracica aortae

Oesophagus, Pars thoracicaPleura parietalis, Pars diaphragmatica Centrum tendineum

Gaster. Pars cardiaca

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis,Crus sinistrum, (Pars lateralis)

Hiatus aorticus

(Trigonum Iumbocostale)*

Lig arcuatum Iaterale**

Costa Vl l l

costa xll


Lig arcuatum mediale

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis,Crus sinistrum, (Pars medialis)

Lig lumbocostale

M quadratus lumborum

Vertebra lumbalis lll, Proc costalis

M i l iacus

l\4 latissimus dorsi

Costa Vl l l

Costa Vll

l\4 serralus anterior

Costa Vl

M rectus abdominis

M obliquusexternus abdominis

M psoas major

(M psoas minor)

Fig . 853 D iaphragm, D iaphragma, w i th aper tu resand musctes o f the oos ter io r abdominaIwaL[* C[ in ica I te rm: B0CHDALEK s t r ianq te** Psoas arcade

> Thoracic and abdominal wa11

Breast

Papi l lamammana

Areolamammae

Fig .854 Breas t , Mamma

M pectoralismaJor

Areolamammae

Papillamammana

Glandulaeareorares

Fig .855 Breas t , Mamma.

Musctes

Ductus Iactiferi

Papillamammafla

Sinus lactilerus

Lobuli glandulae mammariae

s

Fig . 856 Breas t , Mamma, o f a p regnant woman Fig . 857 Breas t , Mamma, o f a p regnant woman.

Nodi lymphoidei ceruicales anteriores, Nodi profundi

Nodi lymphoidei supraclaviculares

Nodi lymphoidei deltopectorales

Nodi lymphoideiaxil lares

Nodi lymphoidelbrachiales

Nodus lymphoideusparamammaflus

Fig .858 Rad iograph o f the breas t ,mammography, o f a 47 -year -o ld woman

Nodi lymphoidei parasternales

' ' l ' i i ' ' : ' ' -

Fig . 859 Lymphat ic d ra inage o f the breas t andloca t ion o f the reg ionaL lymph nodes.

> Thoracic and abdominaI wal t

Vessels and nerves of the waLI of the trunk

Nn. supraclaviculares: &A ; V cervicalis superficialis O a

Plexus venosus areolaris o

a V cephalica

aA thoracicainterna*;a W thoracicae internae

Nn

V thoracica lateralis; a ON thoracicus [T2],

N. intercostalis,R cutaneus lateralis

pectoralis

V thoraco- aepigastrica

Nn thoracici, t,intercostales,

Rr cutanei

pecrorares

Vv paraumbilicales o

W subcutaneae abdominis a

A ; V circumflexa ilium superficialis a a

genitofemoralis, &,R femoralis

A ; V e p i g a s t r i c a O osuperficialis

A pudenda externa; aVv pudendae externae a

N femoralis, i:R cutaneus anterior

V saphena magna o

T5

T6

T7

* Nn thoracici,Nn. intercostales,Rr cutanei anteriores

a a A ; V epigastrica superior

a M obliquus externus abdominis

Anulus umbilicalis

Chorda arteriae umbilicalis

O O A ;V epigasvica inferior

& N, iliohypogastricus,R cutaneus anterior

a M rectus abdominis

* N i l io ingu ina l i s

T8

T9

T10

T11

r12

F ig . 860 Vesse ls and nerves o f the thorac ic and the abdominaI waL[* Ct in ica I te rm; in te rnaL mammary ar te rv

Muscles

0rqans Topography I Sections

Segmental innervation

Fig. 861 SegmentaI sensory innervat ion of theanter ior thoracic and abdominaI wa[ [ [dermatomes] .

Fig.862 SegmentaI sensory innervation of theanter io r thorac ic and abdominaI wat [ .Reg ions to wh ich pa in f rom d iseased v iscera(zones of HEAD) is referred to are indicated in grey.

Diaphragma (C4)

Hepar; Vesica biliaris(r8 -T11)

lntestinum tenue(r10)

lntestinum crassum(T11 )

Ren;Testis(T10 - L1)

Oesophagus (T4, T5)

Sur face lSke te ton l Musc les> Thoracic and abdominal watt

Lumbosacral plexus

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis, Crus dextrum a


M quadratus lumborum I

N subcostalis a

N iliohypogastricus,

N ilioinguinalis I

M. psoas major a

M obliquus aexternus abdominis

M obliquus ointernus abdominis

M transversus aabdominis

N. cutaneus *femoris lateralis

N femoralis *

N genitofemoralis, &R femoralis

N genitofemoralis, &R genitalis

N obturatorius &

N cutaneus &femoris lateralis

N genitofemoralis, *Br. lemorales

N femoralis, oRr cutanei anteriores

a N subcostalis

t N genitofemoralis

,t N. obturatorius

0 Plexus sacralis

a N cutaneusfemoris lateralis

a N iliohypogastricus

! N. i l ioinguinalis

o Plexus lumbalis

O Truncus sympathicus

o N femoralis

t Truncus lumbosacralis

Lamina cribrosa

V saphena magna a

N. genitofemoralis, Rr genitales a Funiculus spermaticus

Fig , 863 Lumbosacra I p lexus , P [exus [umbosacra t is .

Organs I Topography lSec t ions

Manubrium sterniA, thoracica interna a

A pericardiacophrenica a

Rr perforantes O

M transversus thoracis a

A. thoracica interna, ORr intercostales

anteriores

A musculophrenica a

M rectus abdominis a

a A thoracica interna

a V thoracica interna

Costa

a a Rr intercostales anteriores

Vagina musculirecti abdominis,

Lamina posterior

ooA ;Vmuscu loph ren i ca

o aA ;V epigastrica superior

C Diaphragma


oA epigastrica interior

a V epigastrica inlerior

aA i l iacaex terna

A carotis communis dextra

A subclavia dextra

A thoracica interna

A. epigastrica superior

M rectus abdominis

A epigastrica inferior

A il iaca externa

Lig inguinale

Fig.86t, Vessels of theanter io r thorac ic and abdominat

Pars thoracica aortae[Aorta thoracica]

Pars abdominalis aortae[Aorta abdominalis]

Fig .865 D iagram o f the co t ta te ra lc i rcu ta t ion v ia the in te rna I thorac ic a r te ry ,A thorac ica in te rna , the super io r ep igas t r i car te ry , A . ep igas t r i ca super io r , and thein fe r io r ep igas t r i c a r te ry , A . ep igas t r i cain fe r io r , in the case o f aor t i c occ Ius ion ;v iewed f rom the r igh t .

anterior wallof the

A femoralis

> Thoracic and abdominat wat l

Abdominal wall of a neonate

M rectus abdominis N O O A ; V e p i g a s t r i c asupenor

M transversus abdominis C

N thoracicus [T8], , ' a ON intercostalis: A : V, intercostalis

N thoracicus [T9], rr O oN intercostalis;

A ; V intercostalis


N thoracicusr aolr10l ,

N intercostalis;A ; V intercostalis

N thoracicus r, a al r 11 l ,

N intercostalis;A; V intercostalis

M obliquus Cexrernus

abdominis

Linea arcuata

N thoracicus [T12], ,N intercostalis

Vagina musculi rectiabdominis,

Lamina posterior


Vagina musculi recti abdominis, Lamina posterior

Proc xiphoideus , Funiculus umbilicalis a M serratus anterior

Carti lagocostalis Vll l

e M obliquusexternusabdominis

a V umbilicalis

O Aa umbilicales

Urachus

a A umbilicalis dextra

O A vesicalis superior

. Anulus --- .-aIngurnai lse r r n o * i n i a t i c

M obl iquus Ointernus abdominis

lvl cremaster |)


Fascia spermatica externa o

M obliquus externus abdominis, e

Vesica urinaria

Spatium retropubicum

a Vv vesicales


* Mm pyramidales

Ductus deferens

Aponeurosis

A testicularis O

Plexus pampiniformis a

l\4 cremaster e

Tunica vaginalis testis, Lamina parietalis

Fascia soermatica interna t Fascia spermatica externaTunica dartos, M dados t (Gubernaculum testis)

Musc[es

Fig . 866 Anter io r abdominaLwatL o f a neonate .

lnner contour of the anterior abdominal wall

Lig teres hepatis; V umbilicalis

Linea arcuataFossa supravesicalis



V testicularis

A;V i l iacaex terna

M rectus abdominis

A umbilicalis

AmDUlla ductus deferentis

Plica umbilicalis mediana

Plica umbilicalis medialis

Plica umbilicalis lateralis

Plica vesicalis transversa

M il iacus

F i g . 8 6 7 A n t e r i o r a b d o m r n a I w a t [ o f a

A:V i l iacaex terna

Ureter, Pars pelvica

neo na te .

Linea arcuata

Plica umbilicalismediana

Lig falciforme(hepatis)




Plica umbilicalismedialis

Chorda arteriaeumbilicalis

M rectus abdominis

N cutaneus femorislateralis

A ; V epigastrica inferior

N femoralis

Anulus inguinalis profundus

Arcus iliopectineus

Fossa acetabuli

Vasa testicularia

Plica umbilicalislateralis

l\4 iliopsoas

A ;V femora l i s



Ductus deferens

Fossa supravesicalis N obturatorius;A ; V obturatoria

Vesica urinaria

Fig . 868 Anter io r abdominaI wa[ t ,in te rna I aspec t .

UreterLig interfoveolare

Vagina musculirecti abdominis

a

> Thoracic and abdominal wal l

Abdominal wall, sections

Tela subcutanea,Panniculus adiposus

M rectus abdominis

A; Vv epigastrica(e) superio(es)


Vagina musculi recti abdominis, Lamina anterior

M obliouus internus abdominis


Mm intercostales


M. obliquus externusabdominis

V paraumbilicalisLig teres hepatis

Umbilicus

Lig falcitorme M lransversusabdominis,

Aponeurosis

M rectus abdominis


Plica umbilicalis mediana; Lig umbilicale medianum(Chorda urachi)

Anulus umbilicalis

Vagina musculi rectiabdominis, Lamina

anlerior

c

Chorda arteriae umbilicalis


Vertebra lumbalis;Corpus vertebrae

>T 1 I+ -T 16 , I20a ,b ,T 42

M pyramidalis

z M. rectus abdominis

A ; W epigastrica(e)inferior(es)

M obliquusinternusabdominis


Plica umbilicalislateralisPlica umbilicalis medialis



lvl obliquus externusabdominis

(M psoas minor)

M. psoas major


M il iocostalistumoorum


FasciaM longissimus thoracis thoracolumbalis

Fig . 859a-c Musc tes o f the abdomina l wat [ , Mm. abdomin is ;hor izon ta I sec t ions .

M latissimusoorsl

Ala ossis ilium

M gluteus medius

M il iacus

869a869b869c

Musc[es

Diaphragma, Pars costalis O

Costa Vll

Costa Vlll

Costa lX

Costa X

a Diaphragma,Centrum tendineum

a a A.;V intercostalis;,!, N intercostalis (T8)

M obliquus externus abdominis o

l\4 obliquus internus abdominis o

M transversus abdominis a

Crista i l iaca

M tensor fasciae latae O

M iliopsoas a

Symphysis pubica

a, N subcostalis



* N iliohypogastricus


& N cutaneus femoris lateralis

& N femoralis

a A. femoralis

a V femoralis

Fig. 870 Musctes off rontaI sect ion.

t h e a b d o m i n a I w a t t , M m . a b d o m i n i s ;


M obliquus internus abdominis, Aponeurosis

M transversusabdominisM obliouus internus abdominis




Fig. 871 a, b Musc[escomputed tomographic

o f t h e a b d o m i n a I w a t [ , M m . a b d o m i n i s ;c ross-sec t ions lCT l .

Heart

V cava superior

A pulmonalis dextra

Pericardium serosum,Lamina parietalis

Auricula dextra

Conus aderiosus

Atrium cordis dextrum

V cardiaca [cordis]parva

A coronaria dextra

Ventriculus cordis dexter

Pericardium serosum,Lamina visceralis IEpicardium]

Truncusbrachiocephalicus

Pericardium serosum. Lamina Darietalis

Abb.872 Heart, Cor.

Per icard ium f ibrosum

Per icard ium serosum

Lamina par ietat is

Lamina v isceraLis

A carotis communis sinistra

A subclavia sinistra

Arcus aortae

Lig arteriosum

Per ica rd ium

Ep ica rd ium

A. pulmonalis sinistra

Truncus pulmonalis


Auricula sinistra

V cardiaca [cordis] magna

A coronaria sinistra,R. circumllexus

A. coronaria sinistra,R interventricularisanterior

V interuentricularisanlenor

Ventriculus cordissinister

Apex cordis

V brachiocephalica sinistra

A. carotis communis sinistraA subclavia sinistra

Arcus aortae

V vertebralis

V brachioceohalica dextra

Truncus brachioceohalicus

v azygos

Pars ascendens aortae[Aorta ascendens]

V cava superior

Bifurcatio trunci Dulmonalis

A. pulmonalis dextra

W. pulmonales dextrae

Atrium cordis sinistrum


W atriales sinistrae


Aa intercostales oosteriores

Pars descendens aortae [Aorta descendens]

Lig, arteriosum "**


Pericardium

Truncus pulmonalis

W pulmonales sinistrae

Auricula sinistra


Ventriculus cordis sinister

Apex cordis

Fig .873 Hear t , Cor , and grea t vessets ;dorsaI view.

Sulcus terminalis

V cava inferior

Sinus coronarius

Sulcus coronarius

A coronaria dextra, B. interventricularis posterior


* Arrow in the t ransverse oer icardiaI s inus** Doubte arrows in the obt ique per icardiaL s inus**+ Remnants of the foetat ductus ar ter iosus Igot lLLo's t igamentJ

Myocardium

V cavasupenor

Truncus pulmonalis


Apex cordis

Sulcus interventricularis posterior


V cava superior

W pulmonales dextrae

Atrium cordisoexlrum

V cava inlerior

Sinus coronarius

Sulcus interventricularis anterior

Vortex cordis

Fig . 875 Myocard ium, Myocard ium;v iewed f rom the apex o f the hear t .

Atriumcordis

dextrum

Ventriculus cordisoexter

Sulcusinteruentricularis

anterior

Fig . 871 Myocard ium, Myocard ium;vent ra Iv iew.

Bif urcatio trunci pulmonalis



Sulcus coronarius

Fig . 876 Myocard ium, Myocard ium;dorso in fe r io r v iew

Ventriculus cordisdexter

Sulcus interventricularisposterior

0esopha

Valva truncipulmonalis

Valvula semilunaris sinistra

Valvula semilunaris dextraValvula semilunarissinistra Valva aortae

Valvula semilunarisposterior

Trigonum fibrosum sinistrum

Trigonum fibrosum dextrum

Anulus fibrosus sinister

Valvaatrioventricularis

sinistraIValva mitralisl

Anulusfibrosusdexter

Cuspiscommissuralis

sinistra

Cuspis posterior

Cuspis anterior

Cusois commissuralis dextra

V cava superior

Valva aortae

Valva atrioventricularisdextra

Fig.877 Valves of the heart, Valvae cordis;SUpef lo r v tew

Valvaatrioventricularisdextra [Valvatricuspidalisl

Fig .878 Contour o f the hear t ,auscut ta t ion pro jec ted on to the

vaLves o f the hear t , and po in ts o fan ter io r thorac ic wa[ [ [ c i rc tes ] .

Apex cordis

The hear t sounds and lwhere app l . i cab l .e l the hear t murmursare spread ing in the d i rec t ion o f the ar rows.

Foramina venarummrnrmarum

> Thoracic viscera

lnternaL spaces of the heart

Ostium atriovenviculare dextrum

Septum interatriale

V cava superior

Pars ascendens aortae

l\4yocardium


Auricula dextra

Mm pectinati

Auricula dextra

A coronaria dextra


Valva atrioventricularis dextravu-Pr r a r r rc r ru l

Limbus fossae ovalis

TuberculumIntervenosum

Fossa ovalis

V cava inferior

Valvula venae cavae inferioris

Ostium sinus coronarii

Valvula sinus coronarii

Valva atrioventricularis dextra, Cuspis posterior

Mm papillares posteriores


l \4 papil larisseptalis

M papillaris anterior

Valva atrioventricularis dextra,Cuspis septalis

Fig .879 R igh t a t r ium, A t r ium cord is dex t rum,and r igh t ven t r i c [e , Vent r i cu [us cord is dex ter ;V C N I T A L V I E W .

V cava superior

W pu lmona lesdextrae

Septum interatriale

Foramen ovale

Limbus lossae ovalis


V cava inferior

Fig .880 R igh t a t r ium, A t r ium cord is dex t rum,o f a neonate ;vent raL v iew f rom the r iqhr .

Septum interventriculare,Pars muscularis

Trabeculaseptomarginalis

Apex cordis

Valva atrioventricularis dextraIValva tricuspidalis]

Ostium atrioventricularedextrum

Lungs

Auricula sinistra



Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum




Fig. 881 Lef t a t r ium, Atr ium cordis s in is t rum,and Lef t ventr ic [e, Ventr icu[us cord is s in is ter ;[ateraI view.

V pulmonalis sinistra superior

Myocardium

Trabeculae carneae

Lunula valvulae semilunarisValvula semilunaris sinistra

A. coronaria sinistra


Atrium cordissinistrum,Septuminteratriale

Valva atrioventricularissinistra, Cuspisposterior

V pulmonalissinistrainferior

Valvula foraminis ovalis(Falx septi)


Chordae tendineae

M papillaris posterior

Myocardium

Seotum interventriculare. Pars muscularis

Apex cordis

A coronaria sinistra,R interventricularis anterior

Bulbus aortae

Sinus aortae

Seotum interventriculare, Parsmembranacea

Truncus pulmonalis

Valvula semilunarissinistra

A coronaria dextra

Nodulus valvulae semilunaris

Auricula dextra

Valvula semilunaris dextra

Valvula semilunaris oosterior

Fig . 882 Le f t ven t r i c [e , Vent r i cuLus cord is s in is te r ,and ascend ing aor ta , Aor ta ascendens;Dos i t ion o f the cusps o f the aor t i c va tve (a r rows) inthe i r pos i t ion a t the f iL t ing phase o f the hear t (d ias toLe l ;La tera Iv iew.

lvlyocardiumChordae tendineae

M papil larisposterior

Ostium atrioventricularesinistrum

Valva atrioventricularis sinistra,Cusois anterior



> Thoracic viscera

lnternal spaces of the heart

Valva aortae, Valvulasemilunaris posterior

Pars ascendens

Sinus aortae

Auricula dextra

A coronaria dextra

Septum interventriculare,Pars membranacea

Valva atrioventricularis dextra,Cuspis posterior

Valva atrioventricularis dextra,Cuspis septalis

M papil laris anteriol

V interventricularis anterior

A. coronaria sinistra,R interventricularis

anterior

axis of the heart



Seotum interventriculare. Pars muscularis

Fig .883 Le f t and r igh t ven t r i c te , Vent r i cu tus cord iss in is te r e t dex ter .

Valva aortae, Valvula semilunaris sinistra

Akium cordis sinistrum

Cuspis anteriorCuspis posterior

Apex cordis

Sulcus interuentricularis anterior

Pericardium serosum, Lamina visceralis IEpicardium]

lvlyocardium

Endocardium


Trabecula septomarginalis


l\/ papillaris anterior

A. coronaria dextra,R marginalis dexter

Myocardium

M. papillaris posterior

Trabeculae carneae

SeDtum interventriculare.Pars muscularis

Valva atrioventricularis dextra IValva tricuspidalis],uusprs seprails

Sulcus interventricularis oosteriorA coronaria dextra, R. interventricularis posterior

) vatua atriouentricularis sinistra

A coronaria sinistra,R marginalis sinister


Mm papillares posteriores

V cardiaca [cordisl media[V interventricularis posterior]

Fig.884 Lef t andsin is ter et dexter ;supenor vrew.

Chordae tendineae

r ight ventr ic te, Ventr icu[us cord is

0esophagus

lnternal spaces of the heart


M. papillaris posterior

Fig . 885 Le f t ven t r i c te , Vent r i cu [us cord is s in is te r ;ventrosuoerior view from the teft .

Valva atrioventricularisdextra, Cuspis posterior

Trabeculaseptomarginalis

M papil larisposterior

Fig .886 R igh t ven t r i cLe , Vent r i cu tus cord is dex ter ;dorsaLv iew.

l *ungs




A coronaria dextra

Truncus pulmonalis

A coronaria sinistra

Fasciculus atrioventricularis,Crus sinistrum

Fig . 887 R igh t a t r ium, A t r ium cord is dex t rum,and r igh t ven t r i cLe , Vent r i cuLus cord is dex ter ;conduct ing sys tem, CompLexus s t imuLans cord islSys tema conducente cord is ] , h igh t igh ted in ye l tow;ventraL view.

Truncus pulmonalis


Sinus trunci pulmonalis

Valva trunci pulmonalis, Valvula semilunaris sinistra

Sinus aortae

Valva aortae, Valvula semilunaris sinistra

Fasciculus atrioventricularis

Crus dextrum

Nodus atrioventricularis

lvl. papillaris anterior

Valva atriovenlricularis dextra,Cuspis anterior

Sinus aortae

Pars ascendens aortaeV cava superior

Ostium venae cavae superioris


Nodus sinuatrialis

Ostium venae cavaeinferioris

Valvula venae cavaeinferioris

Valvula semilunaris )posreflor I.. l Valva aortae

- ValVUla Semllunarls Idextra )

Septum atrioventriculare

Valva atrioventricularis sinistra,Cuspis anterior

M. papillaris anterior


Fig .888 Le f t ven t r i cLe , Vent r i cu tus cord is s in is te r ;conduct ing sys tem, Comptexus s t imutans cord islSys tema conducente cord is ] , h igh l . igh ted in ye tLow;vent ra I v iew f rom the le f t

0esophagus

N vagus [X]

N laryngeusrecurrens

F ig .890 Conduc t i ngComolexus st imu[anssect ion at the otane of

Ganglion cervicalesupenus

N cardiacus cervicalissupenor

Ganglion cervicalemeorum

N. laryngeus recurrens

Ganglioncervicothoracicum[Ganglion stellatuml

N cardiacus cervicalismedius

N. cardiacus cervicalisinlerior

Plexus cardiacus

Nodussinuavialis

Nodusatrioventricularis

Fig.889 Innervat ion of the heart , d iagram;sympathet ic t runk: green; vagus nerye: purpte.* The branches beyond the cardiac plexus contain

sympathet ic and vagaI f ibres.

V cavainferior

Fasciculusatrioventricularis

Crussinistrum

Crusdextrum

system of heart,cordis [Systema conducente cordis] ;the ax is of the heart .

SeptuminterventriculareRr. subendocardiales

Arcus aortae

V cava superior

Pericardium serosum,Lamina parjetalis

Lig arteriosum


F i g , 8 9 1 C o r o n a r y a r t e r i e s ,Aa. coronar iae ;vent raL v iewArrow in the t ransverse per icard iaL s inus

A, pulmonalis dextra


Sinus transversus pericardli

coronaria dextra

Auricula dextra


Vv ventriculi dextriantenores

R atrialis

R marginalis dexter

A pulmonalis sinistra

Truncus pulmonal is


Atrium cordis sinistrum, Auricula sinistra


A coronaria sinistra,R circumflexus

Conus arteriosus

A coronaria slnistra,R interuentricularisanterior

V interventricularis anterior

Apex cordis

Incisura apicis cordis

A coronaria dextra

R nod i s inuat r ia l i s

Anulus fibrosusdexter

Trigonum fibrosumdextrum

Fasciculusatrioventricularis

R marginalis dexter


Valvatrunci

pulmonalis

Valvula semilunarisanterior

Valvula semilunarisdextra

Valvula semilunarissinistra

Truncus pulmonalis

B interventricularisanterior


R circumflexus

Trigonum fibrosum

V cardiaca [cordis]magna

Anulus fibrosussinister

R marginalissinister

A coronaria dextra,R interventricularis posterior

sinistrum

Fig. 8j2 Coronary arieries,Aa. coronar iae ;s u p e n o r v t e w

A coronariasinistra

Ostiumslnus coronafll

V cardiaca lcordis] media[V interventricuhris pdsterior]

A coronaria dextra,R interventricularis posterior

Fig .893 Var iab i t i t y o f the coronary a r te r ies .The conus ar te r iosus branch ar ises f rom theaor ta as an independent a r te ry t -37" / " ) .

of the heart

Arcus aortae


Pericardium V cava superior

Bilurcatio trunci Dulmonalis



Pericardium


Sinus venarum cavarum

Pericardium

W oulmonales sinistrae

Auricula sinistra

V oblioua atrii sinistra

V cardiaca magna


A coronaria sinistra,R circumllexus

Sinus coronarius

ventriculi sinistriposlenor

Apex cordis

V cava inferior

Sulcus coronarius

V cardiaca lcordis] parva

Sulcus terminalis cordis


A coronariasinistra,R circumllexus

A coronariasinistra,R posteriorventriculi sinistri

A coronaria dextra,R interventricularisposterior

A. coronaria dextra

Fig . 895 a-c Var ia t ions in the ar te r ia I supp l .y o f thepos ter io r aspec t o f the hear t ;dorsa Iv iew.

Sulcus interventricularis posterior

Incisura apicis cordis

Fig .894 Ve ins o f the hear t , Vv . cord is .

A coronaria dextra


V cardiaca [cordis] media[v interventricularis posterior]

Batanced coronary artery suPPtYDominant [eft coronary artery supplyDominant r ight coronary ar tery suppty

abc

Coronary arteries, variability of supply

Fig . 896 Coronary a r te r ies , Aa. coronar iae ;pos ter io r a r te r ia I b ranches are shown in aL i g h t e r c o [ o u r ;the pos ter io r in te rvent r i cuLar b ranch ar isesf rom the r igh t coronary a r te ry IbaLanced coronaryar te ry suppLy) ;vent ra t v tew

A coronaria dextra

R nodi sinuatrialis

R coni arteriosi

R atrialis

R nodiatrioventncularis

R marg ina l i sdexter

posterolateralisdexter)


R circumflexus

R interventricularis anterior

Flr interuentriculares seotales

R lateralis

R marginalis sinister

Fig ,897 Coronary a r te r ies , Aa. coronar iae ;the pos ter io r in te rvent r i cu la r b ranch ar ises f romthe te f t coronary a r te ry Idominant [e f t coronaryar te ry supp ly l ;ventraL view.

F ig . 898 Coronary a r te r ies , Aa. coronar iae ;the pos ter io r waLI o f the vent r i cLes ismain [y suppt ied by branches o f ther igh t coronary a r te ry {dominant r igh t coronaryar te ry suppty ) ;ven t ra I v iew

R interuentricularis posterior

A coronaria dextra

R nodi sinuatrialis

R coni arteriosi

R atrialis

R marginalis dexter

A coronaria dextra

R nodi sinuatrialis

R coni arteriosi

atrioventriculares

R atrialis

R nodiatriovenlricularis

R marginalis dexter

R interventricularis postenor

B lateralis

Rr, atriales

Rr interuentricularesseprares

R posteriorventriculi sinistri

Rr atrioventriculares


R, circumflexus

R interventricularis anterior

R atrialis

R lateralis

R marginalis sinister

Rr interventricularesseptales

Rr posterioresventriculi sinistri

Rr interuentriculares seotales

R interventricularis posterior


R circumflexus

B interventricularis anteriorR atrialis

R lateralisR marginalis sinister

Rr interventricularesseptales

R lateralis

R posteriorventriculi sinistri

( R

(R posterolaterallsdexte0

Rr interuentriculares septales


A coronaria sinistra,R circumflexus

A coronaria sinistra,B interventricularis

posterior, var

Diaphragma

Fig , 899 Le f t coronary a r te ry , A . coronar ia s in is t ra .coronary ang iography ;

A. coronaria sinistra,R. interventricularis

anterior

Diaphragma

Fig .900 Le f t coronary a r te ry , A . coronar ia s in is t ra ;coronary ang iography ;

A coronaria dextra,R, coni arteriosi

A coronaria dextra,R atrioventricularisA coronaria dextra

A coronaria dextra,R marginalis dexter

Diaphragma

A coronaria dextra,R interuentricularis posterior

A coronaria dextra,(R posterolateralis dexteo

Fig.901 Right coronary ar tery,coronary angiography;

C o ro n a ry a rte rie s, ra d i o g ra p hy

A coronaria sinistra,R marginalis sinister

A coronaria sinistra,Rr interventricularesseptales

the beam is d i rec ted ob t iquety f rom r igh t an ter io r to [e f toos ter io r {RAOJ.

A coronaria sinistra,R. interventricularis anterior

* Ca the te r i n t he ao r t a and i n t heopening o{ the tef t coronary ar tery


A. coronaria sinistra,B marginalis sinister

A coronaria sinistra,R. circumllexus

A coronaria sinistra,Rr interventriculares septales

A coronaria sinistra,R interventricularis posterior, Var

* Catheter in the aort ic butband i n t he open ing o f t he l e f tcoronary ar tery

** Shadow of the catheter in thedescending thoracic aorta

* Ca the te r i n t he ao r t a and i n t heopening of the r ight coronaryartery

++ Shadow of the catheter in thedescending thoracic aorta

the beam is d i rec ted ob t iquety f rom le f t an ter io r to r igh toos ter io r ILAO] .

the beam is d i rec ted ob l . ique l .y f rom le f t an ter io r to r igh toos ter io r ILAOl .

A . coronar ia dex t ra ;

Heart situs

A; V thoracica interna a O

N vagus [X]

(Nodi lymphoideimediastinales

anteriores)

Bronchusprincipalis dexter

Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchiales

supeflores

A pulmonalis dextra a

V pulmonal is Odextra


inferiores

(Nodus lymphoideusligamenti arteriosi)

Nodi lymphoideiphrenici superiores

Fig . 903 Pos i t ion o f the hear t ;i nsp i ra t ion .

Nodi lymphoideiparatracheales

(Nodi lymphoidei mediastinalesanteriores)

e N vagus [X]

.* N laryngeusrecurrens

Lig arteriosum

Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialessupenores

a V pulmonalissinistra superior

o A pulmonalissinistra

a V pulmonal issinistra inferior

Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchialesinferiores

1

Fig . 902 Pos i t ion o f the hear t in the thorax , S i tus cord isNodi lymphoideiphrenici superiores

Fig . j01 Pos i t ion o f the hear t ;expr ra i lon .

Lungs

brachiocephalica dextra a

thoracica interna a

Truncus abrachiocephalicus

V cava superior O

Pleura parietalis,Pars mediastinalis

Pulmo dexter

Sinustransversus

pericardii

V pulmonal is adextra superior

V pulmonal is adextra inferior

Pleura parietalis,Pars diaphragmatica

V cava inferior a

V jugularis interna dextra

V subclavia dextra

V, cava superior

TracheaV thyroidea inferiora

F i g . 9 0 5 P e r i c a r d i u m , P e r i c a r d i u m .

V brachiocephalica dextra

N laryngeus recurrens sinister

a V brachiocephalicasinistra

a A carotis communis sinistra

aA subclaviasin ist ra

O Arcus aortae

.: N phrenicus

a a A ; V p e r i c a r d i a c o -pnrenrca

Pulmo sinister

.. Plexus aorticusthoracicus

l N vagus [X]

i N laryngeus recurrens


a V pulmonalissinistra superior

a V pulmonalissinistra inlerior

Sinus obl iquuspericardii


purmonaresdextrae

V brachiocephalicasinistra

Atrium cordissinistrum F i g . 9 0 5 0 p e n i n g s o f

ventraL view.

W hepaticae

V cava inferiorAtrium cordis dextrum

Pericardium

the Large ve ins in to the hear t ;

> Thoracic viscera

Trachea and bronchi

Cartilago thyroidea,Lamina dextra

Lig cricothyroideummedianum

Arcus cartilaginis cricoideae

Cartilagines tracheales

Ligg anularia

Bifurcatio tracheae

Bronchus orincioalis dexter

Right main bronchus, Bronchus principalis dexter

Bronchus lobaris superior dexter1 = Bronchus segmentalis apicalis [B l]2 = Bronchus segmentalis posterior [B ll]3 = Bronchus segmentalis anterior [B lll]

Bronchus lobaris medius dexter4 = Bronchus segmentalis lateralis [B lV]5 = Bronchus segmentalis medialis [B V]

Bronchus lobaris interior dexter6 = Bronchus segmentalis superior [B Vl]7 = Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis [B VlllI = Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior [B Vlll]9 = ronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis [B lX]

10 = ronchus segmentalis basalis posterior [B Xl

Left main bronchus, Bronchus principalis sinisterBronchus lobaris superior sinister1,2 = Bronchus segmentalis apicoposterior [B | + lll

3 = Bronchus segmentalis anterior [B lll]4 = Bronchus lingularis superior [B lV]5 = Bronchus lingularis inlerior [B V]

Bronchus lobaris inferior sinister6 = Bronchus segmentalis superior [B Vll7 = Bronchus segmentalis basalis medialis [B Vll]8 = Bronchus segmentalis basalis anterior IB Vlll]9 = Bronchus segmentalis basalis lateralis [B lX]

10 = Bronchus segmentalis basalis posterior [B X]

3

Bronchus lobaris superior sinister

Bronchus lobaris inferior sinister

Bronchusprincipalissinister

Bronchuslobarissupenorsinister

Bronchuslobarisinferiorsinister

1Bronchusprincipalis sinister

Bronchuslobaris

supeflordexter

Bronchusprincipalis

de)iter

Bronchuslobarismediusdexter

Bronchuslobarisinferiordexter

Bronchus lobarissuperior de)del

3

Cartilagines bronchiales

Bronchus lobarismedius dexter

4

Bronchus lobarisinferior dexter

8

Fig.907 Larynx,Larynx;t rachea, Trachea, and bronchi ,Bronchi .

Fig .908 Pro jec t ion o f the t rachea and the bronch ion to the an ter io r thorac ic wa[ t .

0esophagus

Trachea, structure

Carti lagines tracheales

Ligg anularia

Bifurcatio tracheae

Bronchusprincipalis sinister

Cartilago thyroidea, Lamina dextra

Cartilago corniculata

Cartilago arytenoidea

Lamina carti laginis cricoideae

Paries membranaceus

M trachealis

Bronchus orinciDalis dexter

Bronchus lobaris superior dexter

1

Bronchus lobaris inferior dexter

Bronchus lobaris medius dexter

Bronchus lobarissuperior sinister

Bronchus lobarisinferior sinister

Fig.909 Larynx,Larynx;+ - - ^ A ^ ^ T - ^ ^ k ^ -t t d L t t E o , | | o L t t c o ,

a n d b r o n c h i , B r o n c h i ;dorsa Iv iew.

Tunica adventit ia

Glandulae tracheales

Fig . 910 Trachea, Trachea;c ross-sec t ro n ;mic roscop ic en targement a tlow magn i f i ca t ion

Paries membranaceus M trachealis

> Thoracic viscera

Segmental bronchi

t t

Fig . i11 Bronch i , Bronch i ;the [obar and the segmenta l b ronch i have been pro jec tedonto the Iungs and are i tLus t ra ted w i th d i f fe ren t co tours ;venlrat vrew.N u m b e r s i n d i c a t e t h e s e g m e n t a I b r o n c h i l s e e p . 9 0 1 .

0esophagus

Bronchial tree, rad iog ra phy

Bronchus principalissinister


Bronchus lobaris inferiorsinister

Bronchus segmentalissuperior IB Vl]

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis lateralis [B lXl

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis posterior [B X]

Bronchus segmentalisapicoposterior [B | + ll]

Bronchus lingularissuperior [B lV]

Bronchus lingularisinferior IB V]

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis anterior [B Vlll]

Fig .912 Bronch i , Bronch i ;AP- rad iograph; b ronchography o f the le f t [ung.* Bronchography catheter in the trachea

> Thoracic viscera

Apex pulmonis

t t

Lobus superior, Facies costalis

Margo anterior

Fissura horizontalis pulmonisdextri

Lobus medius pulmonis dextri,Facies costalis

Fissura obliqua

Lobus inlerior,Facies costalis

Lobus inferior

Fig. 913 Right Lung, Putmo dexter ;la teraIv iew.

Margo inferior

Apex pulmonis

Lobus superior, Facies costalis

Fissura obliqua

Lobus inferior,Facies costalis

Incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistri

Lingula pulmonis sinistri

Fig .91 t , Le f t [ung, Putmo s in is te r ;[ateraI view.

Fissura obliqua

Margo inlerior

0esophagus

Apex pulmonis

Lobus superior

Lobus superior

A pulmonalis de)dra

Margo anterior


lmpressio cardiaca

Fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri

Lobus medius pulmonis dextri

Fissura obliqua


V pulmonalissinistra superior

Bronchusprincipalis

sinister

Fissura obliqua

V pulmonalissinistra interior


Margo anterior


lmpresslo cardiaca

Incisura cardiaca DUlmonis sinistri

Facies diaphragmatica;Basis pulmonis

y'//

Fissvaobliqua

Bronchus lobarissuperior dexter

Bronchus principalisdexter

Bronchus lobarismedius de)deret inferior dexter

Nodus lymphoideustracheobronchialisinferior


Lobus inferior

Lig pulmonale

Faciesdiaphragmatica;Basis pulmonis

Margo inferior

Fig . 915 R igh t tung, Putmo dex ter ;sag i t ta I sec t ion a t the p [ane o f the h i tumo f t h e [ u n g ;med ia I v iew.

F ig . 916 Le f t [ung, Putmo s in is te r ;sag i t ta I sec t ion a t the p [ane o f the h i Iumof the [ung;med ia I v iew.

Lingula pulmonissinistri

> Thoracic viscera

B ro nch o pu lm o na ry seg m e nts

t t

Pulmo dexter

Pulmo dexter, Lobus superior

rI

Segmentum apicale [S l]

Segmentum posterius [S l l l

Pulmo sinister

Pulmo sinister, Lobus superlor

IIIIr

)II Segmentum apicoposterius [S | + tt]

)Segmentum anterius [S lll]

Segmentum lingulare superius [S lVl

Segmentum lingulare inferius [S V]

Pulmo sinlster, Lobus Interior

Segmentum superius [S V|]

Segmentum basale mediale lcardiacum] [S Vlll-

Segmentum basale anterius [S Vllll

Segmentum basale laterale [S lX]

Segmentum basale posterius [S X]

+ This segment is genera[ [y not an independent segment,but rather fused wi th the anter ior basaL segment [S Vl l l ]

Fig. 918 Lef t tung, Pulmo s in is ter ;bronchoputmonary segments,Segmenta bronchoputmonat ia;lateraI view.

I segmentum anterius [s tttl

Pulmo dexter. Lobus medius

I segmentum taterate [s tvl

I segmentum mediate [s vl

Pulmo dexter, Lobus inferlor

Segmentum superius [S V|]

Segmentum basale mediale lcardiacum] [S Vll]-

Segmentum basale anterius [S Vlll]

il Segmentum basale laterale [S lxjE

Segmentum basale posterius [S Xl

* Th i s segmen t i s gene raL [ y no t an i ndependen t segmen t ,but rather fused wi th the anter ior basaI segment [S Vl l l ] .

Fig.917 Right tung, Pulmo dexter ;bronchopulmonary segments,Segmenta bronchoputmonal ia ;LateraIv iew.

i l esophagus

B ro n ch o p u lm o n a ry se g me nts

F i g . 9 1 9 R i g h t [ u n g , P u L m o d e x t e r ;b ronchoputmonary segments ,S e g m e n t a b r o n c h o p u l m o n a L i a ;m e d i a L v i e w .

F ig .920 Le f t [ung, Pu lmo s in is te r ;b ronchopuImonary seg ments ,Segmenta bronchoputmonaL ia ;m e d i a I v i e w .

> Thoracic viscera


VV brachioceohalicae dextra et siniska

V thoracica interna

Apex pulmonis

Pulmo dexter, Lobus suoeriorV cava superior

A pulmonalis denra, Aa lobares superiores

Pulmo dexter,Lobus medius

A pulmonalisdextra,

A lobaris media

V pulmonalisdextra superior,

V lobi medii

A. DUlmonalis dextra.Aa lobares inferiores,

Pars basalis, A segmentalisbasalis anterior

Auricula dextra

A coronaria dextra


Conus arteriosus

Bronchus

A coronaria sinistra, R interventricularis anterior

Arcus aortae

A carotis communis

A subclavia

Apex pulmonis

Auricula sinistra

Apex cordis Ventriculus cordis sinister

Fig .921 Lungs, Putmones, and hear t , Cor ;the ar te r ies , the ve ins and the bronch i have beend issec ted up to the ex terna I sur face o f the [ungs .

Fig.922 Lung, Pulmo;overv iew of the [ung st ructure;microscopic entargement at low magni f icat ion.

t t


Pulmo sinister. Lobus suoerior

A. pulmonalis sinistra,Aa. lobares superiores


V pulmonalissinistra superior,V apicoposterior

Nodilymphoideitracheo-bronchiales

A pulmonalis sinistra,Aa lobares inferiores

Bronchus lobarisinferior sinister

A pulmonalis sinistra,Aa lobares inferiores,Pars basalis, A. segmentalisbasalis anterior

Pulmo sinister,Lobus inferior

V Dulmonalis sinistra inferior

Ductus alveolaris

Bronchiolus terminalis

Bronchiolus

0esophagus

A. carotis communis

A pulmonalissinistra,

Aa. lobaresinferiores,

Pars basalis

Pulmo sinister, Lobus inferior

Lig arteriosum

Bronchus lobaris superior sinister


Bronchus principalis sinister

Bronchi segmentales

A segmentalisbasalis lateralis

A segmentalisbasalis medialis

A segmentalisbasalis posterior


Apex pulmonis


A subclavia

Fissura obliqua

Apex cordis

Fig.923 Vessels of the Leftdorsa I v iew

Trachea. Paries membranaceus

Truncus brachiocephalicus

Arcus aortae

V cava superior

Bifurcatio tracheae

V azygos

Bronchus principalis dexter

M bronchooesophageus

Nodi lymphoidei tracheobronchiales

V oulmonalis delitra suoerior


V pulmonalis dextra inferiof



V. cava inferior

Pericardium

Sinus coronarius

V cardiaca [cordis] media


Lung, PuLmo s in is ter ;

A. subclavia dextra

R. bronchialis dexter


.,r 7 Bronchus lobaris superior dexter

A carotis communis sinistra

A subclavia sinistra

Arcus aortae


Br bronchiales sinistri

Fig .92 t , Bronch i , Bronch i ;^ - + ^ - ; ^ t ^ . . ^ ^ 1 . ,d r ( E r r d ( > u P P L y .

>> | l - leart I Trachea I Lungs

Vessels of the lung, radiography

F i 9 . 9 2 5 A r t e r i e s o f t h e r i g h t I u n g ,Aa. pu Imona[es dex t rae ;AP- rad iograph (pu tmonary ang iography l ; a f te rin jec t ion o f a cont ras t med ium in to the r igh t ven t r i cLe ;vent raLv iew.T h e n u m b e r s d e s i g n a t e t h e s e g m e n t a l a r t e r i e sI c o m p a r e p . 9 6 1 .

t

Fig .926 Ve ins o f the r igh t Lung,Vv puLmona les dex t rae ;AP- rad iograph l re tu rn v ia puLmonary ve ins o f the cont ras tmed ium in jec ted in to the r igh t ven t r i c te l ;ven t ra Iv iew.Numbers ind ica te the segmentaLve ins {compare p . 951.

Thoracic radiography

V cava -

supenorTruncuspulmonalis

Atrium cordissinistrum

Corpus costae l; lll; lV

Clavicula

Scapula

Bronchus Drincioalis dexter

1 ="Aortic knob"2 =Arch of the pulmonary artery3 =Arch of the left atrium4 =Arch of the left ventricle5 =Arch of the right vessels6 =Arch of the right atrium

Arcus aortae (l)

Truncus pulmonalis (2)

Auricula sinistra (3)

Ventriculus cordis sinister (4)

V cavasuperior (5)

Ventriculus cordissinister

Diaphragma

Apex cordis

Recessus coslo-diaphragmaticus

Fig ,927 Thorac ic cage, Cavea thorac is , and thorac ic v iscera ;PA-radiograph ol a 27-year-otd mal.e l thorax radiograph)

F ig . 928 0u t l ine o f the hear t shadow in the rad iograph;Dt = Transverse d iameter ,

a b + c d = 1 3 - 1 4 c mL = Long i tud ina I ax is o f the hear t l f rom the super io r

border o f the r igh t a t r ia I con tour to the apex o f theh e a r t l = 1 5 - 1 6 c m

M = Med ian p tane o f the body

Atrium cordisdextrum (6)

V, cavainferior

\ L

s -Dt Apex cordis

Diaphragma

Carina tracheae

Bronchus principalissinister

Bronchus segmentalisapicoposterior

lB | + l l l :Bronchus seginentati'C

anteriorlB ilrl

Bronchus segmentalissupeflor

lB vr l

Fig .929 Bronch i , Bronch i ;b ronchoscopy o f a hea[ thy ind iv iduaI d isp tay ing the t racheaIb i fu rca t ion and the car ina o f t rachea.

>> | Hear t I Trachea I Lunqs

(Cartilago bronchialis)



Bronchi lingularessuperior et inferiorlB rv-vl

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis anterior[B Vilt]

Bronchus seomentalisbasalis lateralislB rxl

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis posterior

[B X]

F i g . 9 3 0 B r o n c h i , B r o n c h i ;b ronchoscop ic v iew o f the le f t segmentaL bronch i .

0esophagus

surface projections

Cupula pleurae

Lobus superior

Lobus mediuspulmonis dextri

Lobus inferior

Fig . 931 Pro jec t ion o f the pu lmonary and the p teura lborders on to the an ter io r thorac ic wa[ t .

Lobussu penor

lncisuracardracapurmonrssinistri

Vertebra cervicalis Vll [prominens]

Lobus superior

Spina scapulae

Lobus inferior

Becessuscostodiaphragmaticus

Fig.932borders

Costa xll

Crista iliaca

Pro jec t ion o f the pu lmonary and the p leura Ion to the oos ter io r thorac ic wa[ t .

Borders of the [ungs - t ineBorders of the oteura - dashed [ine

Lobus superior

Crista iliaca

Fig .933 Pro jec t ion o f the pu lmonary and the p teura tborders on to the la te ra I thorac ic wa[ t .

Lobus superior

Lobus inferior

crista iliaca

Fig . 934 Pro jec t ion o f the pu tmonary and the p teuraL

borders on to the la te ra I thorac ic waLt .

> Thoracic viscera

A carotiscommunrs

Cartilago thyroidea,Lamina dextra

M cricothyroideusGlandula thyroidea,Lobus dexter

Oesophagus,Pars cervicalis

Cartilaginestracheales

lsthmus glandulaethyroideae

A subclavia


Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis,Crus dextrum

_Oesophagus,Hars cerytcalrsTruncus

brachiocephalicus

A carotis communisdextraA carotis communissinistra

A. subclavia dextra

Arcus aortae

Lig. arteriosum

Pars thoraclca aortae

Oesophagus,Parsabdominalis

Gaster,Pars cardiaca


Arcus aortae

Lig. arteriosumBronchus lobaris

superior dexter

OesoDhaous.Pars thoraiica

Diaphraqma,Centrum tendin-eum

Foramenvenaecavae

intercostalesposteriores

Parsthoracica

aonae

Aa phrenicaeinferiores

Hiatus aorticus

Truncus coeliacus

Fig . 935 Oesophagus, 0esophagus; t rachea, Trachea,and the thorac ic aor ta , Pars thorac ica aor tae :vent ra tv iew.

Oesophagus,Pars thoracica

Fig . 935 Oesophagus, 0esophagus; t rachea, Trachea,and the thorac ic aor ta , Pars thorac ica aor tae :v iewed f rom the r igh t .

0esophagus, structure

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus sinister

A carotis communis

V jugularis interna

Glandula thvroidea. Lobus dexter

A carotis communis

V jugularis interna

A subclavia

V. subclavia

V, brachiocephalica dextra


V cava superior

V azygos

Bifurcatio tracheae


A pulmonalis dextra


A subclavia

V subclavia


A. subclavia

Cartilagines tracheales

Arcus aortae

Lig arteriosum

B bronchialis





Aa intercostales oosteriotes

Diaphragma

F i g . 9 3 8 0 e s o p h a g u s , 0 e s o p h a g u s ;mic roscop ic en la rgement a t Low magn i f i ca t ion

V cava inferior

Oesophagus, Pars thoracica


Hiatus oesophageus

Fig .937 Oesophagus, Oesophagus, and the thorac ic aor ta ,Pars thorac ica aor tae ;dorsaLv iew.

Tela submucosa

Stratum circulare

Tunica muscularis

Tunica adventit ia

Glandulae oesophageae

Stratum longitudinale

> Thoracic viscera

Vessels of the oesophagus

A thyroidea inferior A thyroidea inferior,Rr oesophageales

A vertebralis

A subclavia

A carotiscommunis sinistra

Pars thoracica aortae,Br oesophageales

A gastrica sinistra,Rr oesophageales

V thyroidea inferior

V vertebralis

V jugularis interna

subclaviadextra

Oesophagus, Pars ceruicalis


A carotiscommunrs

dextra

M, intercostalisexternus

Pars thoracica aortae,Rr bronchiales

V cavasupeflor

W intercostalesposteriores


\ / . 7 w ^ ^ e

V hemiazygosaccessofla

M intercostalisinternus

W oesophageae

V hemiazygos

Diaphragma,Centrumtendineum

Oesophagus

Diaphragma

Truncus coeliacus

Diaphragma,Foramen venae

F i g . 9 3 9 0 e s o p h a g u s , 0 e s o p h a g u s ;c t r n n l r r i n n e r t o r i o c .

vent ra I v iew.

v. azygos

(R oesophagealis)

V phrenica inferior

V cava inferior

cavae

Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis,

Crus dextrum etCrus sinistrum

V phrenica interior

V cava inferior

V gastrica sinistraGaster

Fig .940 Ve ins o f the oesophagus, Vv . oesophageae

W oesophageae

V hemiazygos

(Plexus venosussuomucosus)

V oesophagea

(R oesophagealis)

V gastrica sinistra

Oesophagus,Parsabdominalis

V gastroomentalissinistra

Fig .911 Ve ins o f the oesophagus, Vv . oesophageae;m a g n i f i c a t i o n o f F i g . 9 4 0 ;demonst ra t ion o f anas tomoses be tween branches o fthe hepat ic por ta I ve in and the super io r vena cava.

V portae hepatis

Thoracic lymph nodes

Oesophagus, Pars cervicalis

A carotis communis

A subclavia

Nodi lymphoidei juxtaoesophageales

Arcus aortae

Pars descendens aortae

V oulmonalis sinistra suDerior

Nodi lymphoidei tracheobronchiales superiores


Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchiales inf eriores

Bronchi lobares

V pulmonalis sinistra inferior

(Nodi lymphoidei mediastinales posteriores)


Pericardium librosum

Hiatus oesophageus

Glandula thyroidea, Lobus dexter

A carotis communis


A subclavia

V cava superior

Trachea. Paries membranaceus

Nodi lymphoidei tracheobronchiales superiores

Bifurcatio tracheae

Bronchus orinciDalis dexter

Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchiales superiores

A pulmonalis dextra

Bronchi lobares

V pulmonalis dextra inlerior

(Nodi lymphoidei mediastinales posteriores)

V, cava inferior

Diaphragma

Fig .912 Thorac ic Lymph nodes;Nod i Lympho ide i thorac is ;dorsaLv iew.

> Thoracic viscera

0esophagus, radiography and oesophagoscopy

Extremitas sternalis

lvlanubrium sterni

Oesophagus,Pars thoracica *

Oesophagus,Pars thoracica **

Diaphragma

Fig .943 a , b 0esophagus, Oesophagus;rad iograph a f te r swat towing o f a cont ras t med ium.a R i g h t a n t e r i o r o b t i q u e p o s i t i o n , o b L i q u e d i a m e t e r | [ b e a m

di rec ted f rom le f t an ter io r to r igh t pos ter io r )b Le f t an ter io r ob t ique pos i t ion , ob t ique d iameter l l Ibeam

di rec ted f rom r igh t an ter io r to Le f t pos ter io r )

Becessus piriformis


* OesophageaI constr ic t ion caused by the aort ic arch** RetrocardiaI port ion of the oesophagus+* *Oesophagea I cons t r i c t i on a t t he j unc t i on o f t he pha rynx w i t h t he

oesophagus

Gaster, Pars cardiaca,Tunica mucosa

Oesophagus, Pars abdominalis,tunrca mucosa

Fig .911 Oesophagus, 0esophagus;oesophagoscopy ( techn icaL de ta i [s see F ig . 986) ;suoenor v tew.

Mm pharyngis


Pars descendens aortae[Aorta descendens]

Pars ascendens aortae[Aorta ascendens]

Bronchusprincipalis

dexter

Pars thoracica aortae,[Aorta thoracica]

Hiatus oesophageus

Diaphragma

Gaster. Cardia

F i g . 9 4 5 0 e s o p h a g u s , 0 e s o p h a g u s ;cons t r c t t ons .* Uppe r oesophagea I sph inc te r++ Narrowing caused by the aort ic arch* * * D iaph ragma t i c cons t r i c t i on

Fig .916 0esophagus, Oesophagus;typ icaL loca t ion and f requency o f d iver t i cu | .a .* Cerv ica td iver t i cu [um

{ZENKER's d iver t i cuLuml , l -70%l*+ Mid-oesophageaI d iver t i cu tum l -22%l+++ Ep iphren ic d iver t i cu [um ( -8%]

> Thoracic viscera

Thymus

I Lobus dexterGlandula thyroidea {

I Lobus sinister

Lobusmedius

LODUSinterior


Recessuscostodiaphragmaticus

M scalenus anterior o

Clavicula

M, subclavius O

Apex pulmonis

Costa ll

Pleura parietalis,Pars costalis

Pulmo dexter,lvlargo anterior

Carti lago thyroidea

(Lobus pyramidalis, Var )

M sternothyroideus e

M cricothvroideus o

W thyroideae inferiores o

Arcus venosus jugularis O

N phrenicus

thoracica interna a 3 M transversus thoracisV thoracica interna a a Pars sternalis diaphragmatis

[,4 rectus abdominis aRecessus costomediastinalis

Fig .917 Thymus, Thymus; per icard ium, Per icard ium,and [ungs , Pu lmones, o f an adotescent .Note the s ize o f the adoLescent thymus. In oLder ind iv iduats ,the thymic t i ssue is a lmost en t i re ty rep taced by ad ipose t i ssue.

o lvl sternohyoldeus

o M, thyrohyoideus

a M omohyoideus, Venter superior

a A thyroidea superior

a V thyroidea superior

Fascia cervicalis. Lamina suoerf icialis

c M. sternocleidomastoideus

o A carotis communis* Plexus caroticus communis

o V jugularis interna

a W brachioceDhalicae

o V thoracicainterna

Thymus

o M pectoralismaJor

Pulmo sinister,Lobus superior

Margo anterior

Pericardium

Incisura cardiacapulmonis sinistri

Lingula pulmonissinistri


Margo interior

t M obliquusexternusabdominis

0esophagus

A subclavia a

Plexus brachialis

V thoracica interna a

W pericardiacophrenicae O

V brachiocephalica dextra a

N phrenicus {t

V cava superior a

Pulmo dexter,Lobus superior

V thyroidea inferior o

Truncus brachiocephalicus a

V subclavia a

Glandu lathyroidea

a V brachiocephalica sinistra

& N vagus [X]

o A subclavia


I N phrenicus

Lobus sinister \t _ .} I N V M U SI

Lobus dexter /

Pulmo sinister,l\4argo anterior

Pericardium fibrosum

a Pars sternalis diaphragmatis

Fig .918 Thymus, Thymus, o f an adotescent .

Plexus brachialis, Pars infraclavicularis ,

Truncus sympathicus, Ganglion thoracicum ll 3

N vagus [X], N laryngeus recurrens s

N vagus [X], Rr cardiaci thoracici &

N, vagus [X], Plexus pulmonalis I

V azygos a


R bronchialis (Aorta); a aV, bronchialis

^ l'{ vagus [X]. .Hr carotacr tnoracrcl

V intercostalis posterior o

N thoracicus [T 71, aN. intercostaiis

a A. subclavia

Clavicula

O M

Truncus sympathicus, 8Rr. communicantes

N splanchnicus omalor

Aa intercostales aposteriores


subclavius

o M scalenus anterior

a V subclavia

O A thoracica interna

r N. phrenicus

a V brachioceDhalica dextra

Thymus

a V cava superior

a Aa. pulmonales

A a a N p h r e n i c u s ; A ; Voericardiacoohrenica

a W pulmonales

Pericardiumfibrosum;Pleura parietalis,Pars mediastinalis

Lig. pulmonale

s N. vagus [X],Plexusoesophageus


Oesophagus

a Diaphragma; Pleura parietalis, Pars diaphragmatica

Diaphragma, Centrum tendineum a

Fig.919 PteuraI cavity, Cavitas pteuratis, and mediastinum,Medias t inum, o f an adotescent ;La tera I thorac ic wat [ and r igh t tung have been removed;v iewed f rom the r igh t .The x ind ica te the areas a t the roo t o f the [ung and theputmonary L igament , respec t ive ty , where the v iscera I p [eurafo l .ds back in to the par ie ta I p [eura .

Pleural cavity

Plexus brachialis. Pars in{raclavicularis

Clavicula

lvl subclavius a

A axil laris a

V axillaris o

A subclavia a

Costa I

Truncus sympathicus, R cardiacus thoracicus

,r N vagus [X], R cardiacus thoracicus


Ductus thoracicus, Pars thoracica

N phrenicus

V pulmonalis sinistra o


V pericardiacophrenica a

A pericardiacophrenica a

Recessuscostomediastinalis


(Nodi lymphoideimediastinales

anteriores)

N phrenicus .

Plexus aorticus thoracicus.Plexus cardiacus

Plexus pu lmona l is

A pu lmona l is s in is t ra O

Thymus

V pulmonalis sinistra a

Bronchus principalis

A carotis communis a

V brachiocephalica O

N vagus [X] t

Centrum tendineum

N laryngeus recurrens (N. vagus)

Lig arteriosum


a V hemiazygos accessofla


: N. vagus [X],Plexus pulmonalis

O Pars thoracica aortae

r* Plexus aorticustnoracrcus

aoA ;V in te r cos ta l i sposterior

, R communicans

N splanchnicusmalor

o o A ; v i n t e r -costalisposterior;N. intercostalis

Truncussympathicus,Ganglionthoracicum lX

Pleuraparietalis,Pars costalis


Fig . 950 PteuraL cav i ty , Cav i tas p teuraL is , and med ias t inum,M e d i a s t i n u m , o f a n a d o t e s c e n t ;v iewed f rom the le f t .In o tder indrv iduats , the thymic t i ssue is a tmost en t i re [yrep [aced by ad ipose t i ssue.

> Thoracic viscera

Aortic arch

A carotis externa dextraA carotis

interna dextra

A. vertebralis dextra

A carotiscommunis dextra


V cava superior

Pars ascendensaortae

Atrium cordisdextrum

A carotiscommunis dextra

A subclaviadextra


Arcus aortae

A. carotis externa sinistraA carotis interna sinistra

A. vertebralis sinistra

A. carotls communissinistra

A subclaviasinistra

Arcus aortae

Lig arteriosum

Truncus pulmonalis

Atrium cordissinistrum,Auricula atrii

Ventriculuscordissinister

Ventriculuscordis dexter

A. subclavia sinistra

A subclavia sinistraA carotis communissinistra

.l Arcus aortae2 A. thoracica interna3 Truncusbrachiocephalicus4 A. subclavia dextra5 A carotis communis dextra6 A vertebralis dextra7 Bima glottidis8 A vertebralis sinistra

I Trachea10 A subclaviasinistra11 A. carotis communis sinistra'12 Pars descendens aortae13 Cor14 Valva aortae15 Pars ascendens aortae

V cava inferior

Fig ,951 Hear t , Cor , and aor t i c a rch , Arcus aor tae ,

w i th the or ig ins o f the major a r te r ies ;ventraI view.

A carotis externa dextra A carotis externa sinistraA carotis interna dextra A. carotis interna sinistra

A vertebralis dextraA vertebralis sinistra

Fig.952 Aort ic arch, Arcus aortae, and branches;AP- rad iograph a f te r in jec t ion o f a cont ras t med iumin to the aor t i c bu lb :ventraI view.* Catheter

- 1 3 V o - 9 o / o

- 3 T o

Left vertebraI artery branching off the aort ic archindependent lyR igh t subc tav ian ar te ry as the u t t imate branch o f theaor t i c a rchTh is abnormaI a r te ry f requent [y passes beh ind theoesophagus to the r igh t , wh ich can resu [ t in swat lowingd i f f i cu t t ies IDysphag ia lusor ia ) .

Pars ascendensaortae

a

70 YoPars descendens aortae,Pars thoracica aortae

Fig . 953 a-e Var iab i t i t y o f the or ig in o f the major a r te r iesf rom the aor t i c a rch , Arcus aor tae .a "Textbook case"b Common or ig in o f the brach iocephat ic t runk and the Le f t

common caro t id a r te ryc Common t runk fo r the brach iocepha l . i c t runk and the te f t

common caro t id a r te rv

Truncus brachioceohalicus a

N vagus [X] 0

A ceruicalis profunda a

Truncus costocervicalis O

A intercostalis suDrema o

A subclavia a

N laryngeus recurrens s

Trachea

Posterior mediastinum

a N. laryngeus recurrens

I N vagus [X]

o N phrenicus

O A subclavia

a A thoracica interna

O Arcus aortae

a Pars thoracica aortae,Rr. bronchiales

Pars ascendens aortae aIAorta ascendens]


V azygos a

3 N laryngeus recurrens

a N. vagus [X],Rr bronchiales


a Pars thoracica aortae,Rr. oesophageales

a N. laryngeus recurrens,Rr oesophageales

Oesophagus, Parsthoracica

a Aa. intercostalesposteriores

o Pars thoracicaaonae

a N splanchnicusmaJor

a V azygos

Costa Xl

a Truncus coeliacus

a A mesentericasupenor

a Pars abdominalisaonae

Truncus sympathicus 8

Mm intercostales Ointerni

W intercostales aposteriores

Mm. intercostales oexterni

Nn thoracici, aNn intercostales

N splanchnicus omtnor

Pars lumbalis adiaphragmatis

N splanchnicus major I

Costa Xl,Cartilago costalis

N splanchnicus minor t

V lumbalis ascendens O

A ;Vsubcos ta l i saa

o N iliohypogastricus

Fig . 954 Thorac ic and abdomina l aor ta , Pars thorac icaaor tae e t Pars abdomina l i s aor tae

N subcostalis,

> Thoracic viscera


V thyroidea inferior o

V brachiocephalica dextra o

Arcus venae azygos a

V cava superior a


a V subclavia


Ductus thoracicus. Pars thoracica

a Aa intercostales posteriores

a Mm intercostales interni

a V hemiazygos accessoria

O V hemiazygos

a o Aa ; Vv intercostalesposteriores

, Nn thoracici,Nn intercostales


O V hemiazygos

Cisterna chyli

c Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis,Crus dextrumet Crus sinistrum

V azygos a

Truncus sympathicus,Ganglia

N splanchnicus major

Vv intercostales aposteriores

subcostalis a O

Costa Xl

N subcoslalis

V cava inferior a a V lumbalis ascendens

Fig . 955 VesseLs and nerves o f the pos ter io r med ias t inum,M e d i a s t i n u m o o s t e r i u s .

Truncus sympathicus, *rGanglion thoracicum ll

N vagus [X] &

N laryngeus recurrens 8l

Pars ascendens aaonae

N vagus (X), *Rr bronchiales


Truncus &sympathicus

Truncus sympathicus, tGanglion cervicale medium

M scalenus anterior a

Ansa subclavia s

A subclavia O

A carotis communis O

N vagus [X] e

Pars abdominalis aortae O

Figr956 Autonomous nervous systemPars thoracica autonomica.


* Ganglion cervicothoracicum [stellatumlTrachea

o M. scalenus anterior

{, N laryngeus recurrens

O A subclavia

I Ansa subclavia

* N vagus [X]

& Plexus aorticus thoracicus;Plexus cardiacus

6 N laryngeus recurrens

I N vagus [X], Rr. bronchiales

Bronchus orincioalis sinister

* Nn. thoracici,Nn intercostales

I N vagus [X],PlexusoesophageusTruncus *

sympathicus,Ganglia thoracica

splanchnicus smrnor

Diaphragma a

Pars pylorica

Duodenum

t Truncussympathicus,Rr. communicantes

Oesophagus,Pars abdominalis

o N. iliohypo-gastricus

N subcostalis 8,

of the thorac ic cav i ty ,

> Thoracic viscera

Phrenic nerve

V jugularis interna a

Truncus brachiocephalicus a

N laryngeus recurrens .

V subclavia a

N vagus [X]

V brachiocephalica sinistra a

V brachiocephalica adextra


Arcus aortae O

V cava asupenor

P lexus . .cardtacus

N phrenicus t

N phrenicus, ;R pericardiacus


Pulmo dexter,Lobus inferior

Pleura parietalis,pars

diaphragmatica

Fig . 957 Thorac ic v iscera o f an aduLt ;the an ter io r thorac ic waL[ has been removed,and the r igh t and the Le f t [ung have beensec t ioned in the f ron ta I pLane;vent raL v iew

A subclavia dextra

V subclavia dextra

Glandula thyroidea

Trachea

V cava superior

Pericardium

O A carotis communis,, N laryngeus recurrens

Clavicula

l\4 scalenus anterior

N phrenicus

a M scalenus anterior

o A thoracica interna

, N vagus [X]

" N vagus [X],Rr cardiaci thoracici


s N phrenicus

O O A ; V pericardiacophrenica

Pericardium


* Diaphragma

N phrenicus,Rr phrenicoabdominales

N phrenicus,R pericardiacus

Diaphragma

Fig . 958 Course o f the phren ic nerve ,N . p h r e n i c u s

Mediastinum

Mediastinumsupenus

Mediastinuminferius

Lamina visceralislEpicardiuml

Valva aortae, Valvulae semilunaressinistra. oosterior et dextra

a A coronaria sinistra

Myocardium

Valva atrioventricularisdextra [Valva tricusPidalis]

Cos tae V l ;V l l

Cavitaspericardiaca

Sternum,Proc xiphoideus

e M rectusabdominis

O Pars sternalisdiaphragmatis

Fig .959 Organ isa t ion o f them e d i a s t i n u m , M e d i a s t i n u m .

Nodi lymphoideitracheobronchiales superiores

Vertebra cervicalis Vll[prominens], Proc spinosus

Ligg interspinalia

Bilurcatio tracheae,Carina tracheae

W basivertebrales aBronchus principahs

l\4 arytenoideus transversus G

Oesophagus, Pars cervicalis Carti lago cricoidea, Lamina

Trachea, Paries membranaceus

Vertebra cervicalis VllIprominens]


Cavitas infraglottica

Lig vocale

Carti lago thyroidea

a l\4 sternothyroideus

Fascia cervicalis, Lamina superticialis

o V jugularis anterior

Glandula thyroidea

Carti lagines tracheales

O M sternocleidomastoideusArticulatio sternoclavicularis

l\4anubrium sterniO Truncus brachiocephalicus

t lvl pectoralis major


a Arcus aortae

Corpus sterni

O Pars ascendens aortae

Thymus

dextel

Nodus lymphoideustracheobronchialis inferior

Plexus venosus avertebralis

internus posteriorM interspinalis t

A pulmonalis dextra aOesophagus, Pars

thoracicaV pulmonal is s in ist ra a

Sinus transversuspericardii

V hemiazygos a


Septum interatrialeA coronaria dextra; O a

V cardiaca mediaNledullaspinal is

Dura mater spinalis

Oesophagus,Tunica muscularis

Lamina parietalisPars lumbalis diaphragmatis I

Nodus lymphoideus phrenicus superior Atrium cordis dexlrum

Fig . 960 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is , and med ias t inum, Med ias t inum;median sag i t ta I sec t ion th rough the neck and the thorax ;La tera I v iew f rom the r igh t .

Hepar,Area nuda


J e",i.u,oi,' ,",o.,.

Thorax, frontal sections

Trachea Oesophagus

A thoraco-acromialis

subclavia Odextra

V cava superior a

V pulmonalis dextra superior, aanterior, Pars intrasegmentalis

A. intercostalis O

Fissura horizontalispulmonis dextri


Fissura obliqua

Pleura parietalis, Pars costalis

Pleura visceralis

Diaphragma O

Recessus costodiaphragmaticus

A vertebralis aNodi lymphoidei thoracis,

Nodi paratracheales

Plexus brachialis &A suprascapularis O

V hepatica O

Nodi lymphoidei cervicales laterales,Nodi orofundi inferiores

O A thoracica internaa M. scalenus medius

O A, subclavia sinistra Clavicula

a M. subclavius

Costa I

O A. axillaris

I N vagus slnister [X]

a V axillaris

o Arcus aortae

o M. pectoralis minor

Costa lV

a) Pars ascendens aortae

O M. serratus anterior

a M intercostalis internus

o A coronaria sinistra

Bronchus intrasegmentalis


Lamina visceralis IEpicardium]

Lamina parietalis

Peritoneum parietaleHepar,

Lobus sinister

Trachea

V cava superior


Pulmo dexter


Diaphragma

Hepar

Valva aortae

Truncus pulmonalis O Fundus gastricusValva atrioventricularis dextra Ventriculus cordis dexter

Fig , 961 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is .

Fig.962 Thoracic cavity, Cavitas thoracis;magnet ic resonance tomograph ic image lMRl ) ;f ron ta I sec t ion a t the [eve [ o f the super io r vena cava;vent ra Iv iew.

O A coronaria dextra,B. interventricularis oosterior

A carotis communis


Truncus pulmonalis

Pulmo sinister



Valva atrioventricularis dextra

Peritoneum \ Flexura coli

0esophagus

Thorax, secttons


Cavitas pleuralis

Diaphragma

Hepar

V hepatica dextra

Becessusphrenicomediastinalis

V cava inferior


Cavitas pleuralis

Diaphragma


Corpus gastricum

Recessus costo-diaphragmaticus

Omentum majus

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis


Diaphragma

Tunica mucosa Flexura coli sinistra

Gaster, Ostium cardiacum Pancreas

Gaster. Pars cardiaca

Fig . 953 D iaphragm, D iaphragma, and oesophagus,Oesophagus, w i th i t s t rans i t ion in to the s tomach, Gaster ;f ron ta I sec t ion th rough the Lower par t o f the thorac iccav i ty and the upper par t o f the abdominaI cav i ty .

F ig .96 t+ Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is ;m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i c i m a g e I M R l ) ;f ron ta I sec t ion a t the LeveL o f the aor t i c va tve :VCNITAL VICW.

Truncus pulmonalis

Ventriculus cordis sinisterVentriculus cordis dexter


Mediastinum posterius

Pleura visceralisIpulmonalis]

Pulmo sinister

Hepar

> Thoracic viscera

Thorax, frontal sections

M trapezius t

t t

o M serratusanterior

lvl erector asptnae

M splenius a

Vertebra thoracica ll

Cupula pleurae

Pleura visceralis

lvl intercostalis internus a

Costa l l l

Aorta O

V anterior, aPars intrasegmentalis

I M, suoraspinatus

Articulatio acromioclavicularis

o M subscapularis

Scapula, Cavitas glenoidalis

Caput humeri

t M deltoideus

(Recessus axillaris)

. N axil laris

N thoracodorsalis s

a A circumflexa humeriposterior

a M teres major

,!8 Plexus brachialis,Fasciculus posterior

a A axillaris

& Plexus brachialis,Fasciculus medialis

& Plexus brachialis,Fasciculus lateralis

a M coracobrachialisBronchus segmentalisanterior [B lll]

a V axillaris

a A circumflexascapurae

o V cephalica

NoduslymphoideusaxillarisM serratus I

anterior

Fig . 955 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is ;ax i t ta , Ax iL ta , and shouLder io in t ,Ar t i cuLat io humer i .

M scalenus medius *

Plexus brachialis ,*

Nodi lymphoideiparatracheales

Costa I

carotis communis asinistra

Nodus lymphoideustracheobronchialis

Arcus aortae a

Pulmo sinister

Proc. coracoideus

a M. biceps brachii, Caput longum, Tendo

Acromion

Caput humeri

O M. deltoideus

a A axillaris

c M subscapularis

a V axillaris

a lvl teres major

& N thoracicus longus

O l\4 serratus anterior

Costa lV

Fig. 966 Thoracic cavi ty , Cavi tas thoracis ;ax i t ta , AxiLta, and shoutder io int ,Ar t icuLat io humer i .

a V jugularis interna

M pectoralis major C

M subclavius *

Plexus brachialis x

t M sternocleidomastoideus

t M serratus anterior o M trapezius

Clavicula a V subclavia

. M scalenus anterior

a M omohyoideus

a A subclavia

Spina scapulae

* N vagus dexter [X]

a A carotis communis

a A subclavia

Pulmo dexter, Apex

Pleura visceralis

Pleura parietalis

Vertebra thoracica lll. Proc soinosus

I M pectoralis major

a M. deltoideus

lvl scalenus anterior e

Caput humeri

Scapula

M infraspinatus t

M sternocleidomastoideus o

M sternohyoideus a

Trachea

Oesophagus

Plexus venosus vertebralis internus a


Medulla spinalis

Fig . 957 a , b Thorac ic cav i ty ,and shou[der io in t . Ar t i cu ta t io

a M infraspinatus

M trapezius a M supraspinatus a Scapula

Cav i tas thorac is ; ax i ILa , Ax i t la ,h u m e r i .

ab

Righ t par t o f the bodyLeft part of the body

,! N suprascapularis

> Thoracic viscera

transverse sections

Lungs

A\ Manubrium sterni O Truncus brachiocephalicus

a lvl sternothyroideusNodi lymphoidei paratracheales

V. thoracica interna oN phrenicus dexter ,,

V cava superior aM pectoralis major a

M pectoralis cmrnor

Oesophagus

M infraspinatus eScapula costa lll

Nodi lymphoidei paratracheales

A pulmonalis sinistra, OA segmentalis anterior

V azygos O

N intercostalis i

a A, carotis communis sinistra

Trachea

. N phrenicus sinister

a A subclavia sinistra

,* N vagus sinister [X]

Costa I

V pulmonalis adexlra superior

thoracicus longus ?

V axillaris a

H U M E T U S

A axillaris a

Nodus lymphoideusaxillaris,

Nodus apicalis

l\4 subscapularis a

M teres major I


,, N thoracicuslongus

*{ Plexus brachialis

a Arcus aortae

a A subscapularis

Bronchus segmentalisposlerior [B ll]

s M serratus anterior


* N, intercostalis

Pleura visceralis

Bronchus segmentalis anterior IB llll

, M pectoralis minor


Trachea

a M serratus anterior

I N thoracicus longus

Oesophagus

a A thoracodorsalis

a M. teres major

, N. vagus sinister [X]Scapula

M trapezius O * Truncus sympathicus

V azygos o Ductus thoracicus

Lig longitudinaleanterius Vertebra thoracica ll. Proc soinosus

Fig .958 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is

Corpus sterni a Truncus brachiocephalicus

Becessus costomediastinalis a A carotis communis sinistra

A thoracica interna O a Arcus aortae

N phrenicus dexter { r N. phrenicus sinister

V, cava superior o I M pectoralis major

Bronchus intrasegmentalis

N thoracicus longus a


lvl intercostalis externus a

vagus dexter [X] i.

lvl subscapularis l|

V azygos O

Fissura obliqua Fissura obliquaPulmo sinister, Lobus inferiorCosta lV

Truncus sympathicus {M trapezius a

a Pars thoracica aortaeRecessus vertebromediaslinalis

Vertebra thoracica lV Ductus thoracicus

lvl infraspinatus O

Fig .969 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is .

Th o rax, tra nsve rse secti o n s

Corpus sterni

l\4 pectoralis major 6

A lobaris superior a

Pulmo dexter. Lobus suDerior

A pulmonalis dextra a

N phrenicus dexter

V cava superior o

Foramen vertebrale

O Pars ascendens aortae

Cavitas pericardiaca

lvl trapezius c Oesophagus

Vertebra thoracica V Ductus thoracicus

Fig .97O Thorac iccav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is .

F ig .971 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is ;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion ICT] .

N phrenicus sinister

a V oulmonalis sinistra superior

Bronchus Drincioalis sinister

Bronchus lobaris superior

Glandula mammaria

, N thoracicus longus

a A lobaris superior

I M serratus anterior

Fissura obliqua

ScapulaN vagus [X]

Sternum

Pleura parietalis,Pars mediastinalisM pectoralis major


V cava superior


Pars descendens aortae

Scapula

M, infraspinatus

Cartilago costalis

a Pars descendensaonae

a Truncus pulmonalis

Nodi lymphoideibronchopulmonales

l\4 serratus anterior O

Costa lll

N thoracicus longus

Fissura obl iqua



M teres major O


Bronchus segmentalisan ter io r [B l l l ]

Bronchus segmentalisposterior [B l l]

Bronchus lobaris superiordexler

Bi{urcatio tracheae

Oesophagus

Vertebra thoracica lV,Corpus vertebrae

Vertebra thoracica lV,Proc transversus

N vagus [X] Truncus azygos asympathicus

M erector spinae M trapezius Costae lvl serratus anterior

Th o rax, tra nsverse secti o ns

\

V cava superior a Corpus sterniA thoracica interna a

V pulmonalis dextra suDerior a

N phrenicus dexter ,

M pectoralis major S

Bronchus lobaris medius

Pulmo dexte., Lobus medius

Bronchus lobaris medius

Bronchus lobaris inferior

N thoracicus longus .r

Aa lobares inferiores a


M serratus anterior *

M latissimus dorsi cr

V pulmonalis dextra inferior O

M intercostalis externus *

N vagus dexter [X] :V intercostalis O

Aorta

Valvula semilunaris sinistraValvula semilunaris

posterior

Valvula semilunarisdextra

Septum interventriculare


a Pars ascendens aortae

Atrium cordis sinistrumSinus transversus oericardii

O Truncus pulmonalis

Costa lll

Valvaaortae

o V azygos

M trapezius * Vertebra thoracica Vl



Fig.973 Heart, Cor;uL t rasound image v iewed f rom the oesophagus( t ransoesophageaI echoca rd iog raphy l .

Ductus thoracicus

Becessus vertebromediastinalis

Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum

Cuspis anterior I

7 Cuspis posterior J

N phrenicus sinister

Auricula atrii sinistri

Pulmo sinister. Lobus suDerior

Glandu la mammar ia

Oesophagus

Nodi lymphoideibronchopulmonales

Fissura obliqua

Cavitas pleuralis

Bronchus segmentalisbasalis posterior [B X]

a V pulmonalis sinistrainferior

a Pars descendens aortae

Valva atrioventricularissinistra [Valva mitralis]


LurrEs

transverse sections

N phrenicus dexter

Pulmo dexler, Lobus medius

Papilla mammaria

Giandula mammaria


Cartilago costalis

Oesophagus

Sternum, Proc xiphoideus

a A coronaria sinistra

a Sinus aortae

Sinistra ,/ dextrum

Valva aortae


a A coronariasinistra,R, interuentri-cularis anterior

Fissura obliqua

l\4 serratus anterior N

V basalis inferior, aV pulmonalis dextra


Valva atrioventricularissinistra [Valva mitralis]



* N phrenicus sinister

o V cardiaca magna

Costa Vl


inferior

Nodus lymphoideusbronchopulmonalis

N vagus dexter [X] ''t

M latissimus dorsi a

Vertebra thoracica Vll

V oulmonalis sinistra inferior o

M transversus thoracis a

Pulmo dexter, Lobus medius

Fissura obliqua


a V intercostalisa Pars descendens aortae

N intercostalis & - Truncus sympathicus

Oesophagus Ductus thoracicus


M pectoralis major e Sternum. Proc xiohoideus

o A coronaria / Atrium cordis Valva atrioventricularisdextra[Valva tricuspidalis]


Ventriculus


Mamma

Fissura obliqua

a M serratus anterior

s N, phrenicus

a A coronaria dextra


a Pars descendens aortae

a M latissimus dorsi

Truncus sympathicus \ a A intercostalis

V azygos a Vertebra thoracica Vll. proc spinosus

Costa l l l -\

N intercostalis *

Recessuscoslomediastinalis


inferiores

M intercostalis externus a


Bronchus segmentalisbasalis lateralis [B lX]

Nodus lymphoideusjuxtaoesophagealis

N vagus dexter [X] |

Vertebra thoracica Vll l

Fig , 975 Thorac ic cav i ty , Cav i tas thorac is

Ductus thoracicus

> Abdominal viscera >> | Stomach I Smatt intest ine I Large intest ine I L iver

Incisura cardialis

Fundus gastricus

Corpusgastricum

Curvatura maior

Oesoohaous.Pars abdomirialis

Curvatura minor

Incisura angularisDuodenum,

Pars superior

Duodenum,Pars descendens

Fig.976 Stomach, Gaster;ventraI view.

Pancreas

Muscles of the stomach

Oesophagus, Tunica muscularis

Tunica muscularis, Stratum longitudinale

Curuatura minor

Oesophagus, Tunica muscularis

Fundus gastricus

Tunica muscularis,Stratum longitudinale

Curvatura major

Tunica muscularis,Stratum circulare

Tunica muscularisStratum circulare

Tunica muscularis,Fibrae obliquae

Fig.977 Stomach, Gaster;externaI musc[e tayers;ventraI view

Fig . 978 Stomach, Gaster ;the per i toneum has beenremoved to demonstrate thein te rna I musc [e layers ;ventraI view.

Tunica muscularis, Stratum circulare

> AbdominaI viscera

Stomach, structure

Duodenum,Pars superior,

Ampulla

Plicae circulares


Incisura cardialis


Cardia IPars cardiaca], Ostium cardiacum

Pars pylorica, Canalis pyloricus, Antrum pyloricum

Fig .979 Stomach, Gaster , and duodenum, Duodenum;vent ra Iv iew.

Areae gastricae

Foveolae gastricae

Tunica mucosaEpilhelium

Lamina propria mucosae

Nodulus lymphoideus solitarius

Glandulae gastricae

Lamina muscularis mucosae

Fig . 980 D iagram o f the s tomach wat [ ;the layers of the wa[[ have been removed stepwise;mic roscop ic en targement a i Low magn i f i ca t ion .

Tela submucosa

Pancreas

Vessels of the stomach

A hepatica propria

V portae hepatis

Ductus cysticus

Ductus hepaticus communis

Lig hepatoduodenale

A hepatica communis

A;V gastr icadextra

A ;V gastroomentalisdextra

Flexura duodeni inferior

Lobus hepatissinister

Nodi lymphoideipylorici

A ; V gastrica sinistra, Rr oesophageales

Cardia IPars cardiaca]

A.; V. gastrica sinistra

Omentum minus,Lig hepatogastricum

Omentum maius

A ; V gastroomentalis dextra, Rr. omentales

Fig .981 BLood vessets o f the s tomach, Gaster ;ventraI view.

Aa ;W. gastricaebreves

A;V gastroomental issinistra

Nodi lymphoideigastrici dextri

Nodi lymphoideigastroomentales dextri

Fig . 982 Stomach, Gaster , and t i ver , Hepar ,w i th Lymph nodes, Nod i tympho ide i ;ventraI view.

Liver

1 = Oesophagus with contrast mediumAt the transition ( 1 a) into the lunduso{ stomach, the grooves betweenthe lolds appear as dark striations

2 = Fundus of stomach with air bubble3 = Body of stomach3a = Lesser curuature3b = Greater curuature.

In the linings of the latter, notchescotresponding to the contourof the mucous are visible

4 = Peristaltic constriction atthe angular notch

5 = Pyloric part prior to the progression ofa portion ol the stomach's contenl

6 =Ampul laofduodenum7 = Descending part of the duodenum

with circular folds8 = Jejunum9 = Left"dome"of diaphragm

10 = Left colic flexure (filled with air)

Fig .983 Stomach, Gaster , andd u o d e n u m , D u o d e n u m ;AP-rad iograph a f te r o ra Iadmin is t ra t ion o f a cont ras t med ium;u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n ;ventraI view.

Sternum,Procxiphoideus

Sternum,Procxiphoideus

Cardia [Parscardiacal

Costa X

Fornixgastricus

Corpusgastricum

Gaster,Cardia IPars

cardiacal

Costa X

Gaster,Pars pylorica

Fornixgastricus

Corpusgastricum


F i g . 9 8 4 S t o m a c h , G a s t e r ;p ro jec t ion o f a "normat " s tomach on to the an ter io r abdominaIwa[ t ;u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .

Spina iliacaanteriorsupenor

F i g . 9 8 5 S t o m a c h , G a s t e r ;p ro jec t ion o f a " long" s tomach on to the an ter io r abdominaIwat t ;u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .

Spina iliacaanteriorsupenor

Pancreas

Gastroscopy

Oesophagus

Corpus gastricum

Antrum pyloricum

Fig .986 Techn ica t p rocedure o f oesophagoscopyand gastroscopy.* Gastroscooe** The gastroscope's t ip located in the body of stomach (compare Fig. 987 al**+The gastroscope's t ip located in the pytoric antrum lcompare Fig. 987 b)

Gaste(Paries anterior

Plicae gastricae

Gaster,Paries posterior

Fig .987 a , b S tomach,endoscop ic image o f thesupenor v rew.

Gaster ;stomach Igastroscopy) ;

Gaster,Paries anterior

Gaster,Paries posterior

Pylorus

Gaster,Pars pylorica,Antrum pyloricum

a

b

View o f the body o f s tomach, Corpus gas t r i cum, w i th d is t inc t

Long i tud ina t foLds o f the mucosa {P t ica gas t r i cae l

V iew o f the py tor ic an t rum, Ant rum py tor icum, p redominant ty

covered with smooth mucosa

> Abdominal viscera

Duodenum

Duodenum,Ampulla IBulbusl

t t

Gaster, Pars pyloricaDuodenum,Pars superior


Duodenum,Pars ascendens

Duodenum,Pars horizontalis

Duodenum, Pars superior

Duodenum, Pars descendens

Pancreas, Caput

Duodenum, Pars horizontalis

F ig .988 Duodenum,Duodenum.

Fig .989 Duodenum, Duodenum, andpancreas , Pancreas ;pro jec ted on to the an ter io r abdominaI wa[ t .

Pancreas

M sphincter pyloricus

Pylorus, Ostium pyloricum

Canalis ovloricus I -I Hars ovlorlca

Antrum pyloncum ) '

Plicae circulares


Ampulla hepatopancreatica

Papilla duodeni major ""

Tunica muscularis

M susoensorius duodeni *

Flexura duodenojejunalis

Jejunum



Vertebra thoracica Xll

Duodenum,Pars

F i g . 9 9 0 D u o d e n u m , D u o d e n u m ;ventraI view.* C[inicaI term: muscLe of TREITZ++ CtinicaI term: papit la of VATER


Gaster, Curvatura minor

Gaster,Incisura angularis

Costa Xll \ suPerior,Ampulla

Duodenum, Pars I Plicaedescendens

F i g . 9 9 1 D u o d e n u m , D u o d e n u m ;AP-rad iograph a f te r o ra Iadmin is t ra t ion o f a cont ras t med ium;upr igh t pos i t ion ;vent ra Iv iew.

F ig .992 Duodenum, Duodenum;endoscop ic image.

Duodenum,r JejunumPars ascendens

Vertebra lumbalis lll

SmalL intestine, structure

Fig .993 Super io r par t o f the duodenum,P a r s s u p e r i o r d u o d e n i ;layers of the wa[1.* Ct in ica I te rm: BRUNNER s gLands

t t

Tunica muscularis,Stratum circulare


Tela submucosa

Lamina muscularismucosae Tunica mucosa

Vill i intestinales

Tela submucosa

Mesenterium

Nodulus lymphoideussolitarius

Periloneumviscerale

Tunicamuscularis

( Tunica serosa

1 Teta\ suoserosa

/ Stratum /

I longitudinale

I Stratum circulare

Fig . 9 j I SmaL[ in tes t ine ,c ross-sec t ion th rough the

I n t e s t i n u m t e n u e ;upper smatL in tes t ine .

Villus intestinalis

Tunica mucosa

Epithelium

Lamina propria mucosae

Vas lymphaticum centrale

Glandulae intestinales


Tela submucosa

I Stratum circulare. l

r unrca musculans { ^.I srrarum --\

l long i tud ina le

Tela subserosa

Fig . 995 Smat I in tes t ine , ln ies t inum tenue;[ayers o f the waLt ;mic roscop ic en la rgement a t low magn i f i ca t ion

Tunica serosa

Pancreas

Fig .996 Je junum, Je junum.

Noduli lymphoidei solitari i

Nodulilymphoidei

solitari i

Fig . 998 TerminaI i [eum,Pars te rmina t is i [e i .* CtinicaI term: PEYER s patches

Mesenterium

Mucosa of the small intestine

Fig .997 l leum, l teum.

Plicae circulares

Tela subserosa

Tunica muscularis

Plicaecirculares

Plicaecrrcurares

Noduli lymphoideiaggregati*

Mesenlerium

Fig .999 MECKEL's d iver t i cu [um {D iver t i cu tum i te i ] .Th is ves t ige o f the yo l .k s ta tk IDuc tus omphatoenter icus loccurs in 1 -3% o f cases . l t i s [oca ted 30-70 cm ora I tothe i teocaecaI junc t ion oppos i te to the a t tachment o f themesenrerv.

> AbdominaI viscera

Large intestine

Colon ascendens

Appendixvermiformis

Colonascendens

Colon transversumFlexura coli

dextra

Haustra coll

Colon sigmoideum

Flexura colisinistra

ColonIransversum

Colonoescenoens

Colonslgmoideum

Rectum

Fig . 1001 Large in tes t ine , In tes t inum crassum;pro jec ted on to the an ter io r abdominaIwa lL .The pos i t ions o f the t ransverse co ton and o f the s igmoidcoton are h igh l .y var iab te [compare F ig . 1010) .

t t

Flexura colisinistra

Taenia libera

Colon descendens

Appendicesomentales

Fig. 1000 Large intest ine, In test inum crassum;ventraL view.

Pancreas

La rg e i ntesti n e, structu re

Colon ascendensTaenia l ibera

Haustracoli

Colonascenoens

Plicaesemt-

lunarescoll

Plicae semilunares coli

Papil la i lealis

l leum

Appendixvermt-formis

lleum

Fig . 1002 Caecum, Caecum; vermi fo rm append ix ,Append ix vermi fo rmis , and te rmina I i [eum,Pars te rmina t is i te i ;dorsa lv iew.

Omentum majus

Haustra coli

Taenia l ibera

Appendices omentales

Caecum

Taenia libera Appendix vermilormisOstium appendicis vermiformis

Fig .1003 Ascend ing co ton , Co lon ascendens;caecum, Caecum, and vermi fo rm append ix , Append ix vermi fo rmis ;ventraI view.* CtinicaI term: PEYER S oatches


Taenia omentalis

Mesocolon transversum

Taenia mesocolica

Fig. 1004 Transverse colon, Co[on transversum;ventroinferior view.

Glandulae intestinales

Epithelium

Ostiumileale

Nodulilymphoideiaggregati '

Frenulum ostiiilealis

Tunica mucosaLamina propria mucosae

Nodulus lymphoideus solitarius


Fig . 1005 Coton , Coton ;layers of the wa[t;m ic roscop ic en [argementa t low magn i f i ca t ion .

Tela submucosa

Tela subserosa

lepiploicael

Tunica serosa

Lobus hepatis dexter

Vesica biliaris


Caput pancreatis

Colon ascendens

Caecum

Ampulla tubae uterinae

Ovarium

Fig . 1006 Vermi fo rm append ix , Append ix vermt fo rmis ;var ia t ions in i t s pos i t ion ;ventraI view.

Colon ascendens

Appendix vermiformis

- 3 0 %

2 o/o

Stomach Smat[ intest ineLarge intestine Liver

Splen ILienl

Gaster

Omentum majus

Colon transversum

Duodenum, Pars ascendens

Radix mesenterii

Colon descendens

Colon sigmoideum

Vesica urinaria

Anulusumbilicalis

Colon ascendens

lleumSpina iliacaanteriorsupenor

Spina iliacaanterior superior

Appendixvermiformis

- 65o /o

Fig . 1007 a-d Vermi fo rm append ix , Append ixvar ia t ions in i t s pos i t ion .a Descend ing in to the lesser pe lv isb B e h i n d t h e c a e c u mc In f ron t o f the i [eumd Beh ind the i teum

< 1 %

vermiformis;

Caecum

F ig . 1008 Caecum, Caecum, and ve rm i f o rm append i x ,Append i x ve rm i f o rm is ;p ro j ec t i on on to t he an te r i o r abdom ina Iwa [ [ .+ C t i n i ca l t e rm ; v . LANZ ' s po in t , a t t he r i gh t t h i r d o f a [ i ne

connec t i ng t he an te r i o r supe r i o r i t i a c sp i nes , l oca tes t he t i po f t he ve rm i f o rm aooend i x

*+ C [ i n i ca I t e rm : N4cBURNEy s po in t , a t t he ou te r t h i r d o f a t i neconnec t i ng t he r i gh t an te r i o r supe r i o r i L i ac sp ine and t heumbit icus, locates the base of the vermiform aooendix

i . i | , " - i ' : . o . ' l ipi.uun i r r r ; i 1 , , ' , l , l , \ , \ ' ' i r l t \ iuns

Flexura coli dextra

CaecumAppendix vermiformis

Colon sigmoideum

Flexura coli sinistra

Fig . 1009 Coton , Coton , and rec tum, Rectum;AP-rad iograph a f te r f iL t ing w i th a cont ras t med iuma n d a i r { d o u b l e c o n t r a s t m e t h o d l .

F ig . 1010 a-d Transverse co lon , Coton t ransversum;c o m m o n v a r i a t i o n s i n i t s p o s i t i o n ;vent raL v iew.

ab

N o r m a I p o s i t i o nTwisted

U -sha pedV-sha ped

cd

F i g . 1 0 1 1 A s c e n d i n g c o l o n , C o L o n a s c e n d e n s ;endoscop ic image a f te r passage o f the rec tum,t h e s i g m o i d c o t o n , t h e d e s c e n d i n g c o L o nand the t ransverse co lon IcoLonoscopv l

>> | Stomach I Smat[ intest ine I Large intest ine I L iver

Lig coronarium

Lig falciformeDiaphragma

Lig triangularesinistrum

Lobus heDatis sinister.Facies diaphragmatica

Lig. talciforme

Lig teres hepatis

Vesica bil iaris

Fi1.1012 Liver, Hepar;ventraI view.

Liver

Lobus hepatis dexter,Facies diaphragmatica

Lig. triangulare dextrum

Margo inferior

V cava inferior

.. I Pars superior;Factes oraonraomatca 1

\Area nuda

lmpressio oesophagea

Appendix fibrosa hepatis

Lig. venosum

Lobus caudatus

lmpressiogasrnca

Tuberomentale

Proc papillaris

Proc caudatus

Lobus hepatis sinister

lmpressio suprarenalis

Lig coronarium

V portae hepatis

lmpressio renalis

Ductuscholedochuslbiliarisl

A. lobi caudati

lmpressioduodenalis

A cystica

lmpressio colica

Margo inferior

A hepatica propria

Fissura ligamenti teretis

Incisura ligamenti teretis Lig tereshepatis LOOUS

quaoralusVesica bil iaris

Fig .1013 L iver , Hepar , and por ta hepat is , Por ta hepat is ;dorsaI view.* Borders of the superior recess of the omentaI bursa


Pancreas

Lig falciforme

Lobus heoatis dexter.Tunica serosaLobus hepatis sinister,

Tunica serosa

Lig. coronarium

Appendix fibrosa hepatis

LOOUScaudatus

W hepaticae

V. cava inferior

(Lig. venaecavae)

Fig . 1014 L iver , Hepar ;supenor v rew.

F ig . 1015 L iver , Hepar , o f a foe tus ;oxygen content of the btood is shownby d i f fe ren t co [ours and the d i rec t ionof f tow by arrows;dorsa Iv iew.* Atso: Ductus ARANTII

> AbdominaI viscera

Liver puncture

Costa V

Diaphragma

Hepar, Lobus dexter

F i g . 1 0 1 6 L i v e r , H e p a r ;p ro jec t ion on to the an ter io ra b d o m i n a L w a [ t ;in te rmed ia te pos i t ion be tweeni n s p i r a t i o n a n d e x p i r a t i o n .+ Posit ion of the needte for l iver puncture

M intercostalis externus

M intercostalis internus

F ig . 1017 Layers o f the abdomina lwa[L and the L iver , Hepar ;f ron taL sec t ion .* Posit ion of the needte for l iver ouncture

F ig . 1018 a-d L iver , Hepar ;var ia t ions in shapea SmatL [e f t [obe o f I i ver , Lobus hepat is s in is te rb Tongue-shaped process o f the r igh t lobe o f L iver ,

Lobus heoat is dex terc Br idged f la t shaped D iaphragmat ic fu r rows

t t

Hepar, Lobus sinister

Lig teres hepatis

Vesica bil iaris

Fancreas

structure

coronanum

Area nuda

Lt9coronanum

Facies visceralis

Margo inferior

F i g . 1 0 1 9 L i v e r , H e p a r ;sag i t taLsec t ion th rough the r igh t [obe o f I i ver to demonst ra tethe branches o f the hepat ic ve ins and the hepat ic por ta I ve in .* In t rahepat ic b ranches o f the hepat ic ve ins++ In t rahepat ic b ranches o f the hepat ic por ta I ve in and the hepat ic a r te ry

V centralis

F i g . 1 0 2 0 L i v e r , H e p a r ;mic roscop ic s t ruc tu re Imic roscop ic en targement a t lowm a q n i f i c a t i o n l ;

Ductus biliferinterlobularis

V interlobularis

A interlobularis

t r ias o f GLISSON Icons is ts o f a b ranch o f the hepat ic por taL

ve in , a b ranch o f the hepat ic a r te ry p roper and a smaL[ b i te duc t l ,

and a sma[ t L iver lobu [e sur round ing a cent ra l ve in '

> AbdominaI viscera

Blood yessels of the liver

t t

V cava inferior

W hepaticae sinistrae

W hepaticae dextrae

W hepaticae intermediae

A hepatica proprja,R dexter

V portae hepatis, R. dexter

Ductus hepaticus dexter

Vesica biliaris Ductus choledochus

Fig .1021 L iver , Hepar , and hepat ic ve ins , Vv . hepar rcae;ventraL view.

Ductus hepaticus sinister

V cava inlerior

Ductus choledochuslbitiarisl

Fig .1022 L iver , Hepar , and the hepat ic por ta t ve in , V por tae hepat is ;ventraL view.

V portae hepatis, R sinister

A hepatica propria, R. sinister

lbiliarisl

Pancreas

Fissura oortalis dextra

Seomentum oosteriuslalerale dexirum [Vll]

Seomentum anteriuslatErale dextrum [Vll

Seomentum anteriusm6diale dextrum [Vj

Lig. triangulare sinistrum

Segmentum ill

Seomentum oosteriusla-terale sinistrum illl

Lig. venosum

Seomentum anteriusld;ale sinistrum !lll

Fissura portalis princiPalis

Segmentum !l

Fissura umbilicalis

Lig teres hepatis

Vesica biliarisSeomentum medialesinistrum [V]

Fig.1023 L iver , Hepar;the segments of the Lobes are shown in different colours;ventrat view.

V. cava inferior

Lig. teres hepatisVesica biliaris

Fig. 1021 Liver, Hepar;the segments of the tobes are shown in different cotours;dorsaI view.

Seomentum posteriuslate-rale sinisirum l ll

Lig. falciforme

Seomentum anteriuslate-rale sinistrum Ill l]

(Lig. venae cavae)

Seomentum anteriuslatdrale dextrum [Vl]

Seomentum anteriusmeaiale dextrum [V]

> Abdominal viscera

Liver, ultrasound

V hepatica intermedia

V hepatica dextra

Diaphragma


Fig . 1025 Hepat ic ve ins , Vv . hepat icae ;u t t rasound image showing the open ing o f the hepat ic ve insin to the in fe r io r vena cavain fe r io r v iew.* Abdominatwat [

--t

V portae hepatis,R dexter

portae hepatisV portae hepatis,R sinister

R anterlor


V cava inferior

Pars costalisdiaphragmatis

Fi1 .1026 Hepat ic por taL ve in , V . por tae hepat is ;u t t rasound image showing the d iv is ion o f the hepat ic por ta I ve ini n t o t h e m a i n b r a n c h e s ;in fe r io r v iew.* AbdominaI wa[ [

t t

V. hepatica sinistra

V cava inferior


Pars lumbalisdiaphragmatis

Fancreas

Liver, laparoscopy

Diaphragma

Fundus vesicaebitiaris

Colon transversum

Omentum majus

Fundus vesicae bil iaris

Corpus vesicae bil iaris



Fig . 1O2l L iver , Hepar , and ga tLb tadder , Ves ica b i l . ia r i s l fe l l .ea ] ;l - ^ - - ^ - - ^ ^ . , .L d P o r u J L U P y ,

obt ioue in fe r io r v iew f rom the Le f t

Hepar, Lobus dexter


A ; V cystica

Collum vesicae bil iaris


Fundus gastricus

Fig . 1028 GaLtbLadder , Ves ica b iL ia r is l fe t tea ] , and I i ver , Hepar ;La pa roscopy;vent ra I v iew.

> Abdominat v iscera

Gallbtadder and biLe duct svstem

Ductus hepaticus dexter Ductus hepaticussinister

Collum vesicae bil iaris

Plicae mucosae

Fundus vesicae bil iaris

Plicae circulares

Noduli lymphoideisolitari i

Plica longitudinalisduodeni

Corpusvesrcaebi l iar is

Ductus hepaticuscommunrs

Plica spiralis*

Ductuscholedochuslbiliarisl

(Oril icium ductuspancreatici)

Papil la duodeni major ""

Fi9 . 1029 GaL l .bLadder , Ves ica b iL ia r is l fe tLea] ,and b i [e duc t sys tem;vent raL v iew* CI in ica I te rm: HEISTER s va lve** Ct in ica l te rm: tuberc le o f VATER

t t

Lig falciforme

Vesica bil iaris

Ductus cysticus

Ductus hepaticuscommunts

Lig hepatoduodenale

Duodenum

Ductus choledochuslbiliarisl

Papilla duodeni major

Fig . 1030 a-c Var ia t ions in the b iLe duc t sys tem:c o m m o n h e p a t i c d u c t , D u c t u s h e p a t i c u s c o m m u n i s ,and b i [e duc t , Duc tus chotedochus.a H i g h u n i o n o f t h e c o m m o n h e p a t i c d u c t , D u c t u s h e p a t i c u s

communis , and the cys t ic duc t , Duc tus cys t icusb Low un ion o f the common hepat ic duc t , Duc tus hepat icus

communis , and the cys t ic duc t , Duc tus cys t icusc Low un ion a f te r the cys t ic duc t , Duc tus cys i i cus , c rosses

over the common hepat ic duc t , Duc tus hepat icus communis

Pancreas

Bile duct system, radiography

Ductus hepaticussinister

Ductus hepaticusdexter


Ductus cysticus

Vesica biliaris


Ductus cysticus, Plica spiralis

Collum vesicae biliaris

Duodenum

Corpus vesicae biliaris

Fig . 1031 B i te duc t sys tem;AP-rad iograph a f te r admin is t ra t ion o f a cont ras t med ium;upr igh t pos i t ion ;vent ra Iv iew.

F ig . 1032 GaLtb tadder , Ves ica b i I ia r i s [ fe l . tea ] ,and b i l .e duc t sys tem;AP-rad iograph a f te r admin is t ra t ion o f a cont ras t med ium;upr igh t pos i t ion ;vent ra Iv iew.

Duodenum

Ductus heDaticus communis


> AbdominaI v iscera

Pancreas

V cava inferior V gastrica sinistra Pars thoracica aortae

A hepatica propriaA gastrica sinistra

Diaphragma

Glandula suprarenalis


V portae hepatis

i

M, psoas major


A;V splenicai l ienal is l

Cauda pancreatis

Truncus coeliacus

A hepaticacommunrs

A renalis

V renalis

Ductus cysticus

A gastro-duodenalis

Ren

A ; V mesentericasupeflor

(V gastro-duodenal is)

Caput pancreatis


A ;V co l i camedta

A ; V c o l i c adextra



Ductus choledochus [bil iaris]

Ductus oancreaticus accessorius'*

Papil la duodeni minor

Ductus choledochus [bil iaris]


Plica longitudinalis duodeni

Papil la duodeni maior**r

Plicae circulares

V mesenterica inferiorA ; V ovarica/testicularis A mesenterica inferior

Aa ; W jejunales et i leales

Fig , 1033 Ret roper i toneaL organs and vessets o f the upper abdomen;ventraL view.

Canalis pyloricusl\4 sphincter pyloricus

Corpus pancreatis

Ductus pancreaticus*

l\4 suspensoriusduodeni

Jejunum

Cauda pancreatis

NI suspensorius duodeni"***

Incisura pancreatis


Duodenum, Pars ascendens

F i g . 1 0 3 4 D u o d e n u m , D u o d e n u m ,and pancreas , Pancreas ;vent ra I v iew* Ct in ica I te rm: duc t o f WTRSUNG** Ct in ica t te rm: SANToRlNl s duc t*** CtinicaI term: tubercle of VATER*+*+ C[ in ica I te rm: musc le o f TREtTz

Caput pancreatis

Duodenum. Pars horizontalis

Proc uncinatus

Duodenum. Pars suoerior

V portae hepatis

F i g . 1 0 3 5 D u o d e n u m , D u o d e n u m ,and pancreas , Pancreas ;dorsa Iv iew.

Papilladuodeni

mator

V. mesenterica superiorA. mesenterica superior

Proc uncinatus


Ductuspancreaticus

Pancreas

e

in the open ing o f the b i te duc t ,the pancreat ic duc t ,

Ductus heoaticus communis

Ductus cysticus

Flexura duodeni suDerior

Ductus choledochus lbiliaris]


Caput pancreatis

Flexura duodeni inferior


c Shor t common par td Separa te open inge S ing l .e open ing w i th a septum d iv id ing the common duc t

f Accessory duc t , Duc tus pancreat icus accessor ius

Pancreatocyticusexocn nus

Acini pancreatici

Ductus excretorius

V splenica l ienalis]

(Sulcus arteriae splenicae)

Corpus pancreatis

Ductus pancreaticus

Fig . 1035 a- f Var ia t ionsDuctus chotedochus, andDuctus pancreat icus .a Long common par rb Ampu[ [a ry en targement a t the te rmina l par t

Insula pancreatica

Fig , 1037 Pancreas , Pancreas ;mic roscoprc en targement a t lowm a g n i f i c a t i o n .

> Abdominat v iscera

Pancreas,


Ductus cysticus

Vesica biliaris

Ductus choledochusIbiliaris]

Duodenum. Pars descendens

Ampulla hepatopancreatica

Ductus pancreaticus

Fig . 1038 Pancreat icduc t , Duc tus pancreat icus ;b i [e duc t , Duc tus chotedochus, and gaLLbtadder ,Ves ica b iL ia r is [ fe t tea ] ;A P - r a d i o g r a p h ; s u p i n e p o s i t i o n ; a f t e r e n d o s c o p i cin tubat ion o f the common excre torv duc t o f the l i ver

Ductus pancreaticus;Cauda pancrealis

Jelunum

and the pancreas , as weL[ as in jec t ion o f a cont ras t med ium;ventraI viewCt in icaL te rm: ERCP Iendoscop ic re t rograde cho[ang io-pancreat icography i .


Lig teres hepatis

Corpus pancreatis

V portae hepatis

Hepar, Lobuscaudatus

V renalis sinistra

V cava inferior


Vertebra lumbalis I

Fig . 1039 Pancreas , Pancreas ;u [ t rasound image showing the pancreas and ad jacent[a rge vesseLs in deep insp i ra t ion ;

V portae hepatis, R sinister

A mesenterica superiorA splenica

Corpus pancreatis

V, splenica

Cauda pancreatis

obt ique in fe r io r v iew.* AbdominaI wa lL

Pancreas,

Gaster,(Paries posterio0

Flexura coli dextra

M. rectus abdominis

A splenica

A gastrica sinistra

A hepatica propria

V cava inferior

Hepar

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis,Crus dextrum

Cauda pancreatis

Corpus pancreatis

Colon transversum

Fig . 1040 Pancreas , Pancreas ;the gas t rocoL ic l igament o f the grea ter omentum has beend issec ted to expose the omenta I bursa ;photograph taken dur ing surgery .* D issec t ion [ ine a t the qrea ter omentum

Ren

Corpus vertebrae

Fig .1041 Pancreas , Pancreas ;computed tomograph ic hor izon ta I sec t ion ICT] ;

Gaster

Cavitas pleuralis

uapur ICorpus I pancreatisCauda )

V splenica

Splen ILien]

Truncus coeliacus

Pars abdominalis aortae[Aorta abdominalis]

i n fe r io r v lew.In th is sub jec t , the coet iac t runk is [oca ted remarkabty [ow.* A i r bubbte in the s tomach

, 4--\

Fi1.1012 Spleen,vent romedia I v iew.

> Abdominal viscera

A splenica l ienalisl

Facies visceralis,Facies gastrica

Lig gastrosplenicum

Margo superiorV. splenica lienalisl

Facies visceralis. Facies colica

Hilum splenicum

Fi9 . 1043 Sp[een, SpLen IL ienJ ;superolateraI view.

Fig. 10t+t+ Spleen, SpLen [LienJ;c ross-sec t ion th rough the sp [en ics u p e r o m e d i a t v i e w

Tunica serosa;Tunica fibrosa

Facies renalis

Pulpa splenica

V splenica Iienalis]

h i t u m ;

Facies diaphragmatica

Lig splenorenale

Extremitas anterior

Facies visceralis,Facies renalis

Extremitas posterior

Trabeculae sDlenicae

Spten IL ienJ ;Margo inferior

Facies diaphragmatica

Extremitasanterior

A splenica l ienalis] Hilum splenicum Facies gastrica

Pancreas

Gaster

Cavitasperitonealis

Bursaomentalis

Pancreas

Duodenum

Colontransversum

Omentum majus Jejunum

Fig . 1045 Deve lopment o f the per i toneaI cav i ty , Cav i tasper i tonea[ is , and the v isceraL reLat ionsh ips ;schemat ic med ian sec t ion :La tera tv iew.

Hepar

Diaphragma

Lig hepatogastricum

Pancreas

Bursa omentalis

Cavitas peritonealis

Gaster


Lig gastrocolicum

Colon transversum

Duodenum

Jejunum

Omentum majus


Colon sigmoideum

Excavatio vesicouterina

Fig. 1017 Devetopment of the peritoneaL cavity, Cavitasper i toneat is , and the v isceraL reLat ionsh ips o f the femaLe;f ina I s ta te o f the per i toneaL cav i ty w i th adhes ion o f thegreater omentum to the t ransverse co lon ;

Bursaomentalis

Fig. 1016 Devetopment of the peritoneaI cavity, Cavitasper i toneat is ;schemat ic hor izon ta I sec t ion :SUpenor v tew.


Oesophagus

Excavatio rectouterina "

schemat ic med ian sec t ion ,La tera Iv iew.The omenta I bursa cor responds w i th the per i toneaI cav i ty v iathe omenta I fo ramen.* Ct in ica I te rm: pouch o f D0UGLAS

aonae

M. transversusabdominis

Fundusvesicae biliaris

Taenia omentalis

Omentum majus

Colon ascendens,Taenia libera

> AbdominaI viscera

Greater omentum

Lig. falciforme

Pars pylorica


Lig. teres hepatis


Gaster, Curvatura major

Corpus gastricum

M rectus abdominis

Lig gastrocolicum

Colon transversum



M obliquusexternus abdominis

Colon sigmoideum

Peritoneumparietale

Plica umbilicalis lateralis(A ; V epigastrica inferior)

Linea arcuata

Plica umbilicalis medialis(Chorda arteriae umbilicalis)

Plica umbilicalis mediana(Lig umbilicale medianum)

Fig . 1048 Pos i t ion o f the abdomina l v iscera , S i tus v iscerum,and grea ter omentum, 0mentum majus .

Pancreas Sp leen Topography Sect ions

Abdominal viscera of the neonate



Pulmo dexter, Lobus medius


Diaphragma

Lig falciforme


Plica umbilicalis lateralis(A.; V epigastrica inferior)

Vesica urinaria

Clavicula

Plica umbilicalis mediana(Urachus)

Pulmo dexter, Lobus inferior

Pleura f Pars mediastinalisparietalis 1 -' \Hars orapnragmatca


Pleura Darietalis. Pars mediastinalis


Splen [Lien], Extremitas anteriot



Colon descendens

Omentum majus

V umbilicalis

Intestinum tenue

Plica umbilicalis medialis(A umbilicalis)

Anulus umbilicalis

Lig falciforme V umbilicalis

Fig . 1049 Pos i t ion o f the abdomina l v iscera o f the neonate .


Abdominal viscera in the upper abdomen

Lig falciformeLrg coronanum Diaphragma

Lobus hepatis dexter,Facies diaphragmatica

Lobus quadratus

Omentum minus,Ltg

hepatogastricum

Vesica bil iaris

Omentum minus,L l q .

hepatoduodenaie

Foramen omentalelepiploicuml

*

Lobus hepatisdexter, Facies

visceralis

Duodenum,Pars superior

Ren, Extremitassupenor

Pylorus

Flexura coli dextra

Taenia omentalis


Hepar, Lobusdexter

Vesica bil iaris

V gastroomentalisdextra, Br gastrici

A;Vgastr icasin ist ra Colon transversum

Omentum majus, Lig gastrocolicum

F i g . 1 0 5 0 P o s i t i o n o f t h e a b d o m i n a I v i s c e r a i n t h e u p p e r a b d o m e n ;vent ra I v iew* A[so: foramen of WtNSLoW

Gaster, Curvatura minor Hepar, Lobus sinister

Lobus hepatis sinister,Facies diaphragmatica

Corpus gastricum

Lobus hepatis sinister,Facies visceralis

Fundusgastricus

Appendixfibrosa hepatis

Cardia

Recessuscostodiaphrag-maticus

Corpus gastricum,Paries anterior

Splen [Lien]Gaster, Curvatura minor

Lig gastrosplenicum

Lig phrenicocolicum

Incisura angularis

Gaster, Curuatura major

Omentum majus

Jd- A.: V. gastro-Ji omentalis sinistra



V gastroomentalisslnistra,B omentalis

Fig . 1051 Stomach, Gaster , and grea ter omentum, Omentum majus ;photograph taken dur ing surgery ;ventraL view.* Surg icaL drape** SurglcaI retractor

Omentum majus

Pancreas

Abdominal viscera in the upper abdomen

Lobus hepatis sinister, Facies diaphragmaticaLobus hepatis dexter, Facies diaphragmatica

Lig teres hepatis

Lobusquadratus

Recessussupenor Dursaeomentalis

Splen ILien],Margo superior

Plicagastropancreatica

Recessussprenrcus

Corpus gastricum,Paries anterior

Omentum minus,Lig. hepatogastri-cum

MesocolonIransversum

Gaster,Curvatura maior

Recessus inferiorbursae omentalis

LOOUScaudatus

Vesica biliaris

Omentum minus,Lig. hepato-duodenale

Corpuspancreatis

Tuberomentale

Faciesanrero-

supeflor

Flexura coli dextra Omentum majus, Lig. gastrocolicum

Lig. gastrocolicum

Hepar,Lobus

caudatus

Vestibulumbursae

omentalis

Gaster. Curvatura minor

Fig . 1052 AbdominaIv iscera in the upper abdomen;parts of the lesser omentum have been removed to exposethe omenta l bursa and the pancreas ;ob t ique v iew f rom super io r .

Omentum majus, Lig. gastrocolicum A.: V colica media

Fig. 1053 0mentat bursa, Bursa omentat is ;af ter d issect ion of the gastroco[ ic [ igament ;obt ioue v iew f rom infer ior .

Plica gastropancreatica


Lig. hepato-duodenale

Pylorus


Taenia omentalis

Colon ascendens

Taenia libera

Liggastrosplenicum

Splen ILien],Margosupenor

A ; Vsplenica

Hi lumsplenicum

Caudapancreatis

Corpuspancreatis,Faciesanterosuperior

Colontransversum

Mesocolontransversum

Taenia mesocolica

> AbdominaI viscera

Abdominal viscera in the lower abdomen

Appendicesomentales [epiploicae]

Colon transversum

Taenia l ibera

Colon ascendens

Taenia l ibera

Sulci paracolici

Plica i leocaecalis

Flexura colidextra

Omentum majus


Colon sigmoideum

Fig . 1054 Pos i t ion o f the abdomina l v iscera , S i tus v lscerum.

Pancreas


Fundus vesicaebil iaris

Omentum majus

Flexura coli dextra

Lobus hepatisdexter,

Margo inferior

Duodenum, Parshorizontalis

Taenia l ibera

Recessus i leocaecalessuperior et inlerior


Sulci paracolici

Plica i leocaecalis

Caecum

Ureter, Pars abdominalis

Mesoappendix


Fig . 1055 SmalL in tes t ine , In tes t inum tenue,and [a rqe in tes t ine , In tes t inum crassum.

Taenia omentalis

Taenia l ibera

A ;V co l i ca med ia


Pancreas

Jejunum

Radix mesenterii

l leum,Pars terminalis

l leum

> AbdominaI viscera


Omentum majus

Taenia l ibera

Ureter

Recessusduodenalessuperior et inferior

Pancreas,Facies anteroinferior

A ;V co l i ca med ia

Mesenterium

Colon transversum

Fig . 1056 Smat I in tes t ine , In tes t inum tenue,and ta rge in tes t ine , ln tes t inum crassum.

Ren, Extremitasinferior

Sulci paracolici

Recessusintersigmoideus

Mesoappendix


Pancreas

Mesenteric root


Flexura coli dextra

Omentum maius

Vesica urinaria

Fig . 1057 Mesentery , Mesenter ium,and Larqe in tes t ine . In tes t inum crassum.

Colon transversum


Plica duodenalisinlerior

Colon ascendens

Duodenum, Parshorizontalis

Taenia l ibera

Colon ascendens

Recessus ileocaecalissupenor

Appendicesomentales

lepiploicael

Recessusileocaecalis interior

Mesoappendix

lvlesenterium

Colon descendens

Taenia l ibera

Colonsigmoideum


Mesenteric root and retroperitoneal space

Plica gastropancreatica

Lig, hepatogastricum

Vestibulum bursae omentalis

Lobus caudatus, Proc papillaris


Lig falcilorme

Lig teres hepatis

Omentum minus

Fundus vesicae biliaris

Lig hepatoduodenale

Corpus pancreatis


Ren, Extremilas superior

Flexura coli dextra

Gaster, Pars pylorica

Omentum majus,Lig gastrocolicum

Omentum majus

Colon ascendens

Colon transversum

Recessusileocaecalis superior

ileum

Recessusileocaecalis inferior

Caecum

Recessusretrocaecalis

Appendix vermilormis

Mesoappendix Ductus deferens

Excavatio rectovesicalis Vesica urinaria

F i g . 1 0 5 8 P o s i t i o n o f t h e a b d o m i n a L v i s c e r a , S i t u s v i s c e r u m ,a n d t h e o m e n t a I b u r s a , B u r s a o m e n t a L r sAn ar row ind ica tes the omenta I lep ip lo ic ] fo ramen.

t t


Ostium cardiacum

Bursa omentalisA;V gas t r i cabrev is

Lig gastrosplenicum

Cauda pancreatis


l\4esocolon transversum

Lig gastrocolicum

Lig. phrenicocolicum

Omentum majus

Colon transversum

Flexura duodenojejunalis jRecessus duodenalessuperior et inlerior

Colon descendens

Mesenterium

Colonsigmoideum

Mesocolonsigmoideum


FnncneaE

Retroperitoneal

Recessus superior bursae omentalisW hepaticae

V cava inferior

Lig gastrophrenicum Ostium cardiacum

Plica gastropancreatica Lig coronarium, Lig triangulare sinistrum

Lig gastrophrenicum

Glandula suorarenalis: Bursa omentalis

A ;V sp len ica

Lig gastrosplenicumForamen omentale [epiploicum]

Diaphragma


Lig coronarium

V portae hepatis;A hepatica propria


Duclus cysticus

Li9 hepatoduodenaleRen




A ; V gastroomentalis dextra


Ren, Extremitas interior

Caput pancreatis

A ; V mesentericasupenor


Radix mesenterii

Plica i leocaecalis

Recessusileocaecalis

supenor

Recessusileocaecalis

inferior

l\ i lesoappendix

A ; V i l i a c acommunts

Linea terminalis

Colon sigmoideum

Cauda pancreatis


V mesenterica inferior

Duodenum, Flexuraduodenojejunalis

Ren, Extremitas inferior

Recessus duodenalessuperior et inferior

Plica duodenalis inferior

Duodenum, Parsascendens

A : V c o l i c a s i n i s t r a

A mesenterica inferior

Aa sigmoideae

A rectalis superior

Becessusintersigmoideus

Ureler,Pars pelvica

Mesocolonsigmoideum

A; V ovar ica ;Lig suspensoriumovaflt


Excavatio rectouterina"

Ovarium

Tuba uterina [Salpinx]L t g teres uteri"'

Excavatio vesicouterina Pelvis minor

Vesica urinaria, Fundus vesicae Fundus uteri

Fig . 1059 Poster io r waLL o f the per i toneaL cav i ty , Cav i tasper i toneaL is , and sp leen, SpLen IL ienJ , o f the femaLeSi tes o f a t tachment o f the ascend ing and descend ing coLonare ind ica ted [ * ]* C l in ica I te rm: pouch o f D0UGLAS*+ Ct in ica I te rm: round [ igament

A. hepatica communis

Truncus coeliacusPars abdominalis aortae lAorta abdominalis]

B oesophagealis

Aa jejunales

A. appendicularis

Fig . 1060 Ar te r ies o f the abdominaI v iscera ;c o m i - < n h o m : t i n .

poss ib te anas tomoses are ind ica ted [O] .

A. splenica ilienalisl

A gastrica sinistra

A. gastroomentalissinistra

A. pancreatica magna

A. caudae pancreatis

A gastroomentalis dextra

A pancreaticadorsalis

A prepancreatica

A. marginalis coli

Aa. sigmoideae

A. rectalis suoerior

A. cystica

A hepatica propria

A. gastrica dextra

A. gastroduodenalis

(A supraduodenalis)

A. pancreatico-duodenalis superior

posleflor

A pancreatico-duodenalis inferior

A colica media

A. colica dextra

A ileocolica

A mesentericasupenor

> Abdominal viscera

Abdo m i na I a rte ri e s, ove rview

A. rectalis inferior

W hepaticae


V. cystica

V. portae hepatis

V splenica ilienalisl

V. mesentericasupenor

(Vv duodenales)

V pancreatico-duodenalis superior

posterior

V colica media

V. cava inlerior

V gastrica dextra

V. appendicularis W jejunales

Fig. 1061 Hepat ic por taI ve in, V. por tae hepat is ,wi th t r ibutar ies;semi-schemat ic .

V gastrica sinistra

W gastricae breves

V. mesenterica inferiot

(V marginalis coli)

V colica sinistra

W. rectales mediae

W. rectales inferiores

V splenicailienalisl

V. oastroomentalislgaltroepiploical sinistra

V colica dextra

V ileocolica

Lig. teres hepatis

Vesica bil iaris

A. cystica

Ductuscysticus

V portae hepatis

Ductus choledochuslbitiarisl

A gastrica dextra

Duodenum- s 0 %a

A gastroduodenalis

mesentericasupeflor

A hepaticapropna,

R dexter

_ 1 0

> AbdominaI viscera

Coeliac trunk


Ductus heDaticus communis

A hepatica propria

Truncus coeliacus

A gastrica sinistra

Gaster

A splenica lienalislA gastrica sinistra

Truncus coeliacus

A hepatica communis

A hepatica propria

A gastroduodenalis

A gastrica dextra

A pancreaticoduodenalissuperior posterior

Splen ILien]

A hepaticacommunrs

A splenicaA gastro-omentalissinistra

- 3 %

- 3 f o

d

- 1 2 Y oe

7 T ot

F i9 . 1062 a- f Var iab iL i ty o f the ar te r ia t bLood supp l .y o f the L iver .a "Textbook case"b The super io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica super io r ,

par t i c ipa tes in the supp[y o f the r igh t [obe o f the L iver .c The common hepat ic a r te ry , A . hepat ica communis , a r ises f rom

the super io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica super io r .d The te f t [obe o f the l i ver i s supp l . ied by the le f t gas t r i c a r te ry ,

A . gas t r i ca s in is t ra .e A branch o f the Le f t gas t r i c a r te ry , A gas t r i ca s in is t ra , suppt ies

the Le f t [obe o f the I i ver a tong w i th the te f t b ranch o f the hepat icar te ry p roper , A . hepat ica propr ia .

f An accessory b ranch o f the hepat ic a r te ry p roper ,A . hepat ica propr ia , suppt ies the lesser curva ture o f the s tomach.


A gastricaposterior

Fig . 1063 a-e Var iab i t i t y o f the ar te r ia I bLood supp l .yo f the s tomach.a "Tex tbook case" , c tosed ar te r ia I a rcade suppLy ing

both the lesser and the grea ter curva tureb The te f t gas t r i c a r te ry , A . gas t r i ca s in is t ra ,

par t i c ipa tes in the supp[y o f the Le f t [obe o f the L iver .c Anastomos is be tween the r igh t and le f t gas t ro -omenta I

ar te r ies , Aa. gas t roomenta tes dex t ra e t s in is t ra ,at the greater curvature

d Absence o f an anas tomos is be tween the r igh t andle f t gas t ro -omentaL ar te r ies , Aa. gas t roomentaLesdext ra e t s in is t ra , a t the grea ter curva ture

e An accessory posterior gastr ic artery, A. gastr icapos ter io r , a r is ing f rom the sp ten ic a r te ry , A . sp ten ica ,suppt ies the pos ter io r wat [ o f the s tomach.

A gastroomentalissinlstra

A mesenterica superior


A hepaticacommunrs

Pancreas

A hepatica propria


A gastroduodenalis

Fig . 1064 Ar te r ies o f the s tomach, Gaster ; the spLeen,Spten IL ien l , and the I i ver , Hepar ;AP- rad iograph a f te r se tec t ive in jec t ion o f a cont ras t med ium in tothe coet iac t runk Icoe [ iacography) w i th concomi tan t v isua t iza t ion

A hepatica propria,Aa segmenti

anterioris et posterioris

A hepatica propria, R dexter

A gastroduodenalis

A pancreaticoduodenalissuperior posterior

A pancreaticoduodenalissuperior anterior

Fig . 1065 Common hepat ic a r te ry , A . hepat ica communis ;AP- rad iograph a f te r se tec t ive in jec t ion o f a cont ras t med iumin to the common hepat ic a r te ry ;ventraI view.

Arteries of the upper abdomen, radiography

A gastrica sinistra

Truncus coeliacus

A. splenica

A. gastroomentalissinistra

Pelvis renalis

Ureter sinister

of the renat pe lv is due to the renat excre t ion o f the med ium;vent ra Iv iew.* Catheter [oop in the aorta** Catheter in the aorta


A. gastroomentalisdextra

A pancreatica dorsalis

A. pancreatica inferior

* Branches to the tef t tobe of the t iver reptacing a s ingLe Lef t branch

of the hepat ic ar tery ProPer** An accessory branch of the hepat ic ar tery to the lesser curvature

of the stomach*+* Catheter in the aorta

> AbdominaI viscera

Vessels of the upper abdomen

Lig teres hepatis


V cava inferior o

Vesica bil iaris

Lobus hepatisdexter;Lobus

9 u q u r d r u r

A ; V c y s t i c a O o

A hepatica opropna

V portae ahepatis

Ductuscholedochus

lbiliarisl

A gastroduodenalis a

A hepatica acommunrs

A gastrica dextra a

V prepylorica O

A ; v a agastroomentalis

dextra

Lobus caudatus

a Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis

a A gastrica sinistra

a Truncuscoeliacus

a A phrenicainferior

a Pars abdominalisaortae

a A. splenica

Splen ILien]

a V gastrica sinistra

O a A ; Vgastroomentalissinistra

Omentum majus

Pancreas

a O Rr omentales

Fig . 1066 Vesse ls o f the upper abdomen.

Pancreas

Vessels of the upper abdomen

a Truncus coeliacus

O A gastrica sinistraV cava inferior o

A hepatica communis a

a o A.;V gastroomentalissinistra

A ; V g a s t r o - a aomentalis

dextra

A gastro- aduodenalis

V portae hepatis a

A pancreatico- aduodenalis

superior anterior

Caput pancreatis

V mesenterica Osupeflor

Proc uncinatus

Lig gastrocolicum

O A phrenicainferior

a A gastricabrevis

a a A ; Vsplenica

a a Rr sDlenici

Corpuspancreatis

a A pancreatico-duodenalisinferior

a A mesentericasupeflor

a A. epigastricainferior

Fig .1067 VesseLs o f the upper abdomen

> Abdominal v iscera

Su pe rior m ese nte ric a rte ry

A colica media

A. i leocolica

A caecalis posterior

A appendicularis

200k

F ig . '1068 a-d Var iab i t i t y o f the branches o f the super io rmesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica super io r , supp l .y ing the la rgei n tes t i nea "Tex tbook case" , the ascend ing and the t ransverse coLon,

Coton ascendens e t t ransversum, a re supp l . ied by th reeD r a n c n e s

A colica dextra

Fig . 1069 Super io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica super io r ;AP- rad iograph a f te r in jec t ion o f a cont ras t med ium in to theor ig in o f the super io r mesenter ic a r te ry ;vent ra I v iew


a jejunales

Aa ileales

A mesenterica inlerior

10 %o 6 % o

The i teocoI ic a r te ry , A i teocoI ica , and the r igh t co t ic a r te ry ,A . coL ica dex t ra , fo rm a common t runk0nLy two branches ar ise f rom the mesenter ic a r te ry wh i tethe r igh t co t ic a r te ry , A . co t ica dex t ra , i s absentDupt ica t ion o f the r igh t co t ic a r te ry , A . co t ica dex t ra


Aa jejunaies

Aa. i leales

* Catheter in the aorta* * Ca the te r i n t he common i I i a c a r t e r y

Fancreas

Vessels

Mesocolon transversum a A marginalis coli

Flexura colidextra

Flexura duodeniinferior

A colica media a

V mesenterica superior a

Caecum

a A mesenterica superior

mesenter ica super io r .o f a rcades .

a a A ; V c o l i c a s i n i s t r a

a Aa jejunales

JeJunum

a W jejunales

a A ileocolica

A ;V co l i cadextra

Aa ileales a

W i lea les a


Fig , 1070 Super io r mesenter icThe ar te r ies suppLy ing the smatL

ar te ry and ve in , A . e t Vin tes t ine fo rm a ser ies

A ; V epigastrica inferior o a Colon sigmoideum

Liven

I nf e rior m ese nte ri c a rte rv

A colica media



F i 9 . 1 0 7 1 a - c V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e b r a n c h e s o f t h e i n f e r r o rmesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica in fe r io r .a The in fe r io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica in fe r io r ,

d iv ides in to th ree par ts suppty ing the descend ing ands igmoid co lon , as we[L as the rec tum

A marginalis coli

A colica sinistra

Aa sigmoideae

A rectalis superior

b An accessory midd te co t ic a r te ry , A . co t ica med ia , ansesf rom the in fe r io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A mesenter ica in fe r io r ,

c An accessory midd te co I ic a r te ry , A . co I ica med ia , a r isesf rom the Le f t co l i c a r te ry , A . coL ica s in is t ra .

* Ct in ica I te rm: SUDECK's po in t


A ascendens

V colica sinistra

A marginalis coli

Crista i l iaca


Aa sigmoideae

A rectalis superior

Fig . 1072 In fe r io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A mesenter ica in fe r io r ;AP- rad iograph a f te r se tec t ive in lec t ion o f a cont ras t med ium in tothe or ig in o f the in fe r io r mesenter ic a r te ry ;vent ra I v iew* Cathe ter in the aor ta

Fancreas

Vessels of the lower abdomen

A pancreaticoduodenalis inferior a a A mesenterica superior

Flexuraduodenoieiunalis

V mesenterica asupenor

a V splenica

A a ; V v a ojejunales

Radix mesenterii

Pancreas

a V mesentericainferior

a A mesentericainferior

aA col icasin ist ra

a O A a ; Wsigmoideae

a o A ; V r e c t a l i ssupenor

Colonsigmoideum

Fig . 1073 In fe r io r mesenter ic a r te ry and ve in ,A . e t V mesenter ica in fe r io r .

A sacralis mediana a

> Abdominat viscera

Coeliac trunk

Truncus coeliacus


A hepatica communis




Vertebra lumbalis IDiscus intervertebralis

Fig , 1071 AbdominaI aor ta , Pars abdominat is aor tae , w i th the coe l iac t runk ,Truncus coet iacus , and the super io r mesenter ic a r te ry , A . mesenter ica supenor ;u l t rasound image; aLmost in the sag i t ta I p lane.* AbdomlnaI watL

Truncus coeliacus

A gastrica sinistra

A splenica

A. mesenterica superiorA pancreaticoduodenalis

superior posterior

10 Yo

d Devetopment o f a gas t rosp [en ic t runk , Truncusgast rospLen icusDeve[opment o f a gas t rosp ten ic t runk , Truncusgast rosp ten icus , and a hepatomesenter ic t runk ,Truncus hepatomesenter icus

F ig . 1075 a-e Var iab iL i ty o f the coeI iac t runk ,Truncus coet iacus .a "Tex tbook case" , d iv is ion o f the t runk in to th ree branchesb D iv is ion o f the t runk in to four b ranchesc DeveLopment o f a hepatosp[en ic t runk , Truncus

hepatospLen icus

Pancreas

Vessels of the retroperitoneal space

V cava inferior a

A hepatica propria a

V portae hepatis O

A heoatica communis a

Vv hepaticae aHiatus aorticus

Hiatus oesophageus

a a A ; V gastrica sinistra

Gaster, Pars cardiacaO Truncus coeliacus

Pars costalis Sdiaphragmatis

Glandulasuprarenalts


Ductus cysticus


Ren dexter

Duodenum, Parssuperior, Ampulla

Duodenum, Parsoescen0ens

Caput pancreatis,Proc uncinatus


N iliohypogastricus {

Glandulasuprarenalis

o a A ; V s p l e n i c a

Cauda pancreatis

a V mesentericainferior

aoA ;Vmesen te r i casupenor

Jelunum

Ren sinister


aA col icasin ist ra

o Bifurcatio aortae

O O A ;V lumba l is lV

N i l io ingu ina l i s ,

V cava inferior a

A;V t es t i cu l a r i saa


([/ psoas mino0, QTendo

A ; V i l i a c a a ocommunrs

N f e m o r a l i s . :

Fascia i l iaca

A ;V c i rcumf lexa O ai l ium pro funda

aoA ;Vmesen te r i cainferior

o o A ; V s a c r a l i smediana

a A rectalis superior

Mesocolonsigmoideum

A ; V i l i a c a e x l e r n a a O

Ductus delerens

A ; V epigastrica inferior O a


a a Aa ;W s igmoideae

Fig . 1076 Vessets o f the re t roper i toneaL space,S i tus re t roper i toneaL is , o f the mate .

V gastrica dextra

V cystica

Vesica bil iaris [fellea]

V mesenterica superior

V gastroomentalis dextra

Vv pancreaticoduodenales

Colon ascendens

V colica dextra

V ileocolica

> AbdominaI viscera

Hepatic portal vein, overview

W hepaticae

V gastrica sinistra

V portae hepatis

Oesophagus

V cava inferior

Fig .1077 Hepat ic por ta I ve in , V . por tae hepat is ;vent ra I v iew

W oesophageae

V splenica Iienalisl

W gastricae breves

Splen ILien]

V oastroomentalis sinistra


V colica media

V colica sinistra

W jejunales; W ileales

Colon descendens

V appendicularis

Po rtocava I a n a sto m oses

V. hemiazygos

V phrenica inferior

(Plexus venosus submucosus)

Fig . 1078 Hepat ic por taL ve in , V . por tae hepat is ,and inferior vena cava, V. cava inferior;semi -schemat ic ;t r ibu tar ies o f the in fe r io r vena cava in b tue ;t r ibu tar ies o f the hepat ic por ta I ve in in purp te ;po ten t ia I por tocavaI anas tomoses are ind ica tedbv c i rc tes .

(R. oesophagealis)

V gastrica sinistra

V splenica ilienalisl

V. renalis sinistra

V lumbalis ascendens


V colica sinistra

V sigmoidea

V rectalis superior

V. hepatica

V portae hepatis

V mesentericasupenor

V paraumbilicalis

V. cava interior

V epigastricasuperficialis

V iliaca communis

V epigastrica inferior

V il iaca interna

Vv rectales interiores

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceKidney

Ur inany b ladder

Margo superior Capsula adiposa

Aa suprarenalessupenores

Capsula fibrosa

V,

F i g . 1 0 7 9 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s J , a n ds u p r a r e n a I g L a n d , G L a n d u L a s u p r a r e n a L i s ;vent ra t v iew I te f t l .

Margo superior

Glandula suorarenalis. Hilum

Capsula adiposa

Capsula fibrosa

I\4argo medialis

Aa suprarenales mediae


V suprarenalis

A suprarenalis interior

A renalis, B posterior

V renalis

Hilum renale

A renalis, R anterior

teslicularis/ovarica sinistra

Aa suprarenalessuperiores


Margolateralis

Pelvis renalis

Aa suprarenales mediae

W suprarenales

Margo medialis

A suprarenalis inferior

Margo medialis

A renalis

V renalis

F i g . 1 0 8 0 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s l , a n dsuprarenaI g tand, G[anduta suprarena l is ;ven t raL v iew { r igh t l .

Gen i ta t i a

Calyx renalis major

Cortex renalis

lMedulla renalis,Pyramides renales

Sinus renalis

Pelvis renalis

Area cribrosa,Foramina papillaria

Aa interlobares

A renalis

V renalis

Pelvis renalis

Papil lae renales

(Basis pyramidis)

Cortex renalis

Columnaerenales

F i g . 1 0 8 1 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s l ;obL ique and ver t i ca I hemisec t iond isp tay ing the renaI cor tex , the medut [aand the pe tv is ;vent raL v iew ( te f tJ .Arrows point from the pyramids to theca lyces.

Costa Xl

Costa xllRen sinister Ren dexter

Calyx renalis major

Calices renales minores

Cortex renalis

Capsulafibrosa

Medullarenalrs

Crista i l iaca

Spina i l iacaposteriorsupeflor

Sinus renalis;

adiposum

Medulla renalis,Pyramides renales

(Basis pyramidis)

Cortex renalis

Columna renalis

Sinus renalis; Corpus

Fig. 1082 Projection of the kidneysonto the back .

Fig.1083 Kidney, Ren [Nephrosl ;obt ique and ver t icaI hemisect ion;ventraI view Iteftl.A arcuata

Columnae renales

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceKidney, structure

Capsula librosa Cortex renalisn l \4edulla renalis

Calyx renalis minor

Aa. interlobares

Fig .1084 K idney , Ren [Nephros l ;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the renaI s inus ;in fe r io r v iew I l .e f t ] .

Pyramides renales

Papilla renalis

Polus urinarius

Tubulus proximalis

Corpusculum renale

Tubulus distalis

F i g . 1 0 8 5 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s l ;m ic roscoo ic sec t ion o f the cor tex t100xJ .

Urinary bladder

Gen i ta [ i a


V cava inferior

Ren


Ureter

Promontorium

Epididymis

Testis

A umbilicalis


V renalis

M. psoas maior

Ren

Ureter

M. psoas major

Urachus

A. umbilicalis

Vesica urinaria

Fig .1086 K idney , Ren [Nephros l , andthe suprarena l . gLand, Gtanduta suprarenat is ,o f a - 5 -month-o td foe tus

F ig .1087 K idney , Ren lNephros l ;dorsaI view.The lower po tes o f bo th k idneys are fused(= horseshoe k idnev) .

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceRenal pelvis and calyces

Fig . 1088 a , b RenaL peLv is , Petv is renat is ;e n r r n c i n n e : c t c .

vent ra I v iew ILe f t ]a Dendr i t i c typeb Ampul ta r type

Vertebrathoracica Xll

Papil larenalis

Colonascendens

Calyx renalismalor

Pap i l larenails

M psoasmaJor

Pelvisrenalis

Calyx renalismtnor

Ren sinister,Extremitasinferior

Colondescendens

F i g . 1 0 8 9 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s l ;renaL peLv is , Pe[v is renat is , and ure ter , Ure ter ;AP- rad iograph a f te r re t rograde in jec t ion o f acont ras t med ium v ia bo th u re te rs

GenitaI ia

Segmentum anteriussupeflus

Segmentum superius

A. renalis

V- renalis

Segmentum inferius

A renalisdextra

Segmentumanterius inferius

V renalisdextra

Fig. 1090 a, b Renal segments,Segmenta rena[ ia.

Truncus coeliacus

V. cava inferior

Ureter dexter

a VentraI view Ir ightlb Dorsa I v iew ( r igh t l

V. renalissinistra

Areas of contact of the kidneys

Glandulae suprarenales

Hepar



V. testicularis/ovarica dextra

F i g . 1 0 9 1 K i d n e y , R e n ;areas of contact with adjacent organs;vent ra Iv iew.

Jejunum

Gaster

A. mesenterica suoerior

V suprarenalis sinistra

Ureter sinister

V testicularis/ovarica sinistra

ilI

A renalis sinistra

Splen ILienl

Pancreas

Colon descendens

Colon, Flexura dextraIII

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceKidney, imaging

[-.$nir ientrr b[ndder

Ben, Facies anterior

lvledulla renalis, Pyramis renalis

Extremitas superior

Diaphragma

Corpus adiposum pararenaleCortex renalis

Hepar, Lobus dexter

Ren, Facies posterior

Fig .1092 K idney , Ren [NephrosJ ;u t t r a s o u n d i m a g e ;the t ransducer i s d i rec ted f rom vent ro in fe r io r to dorsosuper io r ;La tera tv iew I r igh t ) .* AbdominaL wa[ [

Pelvis renalis

Extremitas inferior

l\4 psoas major

V cava inferior

Pars abdominalisaortae

V renalis dextra

Corpus vertebrae

Proc spinosus

Cutis

Ren

abdominales

Ben, Capsula adiposa

Fascia renalis

Costa Xll

F i g . 1 0 9 3 K i d n e y , R e n [ N e p h r o s l ;punc ture o f the r igh t k idney ;c o m p u t e d t o m o g r a p h i c c r o s s - s e c t i o n I C T ] ;in fe r io r v iew* Gu idance o f a needte fo r k idney b iopsy

Geni taI ia

Suprarenal gland

Facies anterior

Fig. 1094 SuprarenaI gtano,G[andu[a suprarenal is ;ventraI v iew I r ight) .

V centralis

Fig . 1096 SuprarenaI g tand, G[anduta suprarenat is ;c r d i t f 2 l c o n f i n n .

ta tera l . v iew l r ight) .

A. phrenica inferior

Aa suprarenalesmediae

A. suprarenalisinferior

A. renalis

Aortaabdominalis

a - 34o/o

c - 3 3 % d

F ig . 1095 a-d Var iab i t i t y o f the suprarenaI a r te r ies , Aa. suprarena[es ,and course o f the suprarenat ve ins , Vv . suprarena[es .a ArteriaI suppty by three arteries ("textbook case"]b Arterial supply without a branch from the renaI artery, A. renatisc Ar te r ia l supp ly w i thout a d i rec t b ranch f rom the aor ta , Aor tad Course of the suprarenal veins, Vv. suprarenates

F ig . 1097 SuprarenaI g tand, G landu[a suprarena l is ;mic roscop ic en [argement a t low magn i f i ca t ion .

b - 260/o

V. suprarenalis sinistra

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceUrinary bladder

Lig umbilicalemedianum

Apex vesicae

Ductuli prostatici

Tunica muscularis

Tunica mucosa

Trigonum vesicae

(Plicae mucosae)

Uvula vesicae Ostium urethrae internum

Prostata

I Crista urethralis -

Urethra masculina, JPars prostatica I Sinus prostaticus

\ Colliculus seminalis

Peritoneumparietale

Vesicaunnafla Excavatio

rectovesicalis

Utriculus prostaticusDuctus deferentes, Ductus ejaculatorii

Fig . 1099 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ,a [most comple teLy vo ided

F ig . 1098 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ;p ros ta te , Pros ta ta , and ure thra , Ure thra ;venlrat vtew.

Peritoneumparietale

Vesicaunnana

Symphysispubrca

Excavatiorectovesicalis

Prostata

Fig . 1100 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia , f i I ted .In th is s i tua t ion , the b tadder can be punc tured f romjus t above the pub ic bone w i thout pass ing th rough theperitoneaI cavity.* Punc ture need[e

Gen i ta [ i a

Corpus vesicae, Tunica muscularis

Ampulla ductus deferentis,Diverticula ampullae

Urinary bladder, ductus deferens and seminal vesicle

Apex vesicae Lig umbilicale medianum

Ductus deferens

AmDulla ductus deferentis

Glandula vesiculosaGlandula vesiculosa

Prostata. Facies Dosterior

Fi9 .1101 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ; duc tus de feren tes ,Ductus de feren tes ; seminaI ves icLes , GLandutae ves icuLosae,and prostate, Prostata ;dorsa I v iew.

vestcae

Pl icainterureterica

Ostiumureteris

Trigonumvestcae

Corpusvesrcae

Plicainterureterica

Ostiumureteris

Trigonumvestcae

Fi9 .1102 a , b Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ;endoscop ic v iew o f the open ing o f the ure terIcystoscopyJ.a Open os t ium o f the ure ter w i th a per is ta t t i c

wave t ranspor t rng ur ine in to the b ladderb C losed os t ium o f the ure ter

F ig . 1103 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ;endoscop ic v iew o f the mucosa in the body o fthe bLadder Icys toscopy l ;in fe r io r v iew.

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceMale urinary and genital organs, overview

Pelvis renalis

Testis lorchisl

(lnfundibulum ductus paramesonephrici)**

Epididymis

(Paradidymis)

Ductus mesoneohricus* -i

Ureier

Ductus deferens

Glandula vesiculosa

Ductus ejaculatorius

Glandula bulbourethralis

Ductus glandulae bulbourethralis

(Paradidymis)

Caput epididymidis

(Ductulus aberrans inf erior)

Cauda epididymidis

Fig . 1104 Mate ur inary and gen i taL organs ;0rgana urogen i ta I ia mascut ina ;d iagram o f the deve lopment : the par ts tha t degenera te a red ispLayed in pa te p ink , and the pos i t ion o f the tes t i s p r io r to i t sdescent i s ind ica ted by the dashed [ ine ;v iewed f rom the r igh t

Urinary bladder

Gubernaculum testis

Ductus Daramesoneohricus**

Urachus

Vesica urinaria

Ulriculus prostaticus

Corpora cavernosa penis

Corpus spongiosum penis

Glans penis

Appendix testis

Testis [Orchis]

Epid idymis = gen i ta I par t o f the mesonephros ;Parad idymis = remnants o f tubu les o f the mesonephros' WoLFFian duc t* * MULLERian duc t+ * * J u n c t i o n o f t h e M U L L E R i a n d u c t s .

D u c t u s o a r a m e s o n e o h r i c

Tunica vaginalis testis,Lamina parietalis

Lig epididymidissupenus

Sinusepididymidis

MargoPOSteriOr

Lig epididymidisinferius

Cauda epididymidis

Caputepididymidis

Appendix testis

(Appendixepididymidis)

Funiculusspermaticus

lvlediastinum testisExtremitassupenor

Facies lateralis

Femate gen i ta t ia

Fascia cremasterica;M cremaster

Extremitas inferior

Fi9. 1105 Test is , Test is [0rchis ] , andepid idymis, Epid idymis;v iewed f rom the r ight


A ; V testicularis


Caput epididymidis

Fig.11O7 BLood vessets of the test is, Testis 'the ep id idymis , Ep id idymis , and the spermat ic cord ,

Fun icu tus soermat icus ;v iewed f rom the r igh t .

Fi9.1106 Test is , Test is [0rchis ] , andepid idymis, Epid idymis;v iewed f rom the r ight .

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceTestis and epididymis

Ductus deferens

Corpus epididymidis

(Ductulus abetrans inferior)


Caput epididymidis

Cauda epididymidis

Lamina visceralist

A testicularis

Ductuli efferentes testis

Tunica albuginea

Lobuli testis

Septula testis

(Cavum serosum scroti)

Tunica dartos

Corpus epididymidis

Lobuli testis

Septula testis

Fi9. 1108 Test is , Test is ; epid idymis, Epid idymis,and ductus deferens lvas deferens) , Ductus deferens;[ateraIv iew.

Septum scrotiRaphe scroti

Tunica vaginalis testis

Lamina parietalis**


M cremaster

Fascia cremasterica


Tunica dartos

Mediastinum testis

Sinus epididymidis

Corpus epididymidis

Ductus deferens

Plexus pampiniformisDuctus deferens

Fi9 . 1109 Tes t is , Tes t is ; ep id idymis , Ep id idymis ,and scro tum, Scro tum;supeflor vrew.* A[so: Epiorchium** A tso : Per io rch ium

Urinary bladder

A testicularis

Genitat ia

Femate genitat ia

Glandula vesiculosa

Glandula vesiculosa

Fig, 1111 Ductus deferentes, Ductusdeferentes,and seminaI vesic les, Gtandulae vesicutosae;AP-radiograph af ter in ject ion of a contrast medium vtathe e jacutatory ducts;ventraI view.

Ductus deferens and seminal vesicle

Glandula vesiculosa

Amoulla ductus deferentis

Ductus deferens

Ampulla ductus deferentis

Though th is techn ique demonst ra tes s ize and pos i t ion

o f the semina l ves ic les , i t i s no more appL ied under c l in ica l

c i rcu msta nces .

Ductus delerens

Lobus prostatae medius

Lobus orostatae dexter

Lobus orostatae sinister

Basis prostatae Urethra masculina

Fig. 1 1 10 Ductus deferentes, Ductus deferentes, seminaI vesic tes,G[andutae vesicutosae, and prostate, Prostata;supeflor vtew

Fundus vesicae Ductus deferens

Ostium ureteris Glandula vesiculosa


Trigonum vesicae

Ostium urethrae internum

Urethra masculina. Pars orostatica Cervix vesicae

Prostata

Urethra masculina, Pars intermediaImembranacea]

Prostata

Ductus eiaculatorius

Fig .1112 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ; p ros ta te , Pros ta ta ;duc tus de ferens (vas de ferensJ , Duc tus de ferens , and seminaI ves ic [e , Gtanduta ves icu tosa ;

v iewed f rom the r iqh t .

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceUrinary bLadder and male genitalia

Vesica urinaria

Lig umbilicale medianum



Chorda arleriae umbilicalis

Ductus deferens

A ; V epigastrica inferior

A iliaca externa

V iliaca externa

Lig inguinale

Ductus delerens


Glandula vesiculosa

Ductus excretorius

Ductus ejaculatorius

Urethra, Pars intermedia


Ureter

Os pubis, Ramus superior

Excavatio rectovesicalis

Glandula vesiculosa

Fundus vesicae

Prostata

Os oubis, Bamus inferior

Imembranacea]

Crus penis

Glandula bulbourethralis

Bulbus penis

Corpora cavernosa penis


Corona glandis Glans penis

Fig , 1113 Ur inary b tadder , Ves ica ur inar ia ; duc tus de feren tes ,Ductus de feren tes ; seminaI ves ic tes , G l .andutae ves icu tosae;pros ta te , Pros ta ta , and ma[e ure thra , Ure thra mascuuna:dorsaI view.

Ur inary b tadder

Genital ia

Femate genital . ia

\ /

SDina il iaca anterior suoerior

Glans penis

Ductus deferens

Corpus cavernosum penis

Tunica albugineacorporum

cavernosorum


Fascia penis (prolunda)

W pudendae externae a


Fig . 1111, Mate ex terna I gen i ta l ia , 0 rgana gen i ta l iamascut ina ex terna .

A ductus deferentis a a Plexus deferentialis

F i g . 1 1 1 5 S p e r m a t i c c o r d , F u n i c u L u s s p e r m a t i c u s ;f ron ta I sec t ion ;vent ra I v iew ILe f t , 250%1.

Penis, Dorsum

Preputium penis

a N genitofemoralis,R genitalis

Vasa lymphatica

a A testicularis

o Plexus testicularis


a Fascia cremasterica; M. cremaster

a Fascia spermatica externa

a Tunica dartos

Urethramasculina

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneal spaceMale urethra

(Plicae mucosae)

Trigonum vesicae

Uvula vesicae

Fundus vesicae

Plica interureterica

Ostium ureteris


Colliculus seminalis; Utriculus prostaticus

Ductuli prostatici

Crista urethralis

Bulbus penis

Crus penis

Ductus glandulae bulbourethralis

Tunica albuginea corporum cavernosorum

Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum

Cavernae corporum cavernosorum

Lacunae urethrales

Parsintramuralis

Parsprostatica

Parsintermedia

Imembranacea]

Ductus ejaculatorii

Glandula bulbourethralis,Ductus glandulae

bulbourethralis


A profunda penis

Aa helicinaePars

spongrosa

Corona glandis(Valvula tossae navicularis)

Glans penis

Preputium penisFossa navicularis urethrae

Ostium urethrae externum

Fig . 1116 Ur rnary b [adder , Ves ica ur inar ia ;p ros ta te , Pros ta ta , and male ure thra , Ure thra mascuL ina ;vent ra Iv iew.

Femate genital . ia

V. dorsalisprofunda penis

A profunda penisV. dorsalis

superficialis penis

A dorsalis penisFascia penis(profunda)

Glans penis,Corona glandis

Preputiumpenrs Tunica

albugineacorponsspongrosl

Tunica albugineacorporum

cavernosorum

Cutis

Corpuscavernosumpenrs

Urethramasculina, Parsspongrosa

A urelhralis

Preputium penis

Corpuscavernosumpenis, Cavernaecorponscavernosl


F i g . 1 1 1 7 a - d P e n i s , P e n i s ;c ross-sec t ions ; pLanes ind ica ted in F ig . 1 1 1 8 ;venlraL vtew.

Fascia penis (profunda)

Fascia penis (superf icialis)

F i g . 1 1 1 8 P e n i s , P e n i s , w i t h g t a n s p e n i s , G t a n s p e n i s ,and prepuce, Preput ium pen is .

Tunicaalbugineacorporumcavernosorum

Septum penis

Urethra masculina,Fossa navicularisurethrae

Septum glandis

Frenulum preputii

d

Cross-sec t ion th rough the midd te o f the shaf tCross-sec t ion a t the Leve l o f the prox ima l par t o f thegtans pen isCross-sec t ion th rough the midd te o f the g tans pen isCross-sec t ion a t the leve I o f the d is ta I par t o f the g [ans pen is


Preputium penis

* Level of sect ion of Fig. 1 1 1 7a++ Level of sect ion of Fig. 1 1 1 7b**+ Level of sect ion of Fig.1117c**** Level of sect ion of Fig 1 1 17d

Septum penis

Fascia penis(profunda)

Glans penis;Corpus

spongrosumpenis, Cavernae

corpofls spongrosl

Corpus spongiosumpenrs

a

Urethramasculrna

c

ab

cd

Frenulum preputii

Pelvic visceraand retroperitonealFemale urinary and genital

spaceorgans, overvtew

Epoophoron Ductus longitudinalis,Ductuli transversi

Pelvis renalis

Ovarium

1 t . . . .:- Lrg Ovarll proprlum

ut ,Tuba uterina [Salpinx]

Epoophoron

Infundibulum tubae uterinae

Appendix vesiculosa

Ductus mesonephricus*

Paroophoron

Ovarium

Lrg ovanr propflum

"\7

F i g . 1 1 1 9 F e m a t e u r i n a r y a n d g e n i t a L o r g a n s ,Organa urogen i taL ia femin ina ;d iagram o f the devetopment : the par ts tha t degenera te a red ispLayed in pa te p ink , and the pos i t ion o f the ovary p r io r to i t sdescent i s ind ica ted by the dashed I ine ;ventraI view.

Vesica urinaria

Urachus

Urethra feminina

Glans clitoridis

Oslium urethrae externum

Ostium vaginae

Glandulae vestibulares majores***

Epoophoron = gen i taL par t o f the mesonephros ;Paroophoron = remnants o f the tubutes o f the mesonephros

* W0LFFian duc t* * N4ULLERTan duc t* * x B A R T H 0 L I N ' s g t a n d s

Lig teres uteri

Ductus mesonephricus*

Crus clitoridis

Bulbus vestibuli

Urinarv btadder

Female genitatia

Fimbria ovarica Ovarium, Extremitas tubaria

Margo mesovaricus

Mesosalpinx

[il. rectouterinus**

Plica rectouterina

Corpus uterilsthmus uteri

Portio supravaginalis ceruicis

Ureter

Corpus uteri,Facies intestinalis

lsthmus uteri

Portio supravaginalis cervicis

Excavatio rectouterina;Tunica serosa IPerimetrium]

* C t i n i ca I t e rm : ca rd i na [ [ i gamen t++ Ct in icaI term: sacrouter ine [ iqament

Lig ovarii proprium

Stroma ovarii

MesosalpinxDuctus longitudinalis

Amoulla tubae uterinae

A; Vv ovarica(e)

Tuba uterina [Salpinx]

Ovarium

Extremitas uterina

Lig. ovarii proprium

Amoulla tubae uterinae

Ductuli transversi

Plicae tubariae

lnfundibulumtubae uterinae;Fimbriae tubaeuterinae


Ostium abdominaletubae uterinae;

Infundibulum tubaeuterinae

Fimbriae tubae uterinae

Appendix vesiculosa

Ovarium. Facies medialis

Lig suspensoriumovarii

A.; Vv ovarica(e)

Ovarium, Margo liber

Lig latum uteri

Fi1.1120 Uterus, Uterus;ovary,Ovar, and uter ine tube, Tuba uter ina;dorsatv iew.

lsthmus tubaeuterinae

Fundus uteri

lsthmus tubae uterinaeFundus uteri

Tuba uterinalSalpinxl

Lig. teresuteri***

Lig ovariipropflum

Tunica serosaIPerimetrium]

Cavitas uteri; Tunicamucosa IEndometrium]

Tunica muscularisIMyometrium]

Canalis ceruicis uteri,Plicae palmatae

Portio vaginalis cervicis

Ostium uteriRugae vaginales

Fi1.1121 Uterus, Uterus;ovary,Ovar, and uter ine tube, Tuba uter ina;dorsalv iew.

ovarici vesiculosi*Corpus luteum

Appendix vesiculosaFimbria ovaricaCorpus albicans

Vv ovaricae;A ovarica

Appendix vesiculosa**

Lig latum uteriParsuter ina; \ - "^ . . .^ . , -^Ostium uterinum,l

* Ct in icaI term: GRlAFian fot [ ic [e** Statked hydat id* * * C t i n i ca l t e rm : r ound [ i gamen t

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneal space]varies and uterus

Urinary hi.aelder

Folliculi ovarici primarii

Fi1 .1122 Ovary ,Ovar ;m i c r o s c o p i c e n t a r g e m e n t a t l o w m a g n i f i c a t i o n

Cavitas uteri

Fundus uteri

Tunica mucosa IEndometrium]

Tunica muscularis lVyometriuml

Tunica serosa IPerimetrium] Facies vesicalis

Peritoneum urogenitale, Excavatio vesicouterina

Portio supravaginalis ceruicis

Fornix vaginae, Pars anterior

Facies intestinalis

lsthmus uteri

Canalis ceruicis uteri

Fornix vaginae, Pars posterior

Peritoneum urogenitale

Excavatio rectouterina

Labium posterius

Ostium uteri

Labium anterius

Vagina

v a g i n a , V a g i n a ;

Fi1,1125 Mucosa of the uterus, Uterus;Late phase of proLi ferat ion wi th excretory g[ands

/

Fi1.1123 Uterus, Uterus, andviewed f rom the r iqht .

Stratumfunctionale

endometriale

Stratum basaleendometriale

Tunicamuscularis

Fig .1121 Mucosa o f the u te rus , Uterus ;ear ly phase o f p ro t i fe ra t ion

Femate genital ia

Fundusuteri

Fig .1126 Uterus , Uterus , and vag ina , Vag ina ;normaI angtes be tween the vag ina , the cerv ix , and thebody o f u te rus ;v iewed f rom the r igh t .* Long i tud ina I ax is o f the vag ina** LongitudinaI axis of the cervix of uterus*** LongitudinaI axis of the body of uterusAngte be tween vag ina and cerv ix o f u te rus = vers ionAng[e be tween cerv ix and body o f u te rus = f lex ionNormaI topograph ica Is i tua t ion o f the u te rus :an tevers ion , an te f lex ionReta t ion to the med ian p tane = pos i t ion

Fig.1127 a-c Uterus, Uterus, and vagina, Vagrnaa Antevers ion , an te f tex ion = normaI pos i t ionb Antevers ion , bu t no an te f tex ionc Retroversion, retrofLexion

Fi1,1128 Uterus, Uterus, and uter ine tube, Tuba uter ina;AP-radiograph af ter in ject ion of to contrast medium into thecerv ix of uterus IhysterosaIp ingographyl ;uterus in dextroposi t ion;ventraL view.

Ostium uterinum tubaeuterinae

Tuba uterinaISalpinx]

Cavitas uteri

Ampulla tubaeuterinae

Canalis cervicisuteri

This fo rmer ly c t in ica [Ly appt ied techn ique a t lows to de terminethe pos i t ion o f the organs and the pa tency o f the tubes .K = tube adaptor fo r in jec t ion o f the cont ras t med ium

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceArteries of the female internal qenitalia

Lig ovarii proprium

A uterina, R tubarius

A uterina, R ovaricus

Ovarium

OvariumLig teres uteri *

A ovarica

Llg sus-pensoflum

ovanl

Fundus uteri

A ovarica

Lig teres uteri *Appendix

vesiculosa

Ostium abdominaletubae uterinae;

lnfundibulum tubaeuterinae

Rr helicini

A uterina

Cervix uteri

A vaginalis

Corpus uteri

A uterina

Rr vaginales

Tuba uterina

A vaginalis

Fig . 1129 Ar te r ies o f the femaLe in te rna I gen i ta l ia ,0 rgana gen i taL ia femin ina in te rna ;dorsaLv iew.+ C[ in ica I te rm: round [ ioament

Lrg suspensonumovafll

R tubariusFundus

uteri(R fundi

uteri)R ovaricus

Lig, ovarii proprium

Rr helicini

A uterina > 90%R vaginalis

Fig . 1130 a- f Var ib i l . i t y o f the ar te r ia I suppty o f thefema[e in te rna I gen i ta l ia ;dorsaLv iew.a Supp l .y o f the u te rus , Uterus [ " tex tbook case" ]b , c , d Suppty o f the ovar ies , Ovar ia Ib , " tex tbook case ]€ , f Suppty o f the fundus o f u te rus , Fundus u ter i

Ie . " tex tbook case" ]

Urinary bladder

Female genitatia


(Spatium pararectale)*

Lig rectouterinum

Lig. cardinaleILig. transversum cervicis]**

(Spatium paravesicale)***

(Spatium retrorectale)

Rectum


Ceruix uteri


UreterVesica urinaria

Spatium retropubicum

Symphysis pubica

Fig . 1131 Uterus , Uterus ;u te r ine L igaments and connect ive t i ssue spaces ;semi -schemat ic t ransverse sec t ion a t theLeveL o f the cerv ix o f u te rus :suoenor v tew

Ostium ureteris


* C [ i n i ca I t e rm : Pa rap roc t i um*+ CL in i ca I t e rm : Pa rame t r i um

lexistence of th is st ructure is controvers iaI l* * * C l i n i caL t e rm : Pa racys t i um

Portiovaginalis

cervtcts

I raoiumanlenus

usilum ]ulefl Labium

I postenus

Rugaevagrnares

Fig . 1132 a , b Vag ina I por t ion o f the cerv ix o f u te rus , Por t iovag ina l i s cerv ic is .a Photograph o f the cerv ix o f a young nu l t iparous womanb Photograph o f the cerv ix o f a young woman who has g iven

b i r th to two ch i ld ren

For the inspec t ion o f the vag inaL por t ion o f the cerv ix thenormat ly s l i t - t i ke vag ina is spreaded by means o f a b iva lves p e c u t u m { * ) ;in fe r io r v iew.

Portiovaginalis

cervrcts

I l"uiu.ostium I

anlerlusulerr l Labium

I poslenus

Cervix uteri

and retroperitoneaI space

.,:'j:.i .

Truncus

Caput

Fig . 1133 Uterus , Uterus , w i th an embryo ;u t t rasound image taken in the e igh th week o f p regnancy ;[a te ra I v iew ( r iqh t l .

Membrum inferius

Truncus

Funiculus umbi l ical is

Membrum inferius

The embryo is immersed in the amnio t ic f tu id o f thecavity

c h o r i o n i c

F ig .1134 U te rus , U te rus ,uLtrasound image taken inLateraI v iew [ le f t ] .

wi th a foe tus ;the 28 th week o f pregnancy ;

Caput, Frons

Nasus

Labium superius

Regio mentalis

ULt rasound examinat ion a l tows the v isua I iza t ion o f movemenrso f the ex t remi t ies and the ooen ino o f the mouth

Dig i t i l l -V

Palma

Pollex IDigitus I]Antebrachium

Humerus

F i g . 1 1 3 5 H a n d , M a n u s , o f au [ t rasound image taken in theLatera I v iew

foetu s;1 Bth week of pregnancy;

Ur inary b tadder

Deta i [s such as f inqers can be observed.

Female genitat ia

V umbi l i ca l i s Aa umbilicales

Fundus uteri

Placenta

Linea alba

Excavatiovesicouterina

Symphysis pubica, Discus interpubicus

Vesica urinaria

Clitoris, Corpus cavernosum clitoridis

Glans clitoridis

M transversus perinei prolundus

Colon sigmoideum

Fornix vaginae, Pars posteriol

Os coccygis

FasciarectovaoinalisISepturi' rectovaginale]

Corpus ano-coccygeum ILiganococcygeuml

M sphincterani externus

Urethra feminina

M sphincter urethrae

Fig. 1136 Uterus, Uterus, wi th a foetus;the pelv is has been sect ioned in the median ptane.* Mucous pLug Iof KRISTELLERI in the cerv icaI canaL of the uterus* * C [ i n i caL t e rm : pouch o f D0UGLAS* * * C [ i n i caL t e rm : ves i covag ina l sep tum**+* C[ in icaI term: cave of RETZ|us

Fig.1137 Uterus, Uterus;pos i t ion o f the fundus o f u te rus dur ing pregnancyNumbers re fe r to the end o f the respec t ivemonth o f p regnancy [= 28 days) .

Labium majus pudendi

Labium minus pudendi


> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spacePlacenta

Urinary btadder

Fig . 1 138a, b P lacenta , P lacenta , andumbi t i ca I cord , Fun icu Ius umbi t i ca l i s .a View of the foetaI surfaceb V iew o f the materna I sur face o f a

par tu r ien t p [acenta

Genital ia

Femate genital ia

tubes

Appendix vermilormis

Caecum


Ovarium,Facies medialis

l\4argo mesovaricus

Lrg ovarii proprium

I id ta rac ' ' tA r i


Uterus, Facies vesicalis

Fimbriae

Ampul la

Fimbriae tubaeuterinae

A; V ovar ica

Lig suspensoriumovarii*

lnfundibulumtubae uterinae


l\4esosalpinx

lsthmus tubaeuterinae

Lig latum uteri

Excavatiovesicouterina

Plica umbilicalis mediana Vesica urinana

Tubauterina

Fig . 1139 Fema[e in te rnaL gen i taL ia ,0 r g a n a g e n i t a L i a f e m i n i n a i n t e r n a ;vent ra Iv iew.* Ct in ica t te rm: in fund ibu [opeLv ic I igament

Colonsigmoideum

Ovarium

Lrg ovanlpropflum

Lig teresuteri

Faciesintestinalis

Fundus

Faciesvesicalis

Fimbriaetubaeuterinae

Uterus

Fig . I1 t0 FemaLe in te rna I gen i taL ia ,0 r g a n a g e n i t a I i a f e m i n i n a i n t e r n a ;surg ica I exposure in a young woman;ovar ies d isp taced bo th med iaLLy and super io r ly bycompresses [ *J in the pouch o f D0UGLAS;ven l rosupef lo r v tew** Swab

Ovarium

Fig . '1111 Abdomina l os t ium o f the u te r ine tube,0s t ium abdominate tubae u ter inae;surg icaLexposure in a young woman;the pe tv ic cav i ty i s f i t ted w i th sa t ine to demonst ra tet h e f i m b r i a ;dorsosuper io r v iew.* P las t ic t ray to suppor t the u te r ine tube

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceRectum

Urinary btadder

Flexurasacralrs

Tunicamuscularis,Stratumlongitudinale

Flexuraanorectalislperinealisj

Tela subcutanea,Panniculus

adiposus

A rectalis superior

V. i l iaca communis

V sigmoidea

M. levator ani


Ampulla recti

Fig . 11 t+2 Rectum, Rectum;viewed from the Left.

V cava inlerior

V. sacralis mediana

V. rectalis superior

Ampulla recti

(Spatium pararectale)

Plexus venosusrectalis

M levator ani

Columnaeanales

M sphincterani internus

M. sphincterani externus

Fig . 1113 Rectum, Rectum;b lood supp[y ; the mucosa and the pararec taLad ipose t i ssues have been par t ty removed;open ings in to the hepat ic por ta I ve in in purp te .

Plica transversa recti"*

W rectalesinferiores

W rectalesmeorae

A pudendainterna

Sinus anales

Columnae anales

Pecten analis

Junctio anorectalis

M. levator ani

M sphincter aniinternus

Noduli lymphoideisolitari i

Valvulae anales

M. sphincter aniexternus

Lineaanocutanea

Fi1 .1111 Rectum, Rectum, and anus , Anus ;vent raL v iew* Haemorrho ida I nodeX* KOHLRAUSCH,s fo [d

Genital ia

Columna analis

Sinus analis

Plica transversa recti

Canalis analis

Fig . 1145 Rectum, Rectum;endoscop ic image o f the anaI cana[ w i th s ix enLargednodes o f the cavernous rec ta I body , haemorrho ids ;suoeflor vtew.* Co[onoscope+* Three haemorrhoidaI nodes

Fi$.1116 Rectum, Rectum;endoscopic image of the rectaIampu[La I rectoscopy) ;in fer ior v iew.

> Pelvic viscera Urinary btadderand retroperitoneaI spaceArteries of the rectum


A obturatoria

A. rectalis media


A rectalis superior*

A. glutea superior

A il iaca interna

A. i l iaca externa

A glutea inferior

A. pudenda interna

A. sacralis mediana

A. i l iaca communis

Canalis obturatorius

Spina ischiadica

M obturatoriusinternus

Rectum

M levatorani

Tuber ischiadicum

A. rectalis inferior M. sohincter ani externus

Fig .11 t7 Recta I a r te r ies , Aa. rec ta tes ;dorsa Iv iew.* C[ in ica I te rm: SUDEcK's po in t l f rom th is po in t on there are

no f urther anastomoses with the siqmoid arteriesl

GenitaI ia

V il iacacommunts V cava inferior

W sigmoideae

Colonsigmoideum

V glutea superior

V. i l iaca interna

V. iliaca externa

V. glutea inferior

V obturatoria

V pudenda interna

V rectalis media

V rectalissupenor

Canalisobturatorius

Spina ischiadica

M. obturatoriusinternus

M. levator ani

W rectales inferioresPlexus venosusrectalis

Tuber ischiadicumM. sphincter aniexternus

Fig. 1 148 RectaI veins, Vv. recta[es;d iagram wi th par ts o f the pe lv is and the pe tv icd i a p h r a g m ;dorsaI view.There are numerous connect ions be tween the ve insdra in ing in to the hepat ic por ta I ve in Isuper io rrec taL ve inJ and those dra in ing in to the in fe r io r venacava Imidd [e and in fe r io r rec ta t ve ins l . They fo rmthe por tocavaI anas tomoses, wh ich are o f par t i cu ta rc t in ica I impor tance.

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spacelnnervation of the rectum

Plexus coeliacus; Ganglia coeliaca

Ganglia trunci sympathici

Plexus hypogastricus superior

A il iaca communis

N hypogastricus dexter

Plexus rectalis superior

Plexus rectalis medius

Plexus rectalis inferior

M ievator ani

Truncus coeliacus



Radices anteriores (S 2-S 5)

Plexus hypogastricus inf erior

N pudendus

Nn. anales

N4. sphincter ani externus

Fig. 111+9 Rectum, Rectum;schemat ic overv iew o f the innerva t ion ;vent ra tv iew.Green = sympathetic nervous sysiemPurpte = parasympathetic nervous system

Urinary bladder

Geni ta! . ia

Rectum, radiography

Os pubis, Ramus infer ior

Tuber ischiadicum

F i g . 1 1 5 0 R e c t u m , R e c t u m ;Ia te raL rad iograph in voLuntary c tosure o f the anus a f te r f iL t ingwi th a cont ras t med ium Ide faecography l .

Femur, Corpus temoris

Os pubis, Ramus inferior

Tuber ischiadicum

F i g . 1 1 5 1 R e c t u m , R e c t u m ;ta te raL rad iograph o f the de faecat ion a f te r f iL t rng w i th a cont ras tmed ium Ide faecography)

Os sacrum

Colon sigmoideum

Ampulla recti

Os coccygis

M gluleus maximus

Canalis analis

The t rans i t iona I zone be tween the anus and the rec tum [a r rowlis [oca ted a t the LeveI o f the t ip o f the coccyx [ t r iang te) .The angLe be tween the axes o f the anus and the rec tum [4 ]i s approx imateLy 90 'and depends upon the curva ture o f theleva tor an i musc [e {puborec taL musc te) . Scate in cm

Caout IemorisOs sacrum

Colon sigmoideum

Os coccygis

Ampulla recti

l\ i l gluteus maximus

I n c o m p a r i s o n t o F i g 1 1 5 0 , t h e a n o r e c t a L t r a n s i t i o n a I z o n e h a s

d e s c e n d e d a n d t h e a n g L e [ 4 ] i n c r e a s e d t o 1 3 7 o d u e t o t h ereLaxat ion o f the curva ture o f the leva tor an i muscLe As thebend ing ac ts t i ke a vaLve, the e tongat ion resuLts in an un impededpressure o f the faeces on the anaI canaL lead ing to de faecat ion .

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceArterial supply of the kidney

A. renalisA arcuata

A. interlobaris

A. segmenti

Calyx renalis

Ren, Margo lateralis

Ben, Extremitas inferior

Crista i l iaca

Fig.1152 Kidney, Ren;AP-rad iograph a f te r in t ravenous in jec t ion o f a cont ras tmed ium wh ich is excre ted v ia the k idneys to demonst ra tethe renaI petvis and the ureters I intravenous pyeLographyl;

Ren. Extremitas suoerior

Vertebra lumbalis l, Proc costalis

Ren, Margo medialis

A. renalis

Pelvis renalis

Ureter, Pars abdominalis

concomi tan t v isua t iza t ion o f the ar te r ies by in jec t ionof a cont ras t med ium in to the renaI a r te ry th rougha ca the ter * in t roduced in to the aor ta (a r te r iography l .

,

(A. renalis polaris inferior)

Fig . 1 153 a-d Var ia t ions in the ar te r ia l suppty o f the k idney .a One renaI a r te ry , A . rena[ is , w i th a b ranch to the super io r po leb Two renaI a r te r ies to the renaI h r tumc Two renaI a r te r ies , one o f wh ich supp l ies the super io r po ted Two renat a r te r ies , one o f wh ich suppL ies the in fe r io r po le

Gen i ta l i a

Retro pe rito n e a I sp ace, ove rvi ew

A,:V phrenica infer ior a a Vv hepaticae o

(Facies contacta hepatis)


Peritoneumparietale

A phrenica ainferior

Hiatusoesophageus

Gaster,Pars cardiaca

Truncus coeliacus a)

A mesenterica asupenor

A suprarenalis inferior; aV suprarenalis dextra O

(A renalis aaccessona)

V cava inferior O

O aA ; V phrenica inferior

a A suDrarenalis media;a V suprarenalis sinistra


O a A ; V . r e n a l i s

a Mm. intercostales

Ren

a a A ; V

Costa Xl

testicularis

* N subcostalis

a a A.; V lumbalis I

& N. iliohypogastricus

a A. mesentericainferior

* N. ilioinguinalis

o M. quadratustumoorum

Lig i l iolumbale

a A colica sinistra

& N cutaneusfemoris lateralis

a lvl iliacus

Aa ;Vv i l iacae a acommunes/ -I H. remorails ,

f . oentto- 1Temorai ls I a nanirat ic

A;V i l i a ca in te rnaaa

A ; V r e n a l i s O a

Ren,Capsula adiposa

Ureter

M obliquus externus aabdominis

M obliquus internus aabdominis

M transversus tabdominis

V;A testicularis o a

M psoas major a

Aa sigmoideae a

(M psoas minor) a

Mesocolon sigmoideum



o o A ; V i l i o l u m b a l i s ,Rr i l iaci

$ N femoralis

' ' \o H. remorails

I* R. genitalis J

N. genito-femoralis

V cava inferior

a

Vesica urinaria

M. rectus abdominis a

V renalis sinistra



a A iliaca interna

O A rectalis superior

o a A ; V epigastrica inferior

aaA ;Vsac ra l i smed iana

Colon sigmoideum

Fi1 .1151 Pos i t ion o f the re t roper i toneaL s t ruc tu res ,S i tus re t rooer i toneat is , o f the mate .Whereas the Le f t tes t i cuLar ve in opens in to the le f t rena l ve in ,the r igh t tes t i cu ta r ve in d ra ins d i rec t ty in to the in fe r io r venacava. The same apot ies to the ovar ian ve ins .

F ig . 1155 a , b Var iab i t i t y o f the course o f the tes t i cu ta rar te r ies , Aa. tes t i cuLares .a "Textbook case"b Both tes t i cu ta r a r te r ies , Aa. tes t i cu ta res , b ranch o f f

c ran ia tLy to the renaI ve ins , Vv . renates ; the r igh t a r te rypasses posterior to the inferior vena cava, V. cava inferior,and the le f t a r te ry passes an ter io r to the le f t renaI ve in ,V . renat is s in is t ra .

V renalisdextra

A testicularisdextra

A testicularissinistra

- 8 0 %

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneal spaceLymphatics of the retroperitoneal space

Urinarv btadder

W hepaticae a

V cava inferior O

A phrenica ainferior

Nodi lymphoideiphrenici inferiores

Truncus intestinalis

Cisterna chyli

Truncus lumbalisdexter

Nodi lymphoideilumbales dextri

V cava inferior a

A femoralis o

V femoralis a

N femoralis l

Nodi lymphoidei inguinales, (Nodi profundi)

V saphena magna O


Fig . 1155 Lymph nodes, Nod i tympho ide i , and Lymphat ics ,Vasa lymphat ica , o f the pos ter io r abdominaI wa| . [ and thei n g u i n a L r e g i o n ;vent ra I v iew

Fascia cribrosa

a V saphena magna

i l io ingu ina l i s

The numbers X and X l l ind ica te the respec t ive r ibs .* Ct in ica I te rm: hor izon ta I cha in" , d ra in ing the Lower abdominatwat l

the g lu tea I reg ion , the per ineum and the ex terna t gen i ta l

a A renalis

a A mesentericasupenor

a Pars abdominalisaonae

Nodi lymphoideilumbales intermedii

a A i l iacacommunrs

Ureter

o V i l iacacommunts

Nodi lymphoideii l iaci interni

Mesocolonsigmoideum

Colon sigmoideum

Nodi lymphoideiinguinalessuperficiales, Nodisuperolaterales *

Gen i ta I i a

Lymphatics of theretroperitoneal radiography

Vas lymphaticumefferens

Vasa lymphaticaafferentia

Truncus lumbalissinister

Nodus lymphoideusinguinalis superf icialis

Fig . 1157 Lymphat ics , Vasa Lymphat ica , and lymph nodes,N o d i L y m p h o i d e i , o f t h e i n g u i n a [ , t h e p e L v i c a n d t h eLumbar reg ion ;AP- rad iograph a f te r b i la te ra t in jec t ion o f a cont ras tmed ium in to Lymphat ics o f the foo t ( tymphography) .

T h i s f o r m e r t y a p p L i e d t e c h n i q u e v i s u a L i z e s t h e p o s i t i o n a n ds ize o f l ymphat ics and Lymph nodes.

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceNeryes of the retroperitoneal space

Uninary b ladder

& N vagus [X], Plexus oesophageus

N splanchnicus major,*Oesophagus

Fig . 1158 Nerves o f the pos ter io r abdominaL wat [ ,the LumbosacraL p texus , P texus [umbosacra t is , andthe abdominaI par t o f the au tonomous nervous sys tem,P a r s a b d o m i n a I i s a u t o n o m i c a :ventraL view.

." Plexus coeliacus

N subcostalis ,

N iliohypogastricus *

N il ioinguinalis {

N genitofemoralis {

N obturatorius {9

Truncus lumbosacralis *

Costa Xll

O Truncus coeliacus

O l\4. quadratus lumborum

6 Truncus sympathicus

* Plexus mesentericusinferior

Crista iliaca

,* N temoralis

a M. iliacus

& Plexus sacralis

Gen i ta t i a

Vessels and

A Dhrenica inferior o Hiatus oesophageus

a A mesenterica superior

a Truncus coeliacusa V lumbalis ascendens

N. splanchnicus major ' '

V cava inferior a

A tV renal is* o a

A ;V sacralis mediana a a

o l\il quadratus lumborum* N subcostalis

A ; V t e s t i c u l a r i s O o

* Truncussympathicus


O A mesentericainferior

N il iohypogastricus ,

genitolemoralis ,

N i l ioinguinalis .

M psoas major a

N femoralis ,.,


Ductus deferens

a a A ; V i l i a c acommunls

a A lumbalis lV

I Truncuslumbosacralis

a A iliolumbalis,R iliacus

,r, N obturatorius

a A iliolumbalis

* Rr musculares

s N i l io inguinal is

a M transversusabdominis

& N. cutaneusfemoris lateralis

& N genitofemoralis,R genitalis

aaA ;Vc i r cumf l exailium protunda

Fig . 1 1 59 VesseLs and nerves o f the pos ter io r abdomina lwat l o f the male .* In -10% the [e f t renaI ve in passes pos ter io r to the aor ta .

retroperitoneal

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneat spacelnnervation of the male aenitalia

Urinary bladder

Medulla spinalis

Plexusdeferentialis

Plexus prostaticus

Ganglia pelvica, Radixparasympathica

INn splanchnici pelvici]*

Plexus testicularis

Plexus deferentialis

Piexus hypogastricus superiorPlexus testicularis

A. testicularis

Fi9 . 1150 Mate gen i ta t ia ,0 rgana gen i taL ia mascut ina ;d iagram demonst ra t ing the au tonomous innerva t ionof the [e f t s ide ;ventraI and LateraI view, respective[y.Green = sympathetic neryous systemPurpte = parasympathetic nervous system

ef lgent nerves

Surg ica I removaI o f paraaor t i c l ymph nodes or opera t ions a tthe abdominaI aor ta and the [a rge ar te r ies o f the pe tv is cancause damage to the sympathet ic nerves w i th the consequenceof e jacuLatory impotency I lmpoten t ia generand i l . Pros ta teopera t ions , in tu rn , may damage the parasympathet ic f ib resinnerva t lng the pen is , thus [ead ing to e rec t i te impotencyl l m p o t e n t i a c o e u n d i J .

Ductus deferens

N hypo-gastricus

sinister

Plexushypogastricus

inferior

Glandula vesiculosa

Vesica urinaria

ProstataGlandula bulbourethralis



Urethra masculina

Glans penis

lnnervat ion of the mate geni tat ia

Parasympathetic SacraL part oft h e s p i n a lcord lS2 - 54 l

Sympathetic Thoracic parto f thesp ina I cordt T 1 0 - T 1 2 l

Lumbar par to f t h e s p i n a Lcord lL1 - L2 l

Gang l . ia peLv ica , Rad ixpara parn tcalNn. nchn ic i pe lv ic iJ

P[exus mesenter ic isuper io r e t in fe r io r

JT - , , ^ ^ , , - - , , - ^ ^ + k i ^ , , ^J y t t t P o U i l L u >

.1,Ptexus test icuLar is

JPtexus hypogastr icus su perror

JN hypogastr icus

J

PLexus hypogastr icusrnreTror

N p u d e n d u s

P e n i sCorpus caveTnosum

Testis

GLanduta buLbo-u reth ra[ is

Ductus (vas l de ferens

GLanduta ves icuLosaProstata

I M s p h i n c t e r v e s i c a e ]

M isch iocavernosusM b u l b o s p o n g i o s u s

Scro ta I sk inP e n i [ e s k i n

Vasod i [atat io nErec t ion

Regu la t ion o f b lood f tow

Somatomotor,somatosensory

C - ^ - ^ l ^ ^ - + ^ {J O U r d L P d r I U l

t h e s p i n a L c o r dts2 - s4l

F v n r r l c i n n ^ f i t c f l r i r l

Cont rac t ion , t ranspor t o f thesperms in to the ure thra

ExpuLs ion o f i t s con ten t in tothe ure thra

Ctosure o f the ur inarybtadd to prevent retrogradeeJacu ron

ExpuLs ion o f the e jacuLateout o f the ure thra-

Nn. sc ro ta les pos ter io resN . d o r s a L i s p e n i s

GenitaI ia

lnnervation

Rr communicantes

R interganglionaris

Ganglia truncisympathici

A ovarica

N hypogastricus

Plexus hypogastricus inferiorPlexus uterovaoinalis*

N vaginalis

Medulla spinalis

Ganglia pelvica,Radix parasympathica

INn. splanchnici pelvici]**


(lntroitus vaginae)

Tuba uterina [Salpinx]

N. sacralis [S1l

Plexus sacralis

N pudendus

Nn. labiales oosteriores

Radicesanteflores(s2-s5)

Fig . 1161 Female gen i ta t ia ,0 rgana gen i ta t ia femin ina .d iagram demonst ra t ing the au tonomous innerva t ion ;ventraI view.Green = sympathet ic nervous sys temPurp[e = parasympathetic nervous system

* Ct in icaL te rm: FRANKENHAUSER's gangL ion** A[so: erigent nerves

The au tonomic p texus are in te rspersed w i th gangL ia .

The hypogast r i c and u terovag inaL p texus conta in bo th

sympathet ic and parasympathet ic f ib res .

Ganglia pelvica,Radix parasympathicalNn. splanchnici pelvicil

Plexus ovaricus

Innervation of the female genitatia

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Somatomotor,somatosensory

C ^ ^ - ^ l ^ ^ - +J o L ' o L P o ' L

of the- ^ ; ^ - t ^ ^ - n

ts2 - s4l

T L ^ - ^ ^ ; ^ ^ ^ - +I r r v r o u r u P o r Ln f t h o c n i n a l

cord [T '10 - T12l

Lumbar par to f t h e s p i n a Lcord [11 - L2 ]

SacraL par to f thesp ina I cordts2 - s4l

Gangt ia peLv ica , Rad ixpa rasvm patn I caINn. sp tanchn ic i pe tv ic iJ

JNn. cavernos i cL i to r id is

Ptexus mesenter icuss u p e n o r !

P texusovancuS

vPlexus renaL isT - . , ^ ^ , , ^ ^ . , - ^ ^ + h i ^ , , -I I U i l L U 5 > y i l r P O L r i l L U >

JPLexus hypogast r i cussu pen0 r

J N hypogast r rcusPtexus hypogast r i cusin fe r io r

JP lexus u te rovaq inaL isIFRAN KENHAUSTN'Sga ng L ion)

N dorsa t isz c L i t o r i d i s

N . p u d e n d u s: r Nn Lab iaLes

poster io res

Tuba u ter inaUteru s

Vaq i naC L i io r is

Ova r

Tuba u ter inaUterusVag ina

Cl i to r is

Lab ia majoraM. i sch iocavernosusM buLbospong iosus

Vasod i [atat io nVasod i [atat ion

Transsudat ionErec t ion

Vasoconstr ict ion

Cont ra c t ion

Cont rac t io n

Urinary bladderand retroperitoneaI spacePelvic arteries

A il iaca communis

A il iaca interna

A iliaca externa

A obturatoria

A umbilicalis

vesicalis superior

Fig . 1162 a-d Var iab iL i ty o f the branch ing pa t te rnviewed from the Left.a A t [ b ranches ar ise f rom the same s tem.b The in te rna I i t iac a r te ry , A . iL iaca in te rna , d iv idesc The in te rna I i t iac a r te ry , A . i t iaca in te rna , d iv idesd The in te rna I i t iac a r te ry , A . iL iaca in te rna , d iv ides

A il iolumbalis

A. sacralis lateralis

glutea superior

M piriformls

A glutea inferior

Lig sacrosplnale

A pudenda interna

Lig sacrotuberaleA rectalis media

A uterina

of the in te rna I i t iac a r te ry , A . i t iaca in te rna ;

in to two major b ranches [ " tex tbook case"J .in to th ree major b ranches .in to more than th ree major b ranches .

Geni ta t ia

Pars abdominalis aortae a

A, mesenterica inferior a

A iliaca communis sinistra a

V iliaca communis O

A sacralis mediana O

A il iaca communis dextra a

A il iaca interna a

A il iolumbalis O

A il iaca externa a

A umbilicalis, Pars oatens a

A obturatoria a

N obturatorius

Plexus sacralis,Truncuslumbosacralis

a A pudenda interna

*, N pudendus

o A sacralis lateralis

, i N sacralis [S1], R anterior

a A glutea superior

N genitofemoralis,R genitalis

Anu lus ingu ina l i sprofundus

A cremasterica O

A epigastrica Oinferior

,, Truncus sympathicus,Ganglia sacralia

r N sacralis [S2],B anterior

O A glutea inferior

, N sacralis [S3],R anterior

6 Nn anales [rectales]inferiores

Lig sacrospinale

R pubicus a

R obturatorius a

Symphysis pubica

A obturatoria, R oubicus a

M obturatorius internus a O A rectalis media

A vesicalis interior a : Plexus sacralis

Fig . 1163 In te rna I i t iac a r te ry , A . i I iaca in te rna ,and sacra I p lexus , P texus sacraL is ;viewed from the left

Vessels and nerves of the pelvic wall

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI space)rgans of the male peLvis

Urinarv btadder

Vesicaunnana

Appendices omentales [epiploicae]

Ductus deferens

I funica serosa

I Tunica muscularis \

A ;V sacralis lateralis, Rr spinales O a

N sacralis [S1], R anterior *

N lumbalis [L5], R anterior i

V i l iaca interna O

V il iaca externa a)

A il iaca communis O

Mesocolon sigmoideum

Colon sigmoideum

,* N sacralis [S2], R anterior


a M piriformis

O M gluteus maximus

Rectum, Flexura sacralis


Articulatiosacrococcygea

Ureter

Glandula vesiculosa

Os sacrum

a M bulbospongiosus

Corpus anococcygeumILig anococcygeum]

a M levator ani

l/ rectus abdominis O

Os pubis

Lig puboprostaticum


Ductus deferens

lvl cremaster C

Tunica dartos, M dartos a

Crus penis

A profunda penis a

Corpus anococcygeum[Lig anococcygeum]

Rectum, Flexura anorectalisIperinealis]

l\4 ischiocavernosus 0

l\4 transversus perinei profundus a

l\4 sphincter urethrae a

a M sphincter ani externus

a I/l transversus perinei profundus

Prostata

Fig . 1161+ 0rgans o f the ma[e peLv is .* Ct in ica I te rm: COWPER's g [and

Glandu labulbourethralis'

Gen i ta t i a Rectunn Topography Sse t i0ns

Pars abdominalis aortae a

A mesenterica inferior a

A i l iaca communis O

V i l iaca communis o

Ureter dexterA ; V o b t u r a t o r i a O o

V il iaca externa a

A il iaca externa a \ ki

Ductus delerens dexter

A ;V c i rcumflexa O oilium profunda

Plica umbilicalis lateralis;A ;V ep igas t r i caaa

inferior


Vesica urinaria

Ureter sinister

A vesicalis superior a

V dorsalis profunda apenrs

A dorsalis penis a

Plexus venosus vesicalis a

Funiculus spermaticus ' A profunda penis O


Fig . 1165 BLood supp l .y o f the mate pe tv is

a a A ; V r e c t a l i s m e d i a

a A vesicalis inferior

o M levator ani

a aA ; V rectalis inferior

Prostata ooA ;V pudenda in te rna

a a A ; V pudenda interna, Rr. scrotales posteriores

a A sacralis mediana

a A il iaca internaPromontorium

a A umbilicalis, Pars patens

a a A ; V. vesicalis superior

Canalis sacralis

O a A ; V rectalis superior

a V il iaca interna

a a A.; V vesicalis inferior

a A ductus deferentis

a l\4. piriformis

Ductus deferens sinister

Glandula vesiculosa

of themale pelvis

> Pelvic visceraa nd retroperitoneaI spaceVessels of the female pelvis

Kidney I Suprarenat g tand I Ur inary b ladder

V i l iaca communis o

a A iliaca internao V il iaca interna

O A sacralis mediana

A il iaca communis O

A umbilicalis, Pars patens a

A ; V, ovarica a O

Tuba uterina

Lig teres uteri

a o A ; V rectalis suoerior

rl\ / Rectum, Tunica muscularis,.11\ / Stratum longitudinale

o A uterina

a a A :V rectalis media

Plica rectouterina

Ureter sinister

O O A ; V u t e r i n aA;V i l i a caex te rnaaa

Vesica urinaria

Ovariumsinistrum

A uterina, aR tubarius

Bulbus vest ibul i o

a a A ;V rectalis media

o A vaginal is

o A vesicalis inferior

a M levator ani

a o A ; V rectalis inferior

o Plexus venosus vaginalis

aoA :V oudenda in te rna

Lig teres uteri a W vesicales

Fig. 1156 Btood suppLy of the fema|.e petvis

Gen i ta t i a Rectum Topography See t i ons

Nodi lymphoidei preaortici, aortici laterales et retroaortici

Nodus lymphoideus precavalis

A ; V o v a r i c a o o

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci interni

Nodus lymphoideus iliacus externus

N genitofemoralis ,,

N obturatorius ,:

A; V i l iaca ex le rna a O

A ; V o b t u r a t o r i a O a

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci externimediales et laterales

A umbilicalls, Pars occlusa O

A ; V e p i g a s t r i c a a Oinferior

Chorda arteriaeumbilicalis

Lig teres ul

Anulus femoralis

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci externi obturatori i

Lig teres uteri

Aa vesicales superiores aVesica urinaria

Fi1 . 1167 Lymphat ics , Vasa Lymphat ica , and lymph nodes,Nod i Lympho ide i , o f the pe tv ic wat [ o f the female .

a Pars abdominalis aortae

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci communes

a a A :V sacralis mediana

a A iliolumbalis

a aA : V rectalis suoerior

Rectum

O o A ; V u t e r i n a

Nodus lymphoideusrectalis superior

a A vaginalis

o A pudenda interna

a A rectalis media

Lig sacrospinale

Nodi lymphoideipararectales

Excavatio rectouterina*Plica rectouterina

oaA ;V rec ta l i smed ia

a A. umbilicalis, Pars patens

a M levatoraniUterus, Facies intestinalis

Lig umbilicale medianum

The Lymph nodes are f requent ly much smat te r than i t tus t ra tedbut they are a lways present . Tumour ce t ls f rom the u te rus canreach the super f i c ia I ingu ina l l ymph nodes v ia l ymphat ics o f theround l igament o f u te rus .* CI in ica I te rm: pouch o f D0UGLAS** C[ in ica I te rm: round l igament

eprgastflcainferior

b Or ig in as an independent b ranch f rom the in te rnaL i I iacar te ry , A . i t iaca in te rna

c 0r ig in f rom the ex terna I i I iac a r te ry , A . iL iaca ex terna0nLy in 75% o f the cases , the ob tura tor a r te ry o r ig ina tes f romthe t runk o f the in te rna I i t iac a r te rv .

A i l iacainterna

A il iacaexterna

obturatoria

Foramenobturatum

250k

F ig . I 168 a-c Var iab i t i t y o f the or ig in o f the ob tura tor a r te ry , Aobtura tor ia ;m e d i a L v i e wa Or ig in f rom the an ter io r b ranch o f the in te rnaL iL iac a r te ry ,

A . i t iaca in te rna [ " tex tbook case" ]

female pelvis

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceFe ma le pelvic d i a p h rag m

Kidney | $urpranenat gi"and I Ur inary bLadder

Symphysis pubica

LrgTuberculum pubicum

Urethra feminina, Tunica muscularis

Vagina

pubicum inferius

Lig transversum perinei

Fascia perinei IFasciainvestiens perinei superficialisl

lvl transversus oerinei orofundusSpina i l iaca anterior inferior

Fossa acetabuli

Lig transversumacetabuli

Facies lunata

M obturatorius internus

Tuber ischiadicum

Fascia obturatoria

Fascia inferiordiaphragmatis pelvis

Lt9 sacrotuberale

Centrum perinei

M sphincter ani externus

Os sacrum

F i g . 1 1 6 9 P e r i n e a I m u s c L e s , M m . p e r i n e i ,and the pe tv ic d iaphragm, D iaphragma petv is , o f the female ;in fe r io r v iew.

Tuberculum pubicum

L inea te rmina l i s

Eminentia i l iopubica

Corpus ossis pubis

Fascia inferiordiaphragmatis pelvis

Fascia obturatoria

Lig sacrotuberale

M levator ani, l\/ l puborectalis

Spina ischiadica

l\4 levator ani, M il iococcygeus

M ischiococcygeus [M coccygeus]

M sphincter ani externus

Lig sacrotuberale

Spina i l iaca posterior superior

Corpus anococcygeum ILig anococcygeum]

Os coccygis

Probe i n t he pudenda I cana [ IALCOCK 's cana [ ]

Symphysis pubica


M levator ani, l\4 pubococcygeus

l\4 levator ani,M il iococcygeus

(Arcus tendineusmusculi levatoris ani)

l\4 rectococcygeus

M ischiococcygeus[M coccygeus]

Foramen ischiadicummaJus


M transversusperinei superficialis

Crista i l iaca

Os il ium

Fascia perineiIFascia investiensperinei superf icialisl

II

Fossa acetabuli -1 !

Os sacrum

Ligg sacroil iacaanteriora


Ligg sacroil iaca interossea

Os i l ium

Proc articularissuperior

Fig . 1170 PeLv ic d iaphragm, D iaphragma petv is , o f the femaLe;supenor v tew.

Lig sacrotuberale

* C t i n i ca I t e rm : l eva to r h i a tus IH ia tus u roqen i t a t i s e t an i l

Gen i ta t i a

Fe male pelvic d i a p h ra g m

A i l iaca communis o

V iliaca communis o

A ; V i l i a c a i n t e r n a a O

Ureter

N obturatorius

M transversus aabdominis

M obliquus Ginternus

abdominis

M obl iquus aexlernus

abdominis

M il iacus a

V il iaca externa O a

A ;V circumllexa a ailium profunda


N obturatorius :

Pecten ossis pubis

A ; V o b t u r a t o r i a O a - ' {

M obturatorius aInternus

(Arcus tendineusmusculi levatoris ani)

; V pudenda interna a a

Clitoris, Corpus clitoridis

V dorsalis profunda acliloridis

M sphincter urethrae a

Ostium urethrae externum Labium minus pudendi

a M piriformis

o M. levator ani

a (M sacrococcygeus)

a M rectococcygeus

a M levator ani

o l\4 sohincter ani externus

I M sphincter ani internus

Pecten analis

e M sDhincter ani externusVaginaCentrum perinei


Fig . 1171 Musctes o f the peLv ic d iaphragm,Diaphragma peLv is , o f the femate

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceMale pelvic diaphragm


M bulbospongiosusTunica dartos. l\4. dartos

Raphe perinei

l\4. levator ani

lvl ischiocavernosusGlandula bulbourethralis *

M transversus perineiprofundus

lvl transversusperinei superlicialis

Telasubcutanea,Panniculus

adrposus

Lig sacrotuberale

Fasciaobturatoria

Fascia obturatoria

l\4 gluteus maximusM sphincter ani externus

Corpus anococcygeum[Lig anococcygeum]Os coccygis

Fig . 1172 Per ineum, Per ineum, andpeLv ic d iaphragm, D iaphragma pe lv is , o f the mate ;in fe r io r v iew.* C l in icaL te rm: cowPER's g tand

Ur inary b tadder

Geni ta [ ia

Female pelvic diaphragm

Preputium clitoridis


M gracil is Labium minus pudendi

Glans clitoridis

Ostium vaginae;Carunculae hymenales Rugae vaginales

M. ischiocavernosus Glandula vestibularismajor, (Ostium)*

M bulbo-spongrosus

M bu lbo-spongrosus

Baphepeflnel

Fossa ischioanalis

M, gluteus maximus

Mm transversi perinei superficialis et profundus

Fig . ' l ' 173 Per ineum, Per ineum; pe tv ic d iaphragm,Diaphragma petv is , and fema[e ex terna I gen i ta t ia ,0 rgana gen i ta l ia femin ina exrerna ;in fe r io r v iew.+ Ct in ica I te rm: BARTH0LtN 's g [and

M. sphincteranr exernus

M levatorani

Anus

Corpus anococcygeumILig. anococcygeum]

The vag ina I and the anaI o r i f i ces are loca ted in c tose prox imi ty .Dur ing de t rvery the sk in and musc les o f the per ineum canrupture up to the sph inc ter musc tes o f the anus i l . - l l l . degreeper ineaL lacera t ions l . These can be prevented by surg ica linc is ions d i rec ted e i ther [a te ra t [y o r in the med ian p [aneIper ineaI inc is ion = la te ra I o r med ia Iep is io tomy l .

Fascia perineiIFascia investiensperinei superf icialisl

M. transversuspeflnelsuperficialis

Fasciaobturatoria

Os coccygis

LJr inarv btmqider

Glandula bulbourethralis*

M transversus perinei profundus N

A: V bulb i oenis o a

A i V o e r i n e a l i s a a

N perinealis i,

A : V p u d e n d a i n t e r n a a a

N pudendus

Tuberculum pubicum

Os pubis, Ramus superior

A ; N dorsalis clitoridis O r:

Vagina

Os pubis, Ramus inferior

A bulbi vestibuli a

Bamus ossis ischli

a M transversuspef lnelsuperficialis

Fig . 1171 Urogen i ta I d iaphragm,Diaphragma urogen i ta te , o f the ma[e ;in fe r io r v iew.* C l in ica I te rm: cowPER's g tand

Lig pubicum super ius

M transversus apef lnel

superf ic ial is

F i g . 1 1 7 5 U r o g e n i t a L d i a p h r a g m ,Diaphragma urogen i ta te , o f the femaLe;in fe r io r v iew.

L ig ingu ina le

Symphysis pubica

a V dorsalis profunda penis

Lig pubicum inferius


l l l \ i l , sphincter urethrae

Ductus olandulae bulbourethralis

a M transversus perinei profundus

Fascia perinei IFascia investiens perinei superficialis]

Ramus ossis ischii

Lig inguinale

Symphysis pubica

a V dorsalis orofunda clitoridis



Urethra feminina

C M transversus perinei orofundus

Fascia perineiIFascia investiens perinei

A ;N do rsa l i spen i sO{a

Urethra masculina

Tuber ischiadicum

Geni ta t ia

- i."

Symphysis pubica

Tuberculum pubicum

Glans clitoridis

Crus clitoridis


Ostium vaginae; Columna rugarum anterior

Bulbus vestibuli

Fe ma le exte rn a I ge n ita lia

Lig. suspensorium clitoridis

Lig. inguinale

Corous cavernosum clitoridis


Frenulum clitoridis


Carunculae hvmenales

M. ischiocavernosus

M. bulbospongiosusGlandula vestibularis maior*,

(Ostium)Fascia perinei IFascia investiensperinei superficialislM transversus oerinei orotundus

M. transversusperinei superficialis

M. sohincter ani externus. Pars subcutanea

Mons pubis

Fig. 1176 Femate externaI genita[ ia,0 rgana gen i ta t ia femin ina ex terna ;vent ro in fe r io r v iew.+ C[ in ica I te rm: BARTHOLIN 's qLand

Tuber ischiadicumFrenulum labiorumpudendi

Anus

Corpus anococcygeum ILig. anococcygeum]

Fig. 1178 Fema[e externaI genitat ia,0 rgana gen i ta l . ia femin ina ex terna ;inferior view.

Vestibulumvagrnae

(Ductus para-urethralis)

Ostiumurethrae

externum

Glandulavestibularis

malor,(Ostium)

Fossavestibulivagrnae

Commissuralabiorumposlenor

Commissuralabiorumanterior

Glansclitoridis

Labium majuspudendi

Labium minuspudendi

Ostiumvagrnae

Hymen

Frenulumlabiorumpudendi

Perineum,Raphepef lnel

Commissura labiorumanterior



Rima pudendi


Perineum

Preputiumclitoridis

Frenulumclitoridis

Fi1.1177 Femate externaI genitat ia,0 rgana gen i ta t ia femin ina ex terna ;inferior view.

> Pelvic viscera

M. psoas major O

A ;V i l i a caex te rnaaa

Ductus deferens

Nodi lympholdeiiliaci externi

N obturatorius o

A ;V ob tu ra to r i aOO

Ductus deterens

M obturatorius internus a

M obturatorius externus O


Membrana obturatoria

M. levator ani O

Os ischii

A ; V pudenda interna; N. pudendus O O C

Plica vesicalis transversa


o N. femoralis

a N genitofemoralis


Nodi lymphoidei iliaci externi

O A. umbilicalis, Pars occlusa

Linea terminalis

\ Lig. capitis femoris

UreterDuctus deferens

Glandula vesiculosa

Amoulla ductus deferentis

a Plexus venosus vesicalis; Plexus venosus prostaticus

Urinary btadderand retroperitoneaI spaceMale pelvic organs and retroperitoneal space

Fossa suoravesicalis

Plica umbilicalis mediana(Lig. umbilicale medianum,

Chorda urachi)

Crus penis Crus penis

Glandula bulbourethralisM. transversus perinei profundus a

Bulbus penis

Fig . 1179 Petv ic d iaphragm, D iaphragma pe lv is ;pe lv ic o rgans and an ter io r abdominaIwa[ [ ,0 rgana abdomin is e t pe tv is , o f the ma[e ;f ron ta l sec t ion th rough the head o f the femurand the ur inary b | .adder on the Le f t ;dorsaI view

Plica umbilicalis medialis(Chorda arteriae umbilicalis)

O Plica umbilicalis lateralis(A ; V. epigastrica inferior)

Fossa ischioanalis

Prostata

Gen i ta [ i a

Female pelvic organs and retroperitoneal space

Fascia pelvis visceralis


t N. obturatorius

o A obturatoria

Vesica urinaria

M obturatorius internus O

N pudendus internus j

A. pudenda interna a

Diaphragma urogenitale

Glandula vestibularis major

Bulbus vestibull

o Plexus venosusvesicalis

a M. levator ani

Crus clitoridis

O M ischiocavernosus

Ostium vaginae Urethra feminina



Fig . 1180 PeLv ic d iaphragm, D iaphragma petv is , andpetv ic o rgans , Organa pe lv is , o f the fema[e ;f r o n t a L s e c t i o n l o n t h e r i g h t l c o m b i n e d w i t h a m e d i a n s e c t i o n ;vent ra Iv iew.

Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceM a Ie external ge nita Lia

Uninary bl"adder

A dorsalis penis a Lig fundilorme penis a V dorsalis profunda penis

Anulus inguinal issuperficialis

N genitofemoralis, {B genitalis

: t N i l i o ingu ina l i s


a A cremasterica;a (V cremasterica)

a o A.; V, pudenda externa

a Rr scrotales anteriores

a V dorsalis profunda penis

a V dorsalis superficialis penis

N dorsalis penis

Plexus pamoiniformis a

Ductus deferens

A testicularis a

Fascia penis (profunda)

Fig . 1 181 MaLe ex terna I gen i ta t ia ,0 rgana gen i ta t ia mascuL ina ex terna .

Geni ta l ia

Anulus inguinalis superficialis,Crus mediale

Male external

a M obliquus externus abdominis, Aponeurosis

a M obliquus internus abdominis


a V dorsalis profundapenrs;

oeA ;N do rsa l i spen i s

1 A. profunda penis


Urethra masculina


a Fascia cremasterica;M cremasler

a Fascia spermatica externa

a Tunica dartos, M dartos

Tela subcutanea,Panniculus adiposus

Fascia spermatica exlerna a

Fascia cremasterica; aM cremaster


Ductus deferens

A testicularis a

I caputEpididymis j

| (APPendix)

Appendix testis

Tunica vaginalis testis,Lamina visceralis

Tunica vaginalis testis,Lamina parietalis

Fascia sDermatica interna

M cremaster a

Fascia spermatica externa o

Septum scroti Raphe scroti

Fig. 1182 MaLe genitaLia0rqana qen i ta t ia mascuL ina .

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneal spaceMale perineal region

A, dorsalis penis a

A bulbi penis a

N dorsalis penis ,

Rr perineales :(N cutaneus

femorisposterior)

N n c l u n i u m :inferiores

(N cutaneusfemoris

posterior)

Nn anales :Irectales]inferiores

N oerinealis

Lig sacrospinale

perinealis, Rr scrotales posteriores

I M bulbospongiosus

l| l\4 ischiocavernosus

a A perinealis

I l\4. transversuspef lnelsuperf ic ial is

O A rectalis inferior

' Nn. clunium inferiores(N cutaneus femoris posterio0

N pudendus ,

A pudenda interna O

Lig. sacrotuberale

M gluteus maximus +tCorpus anococcygeum ILig anococcygeum]

il M levator ani

Nn anococcygei

Fig .1183 Vesse ls and nerves o f the per ineum,R e g i o p e r i n e a L i s , a n d t h e m a L e e x t e r n a L g e n i t a L i a ,0 rgana gen i ta t ia mascuI ina ex terna .

t l r inary b ladder

Geni ta l ia

i . : l i i r i : . : r l : i

M bulbospongiosus I

Ostium urelhrae externum

V bulbi Ovestibuli

Lab ium minus pudend i

Bulbus vestibuli

lvl levator ani at, Nn anococcygeiM sDhincter ani externus s


Fig ,1184 Vessets and nerves o f the per ineum,R e g i o p e r i n e a L i s , a n d t h e f e m a t e e x t e r n a I g e n i t a I i a ,0 rgana gen i ta [ ia femin ina ex terna .

a A pudenda interna, Rr labiales posteriores

O M ischiocavernosus

A dorsalis Oclitoridis

A perinealis a

N dorsalis ,clitoridis

A pudenda ointerna

Rr perineales(N cutaneus

femorisposterior)

s Nn. labialesposleflores

a M transversuspennelsuperficialis

N dorsalisclitoridis

Nn cluniuminteriores

(N cutaneuslemoris

posterior)

I M gluteusmaxtmus

Nn perinealesO o A ; V P u d e n d a

inlernaN pudendus a A. rectalis inlerior

* Nn anales lrectales] inferiores

* Nn clunium inferiores(N cutaneus femoris posterio0

A pudenda interna a

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneal spaceAbdomen, median section

N, .Jn inary btadder

Oesophagus Hepar, Area nuda

a Diaphragma, Centrum tendineum

Hepar, Lobus sinisterCor

Plexus venosus avertebralis internus

anterior,V basivertebralis

Aorta, aPars

abdominalis

Sternum, Corpus

Sternum, Proc xiphoideus

Gaster, Cardia

Fornix gastricus

Pancreas,Ductus pancreaticus

Colon transversum

Linea alba

A gastroduodenalis O

A mesenterica superior a

Pars lumbalis adiaphragmatis

V renalis dextra a

A renalis dextra a

Filum terminale ,,

Aa jejunales O

V mesenterica superior a

A il iaca communis adextra

V il iaca communis Ooexlra

Cauda equina ,

Promontorium

Colon sigmoideum

JeJUnum

Omentum majus



a A jejunalis


Vesica urinaria

a l\4 pyramidalis

Os pubis

Lig fundiforme penis



Tunica albuginea corporum cavernosorum

Plica transversarecti

Os sacrum

Glandula vesiculosa

Ampulla recti

Os coccygis

Prostata

M sphincter ani Iexternus

lvl, sphincter ani ainternus

Columnae anales

M levator ani, tM pubococcygeus

l\4 transversus perinei aprofundus

l\4 ischiocavernosus O

lV bulbospongiosus j

Septum scroti

Preputium penis

Glans penisEpididymis Tunica vaginalis testis, Lamina visceralis

a M cremaster

a Tunica dartos

Fig . 1185 Abdomen, Abdomen, and pe tv is , PeLv is ,o f t h e m a t e ;m e d i a n s e c t i o n .

Gen i ta [ i a

V hepatica sinistra O

Lig falciforme


M rectus abdominis o

Pars sternalis adiaphragmatis

Gaster

A hepatica propria O

Caput pancreatis;Ductus pancreaticus

Ductus choledochuslbil iarisl

V portae hepatis OOmentum majus,

Lig. gastrocolicumColon transversum

Omentum majus

Caput pancreatis,Proc uncinatus

V mesenterica Osupenor

A mesenlerica asupenor

Linea alba

Nodi lymphoidei i leocolici

M rectus abdominis a

Cavitas perilonealis

Vesica urinaria

Corpus ossis pubis

Lig fundiforme penis

(l\4m adductores) O

Septum penis

Corous cavernosum penis


Recessusphrenicomediastinalis

O Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis

a V cava inferior

Nodi lymphoidei retrocavales

a V renalis dextra

a A. renalis dextra

a M erector soinae

a A iliaca communis

a V. iliaca communis

Os sacrum

6 N. sacral is [S1]

Rectum

a M piriformis


Ductus deferens

Glandula vesiculosa

Rectum

a (M sacrococcygeus)

a M gluteus maximus

Prostata

a lvl levator ani, M. iliococcygeus

o M levator ani, M pubococcygeus

a (Diaphragma urogenitale)

a M cremasterGlans penis

Preputium penis

A testicularis a

F i g . 1 1 8 6 A b d o m e n ,o f the mate ;sag i t ta I sec t ion to the

Epididymis

o Plexus pampiniformis

Abdomen, and pe tv is , Petv is ,

r igh t o f the med ian P[ane.

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceAbdo me n, fro ntal sectio n

Ur ina ry b ladder

a V cava inferiorHepar, Lobus caudatus Atrium cordis dextrum

V hepatica sinistra O Ventriculus cordis dexter

Lig triangulare sinistrumV portae hepatis O

V portae hepatis, OR dexter

A hepatica propria O


Hepar, Lobus dexter

Colon transversum

Caput pancreatis

Colon ascendens

A,;V mesenter ica a asupeflor

Colon ascendens

Gaster, Ostiumcardlacum

O O A.; V gastrica sinistra

Colon transversum

Cauda pancreatis

a A. gastroduodenalis

a V splenica

Duodenum, Flexuraduodenojejunalis

O A mesentericasupeflor

a Aa jejunales


Colon descendens

Colon sigmoideum

Os pubis

Symphysis pubica

Lig. fundiforme penis

lleum

Os i l ium

M sartorius a

M. tensor fasciae latae I

l \4 i l iacus a

N femoralis . l

A femoralis o

lvl rectus lemoris a

V femoralis o

M pectineus a

N4, adductor brevis a

M adductor longus a

Penis, Tunica albuginea a A profunda penis

Fig . 1187 Abdomen, Abdomen;f ron ta l sec t ion th rough the most an ter io r par t o f the abdominatcavr ty .

Gen i ta t i a

Ostium cardiacum Oesophagus, Pars thoracicaV. pulmonalis O

sinistra inferior

a V pulmonalis dextra inferior


Pelvis renalis,Calyx renalis major

f LoousPulmo J superlor

sinister I r ̂ n,,"| . - l - ' : "\ Inreflor

Lobus hepatissinister

Lig triangularesinistrum

Diaphragma O

Liggastrosplenicum

Corpus gastricum

Splen ILien]


Lig splenorenale

Nodi lymphoideisplenici

A;V splenica a a

Pancreas

Omentum majus

Pyramis renalis

Colon descendensPapilla renalis

Costa XlRen



o Diaphragma

Lobus hepatisdexter

Ductus thoracicus

(Nodus lymphoideusmediastinalisposterioo

O A subcostalis

o Pars abdominalisaortae

a Nn splanchnicimajor et minor


a o A.; V lumbalis I

o Truncussympathicus

A :V renal is o a Pelvis renalisRen,Capsula adiposa

Ureter

M psoas major a o V hemiazygos a o A ; V l u m b a l i s l l

Pars lumbalis odiaphragmatis

Fig . 1188 Abdomen, Abdomen;f ron ta I sec t ion demonst ra t ing the d iaphragm,the organs o f the upper abdomen and the k idneys ;dorsa Iv iew.

a:::.-

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceUpper abdomen, sagittal section

Diaphragma, {}Centrum tendineum

[-]r ir" lany hi,**ia$*r

iwl

nepar,Lobus dexter

Pars costalis adiaphragmatis

Recessus costo-diaphragmaticus

l\4 erector csptnae

Columna renalis

V renalis o

A renalis a

Pelvis renalis

l\4edulla renalis

Calyx renalismtnor

M quadratus CrumDorum

Cortex renalis

Pleura visceralis [pulmonalis]


Q Pars costalisdiaphragmatis

a V hepatica dextra

a V portaehepatis,R dexter,R anterior

t l\4 rectusabdominis

Peritoneumvrscerale

Ren, Capsulaadrposa

Ren, Capsula fibrosa M psoas major *Fascia renalis

F i g . 1 1 8 9 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;s a g i t t a I s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e u p p e r a b d o m e nat the LeveL o f the r igh t k idney ;v iewed f rom the r igh t .

f f ien i ta l ia

Upper abdomen, sagittal section

Gaster, Cardia, Ostium cardiacum

Gaster, Fornix gastricus

Omentum minus, Lig hepatogastricum

Pars costalis tdiaphragmatis


A gastrica sinistra a

R intercostalis anterior; a)V intercostalis anterior; o

N intercostalis a

gastroomentalis asinistra

Omentum majusLig gastrocolicum

lvl rectus abdominis a

Omentum majus

Pleura visceralis [pulmonalis]


Splen ILien]

Lig gastrosplenicum

Bursa omentalis


o M erector spinae

Costa Xll

a lvl quadratus lumborum

Fascia renalis

c lvl psoas major

Cavitas peritonealisColon transversum

F i g . 1 1 9 0 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;sag i t taL sec t ion th rough the upper abdomen a t the [eve [ o f the sp leen;viewed from the left

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceU pper a bdo me n, tra n sve rse secti ons

{ .Jninnry b{mdder

1,4 rectus abdominis *V cava inferior a

Costa Vll

Lig falcilorme

Linea alba

Costa Vl


O Pars thoracica aortaePleura parietalis,

Pars costalis


Pars costalis diaphragmatis I

Costa Vl



Costa Vll

Mm intercostales *

Cavitas pleuralis,Becessuscostodiaphragmaticus

* lV], obliquusexternusabdominis


Gaster

Splen [Lien]



Costa Vll l

V hepatica dextra a

M latissimus dorsi &

Costa lX

V portae hepatis, R dexter, OR posterior

Costa X

Vertebra thoracica Xl, Proc articularis suoerior

Proc xiphoideus


Costa Vll

Hepar, Lobus dexter

Vertebra thoracica X

M erector spinae

Vertebra thoracica Xl' Truncus sympathicus

{i M erector spinael\4edulla spinalis N intercostalis (T 10)

Spatium epidurale Ductus thoracicus

F i g . 1 1 9 1 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the upper abdomenat the leve I o f the eLeventh thorac ic ver tebra .

F i9 .1192 Abdomen, Abdomen;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion ICTJat the leve I o f the ten th thorac ic ver tebra :in fe r io r v iew.

Splen ILien]


N intercostalis (T 9)

a V splenica

a A splenica

Bursa omentalisS Pars lumbalis diaphragmatis, Crus sinistrum

M rectus abdominis

Gen i ta l i a Rectum Topography Sections

Lig falciforme

M rectus abdominis, Vagina musculi recti abdominis o

M transversus abdominis oHepar, Lobus quadratus

Lrnea Lig teres hepatis; Lobus hepatis sinister

a A heDatica communis

Ductus cysticus; Ducluscholedochus Ibiliaris]

Omentum minus, Lig hepatogastricum

o oA; V gasvica s in ist ra;* Ganglion coeliacum; Nodi

lymphoidei gastroomentalesLig hepatoduodenale

A hepalica propria, oR dexter;

V portae hepatis o

Lobus caudatus, Procpapillaris; Recessus

superior bursae omentalis

Bursa omentalis

Omentum majus

Recessus splenicus

Hilum splenicum;Nodi lymphoideisplenici

Splen ILien]

Cauda pancreatis



Peritoneum oarietale

aaA ;V sp len i ca

Ben: Glandula suprarenalis

Ren, Capsula adiposaa * V hemiazygos; N. splanchnicus major

a Q i, Aorta; Diaphragma; N. splanchnicus minor

Colon transversum

Jejunum

Pancreas

Colon descendens

Aorta

Vertebra lumbalis,Corpus vertebrae

Splen [Lien]Ren sinister

M. erector spinae

V portae hepatis, OR dexter

f Pars costalis:Diaphragma ?1 pars lumbalis,

( Crus dextrum


V cava inferior O

Ductus thoracicus

V azygos a

Cavitas pleuralis


Pleura Darietalis. Pars costalisMm intercostales externi et interni |}

Ben

M latissimus dorsi t

M serratus oosterior inferior as N thoracicus [T12]

M il iocostalis thoracis NMedulla spinalis

N splanchnicus minor ,, Vertebra thoracica Xll. Proc. soinosusM longissimus thoracis |} $ l\,4m multifidi

F i g . 1 1 9 3 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the upper abdomen a t the [eve [o f the in te rver tebra I d isc be tween the e leventh thorac icand f i rs t Lumbar ver tebra ;w i th the except ion o f the omentaL bursa h igh l . igh ted in ye tLowgreen the per i toneum is coLoured in b tue .

j\

Lig falciforme

Lig teres hepatis

Hepar, Lobus caudatus

Hepar, Lobus dexter

V portae hepatis

V cava interior


Costa X

M latissimus dorsi

Costa Xl

Ben dexter

Costa Xll

Fig .1191 Abdomen, Abdomen;computed tomograph ic sec t ion ICT]a t the leveL o f the f i rs t Iumbar ver tebraThe in tes t ine is par t ia t ty f i t ted w i th a cont ras t med ium.

U pper abdomen, transverse sections

> Pelvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceU p pe r abd o me n, tra nsve rse sections

Medulla renalis

Calyx renalis minor

Sinus renalis

Cortex renalis

o V renalis

a Pars abdominalis aortae


Jejunum

Kidney I Suprarenal . gtand I Ur inany htadder

Colon transversum

* l\4 rectus abdominisO A mesenterica suoerior

Pancreas

Nodus lymphoideuspancreaticus

JeJunum

Costa lX

Colondescen-dens

a A .renalis

* M latissimusdorsi


V portae hepalis a

Lig tereshepatiscosta vlll




Becessuscostodiaphragmaticus

Pleura parietalis,Pars diaphragmaticaPleura parietalis,

Pars costalis

Costa V l l l

Hepar,Lobusdexter

V cava inferior o

Pars lumbalis diaphragmatls s

Costa XllTruncus sympathicus


Vesica bil iaris

A renalis

V cava inferior

Corpus vertebrae lumbalis I

Hepar, Lobus dexter

l\4 erector spinae * Vertebra lumbalis I

Cauda equina ,

A mesenterica inlerior a

Pelvisrenalts

F i g . 1 1 9 5 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the upper abdomenat the leve I o f the f i rs t Iumbar ver tebra .

F ig .1196 Abdomen, Abdomen;computed tomograph ic sec t ion ICT]a t the leve I o f the f i rs t [umbar ver tebra ;in fe r io r v iew* In tes t ina I gas

Gen i ta l i a Rectum TopoEraphy Sect ions

Linea alba

mesenterica superior, Aa ; Vv ileales O o

A mesenterica inferior O

Colon sigmoideum

Pars Oabdominalis

aonae

Colonascendens

1,4 latissimus dorsi *

Vertebra lumbalis l l l

Cauda equina t

Vertebra lumbalis lV. Proc sprnosus

* M rectus abdominis

l l eum



Peritoneum oarietale

f M. transversusabdominis

c l\4. obliquusinternus abdominis

* M obliquusexlernusabdominis

a a A . ; Vmesentericasupeflor,A a . ; W .ileales

Colondescendens

6 M psoas majoraoA ;V tes t i cu l a r i s

t M erector spinaeN spinalis

Fig .1197 Abdomen,Abdomen;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the lower abdomenat the leve I o f the th i rd Lumbar ver tebra .

Linea alba

Caecum


M rectusabdominis

Jeju n u m*

Colon descendens


l\4 obliquus internus abdominis

M. transversus abdominis


l\4 psoas major V cava inferior

F i g . 1 1 9 8 A b d o m e n , A b d o m e n ;computed tomograph ic sec t ion ICT la t the leve I o f the th i rd Lumbar ver tebra ;in fe r io r v iew.* Je junum f i t led w i th a cont ras t med ium

Corpus vertebrae lumbalis lll

Lower abdomen, transverse sections

r l /

Mesenterium

Ostium urethrae internum \ ,ro 1[\l'

lntestinum tenue

Omentum majus

Apex vesicae

Plica umbilicalis mediana(L ig umbi l i ca le med ianum)

Spatiumretropubicum""

Lrnea alba

Symphysis pubica

Lig lundiforme penis

V dorsalis profunda penis a

dorsalis superficialis penis o

Urethra, Pars spongiosa

Duclus delerens

Caput epididymidis

Tunica albugineacorporum cavernosorum



Septula testis

Corona glandis

Glans penis

Fossa navicularis urethrae

Preput ium penis


M cremaster; Fascia cremasterica &Lobuli testis

Fig . 1199 PeLv is , PeLv is , o f the male ;m e d i a n s e c t i o n ;viewed from the [eft .* C l in ica I te rm: KoHLRAUSCH s fo td** Ct in ica I teTm: cave o f RETZIUS

M rectus abdominis

Colon sigmoideum

Vesica urinaria

Symphysis pubica

Bulbus penis

Fig . 1200 PeLv is , Petv is , o f the ma[e ;magnet ic resonance tomograph ic Tes t rsi m a g e I M R l l ;paramedian sec t ion ;viewed from the left

Ductuli efferentes testis

Mediastinum testis

Ductus deferens; Cauda epididymidis

S Scrotum. Tunica dartos. M dartosBulbus penis, Corpus spongiosum penis

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceMale pelvis, median sections

,4 '

Kreiney I SuprarerraI Etand I l .Jn in*ry i :Lndclen

Colon sigmoideum

Filum terminale

Ostium ureteris

Plica transversa recti*

Lrg sacrococcygeumposterius superf iciale


Articulatiosacrococcygea

Ampulla recti

Fascia rectoprostatica

Prostata

Fascia pelvis visceralis


6 M sphincter aniexternus

* M sphincter aniinternus

Columnae anales: Sinus anales

(Pecten analis)

* M sphincter ani externus

& M transversus perinei profundus

Membrana perinei

Urethra, Pars intermedia Imembranacea]

Lig puboprostaticum

Vertebralumbal is V

Cana l issacrails

Os sacrum

Ampulla recti

Os coccygis

Prostata

Canalis analis

Gen i ta t i a Rectum TnpoEraphy Sections

Infundibulum tubae uterinae

A sacralis mediana a

Lig suspensorium ovarii;A ; V ovarica a o

A.; V iliaca externa a o


Ovarium, Folliculus ovaricus vesiculosus

lsthmus tubae uterinae

Fundus uteri

Lig teres uteri

Fimbriae tubae uterinae

Uterus. Facies intestinalis

Cavitas uteri; Canalis ceruicis uteri, Plicae palmatae

Colon sigmoideum

a A. sacralis mediana

Ampulla recti;Plicae transversae recti

Excavatio rectouterina***

Fornix vaginae, Parsposterior

Portio vaginalis ceruicis

Ostium uteri

Glomus coccygeum

Fascia rectovaginalis[Septum rectovaginalel

Ostium ureteris


lvl erector spinae


Plica umbilicalis medialis (Chorda a umbilicalis)


Linea alba

Plica umbilicalis mediana(Lig umbilicale medianum)

Fascia pelvis parietalis

lsthmus uteri

Uterus, Facies vesicalis



Corpus cijtoridis, Corpus cavernosum clitoridis

Frenulum clitoridis



Os sacrum

Promontorium

lntestinumlenue

l\,4 rectusabdominis

Corpus uteri

Vesicau nnafla

Symphysis

Fig. 1201 Petvis, Petvis, of the femate;m e d i a n s e c t i o n ;the in tes t ine has been a lmost comple te tyremoved w i th some remnants o f thes i g m o i d a n d r e c t u m ;v iewed f rom the Le f t .* C t in ica I te rm: ves icovag ina I sep tum+* C l in ica I teTm: sacrou ter ine L igament*** C[inicaI term: pouch of DOUGLAS

Portio vaginalis ceruicis

Vagina

Spatium rectovaginale

urethra Fig. 1202 pelvis, pelvis, of the female;magnet ic resonance tomograph ici m a g e I M R l ) ;p a r a m e d i a n s e c t i o n ;viewed from the [eft .

Female pelvis, sections

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneal spaceLower abdomen, transverse sections

Kidney I Suprnrenal . gtand | [ . l r inary blndder

a A rectalis superior

a Aa sigmoideaeColon sigmoideum

A iliaca communis a)

V iliaca communis a

Ureter

& l\4 rectus abdominis

o A epigastrica inferior

l leum

A testicularis a

Colonascendens

* M obliquus internusabdominis

l\4 transversusabdominis

* M obliquusexternusabdominis

M psoas.smalor

Plexus lumbal is

Vertebra lumbalis V

A ; V g l u t e a s u p e r i o r a a

Ligg sacroil iaca interosseaCauda equ ina

Fig . 1203 Petv is , Pe[v is ;t ransverse sec t ion a t the leve I o f the f i f th Lumbar ver tebra .Th is ma le spec imen is d i f fe ren t f rom F ig . 1191, 1193, 1195a n d 1 1 9 7 .

Colon sigmoideum

Caecum

A i l iaca communis

V il iaca interna

l\4 psoas major

V il iaca externa l\4 erector spinae

Fig. 1201 PeLvis, Petvis;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion {CT l a t the leve Io f the f i rs t sacra I ver tebra a f te r admin is t ra t ion

# M il iacus

Ala ossis i l ium

S M gluteusmedtus

Os sacrum,Proc articularissuperior

s l\4 gluteus maximus


Vertebra lumbalis V, Proc articularis inferior

As the s igmoid reaches fa r in to the upper abdomen the f igureaLso d ispLays the dome o f coLon ic f texure . The th ickness o f thead ipose t i ssue Layer on the g tu teus med ius muscLe must betaken in to cons idera t ion when i n jec t in g i n t ramuscu[ar ly .

Colon0escenoens




Crista iliaca

M iliacus

M gluteus medius

M gluteus maximus


o f a c o n t r a s t m e d i u m i n t o t h e c o t o n ; s u p i n e p o s i t i o n ;in fe r io r v iew.* Ca lc i f i ca t ion in the wat l o f the i l i ac a r te ry

Crista i l iaca

Colonoescenoens

M rectusabdominis

suepuacsop uoloc

urnun[af

roueonsecuelueseul v

luar'tl uotdS

relsPc

ralsrurs srproc snlnc!.lluon

urruuap srpJoc urnulv

'patelnueJ6 reodde'ourlsolur

llPLUs aql ]o slJed pue Ja^rl aqt'qleurols aql'lJeaq oql se qrns sue6Jo Jo saueld uorllas oql

'IICl suorl]es lrqder6ouro] palnduror le]uozrJoq uo paseqaueld leluoJl aql ur uorllnJlsuolal paprn6-aurnlo^

uauropqv'uauropqv 90zl'6lJ

suopuassE uoloc

rouap ueu

unueponc

Ecuol^d sred lolse9

reuap snqol 'rPdaH

slledoq sarel 6Fl

lalstutssnqo"l rEdeH

euOerqderO

suo!llasfiqder6odolunllauerlelrua9

'uawopqe Ja$o-l

fualre 1e.rou-ra; aql Jo lJed letpaul aql ut uotleltJnleO *'uorlrsod aurdns ur ])afqns eq] qllM stAlad Jossal aq]Ll 6noJ qi lf Cl uorlras-ssorl lr qd er 6ourol pelnd ur ol

:aleLU aql ,o 'st^led 'st^lod

LOZL'6lt

sncrperqcsr N

snurolxa snuole.rnlqo l

PSOInCTSAA elnpuelc

EUeUUn eStSAn

ePlel aercsel rosual y!

suor.r.raj snlcar !\

snuouPs |/\sBosdorlr |/\

sncrperqcst N *

snutxeutsnelnlo y! a

srlecrsaAsnsouo^ snxald a

[sna6^ccoc l l] snab^ccocortlcsr li\

srlPueorqcsr Pssol

+ srleJotlaj V

srlerotr]al nsnc[euroos snlncrunlsrqno so

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ruP rolE^el y!

ecrperqcsr euros

snurxeu sna1n16 y1

:ofeu :elueqcoll'rnLual

snuirurr! la snrpaui rep16 tuyl

suouraj lnoPc

rlnqPlace essol

snuJalur snrJoleJnlqo y!

snaurlcao yI

ecrqnd srs^qdu^S

srururopqE snlcar n

sr^lad Jassol eql q6noJql uorlles asra^suerl:oleul aql jo 'sr^led 'sr^lad gOZa'6lJ

PSOlnCrSa^ elnpuelguinlceH

PuJolurepuapnd A:vaost6,{ccoc s6

snquir"l 'unlnqElacv

o srlPrpauJ suoual exauuincrc nsrlPrpaui suoual

a exauurncrs vsuaralap snlcno ruralur ilrolPrnlqo rlncsnu Eourpualqns eslnE

ilr.lcsr so

roua;ur ee1n16 1 O

snurolursnuolPrnlqo u\ o

snrpeuJa snelnlo y!

suelncrqroeuoz

ilpoLU ralnl0 rlncsnuPCUAlUeqCOrl eSrng

roleuJAlUeqcorlrnual

eercsela rosual n ecPrll

eeurpuelqnsesrng

seosoorl|.u\ a

suor.laj epunloJo v o

srleroual N t,

srlerouial v a

srJouial lnoPc 'lnutal

suourolsurdec 6q

o o euolernlqo n: vo suoual snpal yI

O sPosdorlr U\o snlroues n

P3erI POUrpualqns eslng

stlelouloj n asrlerporxoredns snpoN 'srlercUadns srleurnOur

snaproqdLu^l snpoN

snqur"l 'unlnqelacv

* snuolErnlqo N& sr;eluab g 'sr;eroualolrue6

Isuajalop snlcno

a suelnc[sal vsnDadns uncrqnd 0r-lecrqnd srs^qdur^S

srqno sopueut./n P3rsan

snaunced y1 Isrurrlropqe snlcor r{ a

rappelq {.reur-r1-1 | puel6leuarerdns | [auply

suo\Jas asJaAsueJJ'stqad aFN

aleds leauoltJedollel pueeJalsl^ I^lad <

sncrlPrurods snlncrunl

Gen i ta t i a

Female pelvis, transverse sections

l \4 i l iacus *Lig pubicum Symphysis pubica

Spatium rekopubicum Vesica urinaria

M pectineus * pubis

Flectum

a V femoralisa O . V:A obturatoria: N obturatorius

a A femoraliso A profunda femoris

i N femoralis

M sartorius *

M rectus lemoris *

M psoas major, *Tendo

M vastus glateralis

Articulatiocoxae

Femur,Collum femoris

M obturatorius externus a

Bursa subtendinea musculiobturatori i internit Tuber ischiadicum

l\4 gluteus maximus 4t

M obturatorius internus !l

A profunda femoris

[,4 sartorius

l\il rectus femoris

M illopsoas

M tensor lasciae latae

M vastus lateralis

Femur,Collum femoris

l\4 obturatorius externus

Ramus ossis ischi i ;Tuber ischiadicum

N ischiadicus

: N ischiadicus

; N cutaneusfemoris posterior


Fig . 1208 Petv is , PeLv is , o f the femaLe;t ransverse sec t ion th rough the [esser peLv isa t the leve I o f the symphys is

pectrneus

Os pubis

/ Symphysis pubica

Os coccygis[,4 obturatorius internus M gluteus maximus

Fig. 1209 Petvis, Pelvis, of the female;computed tomograph ic c ross-sec t ion ICT l th roughthe Lesser pe [v is w i th the sub jec t in sup ine pos i t ion .* Remnants o f con t ras t ing in tes t ina I con ten ts

Corpus anococcygeumILig anococcygeum]

Fossa ischioanalis

o M levator ani

a A glutea interior., N gluteus inferior

O a V; A pudenda in te rnaI N pudendus

V femoralis

Vesica urinaria

Vagina

Rectum, Ampulla recti

Fossa ischioanalis

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneaI spaceMale pelvis, oblique frontal section

Peritoneum parietaleo Aa sigmoideae

a V il iaca interna

Appendices omentaleslepiploicael

Ductus deferens

Os i l ium

Colon sigmoideum

Ureter

Glandula vesiculosa


o M levator ani

o o V;A pudenda interna*

Tuber ischiadicum

a M biceps lemoris;M semitendinosus;M semimembranosus

Cutis

lvl sphincter ani internus a

a M levator ani, M puborectalis

I M sphincter ani externus

Fig. 1210 Petvis, PeLvis, of the ma[e;ob I ique f ron taL sec t ion th rough the [esser pe tv is .* CL in ica I te rm: ALC0CK s canat

Urinary bladder

Genitat ia

Vesica urinaria

Corpus ossis ilium

Caput femoris

Prostata

Urethra masculina



Cavitas uteri

Corpus uteri

Corpus ossis ilium

Caput femoris

Collum femoris

Tuba uterina

Vesica urinaria

Fig. 1212 Petvis, Petvis, of the femaLe;magnet ic resonance tomograph ic image IMRl l ;f ron ta I sec t ion a t the leve I o f the h ip io in ts ;ventraI view

Fig. 1211 Petvis, Petvis, of the mate;magnet ic resonance tomograph ic image lMRl l ;f ron taL sec t ion a t the leve I o f the h ip jo in ts ;

ventraI view.


M gluteus maximus

M gluteus medius


M obturatorius externus

M vastus lateralis

(Mm. adductores)

M. psoas major

M iliacus

M. gluteus maximus

M gluteus medius

M. obturatorius internus

M. obturatorius externus

(Mm adductores)

When the ur inary btadder is empty, the uterus [ ies on the apexof the b[adder due to i ts antef texron.

> Petvic visceraand retroperitoneat spaceMale pelvic diaphragm, angled-frontal section

Vesica urinaria,Plica interureterica


Ostium ureteris

o M. levator ani

Peritoneum urogenitale,Fossa oaravesicalis

O M. obturatorius internus

Fossa acetabuli

Lig capitis femoris

a N. pudendus

Caputfemoris

M. iliopsoas, OTendo

M. quadratus Ofemoris

M adductor a)mlntmus

M adductor Oma9nus

M m Oischiocrurales

a M obturatoriuseXlernus

a a A . ; Vcircumflexafemorismedialis

Ramus inferiorossis pubis

o O A ; V . p u d e n d ainterna

M. ischiocavernosus a O M. transversusperinei profundus

Urethramasculina

O M transversus perinei superficialis

Penis,Corpus spongiosum

Fascia perinei (superficialis)

Fig. 1213 Petvis, Petvis, of the ma[e;ang led- f ron ta I sec t ion th rough the ur inary bLadder .* Ct in icaL te rm: paracys t ium** CLinical term: prostat ic venous ptexus

a N. perinealis

M. bulbospongiosus O

Urinary btadder

Fe m a Ie p e lv i c d i a p h ra g m, a n g le d -f ro nta I se cti o n

N obturator ius;aOaA.; V obturatoria

Urethra feminina

Vesica urinaria, Tunica muscularis

a M levatorani

Peritoneum urogenitale, Fossa paravesicalisVesica urinaria

M obturatorius internus a

M. gracil is o Labium majus pudendi


Fi$.1211 Pelvis, Pelvis, of the fema[e;angted- f ron ta I sec t ion th rough the ur inary b tadder .* Paracystium with venous ptexus

Membranaobturatoria

M obturatorius Oexlernus

N perinealis a

M. iliopsoas a

M adductor aorevts

A. profunda afemoris,

Aa circumflexaelemoris medialis

et lateralis

V profunda afemoris,

Vv circumflexaefemoris medialis

et lateralis

M adductor Olongus

Acetabulum

Caput femoris

. O V ;4 .pudendainterna;

a N pudendus

o (Diaphragmaurogenitale)

Ramus ossisischii

Crus clitoridis

a M ischio-cavernosus

Bulbusvestibuli

a M bulbo-spon9rosus

Urethra feminina,Ostium urethrae eldernum

> Lower t imb

Surface anatomy

Spina i l iaca anterior superior


Reg io ingu ina l i s ,Lig inguinale

Trochantermajor (Femur)

Begio

Os sacrum

(Sulcus analis)

Regio glutealis,M gluteus maximus

Trochanter major (Femu0

Sulcus glutealis

Regio genus posterior,Fossa poplitea

Caput libulae

M gastrocnemius

Regio cruris posterior,Sura

Malleolus medialis (Tibia)

Malleolus lateralis (Fibula)

Dorsum pedis

anterior

lvl sartorius

M quadricepsfemoris

Flegio genus anterior,Patella

Caput l ibulae

Tuberositas tibiae

Regio crurisanterior

l\4argo anterior (l'lbia)

Malleolus medialis (Tibia

Malleolus lateralis (Fibula)

Dorsum pedis

Digi tus minimuslquintusl

Digitus quartus

Digitus tertius

Digitus secundus

Hallux [Digitus primus]

Fig . 1215 Lower [ imb, Membrum in fe r ius . F ig . 1216 Lower L imb, Membrum in fe r ius .

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Cingulumpelvicum

Pars liberamembri inferioris

Skeleton of the lower limb, overview


Articulatio coxae

| (Articulatio femoropatellaris)

Articulatiogenus I (Articulatiomeniscofemoralis)

[ (Articutatio meniscotibialis)

tTarsus, Ossa tarsi

Metatarsus,Ossa metatarsi

Digiti pedis,Ossa digitorum:- Phalanx proximalis- Phalanx media- Phalanx distalis

Articulatio tibiof ibularis

Articulatio cuneonavicularis

(Articulatio cuneocuboidea)

Articulationes intercuneiformes

Articulationes tarsometatarsales

Articulationes metatarsophalangeae

Articulationes interphalangeae pedis

Syndesmosis tibiof ibularis

Articulatio talocruralis

Articulatio calcaneocuboidea

Art iculat iosubtalar is l . . . .Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis j (Anlculaao '"lolarsalls)

Fig. 1217 Lower [ imb, Membrum inferius;ske le ton and jo in ts .

> Lower t imb

Pelvis

Tuberositas i l iaca

Os sacrum, Pars lateralis


Linea terminalis

Os i l ium

Os ischii

Articulatio sacrococcygea

Diamelerob l iqua l l

Fig. 1219 PeLvis, PeLvis;shape and d imens ions o f the peLv ic inLeto f the femaLe.

Os pubisTuberculum pubicum

Apertura pelvis inferiorSymphysis pubica

Fig . 1218 Sacrum, Os sacrum, and pe lv ic g i rd te ,C i n g u L u m p e l v i c u mThe reg ion c ran ia I to the I inea te rmina t is i s re fe r redto as the grea ter pe [v is , Petv is ma jor , and the reg ioncaudaI to i t i s known as [esser pe tv is , PeLv is minor .

Promontorium Apertura pelvis superior

/

t?tn^ i l iaca posterior superior

^ L - :

Ala ossis ilium,Fossa iliaca

Labiuminternum

Lineaintermedia

Labiumexlernum

Cristailiaca

Tuberculumiliacum

Linea arcuata

Spina i l iaca anteriorsupenor

Spina ischiadica

Eminentia i l iopubica

Pecten ossis pubisRamus suoerior ossis oubis

Fig. 1220 PeLvis, PeLvis;shape o f the pe tv ic inLeto t the mate .

Spina i l iaca anterior inferior

Linea terminalis

Musc[es

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

k-k = Pelvic axisa-b = Anatomical conjugatea-e = Diagonal conjugate

12 5-13 cma-c = True conjugate

1 0 4 - 1 1 c m

Spina i l iaca anterior superior

Spina iliaca anterior inferior

Linea terminalis

Apertura pelvis superior

Foramen obturatum

a-a = Crestal distance28-29 cm.

b-b = Anterior spinal distance25-26 cm-

c-c = Posterior spinal distance(width of the sacrum)1 0 c m

" In this perspective, the crestaldistance appears shorter thanthe anterior spinal distance

Pelvis

h-d = Sagittal diameter of thepelvic brim 12-12.5 cm

e-g = Sagittal diameter of thepelvic constriction1 1 - l l 5 c m

e-f = Sagittal diameter of thepelvic outlet (=,Distantiapuoococcygea)9-1 0 cm

Foramen ischiadicum maius

Li9 sacrospinale

sacrotuberale

Foramen ischiadicum minus

Apertura pelvis inferior

Tuber ischiadicum

Fig. 1221 Pelvis, Petvis;d i m e n s i o n s i n t h e f e m a [ e ;m e d i a n s e c t i o n .

Fig. 1222 Petvis, PeLvis,d i m e n s i o n s i n t h e f e m a t e

d-d = Transverse diameterof the pelvic brim(= interacetabular l ine)12-12 5 cm

e-e = Transverse diameter ofthe oelvic constriction(= iriterspinal l ine)'10 5 cm

l-f = Transversediameterolthe pelvic outlet(= tuberal diameter)'11- .12 cm)

> Lower t imb

Hip bone

Crista i l iaca

Linea intermedia

Labium internum

Ala oss is i l i um

Facies sacropelvicaFossa il iaca


Spina i l iacaanterior inferior

Linea arcuata

Eminent ia i l i opub ica

Sulcus obturatorius

Tuberositas iliaca

Facies auricularis

Ramus superiorossis pubis,

Pecten ossis pubis


Spina i l iaca posterior inferior

Incisura ischiadica major

Corpus ossis ischii

Spina ischiadica

Incisura ischiadica minor

(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius)

Bamus ossis ischii

Fi1 .1223 H ip bone,0s coxae;med ia I v iewThe th in reg ion in the cent re o fthe a [a o f i t ium is charac ter rs t rcfo r i t s f rame-L ike s t ruc tu re .

Foramenobturatum

Facies symphysialis

Flamus inferior ossis pubis

Tuber ischiadicum

Crista i l iaca Tuberositas i l iaca

Ala oss is i l i um

Sulcus supraacetabularis

Spina iliaca anterior inferior

(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius)

Foramen obturatum

Corpus ossis ilium

Eminentia iliopubica

Facies sacropelvica

Facies auricularis

Faciessymphysialis

(Angulus ossis pubis)

Ramus inferior ossis pubis

Corpus ossis pubis

Ramus superior ossis Dubis

Crista obturatoria

Pecten ossis pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

Crista pubica

Fig .1221 H ip bone,0s coxae;vent ra I v iew

h4 r-r Ee [es

Tuber ischiadicumRamus ossis ischii

To pog na phy

ThiEh Knee Leg Foot

Facies glutea

Hip bone

Labium internum

Linea intermediaCrista i l iaca

Labium externumTuberculum iliacum

Ala ossis ilium

Soina i l iaca anterior suoerior

Corpus ossis ilium


Sulcus suDraacetabularis

Facies lunata

Fossa acetabuli

Pecten ossis pubis

Crista obturatoria

Tuberculum pubicum

Ramus inferior ossis oubis

Tuberculum obturatorium anterius

(Tuberculum obturalorium posterius)

Ramus ossis ischii

Linea glulea anterior

Linea glutea inferior

(Tuberositas musculiglutei maximi)


Spina i l iaca posterior inferior

Incisura ischiadica majol

Limbus acetabuli IMargo acetabuli]

Incisura acetabuli

Spina ischiadica

Incisura ischiadica minor

Corpus ossis ischii

Tuber ischiadicum

Fi1 .1225 H ip bone,0s coxae;dorso ta te raLv iew.

Ala oss is i l i um

Corpus ossis ischii

Tuber ischladicum(cartilagineum)

Corpus ossis ilium

Eminent iail iopubica

Corpus ossispuors

Ramus superiorossis pubis

Ramus inferiorossis pubis

Fi1 .1226 H ip bone,0s coxae;devetopment* Approx imate ty s ix th year o f [ i fe

Ramus ossis ischii

Fig .1227 H ip bone,0s coxae;s tage o f deveLopment in a 6 -year -o ld ch i td .In the ace tabutum, the th ree par ts o f the h ip bone are fusedto a Y-shaped car t i tag inous junc t ion . Th is junc t ion oss i f ies a tthe age o f 1 3 -1 8 years .

> Lower t imb

Joints of the pelvic girdle

Ligg sacroil iaca anteriora


Lig pubicum superius


Trochanter major

Canalis

Trochanter major

obturatorius

Vertebra lumbalis lV Lig longitudinale anterius

Angulussubpubicus

Fig. 1228 Joints of the petvic AirdLe,Junc turae c ingut i pe [v ic i , and the IumbosacraL jo in tAr t i cu ta t io Lumbosacra t is . o f the mate .

Vertebra lumbalis lV


L ig i l i o lumba le\ nrticutatio

J lumbosacralis

Discus intervedebralis)

/ Lig. i l iolumbate / Articulatio lumbosacralis

Lig i l iofemorale

Articulatio coxae,Capsula articularis

Lig inguinale



Lig i l iofemorale

Tuberischiadicum Arcus pubicus

Fi1. 1229 Joints of the peLvic airdLe,Junc turae c inguL i pe tv ic i , and the Iumbosacra I jo in t ,Ar t i cu ta t io [umbosacra I is . o f the fema[e

Muscles

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot


Lig inguinale

Lacuna musculorum

Arcus iliopectineus


Lig inguinale

Lacuna musculorum

Arcus iliopectineus


Lig i l iolumbaleVertebra lumbalis lV CorDus

Vertebra lumbalis V Proc costalis

Lacunavasorum

Articulatio sacroiliaca,Lig sacroiliacum anterius

Ligpubrcumsupenus

Foramen ischiadicum majus

Lig sacrotuberale

Lig. sacrospinale

M rectus femoris, Tendo


Articulatio coxae,Lig iliofemorale

Articulatio sacroiliaca,Lig sacroil iacum anterius


Lig sacrospinale

Lig sacrotuberale



Articulatio coxae,Lig i l iofemorale

Fig . 1230 Jo in ts o f the pe tv ic g i rd te ,Junc turae c inguL i pe [v ic i , and the Iumbosacra I jo in t ,

Ar t i cu la t io [umbosacra t is , o f the mate

Vertebra lumbalis lV. Corous

Vertebra lumbalis V, Proc costalis Lig i l iolumbale

L t gpubrcumsupenus

Fig. 1231 Joints of the peLvic girdte,Junc turae c ingu l i pe [v ic i , and the Lumbosacra I jo in t ,

Ar t i cu la t io Iumbosacra t is , o f the fema[e .

> Lower t imb

Joints of the peLvic girdle

Ligg sacroil iaca posteriora

Lig sacrotuberale



Articulatio coxae,Capsula articularis

Lig supraspinaleL ig i l i o lumba le

Procfalcilormis

Lrg sacrococcygeumposterius profundum

Lrg. sacrococcygeumposterius superf iciale Lig. pubicum inferius

Fig . 1232 Jo in ts o f the pe tv ic g i rd te ,Junc turae c ingut i pe tv ic i , and the Lumbosacra I jo in t ,Ar t i cu ta t io [umbosacraL is , o f the femate .


Ligg sacroiliaca posteriora

Ligg sacroil iacaInterossea

Lig sacrospinale

+

Procfalciformis

Lig inguinale

Tuber ischiadicum


Fi9 . 1233 Jo in ts o f the pe tv ic A i rd [e ,Junc turae c ingut i pe [v ic i , o f the fema[e .

Musc[es

€

Topography

Leg Foot

Ligg sacroil iaca posteriora


Lig capitis femoris

Caput femoris

Cavitas articularis

Zona orbicularis


Vertebra lumbalis V Corpus

Articulatio lumbosacralis,Discus interuertebralis

Crista i l iaca

Fossa il iaca



Linea terminalis

Linea arcuata

Pecten ossis pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

Facies symphysialis

Fi9 . 1235 Jo in ts o f the pe [v ic g i rd [e ,Junc turae c inguL i peLv ic i , and the [umbosacra I jo in t ,Ar t i cu ta t io [umbosacra t is , o f the fema[e ;med ian sec t ion .

Canalis sacralis


Ligg sacroil iaca interossea


Lig sacrospinale

Foramen ischiadicummaJus

Lig sacrotuberale

Lig capitis femoris

Foramen ischiadicumM I N U S

Articulatio coxae,Capsula articularisLig pubicum

inferiusSymphysis pubica,Discus interpubicus

Fig. 123t, Joints of the pelvic gird[e,Junc turae c inguL i pe [v ic i , o f the fema[e

Foramen interuertebrale

Os sacrum


Lig sacrospinale

Os coccygis


Lig sacrotuberale

Foramen obturatum

Norma[ ty , the an ter io r border o f the lowest in te rver tebraL d iscforms the furthest project ing point of the posterior circumferenceof the pe l .v ic in [e t . Rad iograph ica t l . y , the most an ter io r par t o f the

sacrum is referred to as promontory.

Thigh Knee

> Lower t imb

Joints of the pelvic girdLe

Ramus suoerior ossis oubis



Os sacrum


Fig . 1236 Sacro i t iac jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io sacro i I iaca ;f ron ta I sec t ion

Discus interpubicus, Cartilago tibrosa

Ligg sacroil iacainterossea

Lig. pubicuminferius

Fig. 1237 Pubic symphysis, Symphysis pubica;ob t ique sec t ion in the d i rec t ion o f the Long i tud inaLax is o f the symphys isThe in te rpub ic d isc cons is ts o f f ib rous car t iLage, w i ththe except ion o f the ar t i cuLar symphys ia I sur faces o fbo th pub ic bones tha t a re covered w i th hya t inecar t i tage . A [ong i tud inaL f la t c le f t occurs a f te r thef i rs t decade o f L i fe [ * ] .

(Cavitas symphysialis)*

Carti lago hyalina

i

Muscles

Topography I Sec t i ons

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Pelvis, radiography

Basis ossis sacri

Proc spinosusProc articularissuperior

Pediculus arcus vertebraeProc costalis

Tuberculum pubicum

Os coccygis

Symphysis pubica

Vertebra lumbalis lV

Spina i l iacaposteriorsupenor

Spina i l iacaposterior

inlerior

Ala ossis i l ium

Spina i l iacaanteriorsupenor

Lineaarcuala

Spina i l iacaanteriorinlerior

Crista i l iaca

Ramus ossis ischii

Ramus superior ossis pubis


Os sacrum,Pars lateralis

Articulatiosacroil iaca

Os sacrum

Articulatiocoxae, Cavitasarticularis

Fossaacetabuli

Fovea capitisfemoris

Eminentiail iopubica

Spinaischiadica

Caputfemoris

TrochantermaJor

Col lumfemoris

Crista inter-trochanterica

Trochantermtnor

Tuberischiadicum

Foramenobturatum

Fig . 1238 PeLv is , Petv is , o f the male ;AP- rad iograph w i th the cent ra I beam d i rec tedonto the th i rd sacra I segment ; upr igh t pos i t ion

> Lower t imb

Pelvis, development

Os i l ium

$urn fnae lSke te ton l MLrsc les

Petvis H ip

Vertebrae sacrales

Symphysis pubica

Trochanter major *

Os pubis

Trochanter minor +

Os ischii

Fig. 123i Pelvis, PeLvis, and femur, Femur;AP- rad iograph o f a femate , p remature baby[e igh th month o f p regnancy)

* Osseous roo f o f t he ace tabuLum** Y -shaped j unc t i on i n t he ace tabuLa r f ossa* *+The oss i f i ca t i on cen t re i n t he head o f t he f emur does no t aopea r

before the th i rd to f i f th month of [ i fe+ At th is age, both greater t rochanters onLy become apparent as smatI

p ro tube rances o f t he bone o f t he d i aphys i s

Os i l ium

Vertebrae sacrales

Trochanter major +

Symphysis pubica

Os pubis

Foramen obturatum

Os isch i i

Trochanter minor +

Femur, Diaphysis

Fig."1210 Petvis, PeLvis, and femur, Femur;AP- rad iograph o f a 12-month-oLd boy

* 0sseous roo f o f t he ace tabuLum** Y -shaped j unc t i on i n t he ace tabuLa r f ossa* * *Oss i f i ca t l on cen t re i n t he ep iphys i s o f t he head o f t he f emur+ A t t h i s age , bo th g rea te r t r ochan te r s on t y become appa ren t as sma t t

p ro tube rances o f t he bone o f t he d i aphys i s .

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Epicondylus lateralis

Collum femoris

Linea intertrochanterica

Trochanter minor

Femur

Caput femoris Trochanter major

Tuberculumquadratum

Cristaintertrochanterica

Fovea capitisfemoris

Caput femorisFovea capitis

femoris

Collum femoris

Trochanter minor

Linea pectinea

Corpus femoris

Fig. 1211 Femur, Femur;ventraIv iew.

grurea

Linea supracondylarislateralis

(Trochantertertius)

Tuberositas

Linea supracondylarismedialis

Facies poplitea

Epicondyluslateralis

Fig. 1212 Femur, Femur;dorsaI view.

> Lower l imb

Femur

Fossa trochanterica

Caputfemoris

Foveacapitis

femoris

Collum femoris

Trochantermalor

Tuberculumquadratum

Crista intertrochanterica

Trochanter minorTuberositasgrurea

Linea pectinea

Lrnea aspera,Labium mediale

Fig .12 t3 Femur , Femur ;p rox imaI ex t remi ty ;dorsaLv iew.

Fig. 1215 Femur, Femur;t rabecutar s t ruc tu re o f the femoraL bone w i th a Largeneck-shaf t ang[e lcoxa va [gaJ ; sec t ion in the p [ane o f theang[e o f an ter io r to rs ion [60%] .The la te ra I p ta tes o f the t rabecuLar bone* [ " tens iLe sys tem" la re onLy poor ly deve loped, whereas the med iaL p ta tes*+( "compress ive sys tem") a re much s t ronger .

Fig. 1211 Femur, Femur;var iab iL i ty o f the ang[e o f the neck o f the femur ;dorsa I v iew.The angte be tween the neck and the shaf t o f the femur l sre fe r red to as neck-shaf t anote l t i s 1 50" in in fan ts and about1 2 6 " i n t h e a d u [ t .

Fig. 1216 Femur, Femur;t rabecuLar s t ruc tu re o f the femora I bone w i th a smaL[neck-shaf t angLe lcoxa vara l ; sec t ion in the p tane o f theang[e o f an ter io r to rs ion [60%) .The la te ra I p la tes o f the t rabecu[ar bone * l " tens i le sys tem" la re wet l deve loped, wh i te the med ia I p la tes * *

l "compress ive sys tem' l a re deve loped Less s t rong. As aresuLt o f the h igh demand o f f tex ion , the cor tex on the inners ide o f the femora I neck is oar t i cu [a r lv th ick .

t t

H i p

I

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Collum femoris

Epicondylus medialis

Caput femoris Fovea capitis femoris

Trochanter major

Fossa trochanterica

Trochanter minor

Lrnea aspera

Corpus femoris

Facies poplitea

Condylus medialis

Fig.121l Femur, Femur;med ia I v i ew .

Fig. 121,8 Femur, Femur;var iab i t i t y o f the ang[e o f an ter io r to rs ion ; the prox imaIend o f the femur has been pro jec ted over the d is ta I end;orox imaI v iewThe ang[e o f an ter io r to rs ion is about 30o in in fan tsand about 14o in aduLts .

Substantiacompacra

Substantiaspongrosa

Cavitas medullaris

Fig. 121,9 Femur, Femur;cross-sect ion through the middte of the shaf t ;d is taI v iew.

Tuberculum adductorium

Fossa intercondylaris

Condylus lateralis

> Lower t imb

Hip joint

l\il rectus femoris, Tendo

Lig sacrospinale

Lig sacrotuberale

Fig . 1250 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io coxae;vent rod is ta I v iew.

Lig ischio-femorale

Tuberositas glutea

Fig .1251 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io coxae;dorsa I v iew.

caPut rellexumJ M. rectus

caput rectum J femoris' Tendo

Trochanter minor


Lig i l iofemorale

Collum femoris

Trochanter major

Trochanter minor

Musctes

Topography I Sec t ionsThigh Knee LeE Font

l\4 rectustemoris, Tendo

Caput reflexum

Caput femoris

Trochanter minor

Fig . 1252 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu la t io coxae;the ar t i cu ta r capsute has been opened and thehead o f the femur has been par t l y exar t i cuLated ;[a te rod is taLv iew.


M gluteus medius

M gluteus minimus

Zona orbicularis

Fossa trochanterica

Trochanter major

M gluteus maximus, Tendo*

Bursa trochanterica musculiglutei maximi

Bursa lrochanterica musculiglulei medii

Tractus i l iotibialis

Caput rectum

Lig i l iolemorale

Labrum acetabuli

Hip joint


Os pubis,Facies symphysialis

Lig capitisfemoris

Lig pubofemorale

Lig capitis femoris

N4embrana obturatoria

Fi9 . 1253 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu [a t io coxae;aspec t o f the ace tabu[um a f te r removaI o f the ar t i cuLarcapsuLe and exar t i cu la t ion o f the head o f the femur .Ia te rod is taLv iew.

Facies lunata

Fossa acetabuli

Lig capitis femoris


Lig transversum acetabuli

Lig ischiofemorale;Capsula adicularis

Facies lunata

Cavitas articularis

Caput femoris

Fossa acetabuli

Lig capitis femoris

Fovea capitis femoris


Collum femoris

Laorumacetabuli


M iliopsoas, Tendo

Trochanter minor

Fig . 1251 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io coxae;ver t i ca I sec t ion a t the p lane o f the angLe o f an te to rs ion* Rad ia t ions in to the i t io t ib ia I t rac t

M vastus lateralis

> Lower t imb

Hip joint, radiography

Corpus ossis ilium

Caput femoris

Co l lum femor is

Trochanter major

Femur, Corpus

Fig . 1255 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cu [a t io coxae;A P - r a d i o g r a p h ; u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n o n b o t h [ e g s

Caput femoris

Trochanter major

Trochanter minor

Fig . 1256 H ip jo in t , Ar t i cuLat ro coxae;A P - r a d i o g r a p h ; s u p i n e p o s i t r o n w i t h t h e t h i g h a b d u c t e dand f lexed Iso-caLLed LAUENSTEIN oro iec t ion ]

$u r {ace lSke le ton l Musc tes

Fossa acetabuli

Fovea capitis fgmoris

Foramen obturatum

Tuber ischiadicum

Trochanter minor

* C [ i n i ca I t e rm : ace tabu la r r oo f = t angen t i a I p ro j ec t i on o f t he [ una te su r f ace*x C t i n i ca I t e rm : edge o f t he ace tabu ta r r oo f = t he mos t l a t e ra I p ro j ec t i on

o f t he ace tabu [um* * * CL in i ca I t e rm : KOHLER 's t ea rd rop = p ro j ec t i on o f t he ace tabu ta r f ossa

Os il ium

lncisura ischiadicamaJor

Cavitas articularis*

Spina ischiadica

Incisura ischiadicamrnor

Foramen obturatum

Tuber ischiadicum

* Due t o m in ima I abso rp t i on o lappea rs abno rma t l y b road

X-rays by cart i tage, the ar t icuLar ctef t

TopoEraphy

Thigh Knee LeE Fsot

Femur

Condylus lateralis

Sulcus popliteus


Condylus lateralis

Epicondylus Iateralis

Sulcus popliteus

Fig. 1257 Femur, Femur;d i s t a L e x t r e m i t y ;[a te raLv iew.



Condylus medialis


Condylus medialis

Fig . 1258 Femur , Femur ;d is ta I ex t remi ty ;d i s t a L v i e w .

Cavitas medullaris

Substantia spongiosa

Linea epiphysialis

(Carti lago articularis)

Fig. 1259 Femur, Femur;f ron ta I sec t ion th rough the d is ta I par t ;ven t ra I v iew

Condylus lateralis

> Lower t imb

Tibia

Area intercondylaris anteriorFacies

articularissupenor

intercondylare medialeTuberculumintercondylare laterale

Condyluslateralis

Facies articularissupeflor

Condylusmedial is

Eminentiaintercondylaris

Faciesarticularisfibularis

Tuberositastibiae

Areaintercondylaris

posleflor

Ltneamuscutl

solei

Margo anterior

Facies lateralis

Corpus tibiae

l\4argo medialis

Facies medialis

Corpus tibiae

Incrsurafibularis

Facies articularis in{erior

Facies articularis malleoli

Fig . 1260 T ib ia , T ib ia ;vent ra I v iew

Foramennutricium

Faciesposteflor

tnctsuraf ibular is

Facies articularisinlerior ma

Fiq . 1261 T ib ia , T ib ia ;La tera tv iew.

Facieslateralis

Sulcusmalleolaris

Facies posterior

Facies articularisinferior

Facies articularis malleolimedialis

Fig .1262 T ib ia , T ib ia ;dorsa I v iew

Area intercondylaris anterior

Condylus medialis.

Tuberculum intercondylare mediale

Tuberositas tibiae

Tuberculum intercondylare laterale

Condylus lateralis"

Caput fibulae


Area intercondvlaris oosterior

Fig . 1263 T ib ia , T ib ia , and f ibu ta , F ibu ta ;p rox imaI v iew.* The artrcutar surfaces of the condyles together are

referred to as suoerior arl icutar surface

Muscl.es

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Apex capitisfibulae

MargoInlerosseus

Faciesmedialis

Margoanlerior

Faciesarticularis

malleolilateralis

Facies articulariscapitis f ibulae

Caput fibulae

Collum fibulae

Crista medialis

Foramen nutricium

Corpus fibulae

Facies posterior

Facieslateralis

Sulcusmalleolaris

Apexcapitistibulae

Margoposterior

l /argo anterior

lvlalleoluslateralis

Facies lateralis

Margo anterior

Facies medialis

Tibia and fibula

Fi1 . 1266 T ib ia , T ib ia , andf ibu l .a , F ibuLa;dorsaLv iew.

Corpus tibiae

Caputfibulae

Fig . 126t+ F ibu ta , F ibu ta ;m e d i a l v i e w

Fig . 1265 F ibuLa, F ibuLa;[a te ra t v iew.

lvlargo anterior

Facies lateralis

Facies medialis

Margo interosseusFacies poslerior

Crista medialis

Fig . 1267 T ib ia , T ib ia , and f ibuLa, F ibuLa;c ross-sec t ion w i th the in te rosseous membrane o f leg ;d is ta Iv iew.* 0pen ing fo r the an ter io r t ib ia I a r te ry

Corpus fibulae

> Lower l imb

Patella and knee joint

Fig. 1268 Pate[La, PateLta;ventraI view.

Articulatio genus (Articulatiofemoropatellaris)

Betinaculum patellae laterale


biceps femoris

gastrocnemius,Caput laterale

A poplitea

V poplitea

Facies articularis

M

M

Facies anterior

V saphena parva

Fig. 1269 Patelta, Patelta:dorsa I v iew.

Facies anterior

Facies articularis, Cadilago articularis

Retinaculum patellae mediale

(Plica synovialis mediopatellaris)

Facies patellaris, Carti lago articularis

M sartorius, Tendo

V saphena magna

M gracil is, Tendo

M semimembranosus,Tendo

M. semitendinosus, Tendo

M gastrocnemius, Caput mediale

1N l ibular is communis /N ischiadicus {

\ N. t ib ia l is

Fig . 1270 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;c ross-sec t io n .* Med ia l border face t

Musc[es

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Caput fibulae

Knee joint

M articularis genus

M quadricepsfemoris, Tendo

Facies patellaris

M. quadricepsfemoris

Plica synovialisinfrapatellaris

Condyluslateralis

L igcollaterale

fibulare

Betinaculumpatellaelaterale

Corpusadiposum

intrapatellare

Betinaculumpatellaemediale

Capsulaarticularis

Lt9collateralet ib ia le

Lig patellae

Tuberositastibiae

Fig . 1271 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu la t io genus ;in tac t a r t i cu ta r capsute :vent ra Iv iew.

F ig . 1272 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu la t io genus ;the an ter io r par t o f the ar t i cu [a r capsute hasbeen re f [ec ted downwards a f te r d issec t ion o fthe quadr iceps musc te ;the suprapate t la r bursa has been opened;ventraI view.

> Lower t imb

Knee joint

Fig . 1271 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus :in tac t a r t i cuLar capsute w i th muscutar o r ig ins ;dorsaI view.

Condylus lateralis

l\4eniscus lateralis

Lig, capitis fibulae anterius

Caput fibulae

Fig . 1273 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;in 90o fLex ion ; the ar t i cu ta r capsuLe and the [a te raLt igaments have been removed;ventraL view.

M. adductor magnus, Tendo

lV. gastrocnemius, Caput mediale

Lig popliteum obliquum

Lig collateraletibiale


Lig cruciatum posterius **

Condylus medialis

Meniscus medialis

Lig cruciatum anterius *

Lrg transversum genus

Tuberositas tibiae

* C l i n i ca l t e rm ; ACL {= an te r i o r c ruc i a te t i gamen t l* * C t i n i ca l t e rm : PCL l = pos te r i o r c ruc i a te t i gamen t )

M plantaris

M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale

Lig, collaterale fibulare

Lig popliteum arcuatum

M biceps femoris,Tendo

M popliteus

Facies patellaris

Muscles

Topography I Sect ionsTh igh Knee FootLeg

lvl adductor magnus, Tendo

l/ gastrocnemius,Caput mediale, Tendo

Femur, Condylus medialis

Lig meniscofemoraleposterius

Lig collaterale tibiale

l\ i l semimembranosus, Tendo

Lrg pop l i teum ob l iquum

Lig cruciatum posterius

M popliteus, Aponeurosis

Knee joint

M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale, Tendo

Lig cruciatum anterius

Femur, Condylus lateralis

M popliteus, Tendo

Meniscus lateralis

Lig collaterale fibulare

Tibia, Condylus lateralis

Lig capitis fibulae posterius

Caput libulae

M popliteus

Fig .1275 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;exposure o f the c ruc ia te L igaments and the men isc i ;dorsaL v iew

lvl quadriceps femoris,Tendo

Femur

Lig patellae

l\4eniscus medialis


Tuberositas tibiae

Fig . 1216 T ib ia l coL [a te raL I igament , L ig . co [ [a te ra te t ib ia [e ;k n e e i n e x t e n d e d p o s i t i o n :m e d i a t v i e w0nLy the pos ter io r f ib res o f the t ib iaLcot [a te raL I igament a rea t t a c h e d t o t h e m e d i a I m e n i s c u s

F ig . 1277 T ib iaL co t la te ra I L igament , L ig .knee in fLexed pos i t ion [90 ' ] ;med ia I v iewIn the course o f f tex ion , the pos ter io r andt ib ia I co tLa teraL t igament become tw is ted ,t h e m e d i a L m e n i s c u s .

co l ta te ra te t ib ia [e ;

p rox imaI f ib res o f thethereby s tab iL iz ing

> Lower t imb

Knee joint

Lig collateralefibulare

l\il popliteus, Tendo

Bursa suprapatellaris

l \4 quadriceps femoris, Tendo

Bursa subf ascialis oreoatellaris

Lig patellae

l\4eniscus lateralis

Bursa inf rapatellaris prof undaLig popliteum arcuatum

M biceps femoris, Tendo

M. adductor magnus, Tendo

Lig collateraletibiale*

M. semimembranosus, Tendo

Meniscus medialis


Fig . 1279 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;synov iaL membrane th igh t ty f iL ted a f te r in jec t ion o f pLas t ic mater ia t ;dorsa I v iew* Ct in ica I te rm: MCL l= med ia t co l ta te ra I L igament l*+ Ct in ica I te rm: LCL [= La tera I co [ [a te ra [ l iqament ]

F ig . 1278 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;synov iaL membrane t igh t ty f i l . l .ed a f te r in jec t ion o f p tas t ic mater iaL ;LateraI view.Subpopt i teaL recess no t shown Icompa re F ig . 1279) .


Lig meniscofemorale posterius

M gastrocnemius,Caput laterale

Lig collateralefibulare**

Meniscus lateralis

lvl popliteus, Tendo


Lig. popliteum arcuatum

Muscles

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Lig. patellae

Bursa infrapatellaris prof unda

Lig. transversumgenus

Meniscusmedialis

Lig. cruciatumanterius

Meniscuslateralis

Lig. cruciatum posterius

Fig. 1280 Menisc i of the knee jo int , Ar t icutat io genus,and cruc iate [ igaments, L igg. cruc iata;oroximaI view.

Fig .1282a,b D isp tacement o f the men isc i dur ing f tex ion ;lateraI view.

A. poplitea

Lig. cruciatum posterius A. inferior lateralis genus

Fi1.1281 Menisci of the knee joint, Articutatio genus;ar ter ia I suppty;oroximaI view.

Extended posit ionFtexed posit ion

Fig. 1283 Disptacement of the menisc i dur ing f lex ion;proximaI view.In f Lexion, both menisci are disp[aced posteriorty over theedges of the tibial. condyles. The greater mobil. ity of the lateraImeniscus accounts for its lesser risk of damage.

Lig. cruciatum anterius

A. media genus,(R. anterior)

A. media genus,(R. posterio0

M. popliteus,Tendo

Lig. collateralefibulare

ab

> Lower t imb

Knee joint, sections

M vastus lateralis


Lig cruciatum anterius

M popliteus, Tendo


Capsula articularis

Meniscus lateralis


Eminentia intercondylaris

M tibialis anterior

Bursa suprapatellaris

M quadriceps femoris, Tendo

Femur, Facies patellaris





lvleniscus medialis

Corpus adiposum inf rapatellare

lvleniscus lateralis, (Cornu anterius)

Lig patellae


Fig . 1281 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;f ron taL sec t ion

F i9 . 1285 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;sag i t ta I sec t ion th rough the [a te raL par t o f the jo in t

Tibia, Condylus medialis

M soleus


Capsula articularis,Lig popliteum arcuatum

Meniscus lateralis, (Cornu posterius)

l\4 popliteus, Tendo

Recessus subpopliteus

Lig capitis fibulae posterius


M soleusM tibialis anterior

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Corpus femoris



Sulcus popliteus



Apex capitis f ibulae


Caput fibulae

Corpus fibulae

Corpus femoris

Patella, Facies articularis

Apex patellae



Linea epiphysialis

Tuberositas tibiae

Knee joi nt, ra d i og ra phy

Basis patellae


Apex patellae



Tuberculumintercondylare mediale

Tuberculumintercondylare laterale

Linea epiphysialis

Eminent iaintercondylaris

Fig . 1286 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;AP- rad iograph w i th the cent ra I beam d i rec ted on tot h e m i d d t e o f t h e j o i n t ; s u b j e c t r e c L i n e d .

F ig . 1287 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;[a te raL rad iograph w i th the cent raL beam d i rec ted on tothe middLe o f the jo in t ; sub jec t rec t ined

Corpus tibiae

Facies poplitea


Eminentia intercondylaris

Apex capitis l ibulae


Caput fibulae

Corpus l ibulaeCorpus tibiae

> Lower t imb

Kn ee joi nt, a rth rosco py

'1 Arthroscope2 Inlet or outlet for the rinsinq fluid3 Cold l ight source4 Ocular or connector for the video system5 Anterolateral access6 Anteromedial access7 Additional instrument

Fig . 1288 Accesses fo r a r th roscopy


Media t v iew o f the f ree inner edge o f the La teraLm e n t S c u S ;re t rac to r [ * l s t igh tLy depress ing the an ter io r par t o fm e n r s c u s

Patella, Faciesarticularis *

Femur. Facies oatellaris

Fig . 1289 a-c Knee jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io genus ;a rth roscopya D is taL v iew in to the femoropate ILar jo in t* PateL tar roo f r idge : r idge be tween the med ia I and

l ^ + ^ - ^ l ^ - + ; - . , 1 ^ - - , , - t ^ ^ ^ ^

* * C [ i n i ca I t e rm : suo raoa te t t a r r ecess

AnteroLatera I v iew o f the d is taL oar t o f the an ter io r c ruc ia tet i g a m e n t , L i g . c r u c i a t u m a n t e r i u sThe l igament i s covered by a r i chLy vascuLar ized synov ia Imembrane l t i s d rawn med ia tLy by a re t rac to r [+ )

suprapatellaris **

Muse [es

t n e

Topography

l\il vastus lateralis

T h i g h Knee Leg Fnnt

Fig . 1292 a ,b Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i c i m a g e I M R l ) ;sag i t ta I sec t ions to demonst ra te the c ruc ia te[ r g a m e n t s ;knee in the ex tended oos i t ion

Knee joint, imaging

Fossaintercondylaris

Femur ,Condylusmedia l i sLigcollateraletibiale

l\ileniscusmedialis

Tibia,Condylusmedia l i s

Capsulaarticularis,Lig popliteumobliquum

Lig cruciatumanterius

Lig cruciatumposterius

Areaintercondylarisanterior

Condyluslateralis

Capsulaarticularis;M gastrocnemius,Tendo

l\4eniscuslateralis, (Cornu

M popliteus,Tendo

Caputfibulae

Adiculatiotibiofibularis

Tibia

Fig . 1290 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i c i m a g e I M R l ) ;f ron ta I sec t ion ;knee in the ex tended pos i t ion .I n t h i s i m a g i n g t e c h n i q u e , c o m p a c t b o n e a p p e a r s b L a c k

F ig . 1291 Knee jo in t , Ar t i cu ta t io genus ;m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e t o m o g r a p h i c i m a g e I M R l l ;sag i t ta I sec t ion th rough the [a te ra I par t o f the jo in t ;

knee in the ex tended pos i t ion .

Fossaintercondylaris

Capsulaarticularis,Lig popliteumobl iquum

Lig cruciatumposterius *

Areaintercondylarisposterior

Anter io r c ruc ia te L igament , L ig c ruc ia tum anter ius , IACL]Poster io r c ruc ia te t igament , L ig . c ruc ia tum pos ter ius , IPCL)The inhomogene i ty i s due to ob l ique sec t ion ing o f the f ib re bund les

ab


Tibia

> Lower timb

Joints of the bones of the leq

Articulatio tibiofibularis, Lig. capitis fibulae anterius

Tuberositas tibiae

Membrana interossea cruris

Malleolus medialis

Malleolus lateralis

Malleolus lateralis

Facies articularis malleoli lateralis

Syndesmosls tibiofibularis, Lig tibiolibulare anterius

Fig .1293 Jo in ts o f the bones o f the Leg;vent ra lv iew.


Facies articularis malleoli medialis

Malleolus medialis

Fig . 1291 T ib ia , T ib ia , and f ibu l .a , F ibu l .a ;distaI view.

Topognaphy

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Fi1.1295 Skeletonprox imaIv iew.

o f the foo t , Ossa ped is ;

Skeleton of the foot

Phalanx proximalis

Caput ossis metatarsi

Corpus ossis metatarsi

Basis ossis metatarsi

Os cuneiforme mediale

Os cuneiformeintermedium

Os naviculare

Caput tali

Basis phalangis l-l l l

Ossa sesamoidea

Tuberositas ossismetatarsi primi

Caput phalangis

Corpus phalangis

Basis phalangis

Os cuneiforme

I Hallux lDigitus primus]ll Digitus secunduslll Digitus tertiuslV Digitus quartusV Digitus minimus [quintus]

Caput phalangis l-l l l

Tuberositas ossismetatarsi quinti

Os cuboideum

Calcaneus

Tuberositas phalangis distalis Proc lateralis tali

Trochlea tali

Phalanx distalis

Phalanx media

Phalanx proximalis

Fig. 1296 SkeLetonp[an tar v rew.

Calcaneus

Ossa metatarsi l-V

Basis ossismetatarsi lll-V Os cuneiforme mediale

Os cuneiforme intermediumTuberositas ossis

metatarsi quinti

Sulcus tendinis muscul if ibular is longi

Tuberositas ossiscuboidei

Os cuneiforme laterale

Tuberositas ossis navicularis

Caput tali

Talus

Phalanx distalis

Calcaneus

Sustentaculum tali

of the foo t , Ossa ped is ;

> Lower t imb

Skeleton of the foot

Phalanx proximalis

Phalanx media

Phalanx distalis

Ossa sesamoideamediale et laterale

Basis ossismetatarsi hallucis

Os cuboideum,Tuberositas ossis cuboidei

Caput tali

Collum tali

Facies malleolarismedialis

Corpus tali

Proc posteriortali, Tuberculummediale

Sustentaculumtali

Ossa digitorum IPhalanges]

Tuberositasmetatarsi V

Fig .1297 Skete ton o f the foo t , Ossa ped is ;m e d i a t v i e w

Ossa tarsi

Articulatio tarsi transversa*

navtcutare

Os cuneiforme intermedium


Articulationes tarsometatarsales**

Ossa metatarsi

CalcaneusTrochlea

Tuber calcanei

Sinus tarsi

Articulatio tarsitransversa*

Os cuboideumTuberositas ossismetatarsi V Caput ossis metatarsi V

Articulationestarsometatarsales**

Fig .1298 SkeLeton o f the foo t , Ossa ped is ;[ateraI view.* A tso : cHoPART's jo in t++ Atso : L |SFRANC's jo in t

MuscN.es

Topography

Thigh Knee Leg Foot

Caput tali

Talus and calcaneus

Facies articularis navicularis

Collum tali

Caput tali

Proc lateralistali

Co l lum ta l i

Facies articulariscalcanea posterior

Faciesmalleolaris

medialis

Faciesmalleolarislateralis

sulcus tali

Corpus tali

Sulcus tendinismusculi flexorishallucis longi

Corpus tali

hallucis longi

Proc lateralistali

Trochlea tali,Facies superiorProc. posterior tal I

Tuberculum medial I

Sulcus tendinis . / Proc posterior tali,Tuberculum laterale

Proc. medialis tuberis calcanei

Fig . 1301 Ca lcaneus, CaLcaneus;m e d i a l v i e w .

Proc posterior tali

Fig.1300 TaLus, TaLus;p[antar v iew.

Sulcus tendinis musculiflexoris hallucis longi

Tuber calcanei

Facies articularis talaris media

Facies articularis talaris anterior

Sulcus calcanei

Facies articularis cuboidea

Sulcus tendinis musculifibularis longi

Fig.1299 Tatus, Tatus;proximaI v iew.

Sustentaculum tali


Facies articularis talaris oosterior

Trochlea fibularis

Facies articularis talaris posterior

Facies articularis talaris anterior


Proc lateralis tuberis calcanei

Fig . 1302 CaLcaneus, Ca lcaneus;lateraI view.

Tuber calcanei

> Lower t imb

Tarsal bones

Os metatarsi l l l

Os metatarsi I




Os naviculare


Facies articularis navicularis

Caput tali

Collum tali

Facies malleolaris medialis

Trochlea tali

Facies malleolaris lateralis

Os metatarsi lV

I

Caput ossismetatarsi

Corpus ossismetatarsi

s ossrsrtarsi

)rositas

ti

USmetatarsi V

Sulcus tendinismusculi fibularis

Tuberositas ossicuboidei

(Facies alcatcanea)


lus tendinisiculi fibulari

erositas os!oidei

articularis

metatarsi

S

Facies articularis talarisanterior

rboideum*

Calcaneus

Procpostenor

tali

Proc lateralis tali

Tuberculum medialeSulcus tendinis musculi

flexoris hallucis longiTuberculum laterale

Sustentaculum tali

Sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis lonoi


Sulcus calcanei

Facies articularis talarisposterior

Proc. lateralis )tuberis calcanei I r,,xo.

Proc. medialis I iir"""."ituberis calcanei /

F i g . 1 3 0 3 T a r s a I b o n e s , O s s a t a r s i ,and meta tarsa I bones , Ossa meta tars i ;p rox imaLv iew.* The cubo id bone is shown in a med ia Iv iew

MurscLes

Os metatarsi ll

Topography

Knee Leg

Ossa cuneiformia

Os naviculare Os cuboideum

Calcaneus

Fig. 1304 a, b Skeleton of the foot, Ossa pedis;s t ruc tu ra I o rgan isa t ion .a ProximaI viewb PLantar v iew

Os naviculare

Ossa cuneiformia

Os metatarsi ll

Os metatarsi I

Aponeurosis plantaris

Fig . 1305 Suppor t ing s t ruc tu res o f the med ia l a rch o f thetong i tud ina t vau t t o f the foo t ;med ia I v iew.

Os cuboideum

The heads o f a [ [ meta tarsa l bones L ie in the p tan tar p lane. Thecune i fo rm bones, the nav icu la r bone and the ta lus res t upon the[ateraI parts of the sketeton, especiat[y in the posterior part ofthe foot. The talus is therefore situated above the calcaneus andthe Long i tud ina I a rch is fo rmed.The wedge-shaped c ross-sec t ion o f the cune i fo rm bones andthe bases o f the meta tarsa I bones cont r ibu te to the fo rmat ionof the transverse vau[t.

Calcaneus

Foot

M. abductor hallucis,Fascia

Lig. plantarelongum

Lig. calcaneonaviculareplantare

The l igaments shown in this i t l .ustrat ion are mostly directed inthe tong i tud ina I ax is o f the foo t and suppor t pass ive ty thetong i tud inaLvaut t o f the foo t . The shor t musc tes o f the foo tpr imar i ty suppor t th is cons t ruc t ion .

> Lower t imb

Joints of the foot

M tibialis anterior, Tendo

Ligg tarsometatarsaliaplantaria

M tibialis posterior, Tendo

Sulcus tendinismusculi l ibularis longi

Fig . 1306 Jo in ts o f theL igaments and tendons;med ia t v iew

Pars tibiotalaris Dosterior

Pars tibionavicularis

Lig calcaneo-naviculare plantare

foo t , Ar t i cuLat iones ped is ;

Lig talocalcaneum interosseum

Lio. cuboideonaviculare dorsale

Ligg cuneonaviculariadorsalia

Ligg tarsometatarsalia dorsalia

Lig tibiolibulare posterius

Tuber calcanei

Lig tibiofibulare anterius

Lig talofibulare anterius

L4alleolus lateralis

Lig calcaneofibulare

Lig plantare longum

Ligg metatarsalia dorsalia

Tendocalcaneus'

Ligg metatarsaliatransversaprofunda

Lig calcaneo-navtcurare

Lig calcaneo-cuboideum M libularis Iperoneus] brevis, Tendo

Lig bifurcatum

Fig . 1307 Jo in ts o f the foo t , Ar t i cu ta t iones ped is ;L i g a m e n t s a n d t e n d o n s ;La tera tv iew.* ALso: Achit les tendon

Muscles

Lig plantare longum

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Knee LeE Foot

Ankle joint

l \4alleolus medialis

Lig collaterale mediale, Pars tibiotalaris posterior

Lig collaterale mediale, Pars tibiocalcanea

Talus

Lig talocalcaneum mediale

Membrana interossea cruris


Facies articularis malleoli lateralis

Lig tibiolibulare posterius

Lig talofibulare posterius

Malleolus lateralis

Lig talocalcaneum posterius

Lig calcaneolibulare

Tendo calcaneus"

Calcaneus

Tuber calcanei

Fig . 1308 Jo in ts o f the foo t , Ar t i cu ta t iones ped is ;l igaments and tendons o f the pos ter io r par t o f the foo t* A lso : Ach i [ [es tendon

Fibu la


Facies articularis malleoli medialis

Malleolus medialis

Sulcus malleolaris

Plica synovialis Lig tibiofibulare posterius

Fig . 1309 Ankte jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io ta tocrura [ is ;p rox imaL ar t i cu ta r sur faces ;d i s t a L v i e w .

Malleolus lateralis

> Lower t imb

Joints of the foot

$u r faee lSke le ton l Musc i . es

H i p

Ligg collateralia

Lig metatarsaletransversum

profundum

Tuberositas ossismetatarsi quinti

Sulcus tendinis muscul ifibularis lperonei] longi*

Ligg plantaria

Basis ossis metatarsi I

Ligg tarsometatarsalia plantaria


Ligg cuneonavicularia plantaria

Lig cuboideonaviculare plantare


Lig calcaneonaviculare plantare

Sustentaculum tali

Lig collaterale mediale,Pars tibiocalcanea

Fig . 1310 Jo in ts o f the foo t , Ar t i cu ta t iones ped is ;p tan tar v iew.* Wi th the long p tan tar L igament the groove fo r the tendon

of the f ibu [ar is [ongus musc te i s enc tosed in a canaL

Articulationes metatarsophalangeae

Os sesamoideum

M fibularis[peroneus] longus,Tendo

Ligg tarsometa-tarsalia plantaria

lV1 tibialis anterior,Tendo

Ligg tarsiplantaria

Lig cuboideo-naviculare plantare

M tibialis posterior,Tendo

Lig calcaneonaviculareplantare

L ' V P ' a r r ( a r e

longum

L ' V v o , L o r r v u -

cuboideum plantare

Lrgcalcaneofibulare

Lrg plantarerongum

Sulcus tendinis musculiflexoris hallucis longi

Proc medialistuberis calcanei

Tuber calcanei

Fig . 1311 Jo in ts o f the foo t , Ar t i cu la t iones ped is :L igaments and tendons o f the ta rsus and meta tarsus ,pLantar v iew.

Lig metatarsaletransversum profundum

Ligg metatarsaliaP r a r r L d r r a

fibularis [peroneus]brevis, Tendo

Tuberositas ossiscuboidei

Lrg calcaneocuboideumplantare

Tuber calcanei

Topngraphy

Thigh Knee LeE Foot

Talotorsal joint

Ligg tarsometatarsaliadorsalia

Os metatarsi l l

Os metatarsi I

Ligg intercuneiformiadorsalia

Ligg cuneonaviculariadorsalia

Os naviculare

Lig calcaneonaviculareplantare




Calcaneus

Fig. 1312 TalotarsaI joint,Ar t i cu ta t io ta lo ta rsa [ is ;d is taL ar t i cu ta r sur faces ;prox imaLv iew.



Lrg talocalcaneum Interosseum

Fig . 131t , Ta lo ta rsa I jo in t , Ar t i cuLat io ta to ta rsaL is ;the ta tus and the la te ra I L igaments have been removed;la te ra I v iew.The two ar rows po in t ou t the he I icaL d is to rs ion o f thetaLocaLcaneaI in te rosseous [ ioament .

Os metatarsi lV

Os metatarsi V

Tuberositas ossis metatarsi quinti

Lig cuneocuboideum dorsale

Os cuboideum

M fibularis [peroneus] brevis, Tendo

Facies articularistalaris anterior

Lig calcaneonavicutare I r.o bifurcatumLig. calcaneocuboideum l

Lig talofibulareanterius

LtgdeltoideumLig calcaneofibulare

Os naviculare (Facies articularis talaris)

Lig cuboideonavicularedorsale

Lig calcaneonaviculare

I lio oitr,"ut*

Lig calcaneocuboideum

Fig . 1313 Tato tarsa t jo in t ,Art icu [at io ta lota rsa I is;p rox imaI a r t i cuLar sur faces ;d is taL v iew.

Tight connect ive t issue layer between the ptantar catcaneonavlcuLar

t i gamen t and t he t i b i onav t cu [a r pa r t o f t he de t t o i d t i gamen t I im i t i ng

a med iaL t y d i r ec ted g t i d i ng o f t he head o f t he t a l us ; s l acken ing o f t h i s

layer resu[ ts in f tat tening of the tongi tudinat vaut t I f tat - foot , pes vaLgusl

> Lower t imb

Ankle and talotarsal joint,

Nletaphysis,Linea epiphysialis

sect lons

Corpus tali

Fibula, Malleolus lateralis

Lig talolibulare posterius

Lig, calcaneofibulare

Articulatio subtalaris

Retinaculum musculorumfibularium lperoneorum] superius

M fibularis [peroneusj brevis, Tendo

Vagina communis tendinummusculorum fibularium lperoneorum]

M libularis [peroneus] longus, Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum fibulariumlperoneorum] inferius

Calcaneus

M abductor digit i minimi


I\4 flexor hallucis longus

F i g . 1 3 1 5 A n k L e a n d t a L o t a r s a t j o i n t ,Ar t i cu ta t iones taLocrura t is e t ta lo ta rsa t is :f ron ta I sec t ion .

l \4 extensor hallucis longus


Os naviculare

Metaphysis, Linea epiphysialis


Tibia, Malleolus medialis

Lig collaterale mediale,Pars tibiocalcanea


Vagina tendinis musculi t ibialisposterioris

M flexor digitorum longus, TendoVagina tendinis musculi flexorisdigitorum longi

Betinaculum musculorum llexorum



plantaris medialis

plantaris medialis)

plantaris medialis

M abductor hallucis

M quadratus plantae

A; N plantaris lateralis; (V plantaris lateralis)

M flexor digitorum brevis


Articulatio tarsometatarsalis

M fibularis [peroneus] longus, Tendo

Os metatarsi llM interosseus dorsalis oedis I

1,4 adductor hallucis,Caput obliquum

N

(v

M triceps surae,Tendo calcaneus

Articulatio subtalaris I./ Articulatio |

(Articulatio talotarsalis)/ talocalcaneonavicularis./

Lig talocalcaneumInterosseum

Calcaneus

Tuber calcanei

Aponeurosis plantaris Lig plantare longum

M quadratus plantae

F i g . 1 3 1 6 A n k t e a n d t a t o t a r s a L j o i n t ,Ar t i cu [a t iones ta [ocruraL is e t ta to ta rsa t is ;c r ^ i i t 2 l c o r t i n n

* Fa t pad o f t he hee l

Musctes


T* p:uq r* pr hy

ThiEh f{n*e i - e.q Foot



l\4alleolus lateralis

F i g . 1 3 1 7 A n k L e j o i n t , A r t i c u L a t i o t a L o c r u r a L i s ;AP- rad iograph w i th the sub jec t recL ined and the cent ra I beamdi rec ted tangent iaL [y on to the t rochLea o f ta Ius .

Fibula

Linea epiphysialis-.


Proc posterior tali

Articulatio subtalaris .

Sinus tarsi

Sustentaculum tali

Tuber calcanei

F i g . 1 3 1 8 A n k L e a n d t a t o t a r s a L j o i n t ,Ar t i cu La t iones taLocrura t is e t taLotarsa I i s ;A P - r a d i o g r a p h w i t h t h e s u b j e c t r e c L i n e d a n d t h e c e n t r a I b e a mdi rec ted tangent ia [y on to the apex o f the t rochLea o f taLus

Ankle and taLotarsal joint, radiography

Linea epiphysialis

Trochlea tali

Malleolus medialis

Talus

Clin icaL[y, the poster ior border of the f ibuLar notch is aLso referred toas t he t h i r d ma t t eo tus .

Trochlea tali

Malleolus medialis

Malleolus lateralis

Collum tali

Caput tali

Articulatiotalocalcaneonavicularis *

Os naviculare

* Due t o t he i r he I i ca I d i s t o r s i on , t he j o i n t c t e f t s a re no t d i sp tayedo r thogona t t y

* * Ove r [ app ing ep iphysea t I i nes o f t he t i b i a and f i bu ta

> Lower t imb

Fasciae of the lower limb

anterior superior

M tensor lasciaelatae

Marge I Cornu suPerius

falciformis I

Cornu inferius


Fascia lata

Spina iliaca ------i-

Retinaculumpatellae laterale

Caput fibulae

Fascia cruris

Retinaculum musculorumextensorum supeflus

M extensor digitorumlongus, Tendines

Fascia dorsalis pedis

Fig .1319 Fasc ia la ta , Fasc ia la ta , and deep fasc ia o f [eg ,Fasc ia c rur is .The t rans i t ion zone be tween the aponeuros is o f the ex terna lob t ioue abdominaI musc te and the fasc ia la ta i s known asingu inaL I igament . Th is I igament ex tends [a te raL ty f rom theanter io r super io r i I iac sp ine to i t s a t tachment on the pub ictuberc [e med ia tLy .* 0pen ings in the fasc ia fo r the per fo ra to r ve ins (DoDD's ve ins l

>> l Sur face lSke te ton l Musc test t l

Lig inguinale

Betinaculum musculorumextensorum inferius

M extensor hallucis brevis

M. extensor hallucis longus,tenoo


Hiatus saphenus, Fascia cribrosa

V saphena magna

Patella

Bursa subcutaneaprepatellaris

Lig patellaeBursa subcutaneainfrapatellaris

Fascia cruris

Tibia, Margo anterior

Tibia, Facies medialis

M tibialis anterior,Tendo

Topography

Thigh Leg Foot

Fasciae of the lower limb

(Fascia glutea)

M tensorfasciae latae

Sulcus glutealis

Fossa poplitea

M gastrocnemius

(Fascia poplitea)

M. gastrocnemius,Tendo

lvlalleolus medialis Tendo calcaneus

Fig . 1320 Fasc ia [a ta , Fasc ia [a ta ,and deep fasc ia o f leg , Fasc ia c rur is .

> Lower t imb

Muscles of thelower limb, overview

vr irioo.o".

{,

lvl iliacus

psoas major


M sartorius

M vastus lateralis

M rectus femoris

M pectineus

M adductor longus

M gracil is

quadflcepsfemoris

M vastus medialis

M fibularis [peroneus] longusM gastrocnemius,Caput mediale

M tibialis anterior

M soleus

M extensor digitorum longus

lvl extensor hallucis longus

Fig , 1321 MuscLes o f the lower I imb, Mm ex t remi ta t i s in fe r io r is ;overvtew.

T l+5,>T r+2 , f !+4 ,T l+7,T l+8

Tnpography

Th igh Leg Foo t

Muscles of the lower limb, overview

M gluteus medius

M gluteus maximus

lvl semitendinosus

l\il biceps femoris

M semimembranosus

M gastrocnemius

Tendo calcaneus

Fig . 1322 Musctes o f the lower t imb, Mm. ex t remi ta t i s in fe r io r is ;overvtew.

) T 43, T I+6,T t+9

> Lower t imb

0rigins and insertions of


l\4 transversus abdominis

lvl, iliacus

l\4 sartorius

M rectus femoris

(Bursa i l iopectinea)

lvl quadratus lumborum

M articularis genus

M quadriceps femoris

M. psoas major


M piriformis

Lig sacrospinale;[4. anococcygeus

l\,1. pectineus

M obturatoriusexternus

l\4 adductor longus

M adductor brevis

M grac i l i s

M adductor magnus

M quadratus femoris

M biceps femoris

M semimembranosus

M adductor magnus

M vastus medialis

M sartorius

M gracilis

lvl semitendinosus

Lig patellae

M gluteus minimus

l\il vastus lateralis

M il iopsoas

M vastus intermedius

M. vastusmedialis

M biceps femoris


Retinaculum patellaelaterale


l\4 extensor digitorumtongus

M fibularis[peroneus] longus [/ t ibialis

anterior

Fig . '1323 Or ig ins and inser t ions o f the musc tes a t theLower [umbar ver tebrae , the peLv ic bones , the femur andthe prox imaI ex t remi t ies o f the bones o f the [eg ;ventraI view.

t t

the muscles of the hip, the thigh and the leg

Topography

Thigh Leg Foot

til

,i]r;

r titlr

)rigins and insertions of the muscles of the hip, the thigh and the leg

M. obliouus externus abdominis

M. gluteus medius

M, gluteus minimus

l\il piriformis

l\4 gluteus maximus

lvl rectus femoris

l\4 gemellus superior

M. obturatorius internus

M. levator ani

M transversus perinei profundus

Bursa ischiadica musculiobturatorii interni

M gemellus inferior

M, semitendinosus

l\4 adductor magnus

Bursa subtendineamusculi gastrocnemii medialis

M semimembranosus

M sartoriusl\/ gracilis

M semitendinosus

M semimembranosus

Foramen nutricium

lvl soleus

M flexor digitorum longus

l\4 tensor fasciae latae


M piriformis


M gluteus medius

l\4. gluteus minimus

Bursa trochanterica musculi glutei medii

l\4 quadratus femoris

Bursa subculanea trochanterica

M gluteus maximus

M pectineus

M. adductor magnus

M adductor brevis

M vastus medialis


M adductor longus

M biceps femoris

l\4 vastus lateralis

M gastrocnemius

M plantaris


M biceps femoris

l\4, popliteus

M. soleus

Arcus tendineus musculi solei

) T 43-T 46,T 49,T 50

M il iopsoas

M tibialis posterior

Fig , 132t , 0 r ig ins and inser t ions o f the musc tes a tthe peLv ic bones , the femur and the prox imaI ex t remi t ieso f the bones o f the [eg ;dorsa Iv iew.

Fig . 1325 Tensor fasc iae[a tae musc te , M tensorfasc iae Ia tae , and sar to r iusmuscte , M. sar to r ius .

l\il pectineus

M adductor brevis

M adductor magnus

l\4 adductor longus

l\4 gracilis

>> l Su r fmce l $ [ ceLe r tnn l Musc les

Quadr iceps femor is muscLe, M. quadr iceps femor is

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the thigh

Adductor musc tes . Mm. adductores l I iopsoas musc te , M i I iopsoas

Topography

Thigh Leg Foot

M il iopsoas

il iacus

L ig ingu ina le

l/ i l iopsoas

M tensor tasciae latae

M rectus femoris

M vastus lateralis

Fascia lata, Tractus i l iotibialis

Bursa subtendinea prepatellaris

Caput l ibulae

Bursa subcutanea inf rapatellaris

psoas major

{ .


(M psoas minor)

Arcus iliopectineus

Lig pectineum

M pectineus

M adduclor longus

M. sartorius

M gracil is

M vastus medialis


Lig patellae

%,

F ig . 1329 Musc tes o f t he t h i gh and t he h i p ;a f t e r r emovaLo f t he f asc i a [ a ta exceo t f o r t he i l i o t i b i a I t r ac t .* Common i nse r t i on o f t he sa r t o r i us , g rac i l i s and sem i tend inosus

musctes just betow the mediaI condyle of the t ib ia l formerty knownas t he supe r f i c i a I pes anse r i nus , Pes anse r i nus supe r f i c i a t i s )

)T l+2 ,T l r / , ,T 1 ,5

> Lower t imb


>> l Su r face lSke le t sn l Musc les

H i p

M il iacus

M sartorius

M tensor tasciae latae

M gluteus medius

M iliopsoas

l\4 psoas major

Promontorium

l\4 piriformis

Lig sacrospinale

Pecten ossis pubis


l\4 pectineus

lvl adductor longus

M grac i l i s

Canalis adductorius; A ; V femoralis

M quadriceps Iemoris*

> I I+2 , I l+ l+ ,T l+5

Septum intermuscularevastoadductorium

M sartorius

Fascia lata

M, rectus femoris, Tendo


Lig patellae

F i g . 1 3 3 0 M u s c t e s o f t h e t h i g h a n d t h e h i p ;a f te r removaLof the fasc ia [a ta , the tensor fasc iae [a taemusc le and the sar to r ius musc te .* The four th head o f the quadr iceps musc le , the vas tus in te rmed ius

musc[e, is covered by the rectus femoris muscle

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Leg Foot

M gluteus medius

Lig iliolemorale

M il iopsoas

M vastus lateralis

Fascia lata



Lig patellae

F i g . 1 3 3 1 M u s c L e s o f t h e t h i g h a n d t h e h i p ;deep Layer a f te r removaI o f the sar to r ius , the rec tus femor isand the adductor Longus musc tes as weIL as par ts o f thei t i o p s o a s m u s c t e i n t h e j o i n t r e g i o n .


M il iopsoas

M. piriformis

Bursa subtendinea iliaca

Pecten ossis pubis

M pectineus

M adductor brevis

M gracilis

M adductor longus

M adductor magnus

Hiatus adductorius

M vastus medialis

M sartorius, Tendo

Femur, Epicondylus medialis

+ Common i nse r t i on o f t he sa r t o r i us , g rac i t i s and sem i tend inosusmusc tes j us t be tow t he med ia I condy le o f t he t i b i a

** The or ig in of the rectus femoris muscte has been f tapped tateral tyupwards

* * *A pa r t o f t he adduc to r [ ongus musc te has been f t apped upwards .

>T I+2 ,T l+4 , I t+5


M sartorius

(M rectus femoris** .i caPut rectum -

luaput rellexum

> Lower t imb


lvl sartorius

M. rectus temoris

Bursa subtendinea il iaca

gluteus medius

l\4 iliopsoas

M pectineus

Sur face lSke le ton l Musc les

M il iopsoas

M adductor brevis

M vastus lateralis

M piriformis


M pectineus

M adductor longus

M obturatoriusexternus

M adductor brevis

Trochanter minor

M adductor minimus

M adductor magnus

M adductor longus

M gracil is

Hiatus adductorius

M adductor magnus, Tendo

M gracil is, Tendo

Bursa subtendinea musculi sartori i

M vastus medialis

lvl vastus intermedius

l\4 sartorius, Tendo

M gracilis, Tendo

lvl semitendinosus, Tendo

> I 42 ,T 4 /+ ,T 45

Bursa anserina

Fig . 1332 Musctes o f the th igh and the h ip ;a f te r a tmost compte te removaIo f super f i c ia I andsevera I deeper musc tes ;vent ra tv iew.

9' L-Z' L'eZZ L?

snurelur snuolernlqo y!

elPieqnlorces 6r'l

snutLl.lurncrperqcsr uaurelol

EUOlernlqo etcsel

Isne6[ccoc]snao^ccocorqJst li\

(aurolurdeJlur ueulero3)

sruuolurd li\

ProualueerlErcPs EUrureJol

(auro;urdetdns uoujelol)

s!lerces srlEuEc

srqno srsso ualcad

unJces so

eroualuE ecerltolces 66t"1'ecerlrorces o[elnsruv

srlerqeua^ srpue3

'M0rA lerpau.r

:d!q aql pue r.l6rq] eqt jo salrsnN eeel '6ll

snsourpualru.ros y!

unouol 1nde3 'suouel sdactq y\

snurxeu sneln;6 y1

ilqcsr srsso snuleH

urncrpErqcsr leqnl

snuDeu ropnppe 'nl

suoural snlca|lil

sr;rcer6 y1

sn0uol JopnppE 'yI

srqnd srssoJOlralur snueu

srlerouro] V

(!uB slJole^al !lncsnuJsneu!puel sncJV)

ecrqnd srs^qdu^S

snuoues yI

snuolernlqo srlPue3

areunce; 611

Euolerntqo n:'v:snuolPJnlqo'N

slqno srssoroueons snureu

eureuaBcell! n:V

snaulsaoorI sncJV

sllaoulol N

sllErouol u 'srlerourelolruoo N

e;eurnbur '611

srlPlelPl suor.uelsnauelnc Nro!Joons rolJaluPece!t! eutos

opual '(roufl-u seosd 'W)

roleu seosd !\

looj 6at q6!ql

suorllas | ,{qder6odol

tt6!ql aql Jo sapsn4

'olq aql

lesJop daaolo sallsnur

4ec r '6!r'snrpatu snalnl6't/{snalnle geel'6ll

'qOlql oq] Jo sallsnur

lesroo teel'6ll

suoual snlPrpenb y!

roualur snllaua0 y!

snulalulsnuolPJnlqo y!

rouadns snllauao y!

srrlroluro y!

snururur snalnlo ti\

snrpausnalnlo n

'snuJrxeu snalnlo hl'allsnur snLurxeu snolnlg gee t '6ll

sn utxpulsnalnl0 y\

solrsnr{ luo}alo{sl arP}rn5

snsourpuelruos l

dltl atil pue q6gl aLll lo sapsnry

'allsnuJ snrpaur

dltts!^ladMaTAJAA0

qull JattAo'l <

Topography I Sect ions

Thigh Leg Foct

M erector spinae,Fascia thoracolumbalis

Sulcus glutealis

Fascia lata

latissimus dorsi, Aponeurosis

M erector spinae, Fasciathoracolumbalis

M gluteus maximus

MuscLes of the thigh and the hip

M gluteus medius, Fascia

M gluteus maximus

Trochanter major


lvl gluteus maximus, Tendo

F i g . 1 3 3 8 M u s c t e s o f t h e t h i g h a n d t h e h i p .

Lig sacrotuberale


Tuber ischiadicum

Ramus ossis ischii

l \4, gracil is

M adductor magnus

M semitendinosus

biceps femoris,Caput longum

F i g . 1 3 3 9 M u s c t e s o f t h e t h i g h a n d t h e h i p ;the g lu teus max imus muscte has been sec t ioned;dorsa t v iew.

Crista i l iaca

Fascia lata, (Fascia glutea)

M, gluteus medius

M piriformis

M. gemellus superior

M obturatorius internus*

M gemellus inferior

Bursa trochantericamusculi glutei maximi

M quadratus femoris

M gluteus maximus

M adductor minimus

M adduclor magnus

Tuberositas glutea

* The part of the obturator internus muscle between the curved edgeof the lesser sc iat ic notch and the insert ion in the t rochanter ic fossa

f requen t l y cons i s t s o f t end inous bands

) T 43 , I I+5 ,T 46

M

( (Foramen

Foramen I suPrapiriforme)

ischiadicum 1majus | (Foramen

I infrapiriforme)

Spina ischiadica

Foramen ischiadicummtnus

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the thigh andthe hip

Crista i l iaca

I/ gluteus maximus

(Foramen infrapiriforme)

l\il obturatorius internus

Lig sacrotuberale


Tuber ischiadicum

M adductor magnus

M gracil is

M semitendinosus

M biceps temoris, Caput longum

l\4 semimembranosus

M semitendinosus,Tendo

lvl semimembranosus, Tendo


M gluteus medius

M gluteus minimus

(Foramen suprapiriforme)

M piriformis

N4 gemellus superior

lvl tensor fasciae latae

M gemellus inferior

M quadratus femoris

M gluteus medius

Trochanter major

Bursa lrochantericamusculi glutei maximi

lvl gluteus maximus

M adductor minimus

M adductor magnus

M vastus lateralis

M. biceps femoris, Caput breve

M biceps femoris, Caput longum

A popli lea

M gastrocnemius, Caput laterale

-> T 43, T r+5,T t+6 Fig . 1340 Musctes o f the th igh and the h ip ;the g lu teus max imus and med ius musc tes havebeen par t iaL [y removed;dorsa I v iew.

Muscles


Leg FootThigh

Muscles of the thigh and the hiP

lvl gluteus medius

M gluteus minimus

M gluteus maximus

M piriformis


M gemellus superior

M obturatorius inlernus

Bursa ischiadica musculi obturatorii interni

Lig sacrotuberale


M semitendinosus


M

M gracil is

M adductor magnus

M semimembranosus

M semitendinosus.Tendo



F i g . 1 3 4 1 M u s c t e s o f t h e t h i g h a n d t h e h i p ;deep Layer a f te r a tmost comple te removaI o f thes u p e r f i c i a L g t u t e a I a n d t h e i s c h i o c r u r a L m u s c L e s ;dorsa Iv iew.

L4 gemellus inferior

M obturatorius internus, Tendo

Bursa trochanterica musculi glutei medii

Trochanter major


M quadratus femoris

Bursa trochanterica musculiglutei maximi

M il iopsoas, Tendo

Trochanter minor

M gluteus maximus

M adductor minimus

M vastus lateralis

lV biceps femoris, Caput longum

M biceps femoris, Caput breve

Fossa poplitea

M. gastrocnemius, Caput laterale

) I t + 3 , T 4 5 , T t 6

> Lower l imb

Muscles of the thigh and the hip

M gluteus maximus



M semimembranosus

M biceps femoris, Caput breve

l\4 gastrocnemius, Caput laterale

-> T 43, r t+/+,T 46

Sur faee lSke le ton l Musc les

Hip


Crista iliaca. Labium externum

SDina il iaca anterior suoerior

M. reclus femoris

M vastus lateralis


Fig . 1312 Musctes o f the th igh and the h ip ;a f te r remova l o f the fasc ia [a ta exceot fo r the i t io t ib iaL t rac t

Topography

Thigh Leg Foot

l \4 vastus medialis

lvl sartorius

Retinaculum oatellae mediale


Lig patellae

M adductor magnus

M gracil is

Hiatus adductorius

M vastus medialis

M adductor magnus, Tendo

M semimembranosus

Fig, 13t+t+ Musctes ina f te r a tmost compte tedorsaLv iew.

t h e r e g i o n o f t h e k n e e j o i n t ;removaL o f the isch iocrura I musc tes :


l\4 gracilis, Tendo

M semimembranosus, Tendo

M semitendinosus, Tendo


> f I r 4 -T t 6 ,T 49

lvl biceps femoris, Caput longum

Femur, Facies poplitea

M plantaris

Articulatio genus, Capsula articularis


lvl gastrocnemius, Caput mediale


)T l+4-T l+6 ,T l+9

F ig . 1343 Musctes in the reg ion o f the knee jo in t ;m e d i a L v i e w* Common inser t ion jus t be tow the med ia I condy te o f the t ib ia

l fo rmer ty known as super f i c ia t pes anser inus , Pes anser inus super f i c ia [ i s l

M vastus lateralis

lvl biceps femoris, Caput breve

Femur, Linea aspera

M sartorius


lvl gracil is, Tendo

M semitendinosus. Tendo

> Lower t imb t t tat" t

)rigins and insertions of the muscles of the thigh and the ventral part of the leg


l\/ gracil is

M quadriceps femoris

M. biceps femoris

l\4 fibularis [peroneus]tongus

M. extensor digitorumtongus

fibularis Iperoneuslbrevis

l\4 semitendinosus

M sartorius

lvl tibialis anterior

Fig . 1345 0r ig ins and inser t ions o f the musc tesat the bones o f the leg ;vent ra I v iew

TopographyThigh Leg Foot

}rigins and insertions of the muscles of the thigh and the dorsal part of the leg

M popliteus

M soleus


M flexor digitorum longusM. fibularis [peroneus]rongus

M flexor hallucis longus

M fibularis lperoneus]orevts

M. flexor hallucis longus, Tendo

M fibularis lperoneus]brevis, Tendo

lvl. tibialis posterior, Tendo

M llexor digitorum longus, Tendo

Fig . 1316 0r ig ins and inser t ions o f the musc lesa t the bones o f the leg ;dorsaI view.

> T r,6, T 48-T 50

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the Leg

t t

Fig.1317 ExtensormuscLes of the [eg.

M tibialis anterior

M fibularis [peroneus]longus

Iperoneus]

Latera [ [ f ibu l .a r ] muscLes

Caput laterale

Caput mediale

I t o".uo"n".'r")

M flexor digitorumrongus


M flexor hallucislong us

(Chiasma crurale)

(Chiasma tarsale)

lvl. soleus

Tendo calcaneus

Fig. 1319 Triceps surae muscte,M. t r i ceos surae . Deep f lexor muscLes o f the leg

Topography

Thigh Leg Fcot

Tibia,Condylus medialis

Muscles of the Leg

Tuberositas tibiae

M gaslrocnemius



Malleolus medialis

Retinaculum musculorumextensorum inferius

M extensor hallucislongus, Tendo

lvl extensorhallucis brevis

M extensordigitorum longus

M fibularis[peroneus] brevis

Septum intermuscularecruris anterius

M extensordigitorum longus

M extensorha l luc is longus

lvlalleolus lateralis

l\ i l extensor digitorumlongus, Tendines

M fibularis lperoneus]tertius, Tendo

M exlensordigitorum brevis

Fig . 1351 MuscLes o f the [eg and the foo t .

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the leg

Sur face lSke l .e ton l Musc lesH i p


Malleolus lateralis

M semitendinosus

M semimembranosus

M gracilis


M semitendinosus, Tendo


M gaslrocnemius, Caput mediale

Fascia cruris

N4alleolus medialis -------------t-

Tendo calcaneus *

Tuber calcanei

Fig . 1352 Musc les o f the Leg;s r r n p r f i r i a l l r v c r* Also: Achi t les tendon

Topngraphy

Thigh Leg Font

l\4 gastrocnemius, Caput mediale

M semimembranosus

Bursa subtendinea musculigastrocnemii medialis

Bursa musculi semimembranosi



l\4 plantaris

A ; V poplitea;Arcus tendineus musculi solei

M soleus

M plantaris, Tendo

M gastrocnemius, Tendo


M tibialis posterior. Tendo

Malleolus medialis

Tendo calcaneus*

Retinaculum musculorum flexorum

Tuber calcanei

Muscles of the leg

M biceps femoris

lvl gastrocnemius, Capul laterale

Lig popliteum arcuatum

M gastrocnemius

M libularis lperoneus] longus

M llexor hallucis longus

Seotum intermusculare cruris Dosterius

Retinaculum musculorumf ibularium lperoneorum] superius

Fig . 1353 MuscLes o f the leg ;super f i c ia [ [ayer a f te r par t ia I removaIo f the gas t rocnemius muscLe.* ALso: Achi[[es tendon

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the leg


M biceps femoris

Sur face lSke te ton l Musc les


M plantaris

M popliteus

M soleus

Fibula, Margo interosseus

M fibularis [peroneus] longus


M flexor hallucis longus, Tendo

Betinaculum musculorum fibularium[peroneorum] superius

Tuber calcanei








l\4 tibialis posterior

M flexor digitorum longus, Tendo

Mal leolus medial is



Tendo calcaneus"

Fig . 1354 Musc[es o f the leg ;deep tayer.* A tso : Ach i [ [es tendon

TopographyThiEh Leg Foot



Muscles of the leg

l i l gastrocnemius, Caput mediale

M plantaris

M popliteus

M. biceps femoris, Tendo

Recessus suboooliteus



M fibularis lperoneus] brevis

Retinaculum musculorum f ibularium[peroneorum] superius

Tibia, Condylus meOialis -----fi , , ,

M popliteus


l\4 tibialis posterior

l \ ,4 t ibialis posterior, Tendo

lvl flexor digitorum longus, Tendo


Tendo calcaneus

Fig . 1355 MuscLes o f the leg ;d o o n o q t l e r r o r

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the leg

l\/ bicepsfemoris

Tractusiliotibialis

Betinaculum musculorumf ibularium Iperoneorum] inf erius

> I t+7 -T 49,T 51

M gastrocnemius


M fibularis [peroneus] brevis

Tendo calcaneus

Malleolus lateralis

Retinaculum musculorumf ibularium lperoneoruml superius

Tuber calcanei


M quadriceps temoris, M vastuslateralis

M fibularis lperoneus] longus

l\4 tibialis anterior

l \4 extensor digitorum longus


M extensor hallucis longus

Retinaculum musculorumextensorum inferius

M extensorhallucis brevis

M. extensor digitorumlongus, Tendines


M extensor diqitorum brevis

Fig . 1356 Musc les o f the Leg and the foo t .

Topography

Thigh Leg

M. extensor dioitorum brevis:M. extensorhallucis brevi6

M. fibularis lperoneus] brevis

M. fibularis lporoneus] tertius

M. abductor digiti minimi

Mm. interossei plantares

Mm. extensorgs digitorum longus et brevis

M. triceps surae, Tendo calcanous

Fig. 1357 Or ig ins and inser t ions of the musctesat the bones of the foot ;dorsaIv iew.

Mm. interossei dorsales pedis

M. abductor hallucis

Mm. extensores hallucis longus st brevis

1rigins and insertions of the muscles of the the foot and the leg

> T 4 t , T 4 8 , T 5 1 ,T 5 3 , T 5 4

> Lower t imb

Tendon sheaths of the foot

M extensor digitorum longus


Retinaculum musculorumextensorum interius

t t

Malleolus lateralis


l\4 extensor hallucis longus

Malleolus medialis

Vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris

Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi



Ligg tarsometatarsalia dorsalia

Corpus ossis metatarsi I

l \ i l extensor hallucis brevis, Tendo

lvl extensor hallucis longus,Tendo

Retinaculum musculorum fibulariumIperoneorum] inferius

Vagina communis tendinum musculorumfibularium lperoneorum]

M fibularis lperoneus] brevis, Tendo

l\4 extensor digitorum brevis

Tuberositas ossis metatarsi quinti

M abductor digiti minimi

f ibularis lperoneus] tertius, Tendo

(M opponens digiti minimi)

M extensor digitorum longus, Tendines

Mm interossei dorsales oedis

Fig . 1358 Tendon sheaths , Vag inae tend inum,of the foot


lvl extensor digitorum longus

Nil f ibularislperoneus] brevis

F ibu la

M fibularis[peroneus] longus

Tendo calcaneus

Ret inaculum musculorumfibularium Iperoneorum] superius

Retinaculum musculorumfibularium lperoneorum] inlerius

M. extensor hallucis longus, Tendo

Vagina communis tendinum musculorumfibularium lperoneorum]

l \ i l extensor digitorumlongus, Tendines

I/ extensor digitorum brevis

M fibularis lperoneus] tertius, Tendo

M fibularis lperoneus] brevis, Tendo

Fig . 1359 Tendon sheaths , Vag inae tend inum, o f the foo t .

Vagina tendinis musculi t ibialis anterioris

Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius

Vagina tendinis musculitibialis posterioris

Vagina tendinis musculillexoris digitorum longi

Vagina tendinis musculiflexoris hallucis longi

Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi \-

Vagina tendinis musculi f lexoris hallucis longi

abductor hallucis,Tendo

Vagina tendinis musculi f lexoris digitorum longi M flexor digitorum brevis

Tendon sheaths of the foot

Vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum longi


Vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi

l\4 extensor hallucis brevis

Tendo calcaneus

Retinaculum musculorumflexorum

Vagina tendinis musculit ibialis posterioris

M abductor hallucis

/'a

Fig . 1360 Tendon sheaths , Vag inae tend inum, o f the foo t .

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the foot


l i l extensor digitorum longus


Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inlerius


Retinaculum musculorum fibularium[peroneorum] inferius

lvl extensor digitorum brevis

lM fibularis lperoneus] tertius, Tendo

l\4 extensor digitorum longus, Tendines


Mm interossei dorsales oedis

) r 4 7 , T 5 1 , T 5 3

Sun face lSke l .e ton l Musc les


Malleolus medialis


hallucis longus,


M extensorTendo

Articulatio metatarsophalanqeahallucis. Caosula articularis-

Fig . 1361 Musctes o f the foo t ;a f te r removaI o f the tendon sheaths .

Tnpography

Thigh LeU Foot

M fibularis lperoneus] tertius

[/ extensor digitorum longus

Malleolus lateralis

l\4 tibularis [peroneus] brevis, Tendo

l \ i l extensor digitorum brevis

M fibularis lperoneus] tertius, Tendo

Nil abductor digit i minimi

M extensor digitorum longus,Tendines

Fig . 1362 MuscLes o f the foo t :a f te r sec t ion o f the in fe r io rex tensor re t inacutum.

Muscles of the foot



Retinaculum musculorum extensoruminferius

l \4 extensor hallucis brevis

Mm interossei dorsalespedrs

M extensor digitorum brevis,Tendines

> T 4 7 , T 5 1 , T 5 3

I

> Lower l imb

Muscles of the foot

Fasciculi transversi


(Eminentia plantaris lateralis)


Malleolus medialis

M abductor hallucis

t t tat" t

H i p

Lig metatarsale transversumsuperficiale

(Eminentia plantaris medialis)

Bursa subcutanea calcanea

Fig . 1363 Musc les o f the foo t ;pLantar aponeuros is , Aponeuros is p tan tar is .


0rigins and insertions of the muscles of the foot and the leg

M. flexor digitorum brevis


M adductor hallucis, Caput transversum

Mm interossei plantares

lvl f lexor digit i minimi brevis


Mm interossei dorsales pedis

M flexordigiti minimi brevis

lvl abductor digiti minimi

l\4 flexor hallucis brevis

M adductor hallucis, Caput obliquum

M fibularis lperoneus] longus, Tendo


Fig . 1361 0r ig ins and inser t ions o f the musc lesa t the bones o f the foo t ;plantar view.


M adductor hallucis, Caput obliquum

l\il abductor hallucis

Ossa sesamoidea

M abductor hallucis, Tendo

M flexor hallucis brevis

M fibularis [peroneus] longus

M tibialis anterior

M abductor hallucis

M. tibialis posterior

M quadratus plantae

M abductor hallucis


) T 4 7 , T 4 8 , T 5 0 ,T 52-T 54

tII

+IIal

f l

t

,

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the foot

Vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis

Mm lumbricales pedis lv-l

M adductor hallucis, Caputtransversum

M interosseus plantaris lll

l \4 f lexor digitorum brevis


Sur face lSke [e ton l Musc lesH i p

Pars cruciformis

Pars anularis

Vagina tendinis musculiflexoris hallucis longi



l\4 abductor hallucis

Tuber calcanei

Fig . 1355 Musctes o f the foo t ;the p tan tar a0oneuros is has been removed

Topography I Sec t ionsT h i n h I o n

- v : , Foot

Vaginae tendinum digitorum pedis

M llexor digitorum brevis,Tendines

l /m lumbricales pedis lv-l

M flexor digit i minimi brevis


l\ i l interosseus plantaris l l l

M interosseus dorsalis pedis lV


M quadratus plantae

l\4 abductor digiti minimi

Muscles of the foot

f lexor hallucis longus, Tendo

M flexor digitorum longus,Tendines

M adductor hallucis,Caput transversum


M abductor hallucis

l/ flexor digitorum brevis

Tuber calcanei

) T 50, T 52-T stl

M flexor digitorum longus, Tendo

Vagina plantaris tendinismusculi f ibularis [peronei] longi

M llexor hallucis longus, Tendo

Fig . 1366 Musc les o f the foo t ;midd te Layer a f te r aLmost compte te removaL o f thef texor d ig i to rum brev is muscLe.

> Lower t imb

Muscles of the foot

M flexor digitorum longus, Tendines

l\i lm lumbricales pedis lv-l

l\4 interosseus dorsalis pedis l l l

Mm inlerossei plantares l l l et l l

l\4 interosseus dorsalis pedis lV

(M opponens digiti minimi)

M flexor digiti minimi brevis


M libularis lperoneus] longus, Tendo

M quadratus plantae

Lig plantare longum



) T 50, T 52-T str

Sur face lSke le ton l Musc tes


M, flexor digitorum brevis, Tendines

M adductor hallucis

Caput obliquum

lvl flexor hallucis brevis

M abductor hallucis


M flexor digitorum longus, Tendo*



M flexor hallucis longus, Tendo*

l \4 abductor hallucis

f,4 flexor digitorum brevis

Fig. 1367 MuscLes of the foot;oeep rayer.* The s i te where the tendon o f the fLexor d ig i to rum [ongus musc [e

crosses the tendon o f the f texor ha t tuc is [ongus musc te i scommonty re fe r red to as p tan tar ch iasm, Ch iasma pLantare

Topognaphy

Thigh Leg Foot

Muscles of the foot

Mm. interosseidorsales pedis l-lV

Fig . 1368 Dorsa I in te rosse i muscLes, Mm in te rosse i dorsa tes ped is ;dorsaLv iew.

Mm inlerosseiplantares l l l - l

Fig . 1369 PLantar in te rosse i muscLes, Mm in te rosse i pLantares ;pLantar v iew.

> Lower t imb

Lumbosacral plexus

N, subcostalis

R cutaneus lateralis

N i l iohypogastr icus (T12, L1)

N i l io ingu ina l i s (T12, L1)

N femoralis (L2-4)

N. obturatorius (L2-4)

N gluteus superior (L4, 5; Sl )

Truncus lumbosacralis

N. g luteus infer ior (15; S1, 2)

/ ^ .I H, Iemorails

N oen i to femora l i s (L1 .2) {' \ R . gen i ta l i s

N. cutaneus femoris lateralis (L2, 3)

Plexus lumbalis

Plexus sacralis

I N, f ibular ist c o m m u n t s

N. tscnradrcus I(La, 5; S1 -3) I

I\ N. t ib ial is -

Plexuscoccygeus

N cutaneus femoris posterior (S1 -3) DC

Co

tredtl

N pudendus (S2-4)

Nn anales lrectales] inferiores

N, coccygeus N anococcygeus

Fig. 1370 LumbosacraI and coccygeaI pLexus,Ptexus [umbosacrat is (Ptexus [umbaLis et sacrat is ] e t coccygeus;segmentaI organisat ion of nerves.

Thigh Popl i teal fossa Leg Foot

N iliohypogastricus

N ilioinguinalis

N. cutaneusfemoris lateralis

N. genitofemoralis

N. femoralis

N obturatorius

N. saphenus

N. saphenus

N cutaneus dorsalisintermedius

N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis

Nn. digitales dorsales pedis

N. gluteus sup€rior

N. gluteus inferior

N. pudendus

N. cutaneuslemoris posterior

N. ischiadicus

N. cutaneus suraemedialis

N. cutaneus surae lateralis

R. communicans tibularis

N. suralis

N. cutan€us dorsalis lateralis

N. olantaris lateralis

N. Dlantaris medialis

Fig . 1371 Nerves o f the lower [ imb;overyrew.

Fig.1372 Nerves of the lower [ imb;overvtew.

Nerves of the lower limb

> Lower timb


Fig , 1373 Segmenta I cu taneous innerva t ion ldermatomes]of the lower [ imb.

F ig , 1374 Segmenta I cu taneous innerva t ion (dermatomes]o f the lower [ imb.

S2

DJ

S4

DC

Th igh Fop l l t ea i f nssa Leg Fn*t

N il iohypogastricus,R cutaneus lateralis


N obturatorius

N cutaneusfemoris posterior

N il iohypogastricus,R cutaneus lateralis

N fibulariscommunrs,N cutaneussurae lateralis(N ischiadicus)

N cutaneusfemoris

posterior,Nn c lunium

inferiores

N cutaneuslemoris posterior

N femoralis,Rr cutaneianleriores

N fibulariscommunrs ,

N cutaneussurae lateralis

(N ischiadicus)

N obturatorius,R cutaneus

N saphenus,R infrapatellaris(N femoralis)

N saphenus,Rr cutaneicruris mediales(N femoralis)

N f ibular is profundus,Nn digitales dorsales pedis(N ischiadicus)

N obturatorius,R cutaneus

N saphenus,Rr cutanei cruris

mediales(N temoralis)

N sural is .N cutaneus

dorsalis laleralis

I N. cutaneusN. fibularis I oorsalls

superf ic ia l is l In lermeolus(N ischiadicus) | N. .ut"n"r .

\ dorsalis medialis

Nn lumba les

Nn sacrales

II

II

N iliohypo-gastricus

N cutaneuslemoris lateralis

N genito-femoralis

N femoralis

I N fibularis

N suralis

Fig . 1375 Cutaneous nerves o f the lower L imb. F ig . 1376 Cutaneous nerves o f the lower [ imb

> Lower t imb

Femoral and obturator nerve

N il iohypogastricus

N. i l i o ingu ina l i s

N genitofemoralis

N lemoralis


Rr. cutanei anteriores

M psoas major

Membranavastoadductoria

Muscles

Fig . 1377 Femora I and ob tura tor nerve , Nn. femoraL is e t ob tura tor ius ;overvtew;cu taneous innerva t ion iL [us t ra ted w i th purp te .

Thigh Popt i teal fossa Leg Foot

N. gluteus superior

N gluteus inferior

N. cutaneusfemoris posterior

Gluteal nerves and sciatic nerve

Plexus sacralis

N. ischiadicus

Fig . 1378 Gtu tea I nerves , Nn. g tu te i , and sc ia t i c nerve , N. i sch iad icus ;overvtew;cu taneous innerva t ion i t lus t ra ted w i th purp te

> Lower t imb

Tibial and fibuLar nerve

N ischiadicus

N tibialis

N fibularis communis

Arcus tendineusmusculi solei

N suralis

N suralis

N plantaris lateralis

N plantaris medialis

Fi9 . 1379 T ib iaL nerve , N. t ib ia t i s ;overvtew;cu taneous innerva t ion i tLus t ra ted w i th ouro [e .

F ig . 1380 F ibu [ar nerve , N. f ibu tar is ;OVCTVIEW:

cutaneous innerva t ion i [ tus t ra ted w i th purpLe

Topography

Thigh Fopt i tea I fossa Leg Fuot

Arteries of the lower limb

A circumflexafemoris lateralis

R ascendens

R descendens

A femoralis

A circumflexafemoris medialis

A profunda femoris

Aa. perforantesl l ; l l ; l l l )

A descendensgenus

R saphenus

R articularis

A superiormedialis genus

Rete articulare genus

A glutea inferiot

0""fri?ii?'j

A poplitea

A superiormedial is genus

A suralis

A inferiormed ia l i s genus

A tibialis posterior

Rr malleolaresmediales

A plantarismedialis

A superiorlateralis genus

A inferiorlateralis genus

A tibialis anterior

A fibularis, R pertorans

A malleolaris anterior lateralis

A tarsalis lateralis

(A arcuata)

AA

A inferiormedialis genus

A superior lateralisgenus

A suralis

A media genus

A inferior lateralisgenus(A recurrens tibialisposterior)

A tibialis anterior

A fibularis

A malleolarisanterior medialis

R communicans

Rr malleolares laterales

A plantaris lateralis

A tarsalis medialis

A dorsalis pedis

Fig . 1381 Ar te r ies o f the Lower [ imb;overvtew;vent ra I v iewThe segment o f the femoraL ar te ry be tween the po in t wherethe deep ar te ry o f th igh branches o f f and the po in t o f en t ryin to the adductor cana[ [ * ] i s known c t in ica tLv as super f i c ia Ifemora la r te rv .

Arcus plantaris profundus

Fig . 1382 Ar te r ies o f the lower L imb;overvtew;dorsa Iv iew.

Aa metatarsalesoorsales

> Lower t imb

Veins and lymphatics of the lower limb

Pelvis H i p

Nodi lymphoideiingu ina les

sapnena magna

Fig . 1383 a , b Ve ins and lymphat ics o f the lower [ imo;overytew

1 DODD'S veins2 HUNTER'S vein3 BoYD's vein4 V arcuata cruris posterior5 SHERMAN'S vein6 cocKETT's veins7 Deep perforating vein

Of HACH8 Popliteal perforating vein9 MAY'S vein

10 Lateral perforating vein

Fig. 1384 a, b Perforat ing veins, Vv. perforantes;overv iew (accord ing to HACH, 1 9861.a Med ia I v iewb Dorsa tv iew

Fig . 1385 Ve ins o f the [ower [ imb;pr inc ip [e o f o rgan isa t ion .D is tu rbances o f the venous f [ow o f the lower l imb, espec ia t tyvar icos is , a re a common cause o f vascutar d isorders .l f one o f the venous sys tems is en t i re ty occLuded, theper fo ra t ing ve ins may be o f c ruc ia I impor tance to ma in ta inthe venous dra inaoe.

V. saphena parva

a M e d i a L v i e wb Dorsa t v iew

V superficialis

Valvula

V perforans

V profunda

V. communicans

Valvula

Fascia

Musctes

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popl i teaI fossa Leg Font

A : V epigastrica superficialis a a

N cutaneus femoris lateralis

B, femoralis (N genitofemoralis)

A ;V circumllexa ilium superlicialis a a

Vessels and nerves of the thiqh

A femoralis a R cutaneus anterior (N iliohypogastricus)

i N i l i o ingu ina l i s

a V femoralis

o a Aa : VV pudendae externae

o V saphena accessoria (lateralis)

a V saphena magna

o Br cutanei anteriores (N femoralis)

, Rr cutanei (N obturatorius)

a A descendens genus

, R infrapatellaris (N saphenus)

Bete patellare a

Fig . 1386 Ep i fasc iaL vesse ls and nerves o f the ingu ina lr e g i o n , R e g i o i n g u i n a t i s , t h e a n t e r i o r r e g i o n o f t h i g h ,Reg io femor is an ter io r , and the an ter io r reg ion o f knee,Reg io genus an ter io r .

1 391

> Lower t imb

Lymphatics of theinguinal region

Fig . 1387 Super f i c ia I Lymphat ics , Lymph nodesa n d m a j o r v e i n s o f t h e i n g u i n a I r e g i o n , R e g i o i n g u i n a t i s

F ig . 1388 Dra in ing areas o f the Lymph nodes in thei n g u i n a L r e g i o n , R e g i o i n g u i n a L i s , o f t h e f e m a L e ;overvtew.The ar rows ind ica te poss ibLe d i rec t ions o f the f tow o f tymph.* In some Tare cases , the med ia I par ts o f the u te r ine tube and

the fundus o f the u te rus may be dra ined by super f i c ia t [ ymph nodesin the ingu ina I reg ion v ia the round L igament o f u te rus

Sur faee lSke le ton l Musc tes

Petvis H i p

V epigastrica superf icialis

Nodi lymphoidei inguinalessuperficiales


Vv pudendae externae

V saphena accessoria(medialis)

V saphena magna

M adductor longus

Nodi lymphoidei iliaci interni

A; V i l iaca interna

Rectum

Ovarium

Uterus

Vesica urinaria

Nodi lymphoidei inguinales,(Nodi profundi)

Nodi lymphoidei inguinalessupediciales, Nodi inferiores

L ig ingu ina

V circumflexa i l iumsuperficialis

Nodi lymphoidei inguinalessuperf iciales, Nodi superolaterales

L ig ingu ina le

Nodi lymphoidei inguinalessuperf iciales, Nodi superomediales

V saphena magna

M, psoas major

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci externi,Nodi laterales

Nodi lymphoidei i l iaci externi,Nodi mediales

A;V i l iacaex terna

Hiatus saphenus

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popt i teaI fossa Leg

cutaneus femoris lateralis

Spina i l iaca anterior suDerior

L ig ingu ina le

M il iopsoas O

N femora l i s . .

Arcus iliopectineus

(Bursa i l iopectinea)

M il ioosoas. Tendo a

Lig pectineum

M pectineus o

F i g . 1 3 8 9 S a p h e n o u s o p e n i n g , H i a t u s s a p h e n u s ,a n d v a s c u t a r s p a c e , L a c u n a v a s o r u m ;a f t e r r e m o v a I o f t h e a n t e r i o r a b d o m i n a L w a [ L a n d t h econten ts o f the abdomen, as we[L as d issec t ion o f thei t iac fasc ia and the femora tseptum lc loour r ]* A tso : RoSENMULLER's node** A tso : GIMBERNAT's [ igament

Foot

M il iacus O

N femoralis t

L ig ingu ina le

Fascia lata

Cornu inferius

V saphena magna O

Vessels and nerves of the inguinal region

0 M psoas major

t (M psoas mino0, Tendo

Arcus iliopectineus

O a A ; V f e m o r a l i s

(Nodus lymphoideus lacunaris medialis)"

Lig lacunare**

a V, circumflexa i l ium superficialis


a V epigastrica superficialis

Fascia lata

a W pudendae externae

Vagina musculi rectiabdominis, Lamina anterior

a M obliquus externusabdominis, Aponeurosis

, N genitofemoralis,R femoralis

a o A ; V l e m o r a l i s

Septum femorale

(Nodi lymphoidei lacunares)

Lig lacunare


Lig inguinale

Tuberculum pubicum



Symphysis pubica

$ N obturatorlus

a a V;A obturatoria

F i g , 1 3 9 0 M u s c u t a r a n d v a s c u t a r s p a c e ,Lacunae muscutorum e t vasorum;obt ique sec t ion a t the leve t o f the ingu inaL I igament .

> Lower t imb

Vessels and nervesof the thigh

O A il iaca externa

a V il iaca externa

a A il iaca interna

I M pectineus

a V saphena magna

: R muscularis (N femoralis)

femoralis

C lvl adductor longus

s N4 gracilis

G l\4 sartorius

a M vastus medialis

* C [ i n i ca [ [ y t he f emora ta r t e r y i s common [y r e fe r red t o as supe r f i c i a tfemoraI ar tery to d ist inguish i t f rom the deep artery of th igh

$u r face lSke le ton l Musc les

N femora l i s .

cutaneus femoris lateralis :

Lig inguinale

A circumflexa i l ium profunda O

M il iacus &

N f e m o r a l i s :

A profunda femoris a

A, femoralis* O

l\4 tensor fasciae latae S

M rectus lemoris i

l\4 vastus lateralis a

. V

11541 1 5 6

R articularis a(A descendens genus)

Rete patellare a

Lig, patellae

Fig . 1391 VesseLs and nerves o f the an ter io r reg ion o f th ighR e g i o f e m o r i s a n t e r i o r ;a f te r removaLof the fasc ia [a ta exceot fo r the i I io t ib iaL t rac t .

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popl i teaI fossa [-eg Fc*t

Vesse/s and nerves of the thiqh

N obturatorius

a A femoralis

* l\4 pectineus

a R acetabularis (A obturatoria)

a R anterior (A obturatoria)

A circumflexa femoris lateralis a


M sartorius A

N cutaneus lemoris lateralis :

N temoralis

M i l iacus a

R descendens acircumf lexa femoris lateralis)

., N. obturatorius

o A circumtlexa femoris medialis

a R superficialis(A circumflexa femoris medialis)

o V femoralis

a A femoralis

,, R cutaneus (N obturatorius)

; N saphenus

Septum intermusculare vastoadductorium*

li M gracilis

N saphenus

I l\4 sartorius

(A

M rectus femoris i

R muscular is (N femoralis)

M vastus medialis t

R articularis (A descendens genus) O

nerves o f the an ter io r reg ion o f th igh ,

the sar to r ius musc [e and d issec t ion o f

Fig.1392 Vessels andReg io femor is an ter io r ;a f te r par t ia I removaI o fthe pec t ineus musc le .

+ The en t rance i n t o t he adduc to r cana I i s f o rmed by t he vas tus med ia [ i sand adduc to r [ ongus musc les as we t l as by t he an te romed iaLin te rmuscuLa r sep tum spann ing be tween t hem

> Lower t imb

I/essels and nerves of thethigh

.. N obturatorius

Sur r faee lSke le ton l Musc les

o V saphena magna

a A circumflexa femoris medialis

o V femoralis

o V profunda femoris

c} M adductor brevis

c N4 adductor longus

a A pertorans

R cutaneus (N obturatorius)

s l\4 adductor longus

o V femoralis

* M gracilis

A poplitea

A circumflexafemoris lateralis

R descendens a

Rr musculares (N femoralis) ,

V il iaca externa a

A il iaca externa a

N femoralis i

M i l iacus c


R ascendens O

M rectus temoris $

A perforans a

l\il vastus lateralis I

R muscularis (N femoralis) ,

1' l5 I+1 1 5 61 1 5 9

t,t ' -V

1 408

I M adductor magnus

M rectus femoris €t

a A femoralis

Hiatus adductorius

vastus medialis f lO A descendens genus, R saphenus

N saphenus a,

O l\4 sartorius

a A superior medialis genus

Rete articulare genus a

o A inferior medialis genus

Fig . 1393 VesseLs and nerves o f the an ter io r reg ion o f th igh ,Reg io femor is an ter io r ;deep layer a f te r par t iaL removaI o f the sar to r ius and rec tus femor ismusc les , the pec t ineus and adductor longus musc tes have beend i s s e c t e d ; t h e a d d u c t o r c a n a L i s a L m o s t e n t i r e L y o p e n e d .

1392

Topography I SectionsThigh Popt i teaI fossa Leg Foot

A. iliaca communis

A epigastrica superficialis

A circumflexa ilium superficialis

A. femoralis

R. ascendens et R. transversus

R. ascendens

A. profunda femoris

A. circumflexa femoris lateralis

R. transversus

A. circumflexa femoris medialis

R. descendens

Aa perforantes

Fig. 1394 Arteries of the hip and the thigh;overvtew.

Pars abdominalis aortaelAorta abdominalisl

A. iliaca communis

A. iliaca externa

A iliaca interna

Caput femoris

Aorta, Bifurcatio aortae

A. iliaca interna

A. epigastrica inferior

R. obturatorius

R. pubicus

Lig. inguinale

Aa. pudendae externae

R. acetabularis

R. anterior

R. posterior

A. obturatoria

R. acetabularis

R. profundus

R. superficialis

R descendens

The branching pattern of these arteries varies considerab[y.This type of or ig in and arbor isat ion of the deep ar tery of th ighoccurs in approximate[y 58% of cases.

A. lumbalis V

A. sacralis mediana

A. glutea superior

Fig. 1395 Arter ies of the petv is and the th igh;d ig i ta I subtract ion angiography IDSAI.

Arteries of the pelvis and the hip

A. obturatoria

> Lower Limb

Veins and nerves of the

Sur face lSke te ton l Musc les

thigh

Nn c lun ium medi i (S1-S3)

Sulcus glutealis

Nn clunium inferiores (N cutaneus temoris posterior)



N gluteus superior


N ischiadicus

N gluteus inferior

N pudendus

Lig sacrospinale

N cutaneus femoris oosterior

Lig sacrotuberale

Tuber ischiadicum

Fascia lata

R cutaneus (N obturatorius)

N cutaneus femoris oosterior

V saphena magna

V saphena parva

Fig , 1396 Ep i fasc ia t ve ins and nerves o f the pos ter io r reg ionof th igh , Reg io femor is pos ter io r , the gLutea I reg ion .Reg io gLutea I is , and the pop l . i tea t fossa , Fossa popL i tea .

Crista i l iaca

Nn clunium superiores (Ll -L3)

R culaneus lateralis (N iliohypogastricus)

N cutaneus femoris lateralis


(Foramen suprapiriforme)


M piriformis

Trochanter major

Tuber ischiadicum

ForamenischiadicummaJus

Fig .1397 Skete ton contour and sc ia t i c nerve ,N. i sch iad icus , p ro jec ted on to the sur face o f thegtu teaL reg ion , Reg io g tu tea t is .

Thigh Popl i teaI fossa Leg Foot

Nn c lun ium medi i (S1-53) : r

M gluteus maximus a

Vessels and nerves of the thigh

a M gluteus medius, Fascia

is Nn clunium inferiores(N cutaneus femoris posterior)

Tractus iliotibialis

* N cutaneus femoris oosterior

a M. vastus lateralis

M gracil is I

M semitendinosus a

M. semimembranosus a

V poplitea o

M semimembranosus a

A. poplitea a

a M biceps femoris

* N tibialis

d N. fibularis communis

{i N cutaneus surae lateralis(N fibularis communis)

a V saphena parva

a M biceps femoris, Tendo

M gastrocnemius a

N cutaneus surae medialis t

Fig . 1398 Vessets and nerves o f the gLuteaL reg ion ,Reg io g tu tea t is , the pos ter io r reg ion o f th igh , Reg io femor ispos ter io r , and the popt i tea l . fossa , Fossa pop[ i tea .

> Lower t imb


Nn clunium superiores (L1 -L3) "

Nn c lun ium medi i (S1-S3) { ,

(Fascia glutea)

Nn c lun ium in fe r io res ,(N cutaneus femoris posterior)

N cutaneus femoris posterior t,

N t ib ia l is , ,

semitendinosus I

Hiatus adductoris

M. gracilis C

l\4 semimembranosus a

A poplitea a

l\il sartorius O

V poplitea o

A superior medialis genus a

Rr musculares (N tibialis) *

M gastrocnemius, |lCaput mediale

o M gluteus maximus

,r N ischiadicus

a A perforans

e lvl biceps femoris, Caput longum

a Aa, perforanles


,. N cutaneus surae lateralis

N cutaneus surae medialis

N. sural is

O M gastrocnemius, Caput laterale

Fig . 1399 Vesse ls and nerves o f the g lu tea I reg ion , Reg io g lu tea [ is ,the pos ter io r reg ion o f th igh , Reg io femor is pos ter io r ,and the popt i teaL fossa , Fossa popL i tea ;the long head o f the b iceps femor is musc [e has been re t rac tedIatera Lty.I n t h i s s p e c i m e n , t h e m e d i a L a n d [ a t e r a I s u r a I c u t a n e o u s n e r v e s b r a n c hof f qu i te fa r p rox imatLy

Musc les

1 398

r 400

Thigh Popt i teal fossa Leg


* M gluteus medius

I M piriformis

A glutea superior, R superticialis 1

M gluteus maximus o

N gluteus inferiok

A glutea inferior a

A; V pudenda interna a o

N cutaneus Iemoris posterior

N ischiadicus *

Br musculares (N tibialis) *

M biceps temoris, Caput longum s

a l\4 gemellus superior

c M obturatorius internus

c lvl gemellus inferior

O R ascendens (A. circumflexafemoris medialis)

a R superficialis (A circumflexafemoris medialis)

a M. quadratus temoris

a A perforans

a M. adductor magnus

O Aa perforantes

M semitendinosus oo M biceps temoris, Caput longum

t l\il biceps lemoris, Caput breveM semimembranosus a

V poplitea o

!, N fibularis communis

N cutaneus surae medialis :

V saphena parva a

Fig . 1400 VesseLs and nerves o f the g tu tea I reg ion , Reg io gLutea l ' i s ,

the pos ter ro r reg ion o f th igh , Reg io femor is pos ter io r ,and the popL i tea I fossa , Fossa popL i tea ;a f te r d issec t ion o f the gLuteus max imus musc le and the Long head

of the b iceos femor is muscLe

1 399

11113'14' l Ir

> Lower t imb

Vessels and nervesof the gluteal region

Rr profundi a a(A ; V. glutea superior)

N gluteus superior &

N gluteus inferior *

A ; V g l u t e a i n f e r i o r a a

lVI. gluteus maximus I

cutaneus temoris posterior {t

N. ischiadicus E

A ; V. pudenda interna a a

Lig sacrotuberale

Rr. profundi (A circumflexa femoris medialis) O

Fig.1102 VentrogtuteaI inject ion (according to v HOCHSTETTERJ.In o rder to avo id the super io r g Iu tea I nerve and, in par t i cu l .a r ,the super io r g tu tea I a r te ry the in jec t ion is made in to thet r iangu[ar f ie td fo rmed by the two spread f ingers and the i l . iaccres t . The index f inger - o r when us ing the r igh t hand, themidd[e f inger - i s p taced on the an ter ro r super io r iL iac sp ine

H i p

Trigonum lumbale

l , R cutaneus lateralis (N il iohypogastricus)

a M obliquus externus abdominis

Crista iliaca

a M gluteus medius

a M. g luteus minimus

a M gluteus medius

I M gluteus maximus

o M piriformis

a M gemellus superior

a M. obturatorius internus

a l\4. gemellus inferior

a M obturatorius externus

a M quadratus femoris

Trochanter minor

a M adductor magnus

and the pa lm o f the hand on the grea ter t rochanter . S ince thein jec ted mater ia I shouId be depos i ted w i th in the be t | .y o f theg lu teus med ius musc le as fa r away as poss ib le f rom any vesse l ,the needte shoutd no t c ross the [ ines o f the t r iang te . However ,some r isk remains fo r the nerve branch tha t runs f rom thesuper io r g tu tea I nerve to the tensor fasc iae la tae muscLe.

F ig . 1401 Vessets and nerves o f the g tu tea l . reg ion , Reg io g l .u tea l . i s ;a f te r d issec t ion and par t ia I removaI o f the g lu teus max imus and med ius muscLes;the sc ia t i c nerve has been removed a f te r i t s passage th rough the in f rap i r i fo rm fo ramen

Crista i l iaca


M gluteus mediusgluteus superior

N. ischiadicus

Trochanter major

Topography

Thigh Popl i teaI fossa Leg Foot

V perforans

Rr cutanei cruris mediales(N saphenus)

(V arcuata cruris posterior)

Fascia cruris

Rr cutanei cruris mediales(N saphenus)

N fibularis superficialis

N cutaneusdorsalis medialis

cutaneus dorsalisintermedius

V marginalis medialis

1 386+I

: ; ' - ' -- '

Fig . 1403 Ep i fasc ia l . ve ins and nerves o f the [egand the foo t , Reg iones c rur is e t ped is .

Veins and nerves of the leq

R infrapatellaris(N saphenus)

N saphenus

Rr cutaneicruris mediales(N saphenus)

V saphenamagna

N saphenus

V saphenaparua

V saphena parua

N cutaneussurae lateralis(N fibulariscommunrs)

V pedorans*

N cutaneussurae medialis(N tibialis)

R communicansfibularis

N suralis

Fascia cruris

V marginalis lateralis

Arcus venosusdorsalis pedis

Rete venosumdorsale pedis

V saphena parva

N cutaneus dorsalislateralis (N suralis)

Fig, 1t Ot, Epifascial. veins and nerves of the [egand the foo t , Reg iones c rur is e t ped is ;the deep fasc ia o f [eg has been d issec tedproximatty.* Ct in ica I te rm: MAY's ve in

1 396

*k

> Lower t imb

Vessels and nerves of the leg

V saphena magna a

V saohena oarva O

A. poplitea a

Nodi lymphoidei poplitei profundi

Vasa lymphatica superf icialia

M gastrocnemius i l

V saphena magna a

o (V femoropoplitea)

& N tibialis

a V. poplitea

Fascia cruris

a V saphena parua

Fig . 1405 VesseLs and nerves o f the popt i tea I fossa ,F n < < a n n n l i t a a .

af te r d issec t ion o f the deep fasc ia o f leg and par t ia I remova lo f t h e s m a t [ s a p h e n o u s v e i n .

1 Compartimentumcrurisanterius:A ;V tibialis anteriorN fibularis profundusl\il tibialis anteriorlvl extensor digitorum longuslvl extensor hallucis longusl\/ fibularis lperoneus] tertius

2 Compartimentumcrurislaterale:N fibularissuperficialisl\4 fibularis [peroneus] longusNl fibularis Iperoneus] brevis

3 Compartimentum crurisposterius, Pars profunda:A ;V t i b i a l i spos te r i o rA ; V fibularisN. t ib ia l isl\4. llexor digitorum longusl\4. tibialis posteriorM llexor hallucis longus

4 Compartimenium crurisposterius, Pars super-ficialis:lV triceps surael\4 plantaris

. :

Fascia cruris

Septumintermuscularecruris anterius

Septumintermuscularecruris posterius

Fascia cruris

Tibia

Membranainterosseacrufls

V saphenamagna

N cutaneussurae medialis

Fig . 1406 Osteo f ib rous tubes o f the leg ;c ross-sec t ion super io r to the midd te o f the legThese os teo f ib rous tubes together w i th the i r con ten tsare c t in ica [Ly known as compar tments* Deep part of the deep fascia of legV saphena parua

N saphenus

TopographyThigh Popt i teal fossa Leg Fnot

Caput fibulae

M fibularis lperoneus] longus tD

(Nodus lymphoideus tibialis anterior)

Vasa lymphatica profunda

W tibiales anteriores a

A tibialis anterior a

M extensor hallucis longus o

M extensor digitorum longus $

Malleolus Iateralis

Abb. 1407 Vessets o f the an ter io r reg ion o f teg ,R e g i o c r u r i s a n t e r i o r ;the ex tensor musc tes spread by re t rac to rs .

Vessels of the leg

Tuberositas tibiae

i* M tibialis anterior


a lvl tibialis anterior, Tendo


The super f i c ia t t ymphat ics regutar ty fo t low the major ep i fasc ia I

ve ins and converge aLong the grea t saphenous ve in to the

media t s ide o f the Leg. The deep lymphat ics a re found w i th in

the connect ive t i ssue sheaths o f the deep ar te r ies and ve ins o f

the Leg.

1 391

*t!*l!l

> Lower l imb

Arteries and nerves of the leg

A superior lateralis genus o

A inferior lateralis genus a


M fibularis [peroneus] longus *

M extensor digitorum longus *

A recutrens tibialis anterior a

N libularis profundus :

N fibularis superticialis ,

M fibularis [peroneus] longus S

lvl extensor digitorum longus {

N libularis superficialis i

M fibularis [peroneus] brevis G

M. extensor digitorum longus O

A libularis, R perforans a

Rete malleolare laterale a

A malleolaris anterior lateralis a

l\4 extensor digitorum brevis *

fibularis [peroneus] tertius, Tendo *

a A superior medialis genus

a Bete articulare genus

Lig patellae

O A tibialis anterior

I lvl t ibialis anterior

fibularis profundus

O l\i l extensor hallucis longus


; N fibularis profundus

a A dorsalis pedis

, Nn digitales dorsales pedis

a Aa metatarsales dorsales

1 3911392

AI "

Fig . 1408 Ar te r ies and nerves o f the an ter io r reg ion o f leg ,Reg io c rur is an ter io r , and the dorsum o f foo t , Dorsum ped is ;a f te r removaI o f the deep fasc ia o f teg and d issec t ion o f the ex tensord ig i to rum longus and f ibu [ar is [peroneus] [onqus musc tes .

Muscles

'lI+07

1 416

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popt i teaI fossa Leg Foot

M gracilis a

M semitendinosus O

M semimembranosus o

V poplitea O

A poplitea a

A. superior medialis genus a

V saphena parva a

Rr musculares (N tibialis) $

M gastrocnemius, Caput mediale a

M gastrocnemius, Caput laterale a

M semimembranosus

M semitendinosus

l\4 gracilis

A descendens genus

A superior medialis genus

M semimembranosus

A. media genus


Aa surales

A. inferior medialis genus

Arteries and nerves of the popliteal fossa

a l\4 biceps femoris

{* N tibialis

& N. fibularis communis

a A. superior lateralis genus

t N. cutaneus surae lateralis

a Aa. surales

E N cutaneus surae medialis

* N fibularis communis

a M biceps femoris,Tendo

M biceps femoris


A superior lateralis genus

M. biceps femoris

A poplitea

M plantaris


A inferior lateralis genus

Fig.l t 09 VesseLs and nerves of the popti teaL fossa, Fossa popl. i tea;a f te r removaIo f the fasc ia [a ta and the deeo fasc ia o f teo .

A perforans

M soleus

A tibialis anterior

(Truncus tibiofibularis)

lvl popliteus

M. soleus

(A recurrenstibialis posterior)

M soleus

covef lng muscLes.oa t te rn i s found in about 90% o f the cases .

F ig . 1410 Ar te r ies o f the popt i tea I fossa ,demonst ra t ion o f the ar te r ia I suppty a f te r

A tibialis posterior

Fossa popL i tea ;par t ia I

A. fibularis

removaI o f theT h i s b r a n c h i n g

> Lower Limb

[/essels and nerves of the popliteal fossa and the leg

M semitendinosus I

A poplitea a

lvl semimembranosus Q

A :V sural is a a

M gastrocnemius, Caput mediale *

A inferior medialis genus O

W tibiales posteriores o

Arcus tendineus musculi solei

M plantaris, Tendo *

N tibialis ,

A ;V tibialis posterior a a

NI tibialis posterior, Tendo 6

Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum

I M biceps femoris

{ N tibialis

a V poplitea

a V saphena parua

a M gastrocnemius, Caput laterale

a O A ; V s u r a l i s

, Rr musculares (N tibialis)


f lvl soleus

I M gastrocnemius

O l\4 fibularis lperoneus] longus

I lM fibularis [peroneus] brevis

Malleolus lateralis

Relinaculum musculorum fibulariumIperoneorum] superius

af te r removaLof the deep fasc ia o f Leg and d issec t ion o f theoas t rocnemius musc te

Sur face lSke l . e ton l MuscLes

1 4001

11,13

, ,

' lI+Ol+ "I t

Tendo calcaneus

Fig .1111 Vessets and nerves o f the pop l i teaL fossa , Fossapopt i tea , and the pos ter io r reg ion o f Leg, Reg io c rur is pos ter io r ;

F ig .1112 a-d Var ia t ions in the branch ing pa t te rn o f thepopt i teaL ar te ry , A . pop[ i tea .a C o m m o n t r u n k o f t h e a n t e r i o r a n d p o s t e r i o r t i b i a L a r t e r y ,

Aa. t ib ia tes an ter io r e t pos ter io r , aLong w i th the f ibu tarar te ry , A . f ibu tar is

b The popt i teaL ar te ry , A popt i tea , b ranches o f f p rox imaL[y tothe super io r border o f the popt i teaL muscLe, M. popL i teus .

c Pos ter io r t ib iaLand f ibuLar a r te ry , Aa. t ib ia l . i s pos ter io re t f ibu [ar is , o r ig ina te f rom a common prox imaI t runk .

d The an ter io r t ib ia I a r te ry , A t ib iaL is an ter io r ,passes vent ra ILy to the popL i tea I musc [e , M pop[ i teus . - Lo /o - 3 0 k - 1 T o


ThiEh Popl i teal fossa Leg Fc*t

Vessels and nerves of the popLiteal fossa and the leg

1 N fibularis communis

; N tibialis

A in fe r io r med ia l i s genus a

A poplitea a

M soleus &

A libialis posterior O

N tibialis r

M tibialis posterior s

M llexor digitorum longus {F

A tibialis posterior a

N tibialis ;

M tibialis posterior, Tendo *

lvlalleolus medialis


* M flexor hailucis longus

Malleolus lateralis

Retinaculum musculorum fibulariumlperoneorum] superius

Tendo calcaneus

1 398

i

. : \

Fig . 1413 VesseLs and nerves o f the pop l i tea I fossa , Fossapopt i tea , and the pos ter io r reg ion o f Leg, Reg io c rur is pos ter io r ;deep layer.

> Lower t imb

Arteries and nerves of the leg

$un face lSke [e ton l Musc l "es

A poplitea o N tibialis

inferior medialis genus at M plantaris

l\4 popliteus *

A tibialis anterior O

(Truncus tibiofibularis) a

* M soleusM soleus dt

M tibialis posterior I

A. tibialis posterior aa A fibularis

N t ib ia l i s

l\4 flexor digitorum longus &

f M fibularis [peroneus] longus

o l\4 l lexor hallucis longus

A tibialis posterior a

s [/] fibularis [peroneus] brevis

lvl t ibialis posterior, Tendo @

Rr malleolares mediales a

M flexor hallucis longus, Tendo *a Rr malleolares laterales

Tendo calcaneus

Rr calcanei O

a Rete calcaneum

Fig .1111 Ar te r ies and nerves o f the pop l i tea I fossa , FossapopI i tea , and the pos ter io r reg ion o f Leg, Reg io c rur is pos ter io r ;deeoest laver .

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popt i teal fossa Leg Foot

Veins and nerves of the foot


Malleolus lateralis

N cutaneus dorsalis medialis

N culaneus dorsalis intermedius

V saohena parva o

t: N saphenus

, N cutaneus surae medialis (N tibialis)

a V saphena magna

Malleolus medialis

o V saphena magna

, N. saphenus

o V maroinalis medialis

a V pertorans

cutaneus dorsalislateralis

V marginalis lateralis O

Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis o

Vv digitales dorsales pedis a

Nn digitales dorsales pedis

Fig , 1415 Ep i fasc iaL ve ins and nervesD o r s u m p e d i s .

t N tibularis profundus, Nn digitalesr l ^ rca lac na . l i c

of the dorsum o f foo t ,

> Lower t imb

Arteries and nerves of the

M extensor digitorum longus fi

l\4 extensor hallucis longus *

R perforans (A fibularis) a

A tibialis anlerior a

A malleolaris anterior lateralis a

Rete malleolare laterale a

L4m extensores digitorum et hallucis brevis O

A tarsalis lateralis a

(A arcuata) a

Aa metatarsales dorsales a

Aa digitales dorsales a

Sur face lSke le ton l Musc tes

foot

s M tibialis anterior, Tendo

o A malleolaris anterior medialis

a Rete malleolare mediale

a A malleolaris anterior medialis

; N fibularis prolundus

* Rr musculares (N fibularis profundus)

a Aa tarsales mediales

a A dorsalis pedis

o A plantaris profunda

|) l \4 extensor hallucis brevis, Tendo

a M extensor hallucis longus, Tendo

', Nn digitales dorsales pedis

1 408

,r-l:/ 1 , '

F ig ,1116 Ar te r ies and nerves o f the dorsum o f foo t .D o r s u m o e d i s .' l I+15

Topography I SectionsThigh Popl i teaI fossa Leg Foot

Aa digitales plantares propriae

Aa. digitales plantares communes

Arcus plantaris profundus

A olantaris lateralis

27 To 26 o/o

Fig. 1418 a-d Var iat ions in the ar ter ia I suppLy of the sole offoot , Ptanta.a Dorsalis pedis artery, A. dorsatis pedis, as major suppty for

the deep p lantar arch, Arcus ptantar is profundusb Posterior t ibiaL artery, A. t ibiatis posterior, as major suppl.y

for the deep ptantar arch, Arcus ptantaris profundusc The fifth toe and [ateraI parts of the fourth toe are supp[ied by

the poster ior t ib iaI ar tery, A. t ib iat is poster ior , whereas the

Aa metatarsalesolantares

A. plantaris profunda (A. dorsalis pedis)

R superficialis

R. profundus

A. olantaris medialis

A. tibialis posterior

Fig. 1117 Arteries of the sote of foot,Planta;overytew.

13 Vo

remaining mediatty located toes receive their arteriat supptythrough the dorsalis pedis artery, A. dorsatis pedis.The fifth and fourth toe as wet[ as lateraI oarts of the thirdtoe are suppt ied by the poster ior t ib ia l . ar tery, A. t ib iat isposterior, whereas at[ remaining mediaLl.y located toesreceive their arteriaI suppl.y through the dorsatis pedisartery, A. dorsatis pedis.

o/o

Nn digitates .iptanlares communes

Aa metatarsales plantares a

N plantaris lateralis, *,R superficialis


Rr calcanei mediales (N tibialis)

> Lower t imb

Arteries and nerves of the foot

Nn digitales plantares proprii ::

Aa digitales plantares propriae a

Sur face lSke l .e ton l Musc tes

a N digitalis plantaris proprius

Retinaculum musculorum f lexorum

{ N plantaris medialis

a A tibialis posterior

N plantaris lateralis

Fi1.1119 Arteries and nerves of the sote of foot, Ptanta

Topography I Sect ionsThigh Popl i teal fossa Leg Foot

M flexor digitorum brevis, Tendines a

Nn. digitales €planlares communes

A. plantaris lateralis a

M abductor digiti minimi a

ADoneurosis olantaris

M flexor digitorum brevis o

Rete calcaneum a)

Arteries and nerves of the foot

o Aa digitales plantares propriae

o Aa. digitales plantares communes

o M flexor hallucis longus, Tendo

a M flexor hallucis brevis

a M. flexor digitorum longus

a M. abductor hallucis

a M quadratus plantae

.9 (B cutaneus)

s N plantaris medialis

Betinaculummusculorum flexorum

* (R muscularis)


& N. olantaris lateralis

o M. abductor hallucis*

1t+13

Fig.112O Arteries and nerves of the so[e of foot, Ptanta;oeep rayer.* The distaI extension of the mediaI retromatteolar spacebeneath the abductor hal lucis muscte is atso known as tarsaItunne[ .

1419

1t+21

> Lower t imb

Arteries of the foot

Nn digitales plantares proprii

Nn digitales plantares :communes

Aa metatarsales plantares a

Arcus plantaris profundus a

Sur fnc * lSke le t cn l Musc les

e M flexor hallucis longus. Tendo

* Caput transversum I

I M adductor hallucis

a caput obtiquum )

C [,,] flexor hallucis brevis

o R perforans*

f R. superficialis ,I

N plantaris lateralis 1t -\ H. proTunous

1 r+1 l+

tI

t ,1I+20

l \4 adductor hallucis, Caput obliquum {l

A plantaris lateralis a

lvl abductor digit i minimi I

flexor digitorum brevis a


Rete calcaneum a

Fig , I t21 Ar te r ies and nerves o fd o o n o c i l a r r e r

+ Anas tomos i s w i t h t he do rsa [ i s ped i s

a A plantaris medialis, R superticialis

c lvl f lexor hallucis longus, Tendo

o M llexor digitorum longus, Tendo

6 l\4 quadratus plantae

o M abductor hallucis

,' N. plantaris medialis

Retinaculum musculorumtlexorum


the soLe o f foo t , P tan ta ;

a rte ry

Topography I SertrorrsThiqh Pnp l i tea I fossa LeU Foot

Compartments of the foot

/ : / t''r'/'' ' '



M extensor digitorum longus, Tendines

M extensor digitorum brevis

Ossa metatarsi

(Septa longitudinalia)

V saphena magna

N fibularis profundus

A dorsalis pedis

l \4 extensor hallucis longus,Tendo


Lig plantare longum

l\4 flexor hallucis longus, Tendo

Fig. 1122 Compartments of the foot;q i o n u r i q o < o c i i n n

r Snace o f t he i n l e rosse i musc tes* * La te ra I compar tmen t* * * Med iaL compar tmen t* * * * I n t eTmed ia te compar tmen t

> Lower t imb

Thigh, oblique section

M gluteus medius a

A ; V. glutea superior a a

N gluteus superior .,,

Lig i l iofemorale

l\4 piriformis, Tendo a

l \4 gemellus superior a

M obturatorius internus, Tendo O

M gluteus maximus c

M gemellus inferior a

A; V glutea inferior a O

N gluteus inferior

M obturatorius externus a

N isch iad icus ,

N cutaneus femoris Dosterior ,

a lvl tensor fasciae latae

a l\4 gluteus minimus

a M sartorius

Sur face lSke le ton l MuscLes

Leg

a l\4 rectus femoris, Tendo

C M iliopsoas

, N femoralis

a A femoralis

Bursa subtendinea iliaca

o V femoralis

a M pectineus

a A profunda femoris

g N obturatorius

o M adductor longus

a M adductor brevis

a M adductor magnus

t M quadratus femoris

t l\4 semitendinosus

N4 semimembranosus, Tendo s

Fiq .1123 Th igh , Femur ;o b L i q u e s e c t i o n t h r o u g h t h e h i p j o i n t

Topoqraphy I Sect ionsFont

Thigh and leg, cross-sections

a M rectus femorisM vastus intermedius a

M semitendinosus C

l\4 extensor hallucis longus I

M extensor digitorum longus I



lr4 fibularis lperoneusl brevis I

M fibularis [peroneus] longus a

Septum intermuscularecruris posterius

Fibu la

M {lexor hallucis longus a

Fig . I t21 Th igh , Femur ;c ross-sec t ion th rough the midd te o f the th igh .

M tibialis anterior e Fascia cruris

a l\4 vastus medialis

o v saphena magna

o o A ; V f e m o r a l i s

I l\4 sartorius

a M gracilis

o M adductor magnus

o M adductor longus

O l\4 semimembranosus

N fibularis profundus

I M flexor digitorum longus

a v saphena magna

Membrana interossea

a M tibialis posterior

O A tibialis posterior

Fascia lata

M vastus lateralis t

Femur

Tractus iliotibialis

M biceps femoris. Caput breve O

M biceps femoris, Caput longum O

N ischiadicus

a A tibialis anterior

M soleus o

N tibialis

A fibularis a o V saphena parva

Fig .1 t25 Leg, Crus ;c ross-sec t ion th rough the midd te o f the Leg.

o M gastrocnemius,Caput mediale

I

> Lower t imb

Leg and foot, sections

N fibularis profundus *

A dorsalis pedis a

N libularis superficialis I

M extensor digitorum longus, Tendo a


NI fibularis [peroneus] |longus, Tendo

M fibularis lperoneus] brevis o

A fibularis O

M flexor hallucis lonous I

V saphena parva a

M extensor digitorum brevis, Tendo a

l\4 extensor digitorum longus, Tendo a

M fibularis lperoneus] tertius, Tendo *

Caput tali

Fascia pedis

Proc lateralis tali

M fibularis [peroneus] brevis, Tendo c

M fibularis [peroneus] longus, Tendo t

a l\4 extensor hallucis longus, Tendo

a M tibialis anterior, Tendo

Tendo calcaneus

Fi1.1126 Leg, Crus;cross-sect ion just above the ank[e jo int .

t l\4 extensor hallucis longus, Tendo

a M tibialis anterior, Tendo

,, N saphenus

O V saphena magna

N saphenus

a Nil t ibialis oosterior, Tendo

a lvl flexor digitorum longus, Tendo

6 N t ib ia l i s


a M plantaris, Tendo

o V saphena magna

Lig collaterale mediale

Sustentaculum tali

I l \4, t ibialis posterior, Tendo

c M flexor digitorum longus, Tendo

a M llexor hallucis longus, Tendo

O A plantaris medialis

s N plantaris medialis

E N plantaris lateralis

o A plantaris lateralis

0 l\4 ouadratus olantaeTendo calcaneus

Fi1.1127 Foot, Pes;ob I ique sec t ion th rough the ca tcaneus and the head o f the ta tus

Musctes

Topography I Sect ionsFoot


Os cuboideum


Os metatarsi l l

M interosseus dorsalis pedis I

M extensor digitorum longus, Tendo

Phalanx proximalis

Foot, sagittal sections

Lig plantare longum Aponeurosis plantaris


N plantarislateralis

Tendo calcaneus


Lig talocalcaneumInterosseum

Calcaneus

M quadratus plantae

M llexor digitorum longus,Tendo

M adductorhallucis,

Caput obliquum

l\4 flexordigitorum brevis

N4 libialisanterior, Tendo

Fig .1 t28 Foot , Pes ;saq i t taL sec t ion th rouqh the second toe .

Fig.1t29 Foot, Pes;magnet ic resonance tomography image {MRl ) ; sag i t ta I sec t ion

Tibia


Talus

(Articulatio talonavicularis)

Os naviculare

l\4. f lexor hallucis longus

Linea epiphysialis

M triceps surae,Tendo calcaneus


Lig talocalcaneuminterosseum

CalcaneusLig plantare longum

> Lower t imb

Foot, cross-section

. . . Topography I Sect ionsFoot

and pedograms

l \4 interosseus dorsalis oedis l l

l/m extensores digitorum longuset brevis, Tendines


M interosseus dorsalis Dedis lll

M interosseus dorsalis oedis lV

Mm extensores hallucis longus et brevis, Tendines

M interosseus dorsalis pedis I

M. interosseus plantaris I

l\4, adductor hallucis, Caput obliquum

M abductor hallucis


(Eminentia plantaris medialis)M. flexor hallucis brevis

Mm flexores digitorum longus et brevis, Tendines

(M opponens digit i minimi)


lvl f lexor digit i minimi brevis

(Eminentia plantaris lateralis)M interosseus plantaris lll

l\4 inlerosseus plantaris ll

Fig . 1430 Osteo f ib rous tubes o f the foo t ;f ron taL sec t ion th rough the meta tarsus

F ig .1431 a-c Foot p r in ts , pedograms.a N o r m a I f o o tb Pes cavusc Ftat foot

I ItnoexThe numbers refer to the page numbers.

The numbers wi th ,T" refer to the numbers of the tabtes in the separate booktet enctosed in Volume 1.

A

Abdomen- computed tomography 248-21+9,

251,255- cross-section 248-251- frontal section 244-245- median section 2/+2- sagi t taI sect ion 243, 246-247Abdomina I v i sce ra 158 , 162 , 166 ,

172- ar ter ies 168

Abdominal wa[[ 58, 66, 69-71- anter ior , v iewed f rom inside 59,

71- innervat ion, segmentat , sensory

67- muscles 52, 51+, 56-58, 60-51,

66, 72-73, T1 4-r1 6- posterior 220-221- sketeton project ion 47- surface anatomy 46Acetabutar f loor 274Acetabular root 27 4, 280Acetabutum 256, 261, 266Achi l tes tendon s. Tendo catcaneusAcini pancreat ic i 153Acromion 1-2,26, l+7-/+8, 122Adductor canal 357-358Ata- ossis i t ium 72,254,264,

266 -267 , 273- - sac r i 10AlcocK's canat 230, 258Amputta- duc tus de fe ren t i s 71 , 191 ,

195-196,236- lDuodenuml 130 ,

' 132 , 134 -135 ,

179- hepatopancreat ica 135, 154- recti 21 0, 215, 242, 252-253,

257-258- tubae uter inae 140,167,201,

203,209,253Ana[ h iatus 230Anastomoses, portocava[ 181,

t t J

Angte- between neck and shaft of the

lemur 276- of antetorsion, femur 277Angutus(- i)- costae 49, 101- in fe r io r 1 -2 ,26-27- infrasternal is 46-47- mand ibu lae 12- ossis pubis 266- sterni 46, 50- subpubicus 268- superior 2Ansa subclavia 117,120Anteftexio {Uterus) 203Anteversio IUterus] 203Antrum pyloricum 130, 133, 135,

247AnuLus- femoral is 229- f ibrosus 24-25,29,42- - dexter lCorl 77,8t,- - lDiscus intervertebratisl

/+5- - sinister lCorl 77,79,84

Anulus- inguinal is profundus 60,71,225- - super f i c ia [ i s 55-58 ,50-61,

70,238-239- umbil icaLis 46, 52, 56, 58, 6o,

7 0, 7 2-73, 1 40, 159, 2/+2Anus 21 0, 212-21 /+, 230, 232-233,

235Aorta 29, 35, 7 6-77, 83, 87, 122,

126, 174,242,249,359- abdominal is s. Pars abdomi-

natis aortae- ascendens s. Pars ascendens

aortae- congestion, cottateraL circu[a-

t ion 69- descendens s. Pars descendens

aortae- thoracica s. Pars thoracica

aortaeApe rtu ra- petvis inferior 264-265- - superior 264-265Apex- capit is f ibutae 283, 291- cordis 7 /+-80, 84-85, 98-99,

1 0 1- dentis 5- ossis sacri 1 0-1 1- patellae 284,290-291- pulmonis 94-95, 98-99, 110,

123- vesicae 190-191,252Aponeurosis- muscu[i obtiqui externi abdo-

min is 60-61- plantaris 299,30t+, 338, 340,

342,37 6-379,383-384Appe nd ix(-cesl- epididymidis 193,239- epiptoicae s. Appendixl-cesl

omentates- f ibrosa hepatis 142-143, 160,

166- omentales 138-'139, 162,165,

226,258- tes t i s 192-193,239- vermi fo rmis 138-140, 163-166,

175,209,251- - project ion 140- - variat ions in posit ion 140- vesiculosae 200-201, 204Arachnoidea mater- craniaLis 40- spina[is 40-41,43-45Arcus- an ter io r a t lan t is 6 ,12 ,19- aortae 7 4-75, 8l+-85, 89, 98-99,

1 01 , 1 04-1 05 , 1 07-1 08 , 11 t+-115,118-120,122,124

- - AP- rad iograph 114- - b ranches 114- - var ia t ions 114- cart i taginis cricoideae 90- costa[is 3, 46-47, 52, 207- i t iopectineus 7 1, 269, 313, 317,

355- plantaris profundus 351, 375,

378- posterior attantis 6, 12,18-19,

33, 39-40- pubicus 268

Arcus- tendineus muscu[i levatoris ani

230-231,317- - - so le i 311,329,350,370- venae azygos 1 1 5- venosus dorsal is pedis 365,

373- - jugu tar is 110- ver tebrae 5-8 , 15 , 17 ,20 ,22 ,29 ,

32 ,41 ,45Area(-ael- cnDrosa lKenJ luJ- gastr icae 130- intercondylaris anterior 282,

293- - posterior 282- n u d a 1 1 9 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 5 , 2 4 2Areola mammae 64Arteria [-ae)- appendicutaris 168, 17/+- arcuata 183, 215, 351,374- ascendens 176- auricutaris posterior 38- axit taris 54, 113, 120, 122, 12/+- bulbi penis 234,240- - vestibuti 234- caecatis posterior 174- carotis communis 69,74-75,

89, 98-99, 104-107, 1 10-1 1 1,113-1 1 4, 1 17 -1 18, 120-124

- - ex te rna 114- - in te rna 114- caudae pancreatis 168- cerv ica l i s p ro funda 39 ,115- - superf icial is 66- circumflexa femoris lateral is

261,351,357-359- - - medial is 260-261,351,

357-359, 363-364- - humeri posterior 37,122- - i t iumpro funda 179,221,227,

231 , 356, 359- - - super f i c ia t i s 55 ,353,359- - scapu lae 37 ,122- col ica dextra 152,168,

17 4-175- - media 152,161,163-164,

168,174-177- - sinistra 167-168,175-177,

1 7 9 , 2 1 7- coronaria(-ael 84,86- - dextra 74-75,78-80,82,

8t -87 ,98, 119-120, 127- - - coronary angiograPhY 87- - sinistra 74-75,79-80,82,

8/+-87, 98, 1 1 9 -1 20' 1 27- - - coronaryangiograPhY 87- cremasterica 193, 225, 238- cystica 1 42, 1/+9, 168, 170, 172- descendens genus 351, 353,

356-358, 369- digitates dorsates (Pesl 374- - ptantares communes 375,

377- - - p r o p r i a e 3 7 5 - 3 7 7- dorsal is cl i tor idis 234- - ped is 351,368,37 t+-375,379,

382- - penis 199,227,23t+,238-240,

2l+4- ductus deferentis 60,193,197,

227

Arteria[-ae]- ep igas t r i ca in fe r io r 60-61 ,66 ,

69, 7 1 -72, 1 58-1 59, 173, 175,179, 196, 217 , 221 , 225,227 ,229 ,231 , 236,253-254,359

- - - col lateraI circutat ion 69- - superf iciat is 66, 353,359- - super io r 66 ,69-70,72- - - col lateratcirculat ion 69- femoral is 62, 69 ,73,218, 244,

256-257, 31 4, 317, 351, 353,355-359, 380-381

- - super f i c ia t i s 351,356- f ibu[aris 351, 366, 368-372,

381 -382- gastr ica[-ael breves 131, 166,

168,170,173- - d e x t r a 1 3 1 , 1 6 8 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 2- - posterior 170- - s in is t ra 106, 131, 152, 155,

1 60, 1 68, 170-173,178-179,218,2l+l+,247,2l+9

- gastroduodenatis 152, 168170-173,242,244

- gastroomentatis dextra 131,167-168,170-173

- - s in is t ra 131, 160, 168,170-173,2/+7

- gtutea interior 212,224-225,256-257 ,35 1 , 363-364, 380

- - superior 212,224-225,254,359, 363, 380

- he [ ic inae 198- hepatica communis 131,152,

1 68, 170-173, 178-179, 218, 249- - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h l T l- - propria 131,142,1t+6,152,

1 55, 1 67-1 68, 170-172, 179,2l+3-244,2/+9

- - variabit i ty 170- iteates 152, 168, 174-175, 251- iteoco[ica 1 68, 17 /+-175, 255- i l iaca communis 167,179,212,

21 4, 217 _21 8, 221, 22/+_229, 231,242-243,254,359

- - ex te rna 69 ,71 ,179,196,212,221 , 22t+-225 , 227 -229 , 231 ,236,253,317,354,356,358-359

- - in te rna 212,217,224-225.227 -229, 231, 354, 356, 359

- - - v a r i a t i o n s 2 2 4- iliolumbaLis 217, 221. 224-225,

229- inferior lateral is genus 289,

351, 368-369- - med ia l i sgenus 289,351,358,

369-372- intercostatisl- esl 70, 99, 120,

127- - posteriores l+5,54,73,75,

1 04-1 05, 112-113, 1 1 5-1 1 6- - suprema 115- in te r tobares (Ren) 183-184,216- intertobutares [Heparl 145- jejunates 152, 168, 17 4-175,

177 , 242,244- t ienatis s. Arterial-ael splenica- lobarisl-es) inferiores 98-99,

101, 126- - media 98- - superiores 98, 125

Arteria(-ael- t ob i cauda t i 142- lumbales 41, 179, 217, 221, 245,

359- matteotar is anter ior [ateral is

351 , 368 , 374- - - m e d i a l i s 3 5 1 , 3 7 4- marginat is cot i 168, 174-176- m e d i a g e n u s 2 8 9 , 3 5 1 , 3 6 9- mesenter ica infer ior 152,

1 67 -168, 17 4, 17 6-177 , 179 ,212,214 ,217 , 221 , 225 ,227 , 250 -251

- - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h l T 6- - - v a r i a t i o n s l T 6- - super ior 115,152-154,

1 67 -1 68, 170, 173-179, 187,217-218, 221,242-244,250-251 ,255

- - - A P - r a d i o g r a p h l T t +- - - v a r i a t i o n s l T 4- metatarsates dorsates 351, 368,

374- - p lantares 375-376,378- muscuLoph ren i ca 69- ob tu ra to r i a 71 , 212 , 22 l r - 225 ,

227 ,229,231,236-237 ,256-257 ,261 ,317 ,355 ,357 -359

- - var iabi t i ty 229- occ i p i t a t i s 37 -39- ovarica 152, 1 67, 201, 204, 209,

223,228-229,253- panc rea t i ca do rsa t i s 168 , 171- - i n f e r i o r 171- - magna 168- pancreat icoduodenat is inferror

168 ,173 ,177- - supe r i o ran te r i o r 171 ,173- - - poster ior 168,170-171,178- perforantes 351, 358-359,

362-363,369- per icardiacophrenica 69, 89,

112 -113 ,118- pe r i nea t i s 234 ,240- ph ren i ca i n f e r i o r 63 , 104 ,

172-173, 189 , 217 -218, 221- ptantar is Laterat is 304, 351, 375,

377 -378,382- - med ia t i s 301+ ,351 , 375 ,378 ,

382- - profunda 37/+-375- popl i tea 284, 289, 320, 329, 351,

358, 361 -363, 366, 369 -372- - var iat ions 370- n r o n : n r r e : t i r e 1 A Q

- p ro funda b rach i i 37- - femor is 256-257,261,351,

356-359, 380- - pen i s 198 -199 ,226 -227 ,239 ,

244- pudenda externa 66, 238,353,

359- - i n t e rna 210 ,212 ,22 /+ -225 ,

227 -229 , 231 , 234, 236-237 ,240-241, 256-258, 260-261,363-364

- pu tmona t i s l - es l 112- - dextra 7t-76,84-85,88-89,

95, 98-1 01 , 1 05, 1 07, 119, 125- - s in ist ra 7/+-75,84-85,88-89,

95, 98-99, 1 05, 1 07, 113, 12/1- r ec ta l i s 212- - i n f e r i o r 168 ,212 ,227 -228 ,

240-241- - med ia 212 ,224 -225 ,227 -229- - super ior 167-168,176-177,

179 , 210 , 212 , 217 , 227 -229 ,25/1

Arterial-ael- r ecu r rens t i b i a t i s an te r i o r 351 ,

368- - - pos te r i o r 351 ,369 -370- renat is 152, 182-183, 185, 187,

1 89, 21 6-21 8, 221, 2t+2-243,245-246,250

- - accesso r i a 217- - ar ter iography 216- - po [a r i s i n f e r i o r 216- - - s u p e r i o r 2 1 6- - va r i a t i ons 216- sacraLis [aterat is 224-226- - m e d i a n a 1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 7 ,

221, 225, 227 -229, 253, 359- segmental is basal is anter ior 98- - - l a t e r a t i s 9 9- - - m e d i a t i s 9 9- - - p o s t e r i o r 9 9- segmen t i lA r ena t i s ) 216- - an te r i o r i s hepa t i c i 124- - - r e n a t i s 1 7 1- - pos te r i o r i s hepa t i c i 124- - - r ena l i s 171- s i gmo ideae 1 67 -1 68 , 17 6 -177 ,

1 7 9 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 7 , 2 5 4 , 2 s 8- spinal is anter ior 45- sp[enica 152, 154-156, 1 61

1 67 -1 68, 170-173, 178-179 , 218,245,248-249

- subctavia 7 4-75, 89, 98-99,104-107, 1 1 1 -1 13, 1 15, 1 17, 123

- - dextra 69,99, 11/r , 118, 120- - s i n i s t r a 99 ,114 ,120 ,124- subcostat is 1 15-1 1 6, 21+5- subscapu [a r i s 124- supe r i o r l a t e ra l i s genus 351 ,

366 ,368 -369- - med ia t i s genus 351 , 358 , 362 ,

368-369- sup raduodena t i s 168- sup ra rena t i s 189- - i n f e r i o r 182 ,189 ,217- - med ia 182 , 189 ,217- - super ior 182,189- - va r i a t i ons 189- sup rascapu la r i s 120- su ra [es 351 ,369 -370- tarsat is l -esl [aterat is 351,374- - mediates 351,374- test icutar is 70-71, 152, 179,

193-194, 197 , 217 , 221 -222238-239, 243, 251, 254, 256

- - va r i a t i ons 217- thoracica interna 63, 66, 69, 88,

110, 1 12, 1 1 4-1 15, 1 18, 120, 124,1 2 6

- - - cot tateraI c i rculat ion 69- - latera[ is 66- t ho racoac rom ia t i s 120- thoracodorsat is 124- thyroidea infer ior 106- - s u p e r i o r 1 1 0- t i b i a t i s an te r i o r 283 , 351 ,

366 -370 ,372 ,37 /+ ,381- - pos te r i o r 351 ,366 ,369 -372 ,

375-378,381 -382- t ransversa cot t i 38-39- umbit icat is 70-71 , 159, 185,

207 ,224-225, ?27-229, 236- u re th ra [ i s 199- uter ina 204, 224, 228-229- - Var iabi t i tdt 204- - var iabi t i ty 204- vaginal is 204, 228-229- vertebrat is 24, 34, 37, 39-40,

106 ,114 .120

Arterial -ael- vesicat is(-esl infer ior 225,

227-228- - supe r i o res 70 ,224 ,227 ,229 ,

260Ar te r i es , h i p 359Arter lography 216Arthroscopy, Art icutat io genus

292Art icutat io l -nesl- acromioctavicular is 122- at tantoaxiat is lateraLis 17-19- - med iana an te r i o r 19- - - p o s t e r i o r 1 9- a t t an toocc ip i t a t i s 17 -19- catcaneocuboidea 263, T39- cap i t i s cos tae 8 , 14 ,20 ,22- costotransversar ia 8, 14,20- costovertebrales 20-22- coxae 257, 263, 268-271, 273,

278-279,139- - AP-radiograph 280- - LAUENSTETN project ion 280- cuneocuboidea 2f f i , f39- cuneonavicuLar is 263, T39- femoropatel lar is 263, 284- genus 263, 28t+-289, 292, 323,

T39- - AP - rad rog raph 291- - ar throscopy 292- - cross-sect ion 284- - f rontaI sect ion 290- - [ateraI radiograph 291- - MRt 293- - sagi t taI sect ion 290- humeri 122-123,T39- intercunei formes 263, T39- intermetatarsates 304, T39- i n t e rphaLangeae ped i s 263 , I 39- lumbosacrat is 268-271- membr i i n f e r i o r i s 2$ , f 39- - - t i b e r i 2 6 3 , 1 3 9- meniscofemorat is 263- men i sco t i b i a l i s 263- metatarsophatangea{-ael 253,

302, 304, T39- - hat tucis 336- pedis 300-303- sacrococcygea 226, 252, 264- sacroi t iaca 1, 1 6, 17 6, 205, 230,

25 4, 263 -264, 268-269, 27 1 -27 3,280, 317 ,139

- sternoctavicuLar is 46, 51, 1 1 9- sternocostales 51- sub ta ta r i s 263 ,304 -305 ,383 ,

T39- ta locatcaneonavicutar is 263,

303-305, T39- - AP-radiograph 305- - f rontal sect ion 304- - tateral radiograph 305- - sagi t taI sect ion 304- ta locrurat is 263, 301, 304-305,

383, T39- - AP-radiograph 305- - f rontaI sect ion 304- - lateraI radiograph 305- - sagi t ta l sect ion 304- ta[onavicutar is 383, T39- taLotarsat is 263, 304, I39- tars i t ransversa 296, f39- tarsometatarsaLes 263, 29 6

304, T39- t ib iof ibutar is 263, 282, 290-29 1,

293-294,T39- zygapophysiat is 12, 15-16, 23,

25 , 29 ,35 .272

Attas 4-7, 12, 17-19,31, 33-34,39-40

Atrium- cordis dextrum 74-76,78,82,

84-85, 89, 99, 101, 114, 119-121 ,127 ,2/+3-244,255

- - s in is t rum 75-76,79 ,8284-85, 89, 99, 101, 114, 119 ,126-127

Au ricu Ia- dextra 7 4, 78-80, 8l+, 98, 1 1 4- sinistra 7 /+-76, 79, 84-85, 98,

101, 114, 126Axitta 122-123Axis 4, 6-7, 12, 17-19, 33- petvis 265

B

Back 1 , 37- cutaneous innervation, segmen-

tat 36- dermatomes 36- [ ines o f o r ien ta t ion 1- muscles 26-34- regions 1

- , , - l ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ r ^ - . , I- J U r r d L g o i r d t u t I t y I

BARTHoLIN's gtand 200, 233,235Basis- ossis metatars i 295,298,302- - - h a t t u c i s 2 9 6- - sac r i 10 -11 ,15 ,273- pateltae 284,290-291

- prostatae 195- pu tmon i s 95- py ram id i s 183B i fu rcat io- ao r t ae 177 ,179 ,359- t racheae 90-91, 99, 102,

1 0 4 - 1 0 5 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 5- t r unc i pu tmona t i s 75 -76 ,85 ,89BoCHDALEK S t r iangte 63BOYD s vern 352Bronch i , segmen ta I s . B ronchus [ - i ]

seg m e nta [ is(-es]B ronch io tus l - i J 98- t e rm ina [ i s 98Bronchography/Bronchoscopy 93- Bi furcat io t racheae 102- segmen ta I b ronch i 102Bronchus[- iJ 90-92,98- ar ter iaI suppty 99- bronchography 93- bronchoscopy 102- int rasegmentat is 120, 124- [ ingu[ar is infer ior (B V) 90, 93,

102- - supe r i o r tB l v l 90 , 93 , 102- t oba r i s l - es l 92 , 107- - i n f e r i o r 126- - - dexter 90-91,95,120-121- - - s i n i s t e r 90 -91 ,93 ,98- - m e d i u s 9 0 - 9 1 , 9 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 6- - supe r i o r 125- - - dex te r 90 -91 ,95 ,99 , 104 ,

t z 3- - - s in is te r 90-91 ,93 ,98-99,

102- p r inc ipa t is dex ter 88 , 90-91 , 95 ,

99, 101 -102, 1 04-1 05, 107, 109,112, 115, 117 , 119-120, 125

- - s rn is te r 90-91 ,93 ,95 ,99102, 104-105, 113, 1 15, 117 ,119, 125

- project ion 90

Bronchus[-i I- seomen ta l i s l - es l 90 -92 99- - a n t e r i o r [ B l l l ] 9 0 , 9 3 , 1 0 2 ,

122 ,124 -125- - ap i ca t l s [B l J 90- - ap i copos te r i o r [B | + l l ] 90 ,

93 ,102- - basa t i s an te r i o r IB V l l l ] 90 ,

93,102- - - ca rd i acus [B V l l ] s

R rnn rh r r c [ - i l s cnmen ta t i sbasaL i s med iaL i s IB V l l ]

- - - l a t e ra l i s [B lX ] 90 ,93 ,102 ,1 2 7

- - - med ia l i s tB V l l l 90- - - pos te r i o r [B X ] 90 ,93 , 102 ,

126- - b ronchoscopy 102- - LateraLis tB lv l 90- - med ia t i s tB V l 90- - poster ior tB l l l 90, 124-125- - supe r i o r IB V l ] 90 , 93 , 102BRUNNER 's g tands 1 36Bu tbus- ao r t ae 79 , 87- penis '196,

198,236,252- vest ibul i 200, 228, 235, 237, 241,

261Bu rsa [ -ae ]- anse r i na 316

- inf rapatet lar is profunda 285,288-289

- i s ch iad i ca muscu l i ob tu ra ton li n t e rn i 31 1

- muscu [ i sem imembranos i3 29-33 1

- omen ta t i s 157 , 161 ,166 -167 ,247 -21+9

- subcu tanea ca l canea 338- - coccygea 37- - i n f r apa te ILa r i s 306 ,313- - prepate[ [ar is 284,306- - sacral is 37- - sp i nae i t i a cae pos te r i o r i s su -

pe r i o r i s 37- - t r ochan te r i ca 311- subfasciat is prepateL[ar is 288- sub tend inea i L i aca 256 ,

31 5 -31 6 , 380- - muscu t i gas t rocnem i i med i -

a l i s 31 1 , 329 -331- - - obturator i i in terni 256-257- - - s a r t o r i i 3 1 6- - p repa te t l a r i s 313- suprapatet tar i s 285,288,290,

292- t r ochan te r i ca muscu t i gLu te i

maximi 279, 319-321m e d i i 2 5 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 1 1 , 3 2 1

cCaecum 138 -140 , 158 , 162 -166 ,

175 ,209 , 251 , 254- project ion 140Ca tcaneus 295 -301 , 303 -304 , 383Ca I i ces rena les 216- majores 183,186,245- minores 183-184, 186, 246, 250Calx 262Canaf of ALCOCK 230,258Ca na t i s [ - es ]- adduc to r i us 314 ,35 ' 1- ana t i s 211 ,215 ,252- cerv ic is uter i 201-203, 253

Canal is [ -es]- i ngu ina t i s 239- nerv i hypogtossi 18- obturatorius 212-213, 230, 268,

2 7 8 - 2 7 9 , 3 1 6 - 3 1 7 , 3 5 5- pudenda t i s 230- py to r i cus 130 , 135 , 152- sacrat is 10-11, 24, 227, 252,

2 7 1 , 3 1 7- vertebra[ is 3, 24, 41 -43, 45, 317- - ve i ns 42Ca psu [a- ad iposa 182 , 188 , 217 , 245 -2L7 ,

249- ar t icuLar is {Art iculat io

atLantoaxiaLis Laterat is l 1 7-18- - {Art icuLat io at lantoocclp i ta[ is)

1 8- - [Ar t icutat io costovertebra[ is ]

2 1 - 2 2- - lAr t icutat io coxaeJ 268,

270 -271- - lA r t i cuLa t i o genus ) 285 , 290 ,

293,323- - [Ar t iculat io metatarsopha-

[angea ha t t uc i s l 336- - [Ar t icuLat io sternoclavicu-

t a r i s ) 51- - (Art icutat io zygapophysiat is l

25- - {Cotumna vertebraLis) 42- f i b rosa (Ren l 182 -184 ,246 -247Capu t- breve (M biceps brachi i l 54- - {M b i ceps f emor i s l 318 ,

320-323, 363, 381, r 40, r 46- cos tae 8 , 14 ,22 , / , 9- epid idymidis 192-194, 239, 252- f emor i s 256 , 259 -261 , 27 1 , 273 ,

275-277 ,279-280,359- f ibuLae 262, 282-283, 285-281,

29 1, 293-29 /+, 306, 3 1 3, 322, 332,367

- humeri 122-123- [ a t e ra l e lM gas t rocnem ius l

28 4, 28 6 -288, 320 -323, 32 6,328-330, 362, 369 -370, T 49

- - lM t r i ceps b rach i i l 52- [ ongum {M b i ceps b rach i i ] 122- - [M bicepsfemoris] 317-323,

362-363,380-381, T46- - lM . t r i ceps b rach i i l 37 , 52- med iaLe (M gas t rocnem ius )

284, 286-287,308, 320-321, 323,326, 328-331, 3 62, 369 -37 0, 381,r49

- ob t i quum IM adduc to r ha [ [ uc i s ]304 , 339 , 342 ,378 ,383 -384 , T52

- ossis metatars i 295,298- - - q u i n t i 2 9 6- panc rea t i s 134 ,140 ,1 52 -1 53 ,

1 67 , 173 , 179 ,243 -244- pha tang i s lPes l 295- rectum 278-279, 315, f /+4- ref lexum 278-279,315. T44- rali 295-298, 305, 382-383- t r ansve rsum {M adduc to r ha t -

luc is l 339-342, 378, T40, T52Card ia 109 , 130 -131 , 160 , 242 , 247Car ina t racheae 102, 119Car t i [ ago [ - i nes l- a r t l cu ta r i s 284- a r y teno idea 91- b ronch la tes 90 , 102- co rn i cu ta ta 91- cos ta l i s 51 , 55 , 57 -58 , 70 , 1 1 5 ,

125.127

CartiLagol-ines)- c r i co i dea 12 , 1 19- ep iphys iaL i s 274- f ibrosa IDiscus intervertebraLis l

272- hya[ ina IDiscus intervertebrat is l

272- t hy ro i dea 35 , 58 , 90 -91 , 104 ,

110,119-120- t r achea [es 90 -91 , 104 -105 , 119CaruncuLae hymenales 233, 235Cauda- epid idymidis 192-19 4, 252- equina 24, 29, 41, 1,3-44, 242,

250-251,25/+- panc rea t i s 13 / ' , 152 ,1 54 -1 55 ,

j 6 j , 1 66_1 67 , 179 , Zt+4,249Cave of RETZlus 207,252Cavea- thoracis 48, 55- - AP - rad iog raph

' 101

Cave rna ( -ae l- corpor is cavernosi 198-199- - spong ios i 199Cavi tas( - tesl- a r t i cu l a r i s {A r t i cuLa t i o coxae l

27 1 , 273 ,279 -280- g teno ida t i s 48 , 122- i n f r agLo t t i ca 119- m e d u t t a r i s 2 7 7 , 2 8 1- n a s i 1 2- pe r i ca rd i aca 119 ,125- per i toneal is 157, 1 67, 242-241+,

247 -251- - deve topmen t 157- p teu ra I i s 112 -113 , 117 , 121 ,

126 , 155 ,248 -249- serosa scrot i 61- symphysiaLis 272- thoracis 119, 124-125, 127- - c r 1 2 9- - frontal section 120-122- - med ian sag i t t a I sec t i on 1 19- - M R t 1 2 0 - 1 2 1- - t ransveTse sect ion 123,

125-126- uter i 201 -203, 237, 253, 259Cavum se rosum sc ro t i 61 ,194Cen t ru m- per inei 230-231- tendineum 55, 62-63, 73, 104,

106 , 112 -113 ,242 ,246CerebeL [um 40Cereb rosp ina I f Lu i d , punc tu re 44CervicaI part of the vertebral

c o t u m n 1 7 , 4 3- AP- rad iog raph

' 13

A T ' E

- l a t e ra I r ad iog raPh 12Cervix- u te r i 203 -205 , 237- ves i cae 195Ch iasma- crurate 326- ptantare 342- tarsate 326cHoPART's jo int 29 6, f39Cho rda t -ae l- a r t e r i ae umb i t i ca t i s 61 , 66 ,

7 1 -7 2, 1 58, 1 9 6, 229, 236, 253- t end ineae 79 -81- u rach l 61 ,72 ,236C ingu I um- membr i i n f e r i o r i s s C ingu tum

petvrcu m- - supe r i o r i s s C ingu tum Pec -

torate

lndex

Cingutum- pec to ra te 3 ,48- pe t v i cum 3 ,263 -264C isterna- cerebel lomedu[[ar is 40- c h y t i 1 1 6 , 2 1 8CLav i cu ta 3 , 46 -1 ,8 ,51 -52 , 90 , 1 01 ,

108 , 1 10 , 112 -1 13 , 118 , 120 ,122-123,159

Ctef t , uncovertebra[ 24C t i t o r i s 207 ,223 ,231C l i vus 18CocKETT'S veins 352Coe l i acog raphy 17 ' 1Co l t i cuLus sem ina l i s 190 , 198Co t t um 257- c o s t a e 8 , 2 0 , 4 9- femoris 259, 273, 275-280- f ibutae 283- t a t i 296 -298 ,305- ves i cae b i t i a r i s 149 -151C o t o n 1 3 8 - 1 3 9 , 1 8 8- AP- rad iog raph 141- ascendens 138 -141 , 158 ,

1 61-1 62, 1 65-1 66, 180, 186,214,251,254

- descendens 138 , 140 , 159 ,1 65-1 66, 1 7 7, 180, 186, 244-245,21,9-251, 25/'-255

- Layers of the watt 139- p ro j ec t i on 138- s i gmo ideum

' 138 , 140 , 157 -158 ,1 62 , 1 64 -167 , 175 , 177 , 179 , 207 ,2 0 9 , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 , 2 1 5 , 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 , 2 2 6 ,242, 24/+,251 -254,258

- t ransversum 138-1 40, 149,1 57 -1 58 , 160 -162 ,164 -166 ,175 ,242-21,4, 246-247, 249 -250

- - va r i a t i ons i n pos i t i on 141CoLonoscopy 141 , 21 1CoLumna [ -ae l- anates 210-21 1, 242, 252, 258- renales 183,246- r uga rum an te r i o r 235- verlehralis 2-4, L2- - nerves 42Commissu ra- [ ab io rum an te r i o r 235- - poster ior 235Compar t imen tum- c ru r i s an te r i us 366- - laterale 366- - poster ius 356Comp lexus s t imu tans co rd i s

82-83Computed tomography ICT)- abdomen 249 ,251- cerv icaI part of the vertebraI

co tumn 35- Lumbar part of the vertebraL

co tumn 35- Mm abdomin i s 73- Mm do rs i 29- petv is 254- - of the femate 257- - of the mate 256- t ho rac i c cav i t y 125Conduct ing system 82-83Co ndytus- l a t e raL i s IFemur ] 275 ,277 ,281 ,

285-287 ,290-293- - lTibia] 282,287,290-293- med ia l i s l Femur l 275 ,277 ,281 ,

285-287 ,290-293,3',l 3-3 1 4- - [T ib ia] 282,290-291,293,

327 , 329 ,33 1 -332- occ i p i t a t i s 6

Index

Con juga ta- ana tom ica 265- d i agona t i s 265- vera 264-265Conus a r t e r i osus 74 , 84 , i 8Cor 67, 7 4-75, 98, 1 1 /+, 262- ar ter iaI suppty 85- atr ium, lef t 79- - r ight 78, 82- batanced coronary ar tery supply

85-86- conduct ing system 82-83- coronary ar ter ies 84, 86-87- - co rona ryang iog raphy 87- dominant [ef t coronary ar tery

suppty 85-86- dominant r ight coronary ar tery

suppty 85-86- innervat ion 83- pos i t i on 77- - du r i ng exsp i r a t i on / i nsp i r a t i on

88- p ro j ec t i on 101- u l t r asound image 126- valves, points of auscul tat ion 77- - project ion 77- ventr ic te, le l t 79-82- - r i gh t 78 , 80 -82Cornu- an te r i us (Men i scus t a te ra t i s )

290,293- coccygeum 11- i n f e r i us (Ma rgo f a t c i f o rm is ) 306 ,

355- pos te r i us IMen i scus l a t e ra t i s ]

290,293- sac ra te 10 -11- supe r i us lMa rgo f a t c i f o rm is l

3 0 5 , 3 5 5Corona g l and i s 19 6 , 198 -199 , 252Corona ry ang iog raphy 87Coronary ar ter ies 84, 86Co rp us{ -o ra I- ad i posum i n f r apa te t [ a re 285 ,

290, 293,323- - pa ra rena te 188- - (Ren l 183- a tb i cans 201- anococcygeum 207, 226,

230-233, 235, 240-241 ,252,257- cave rnosum c l i t o r i d i s 207 ,235 ,

253- - pen i s 192 ,196 -197 ,199 ,222 ,

227 , 239 , 242-243 , 252, 259- - r ec t i 211- [Ctavicutal 46-47- ct i tor id is 231,253- c o s t a e 4 9 , 1 0 1- ep id i dym id i s 191 , 191+- femoris 215, 275, 277, 291- f ibutae 283,291- gastr icum 121, 128, 130,

132-133, 158, 1 60-1 61, 245- luteum 201-202- - mens t rua t i on i s 202- mammae 52- oss i s i [ i um 259 ,267- - i s ch i i 266 -267- - metatars i 295,298,334- - pubis 230,243,266-267- pancreat is 134, 152-155, 161,

166 ,173- p e n i s 1 9 7

Corpus(-ora)- s t e rn i 3 , 47 , 50 -51 , 55 , 90 , 1 1 9 ,

1 2 4 - 1 2 6 , 2 4 2- rat i 296-297,304- tibiae 282-283,291- uter i 201, 203-204, 237, 253,

259- vertebrae 5-9, 12-25, 29, 35,

41 , 1+5 , 72 , 125 , 155 , 188 , 249 ,251

- ves i cae 190 -191- - b i t i a r i s 1 4 9 - 1 5 1- - cystoscopy 190Corpuscu tum rena le 184Cortex- [G tandu ta sup ra rena [ i s ] 189- r ena t i s 183 -184 , 188 ,246 -247 ,

250Costa[-ae] 2-3, 5, 8, 11+-1 6, 20-22,

27 , 29 ,31 -32 ,3 /+ , 41 , 48 -49 ,54 ,58 , 63 , 69 , 73 , 1 03 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 3 ,1 15-1 1 6, 1 1 8-120, 1 22, 1 24-1 27,132 , 1 41 , 183 , 188 , 21 6 -217 , 220 ,245-250

- f t uc tuan tes [X l ; X l l ] 48- spu r i ae [V l l l -X l l ] 48- verae [ l -Vl l ] 48CoWPER s gland 226,232, 231-Coxa- valga 276- vara 276Cran ioce rv i caL j unc t i ons 1 7 -19- AP- rad iog raph 19Crista- capi t is costae 49- cot [ i costae 49- i t i a ca 1 -2 , 15 , 26 -27 , 37 , 44 , 47 ,

62 , 73 , 103 , 17 6 , 183 ,21 6 ,220 ,230, 254, 264, 266-267 , 271 , 273,307, 317, 319 -320, 322, 360, 361+

- inter t rochante r ica 273, 275-27 6- med ia t i s 283- obturator ia 266-267- occ i p i t a t i s ex te rna 6- pub i ca 266- sac ra l i s t a t e ra t i s 10- - med ia l i s 10- - m e d i a n a 1 0 - 1 1 , 1 5 , 3 6 0- u re th raL i s 190 , 198Crus [ - r a ] 263- ct i tor idrs 200, 235, 237, 261- compar tmen ts 366- c ross - sec t i on 381 -382- cu taneous i nne rva t i on 350- dex t rum {Fasc i cu tus a t r i oven -

t r i cu ta r i s l 82 -83- - [Pa rs l umba l i s , D iaph ragma l

62 -63 , 68 ,1 04 , 1 06 , 1 1 6 , 1 55 ,249 , r21

- extensors 326- f texors 326- [ a t e ra te [Anu lus i ngu ina t i s

supe r f i c i a t i s l 56 , 58 , 60 , 239- med ia te lAnu tus i ngu ina t i s

supe r f i c i a t i s l 56 , 58 , 60 , 239- muscles 324-332, I 47-T50- - l a t e ra l 366- - o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons

310 -311 ,32 /+ -325- osteof ibrous tubes 366- p e n i s 1 9 6 , 1 9 8 , 2 2 6 , 2 3 6 , 2 6 0- s i n i s t r um IFasc i cu tus a t r i oven -

t r i cu ta r i s l 82 -83

CumuLus oopho rus 202Cupu la p l eu rae 103 ,122C u rvatu ra- m a j o r 1 2 8 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 6 1- m i n o r 1 2 8 - 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 5 ,

1 60-1 61Cusp i s- anter ior {Valva atr ioventr icutar is

dextra l 77-78,81-82- - [Valva atr ioventr icu[ar is s in is-

t ra) 77,79-80,82,126- commissu ra [ i s dex t ra 77- - s in ist ra 77- poster ior [Valva atr ioventr icu-

[ar is dextra] 77 -78, 80-81- - lVatva atr ioventr icutar is srnrs-

I r a ) 77 ,79 -81 ,126- septat is lValva atr ioventr icuLar is

dex t raJ 77 -78 ,80Cu taneous i nne rva t i on , segmen ta t- back 36- lower l imb 346Cutaneous nerves, lower [ imo

349Cu t i s 70 , 188 , 210Cystoscopy 1 90-1 91

D

Defaecog raphy 21 5Dens ax i s 6 -7 ,12 ,18 -19Derma tomes- back 36- lower l imb 346D ia me te r l s l- ob t i qua | 264- obL iqua l l 264D iame te r I s ]- lof the petv is in the female

265- sag i t t a t i s 265- transversa 26L-265- t ube ra t i s 265Diaphragma 54-55, 59, 62-63,67,

69, 73, 87 , 101 , 104-112,1 1 6-121, 142, 144, 148-1 49 , 152,1 57, 1 59-1 60, 255,r21

- petv is 188, 237, 242, 245-246,249-250,T22

- - o f t he f ema te 230 -231 , 233- - o f t he ma le 232 ,236- u rogen i t a [e 231 , 241 , 243 , 261 ,

122- - of the femate 234-235- - of the mate 234D i g i t u s ( - i l- m in imus lPes ) 262 ,295- ped i s 263- p r imus IPes l s Ha t [ ux- quartus lPesl 262,295- qu in tus IPesJ s D ig i t us m in imus- secundus lPes) 262,295- ter t ius lPesl 262,295D r scus- ar t icutar is [Art icutat io stern-

ocLav i cu ta r i s l 51- i n t e rpub i cus 207 , 268 , 27 1 - 27 2 ,

T39- intervertebraLis 4, 12, 17,

19 -25, 29, 35, 42, 45, 178, 259,268, 27 1

Dista nt ia- intercr is ta l is 265- i n t e r sp inosa an te r i o r 265- - poster ior 265- pubococcygea 265

D ive r t i cu tum( -a l- ampu t l ae 191- ce r v i ca t 109- ep iph ren i c 109- i Le i 137- m id -oesophagea [ 109- o f MECKEL 137_ o f Z E N K E R 1 0 9DODD's veins 306, 352Dorsum- t ines of or ientat ion '1

- of the foot , muscles 333-337,T5 1 -T52

- pedis 262, 368, 373-37 4- p e n i s 1 9 7- r eg ions 1- surface anatomy 1DOUGLAS, Pouch o f 157 ,167 ,207 ,

229 ,253Duc t- of MULLER 192,200_ O fSANTORIN I 152- o f W IRSUNG 152- ofWoLFF 192,200D u ctu [usl - i J- aberrans infer ior 192,194- ef ferentes test is 194,252- p ros ta t i c i 190 , 198- transversi 200-201Duc tus [ -us ]- aLveolares 98- ar ter iosus IBOTALL0] 75- b i t i a r i s s Duc tus cho tedochus- b i t i f e r i n t e r l obu ta r i s 145- cho tedochus 142 ,146 ,1 50 -1 54 ,

170 , 172 , 179 ,243 , 249- - AP - rad iog raph 151 , 154- - va r i ab i t i t y 150 , 153- cys t i cus 131 , 150 -154 , 167 , 170 ,

179, 249- deferens {Vas deferensl 60-61,

70 -7 1 , 1 66 , 179 , 190 -192 ,19 4-197 , 221 -222, 226-227 , 236,238-239, 2/,3, 252, 256, 258

- - AP - rad iog raph 195- e j acuLa to r i us 190 , 192 , 195 -196 ,

1 9 8- epoopho ron t i s l ong i t ud ina t i s s

Duc tus [ ong i t ud ina t i s- exc re to r i us 153 , 196- g tandu tae bu tbou re th ra l i s 192 ,

198,234- hepa t i cus commun i s 131 ,

1 5 0 - 1 5 4 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 9- - dex te r 146 ,

' 150 -151

- - s i n i s t e r 1 5 0 - 1 5 1- tact i fer i 64- tongi tudinat is 200-201- mesonephr icus 192, 200- ompha loen te r i cus 137- panc rea t i cus 150 , 152 -154 ,

242-243- - accesso r i us 152 -153- - AP - rad iog raph 154- - va r i ab i t i t y 153- pa ramesoneph r i cus 192 , 200- n e r e r r r o t h r e l i c ? ? q

- t ho rac i cus 63 , 1 13 , 1 15 -1 ' 16 ,121, 124-127 ,245, 248-249

- venosus IARANIus] 143Duodenum 117 , 128 -130 , 133 -136 ,

1 40, 1 49 -154, 157, 1 60-1 61, 1 63,1 65-1 67, 17 0, 1 7 I -1 80, 243-244,25s

- AP-radiograph 132, 135- endoscopy 135- layers of the wal 136

- pha lang i s {Pes l 295 - - l pa r s t umba t i s , D iaph ragma)- spong rosum pen i s 192 , 63 , j 04 ,106 ,11 |6 ,2 /+9 . f 21

196 -199 ,222 ,232 ,239 ,242 ,252 , C ryp tae i n t es t i na [es s G tandu tae259-260 intest inates

Duodenum- project ion 134Dura ma te r- c ran ia l i s 19- spinal is 19, 40-41, 43-45, 119

E

Embryo , u t t r asound image 206Eminen t i a- i [ iopubica 230, 264, 266-267,

273- intercondylari s 282, 290-29 1- p tan ta r i s i n t e rmed ia 384- - l a t e raL i s 338 ,384- - med iaL i s 338 ,384Endoca rd ium 80Endoscop i c r e t r og rade cho lang io -

panc rea t i cog raphy tERCPI 1 54Ep i ca rd i um s Lam ina v i sce ra t i s

lPe r i ca rd i um se rosum jE pico n dytu s- l a t e raL i s l Femur l 275 ,281 ,284 ,

290-291- med iaL i s l Femur l 275 , 217 ,281 ,

284, 287 , 290-291,315Epididymis 61, 185, 192-194, 222,

239,242-243Ep igLo t t i s 12Ep ineu r l um 43Ep io r ch ium 194E pi p hysis- a n u t a r i s 5 , 7 - 9 , 2 4 - 2 5- o f t he head o f t he f emur 274Ep i s i o tomy 233E p i t h e t i u m 1 0 5 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 6 , 1 3 9Epoopho ron 200Erection 222Excavat i o- rectouter ina 157, 1 67, 201 -202,

205,207 ,229, 253,257- rectovesicaLis 166, 190, 196,

210 , 217 , 226 ,236 ,213 ,252- ves i cou te r i na 157 , 161 , 202 ,

205,201 ,209, 237 ,253Extremitas- acromialis 47, 122- an te r i o r (SpLen l 156 , 159- i n f e r i o r lRen l 1 64 , 167 ,186 ,

188 ,21 6- - {Tes t i s l 193- n n < t a r i n r l S n i a n l ' l 5 A

- s t e rna l i s 3 ,47 ,108- supe r i o r {Ren l 160 , 166 , 188 ,

216- - lTest is l 193- t uba r i a 201- u te r i na 201

F

Fa c ies- an te r i o r (G [andu la sup ra renaL i s l

1 8 9- - {Patel ta] 28L-285,290-291- - tRen j 188- anteroinferror 164- an te rosupe r i o r 161- ar t icutar is anter ior lAxis l 6- - calcanea 298- - - a n t e r i o r 2 9 7- - - m e d i a 2 9 7- - - p o s t e r i o r 2 9 7- - capi t is costae 49- - - f i b u l a e 2 8 3

Facies articularis- - cuboidea 297-298- - f i bu ta r i s 282- - i n f e r i o r lA t t as l 6_ _ _ lT ib ia l 292,291, ,301- - - (Vertebra tumbaLis) 9- - matteo[ i Latera[ is 283,294,

301- - - med ia l i s 282 ,294 ,301- - navicular is 297-298- - IPatet ta l 284-285,290,292- - poster ior (Axis l 6- - s u p e r i o r l A t t a s l 6 , 1 9- - - f T i b i a j 2 8 2 , 2 9 3- - t a t a r i s 303- - - anter ior 297-298,303- - - m e d i a 2 9 7 - 2 9 8 , 3 0 3- - - poster ior 297-298,303- - tubercul i costae 49- au r i cu ta r i s 10 -11 ,266- coL i ca 156

L ^ ^ - + i - a 1 ?- L U r r r d L r d i l e P d u 5 . | /

- costal is IPutmol 94-95- d i aph ragma t i ca {Hepa r l 142 ,

145,160-161- - lPu tmo l 95- - [SpLen l 156- do rsaL i s IOs sac rum i 26- gastr ica ISpten) 156, 166-167- g tu tea 267- i n t e r ve r t eb ra l i s 7 -9 ,12 , 11 ' - 16 ,

25- intest ina[ is 201-202, 209, 229,

253- La te ra t i s IF i bu ta ] 283- - [Test is l 193- - [Tibia] 282-283- [unata 230, 266-267, 279- matteotar is lateraLis 296-298- - mediaLis 296-298- med ia t i s (F i bu ta l 283- - {Ova r i um l 201- - {Tib ia l 282-283,306,327,367- pateI tar is 275, 281, 284-286,

290,292- pelv ica 1 1- popLi tea 275, 277, 291, 323, 328,

330, 369- poster ior IF ibuta] 283- - (P ros ta ta l 191- - l R e n l 1 8 8- - {Tibial 282-283- renaLis [SpLenl

'156

- sacropetv ica 266- super ior {Tatusl 297- symphys ia t i s 3 , 266 , 27 1 , 279- vesical is 202, 209, 253- v i s ce ra l i s lHepa r l 145 , 160- - {Sp ten ) 156Fatx sept i 79Fascia- ax i t t a r i s 58- b rach i i 58- c e r v i c a t i s 1 1 0 , 1 1 9- r l r w i n o r r n r r l i < 6 R

- cremaster ica 61, 193-194, 197,239,252

- c r i b rosa 218 ,306- c ru r i s 306 -307 , 328 , 365 -366 ,

381 -382- deLtoidea 26-27- do rsa I i s ped i s 306 ,379 ,384- g lutea 52, 307, 319, 362- i t i a ca 179- i n f e r i o r d i aph ragma t i s pe t v i s

230- inf raspinata 26-28

Fascia- i nves t i ens pe r i ne i supe r f i c i aL i s

s Fasc ia pe r i ne i- t a t a 306 -307 , 313 -315 , 319 ,

3 5 5 , 3 6 0 , 3 8 1- nuchae 39- obtu rator ia 230, 232-233, 317- ped i s 382- petv is par ietat is 253- - v i s ce ra t i s 237 ,252- pen i s p ro funda 197 ,199 ,238- - supe r f i c i a l i s 199- perinei 230, 232-235, 260- r o r t n n r n < t a f i r a 2 5 ?

- rectovagina[ is 207, 253- renat is 188,21,6-247- spe rma t i ca ex te rna 60 -61 , 70 ,

197 ,239- - i n t e rna 61 ,70 ,193 -194 ,197 ,

239- supe r f i c i a t i s ICana t i s i ngu ina t i s l

6 1- thoraco[umbal is 22, 24-32, 35,

52 ,72 ,319- t ransversal is 31, 58-62, 69,

72-73- vesicovaginaLis 207Fasc icu [us{ - i J- atr ioventr icuLar is 82-84- lateral is 122- Long i t ud inaLes I L i g c ruc i f o rme

a t t an t i s l 18 -19- m e d i a t i s 1 2 2- pos te r i o r 122- t ransversi lAponeurosis Plan-

tar is) 338Fat pad, parathymic

1 1 1Femur 3, 215, 256-257, 262-263,

273-277 , 280-281 ,284-287 ,290-293, 3 ' , ] 3-31 6, 323, 328, 330,3 6 9 , 3 8 1

- angLe between neck and shaf t oft he f emur 276

- - o f an te to r s i on 277- AP-radiograph 274- a r t e r i es 351 ,359- - d i g i t a t sub t rac t i on ang iog ra -

phy IDSA] 359- cross-sect ion 380-381- fascia 306-307- muscles 310-323, f42-f46- - o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons

3 1 0 - 3 1 1- s t r uc tu re o f t he t r abecu [a r bone

276- ve i ns 352Fibrae- intercrurales 56, 58, 60- obL iquae 129Fibula 262-263, 282-283, 285-287,

294 , 300 -301 , 304 -305 , 330 -331 ,335, 366, 381 -382

F r tumt -a l- r ad i cu ta r i a lN sp ina t i s ) 45- - poster iora 40- terminaLe 43, 2/+2, 252F imbr i a [ - ae ]- ovar ica 201- tubae uter inae 201,209,

253Fissu ra | -ae I- ho r i zon ta t i s pu lmon i s dex t r i

94-95,120- [ i gamen t i t e re t i s 142- obt iqua 9L-95, 99, 120-121,

12 / , - 127

lndex

Fissura(-ae)- porta l is dextra 147- - p r i nc i paL i s 147- umb i t i ca t i s 11 r7F ta t f oo t 303 ,384FLexio IUterus] 203Ftexu ra- anorecta[ is 210,226- c o l i d e x t r a

' 1 3 8 , 1 5 5 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 3 ,

165 -166 ,175- - s i n i s t r a 120 -121 ,132 , 138 ,

162 ,165 -166 ,175- d u o d e n i i n f e r i o r 1 3 1 , 1 5 3 , 1 7 5- - supe r i o r 153- duodeno je j una t i s 134 -135 , 152 ,

1 66-1 67 , 177 , 241- pe r i nea l i s s F l exu ra ano rec ta t i s- sac ra t i s 210 ,226Foetus, uLtrasound image 206FoLd of KOHLRAUSCH 210,252Fott i cu Lu st- i i- at ret icus 202- ova r i cus l - r l ma tu rus 202- - vesiculosi 201,253- p r ima r i i 202Foot s PesFoot pr ints 384Fo ramen{ - i na l- costotransversar ium 8, 21- ep ip l o i cum s Fo ramen omen-

ta[e- i n f r ap i r i f o rme 317 , 319 -321 ,

360,361- intervertebrale 4, 12, 1 /+-15, 22,

25 , 29 , 35 , 41 , 45 , 27 1- i s ch iad i cum ma jus 230 ,265 ,

2 6 9 - 2 7 1 , 3 1 9 , 3 6 0- - m inus 265 ,269 -271 ,317 ,

319,321- m a g n u m 6 , 4 0- nutr ic ium 282-283, 31 1- obturatum 229, 265-266, 269,

27 1 , 273-27 4, 280- omentaLe 160,166-167- ova[e lCor l 78- pap iL [a r i a 183- sac raL ia an te r i o ra 10 ,16 ,317- - pos te r i o ra 10 -11- sup rap i r i f o rme 317 , 319 -320 ,

360- t ransversar ium 6-7, 35- venae basivertebrat is 9, 25- - c a v a e 5 5 , 6 2 - 6 3 , 1 0 4 , 1 0 6 ,

r21- vena rum m in ima rum 78- ve r t eb ra [e 6 -9 ,35 , 125- WINSLOWI 160Fo rn ix- gas t r i cus 130 , 132 , 242 ,247- vaginae 202, 205, 207, 253Fossa- acetabut i 7 1, 230, 256, 260,

266 -267 , 273 ,279 -280- i t iaca 26t+,266,271- i ngu ina t i s l a t e raL i s 59 , 61 ,71 ,236- - med ia l i s 59 , 61 , 71 , 236- intercondylar is 275, 277, 281,

291 ,293- ischioanatis 232-233, 236

256-258- maIteo[ i Laterat is 283- navicutar is urethrae 198-199,

252- oval is 78- paravesicatis 59, 260-261- popl i tea 262, 307, 321, 360-363,

366,369-372

Index

Fossa- sup raves i ca l i s 61 , 71 , 236- t r ochan te r i ca 275 -277 , 279- ves t i bu l i vag inae 235Fovea [ -aeJ- cap i t i s f emor i s 273 , 275 -277 ,

279-280- costat is infer ior 8, 20- - p rocessus t r ansve rs i 8 -9 , 21 ,

45- - super ior 8-9,20-21- d e n t i s 6 , 1 9Foveolae gastr icae 1 30FRANKENHAUSER S gang t i on 223F renu [um- ct i tor id is 235,253- [ ab io rum pudend i 235- os t i i i t ea t i s 139- p repu t i i 199Fu nd us- gastr icus 120, 128-130, 132,

149 , 160- uter i 167, 201-204. 207, 209,

253- vesicae 167, 195-196, 198- - b i l r a r i s 1 /+9 -150 ,158 , 163 ,

166Fun i cuLus- spe rma t i cus 56 -58 ,60 ,68 , 193 ,

197 , 218,226-227 , 238, 256,306,3 54-355

- umbit icaI is 70, 206, 208

G

Gang t i on ( - i a l- ca rd i acum 120- ce r v i ca te med ium 83 ,117 ,120- - supe r i us 83- ce r v i co tho rac i cum 83 , 117 ,120- coe l i aca 21L ,249_ of FRANKENHAUSER 223- mesen te r i cum i n fe r i us 214- pe t v i ca 214 ,222 -223- sac raL ia 225- senso r i a ne rvoTUm sp ina l i um

21 ,40 -43 ,45- s t e t l a t um s Gang [ i on ce rv i -

cot horacic u m- t ho rac i ca 113 -114 , 117 ,

120-121- t r unc i s ympa th i c i L1 -43 ,45 ,

21 /+ ,222 -223

- - devetopment 200- - external 233,235,241- - innervat ion 223- - i n t e rna l 204 ,209- male 222,239- - development '192

- - ex te rna l 197 ,238 ,240- - i nne rva t i on 222Genu 263- muscles 323GIf4BERNAT s [ igament 355

G ta nd Is l- of BARTHoLIN 200,233,235- o f BRUNNER 136- o f c o w P E R 2 2 6 , 2 3 2 , 2 3 4G landu [a l - ae ]- areotares 64- bu lbou re th ra t i s 192 , 196 , 198 ,

222 , 226 ,232 , 234 , 236- duodena tes 136- gas t r i cae 130- r n tes t i na tes 136 , 139- mammaria 125-127- oesophageae 105- sup ra rena t i s 152 , 161 , 167 , 179 ,

182 , 185 , 189 , 217 , 245 , 249- thyroidea 104-105, 107,

1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 1 1 8 - 1 1 9- t r achea les 91- vesicutosa 191-192, 195-196,

222 , 226 -227 , 236 ,242 -243 ,256 ,258

- - AP - rad iog raph 195- ves t rbu [a r i s ma jo r 200 , 233 ,

235,237Gtans- cLi tor id is 200, 207, 233, 235- pen i s 192 , 196 -199 ,222 ,

242 -243 ,252GL ISS0N, T r i ad o f 145G lomus coccygeum 253GRAAF ian f o t t i c t e 201Gube rnacu lum tes t i s 70 , 192

H

HAcH, deep pe r f o ra t i ng ve in o f 352H a e m o r r h o i d s 2 1 1HaLtux 262, 295,299Haus t ra co l i 138 -139 , 141 , 1 63HEAD, zones of 67Hea r t- ax i s 80- shadow 101- s h a p e 1 0 1- - ao r t i c knob 101- - - o f pu tmona rya r t e r y 101- - - o f t he t e f t / r i gh t a t r i um 101- - arch of the ventr ic [e 1 01- ve i ns 85HEISTERSvaLve 150Hepa r 54 , 67 , 119 -121 , 131 ,

1 42-1 46, 1 49 -150, 154- 1 55, 1 57,1 80, 1 88, 242-241. 246-250. 255

362- ao r t i cus 62 -63 , 104 , 179 , f 21- oesophageus 62-63, 104-105,

107 , 109 , 179 , 217 , 221 , T21- sac ra l i s 10 -11- saphenus 306 , 354 -355- u rogen i t a t i s e t an i 230H i t u m- (GLandu ta sup ra rena t i s l 182- r ena [e 182- sp ten i cum 156 , 161 , 219

H i p- a r t e r i es 359- muscles 310-322, T42-f 43Horseshoe k i dney 1 85H u m e r u s 3 , 1 2 4HUNTER s ve in 352Hyda t i d , s t a t ked 201Hymen 235Hysterosatpingography 203

I

l t eum 137 -11 r0 , 157 -158 , 162 -163 ,1 66, 175, 209, 215,242-244,251 ,254-255

lmpo ten t i a- coeundi 222- generandi 222rmpress ro- ca rd i aca 95- colica 142- duodena [ i s 142- gas t r i ca 142- oesophagea 142- r ena t i s 142- sup ra rena l i s 142Inc t su ra- ace tabu I i 266 -267- angu la r i s 128 , 130 , 132 ,135 ,

1 6 0- ap i c i s co rd i s 84 -85- ca rd i aca pu lmon i s s i n i s t r i

9 4 - 9 5 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 0- cardia[ is 128,130- c t av i cu l a r i s 50- costal is 50- f i bu ta r i s 282- ischiadica major 266-267- - m ino r 266 -267 ,280- j ugu [a r i s lS te rnum] 46 ,50- t i gamen t i t e re t i s 142- panc rea t i s ' 152

- ve r t eb ra l i s i n f e r l o r 8 , 12 , 15- - s u p e r i o r 1 2 , 1 5I n fund rbu I um- duc tus pa ramesoneph r i c i ' 192

- tubae uter inae 200-201,204,209, 228,253

I n g u i n a I c a n a [ 6 1- wal ts 60Ingu ina I he rn i a 61- d i r ec t , med ia [ 61- i nd i r ec t , La te ra [ 61In j ec t i on , ven t rog Iu tea [ 364Insu ta panc rea t i ca 153In te race tabuLa r t i ne 265In te ra r t i cuLa r po r t i on 8 , 15IntermetatarsaI jo ints s Art icul .a-

t i o l - nes l i n t e rme ta ta r sa [esIn te r sec t i o t end inea 46 , 56 -58In te r sp ina I t i ne 265In tes t i na I deve lopmen t 1 57In tes t i num- c rassum 67 ,163 -165- t enue 67 , 136 , 159 , 163 -164 ,

252-253- - layers of the watL 1 36In t r o i t us vag inae 223l s thmus 8 , 15- g tandu lae t hy ro i deae 104- t ubae u te r i nae 201 ,209 ,229 ,

253- u ler i 201-202,253

J

Jejunum 132, 13/.-135, 137, 152,154, 157, 1 62-1 63, 1 65, 175, 179,242, 244, 247 , 249-251 , 255

Jo in t- o f cH0PART 296 , f 39- of LISFRANC 296,T39Junc t i o ano rec ta t i s 21 0Junc tu rae c i nguL i pe t v i c i 268 -27 1 ,

T39

K

KoHLER's teardrop 280K0HLRAUScH's fo ld 210, 252KRISTELLER, mucous ptug of 207

L

Lab ium- anter ius 202,205- externum 264, 266-267, 322- internum 26/+, 266-267- l a t e ra te 275 ,277- maJUs pudend i 207 ,231 ,235 ,

253,261- med ia [e 275 -277- m inus pudend i 207 , 223 ,231 ,

233, 235, 237, 241, 253, 261- pos te r i us 202 ,205Lab rum ace tabuL i 279La cu na [ -aeJ- muscu to rum 269 ,355- urethrates 198- vasoTUm 62, 68, 269, 355Lam i na ( -ae l- an te r i o r lVag ina muscu [ i r ec t i

abdominis l 52, 56-58, 70, 72,355

- a rcu s verte bra e 7 -9 , 21 -23, 25,29,35, 41 , 44

- ca r t i t ag i n i s cnco ideae 1 2 . 91 ,119

- cr ibrosa 68- dex t ra lCa r t i t ago t hy ro i dea l

90-91, 10/+- hepa tocy t i cae 145- muscu [a r i s mucosae 105 , 130 ,

1 3 6 , 1 3 9- par ietat is IPer icardium sero-

suml 7 4-75, 85, 89, 1 19 -120- - l Tun i ca vag ina t i s t es t i s l 70 ,

193-194,239- pos te r i o r [Vag ina muscu t i r ec t i

abdom in i sJ 58 ,69 -70- p ro funda (Fasc ia t ho raco tum-

ba t i s J 29 , 32- p rop r i a mucosae 105 , 130 , 136 ,

1 3 9- superf ic ia[ is IFascia cerv icat is ]

1 1 0 , 1 1 9- - [Fascia thoraco[umbaLis]

29- v i s ce ra t i s IPe r i ca rd i um se ro -

suml 7 4-75, 78-80, 119-120- - I Tun rcavag ina l i s t es t i s ) 194 ,

239,242v LANZ ' s po in t 140Laparoscopy 149La rynx 35 , 90 -91 , 1 09LAUENSTEIN project ion 280Leg s CrusLien s SptenL igamen t o f G IMBERNAI 355

Gas te r 63 , 67 ,104 ,106 ,108 -109 , - Ap - rad iog raph 171117 ,121 ,1 28 -1 35 , 140 , 1 55 , - a r t e r i es , va r i a t i ons 1 70157 -161 ,166 ,170 ,172 ,179 -180 , - f o rmva r i a t i ons 1++217 ,242 -244 ,246 -250 ,255 - t apa roscopy 149

- AP- rad iog raph 132 , 171 - m i c roscop i c s t r uc tu re 145- a r t e r i es , va r i ab i l i t y 170 - po r t a hepa t i s 142- f o rms 132 - p ro j ec t i on 144- l aye rs o f t he wa t t 130 - segmen ts 147- p ro j ec t i on 132 - ve i ns , p ro j ec t i on 146Gas t roscopy 133 - - u l t r asound image 14gGen i t a l o rgans H ia tus- f ema le 223 - adduc to r i us 315 -316 ,323 ,358 ,

L igamen tu m [ -aJ- a ta re 18- anococcygeum s co rpus

anococcygeum- anu [a r i a 90 -91- ap i c i s den t i s 1 8 -19- arcuatum Laterate 62-63, 68- - med ia te 62 -63- - med ianum 63- ar ter iosum 7 / ' -75, 8/+, 88, 99,

1 04 -1 05 , 113 -114- a t t an toocc ip i t a t e La te ra te 17- b i f u r ca tum 300 ,303- ca l caneocubo ideum 300 , 303- - ptantare 302- calcaneof ibu[are 300-304- catcaneonavicuLare 300, 303- - p lantare 299-300, 302-303- capi t is costae intraart iculare 22- - - r a d i a t u m 2 0 - 2 1- - f emor i s 236 ,256 ,260 ,271 ,279- - f i bu l ae an te r i us 286 ,294- - - p o s t e r i u s 2 8 7 , 2 9 0- cardina[e 201,205- co t t a te ra te l - i a l- - {A r t i cu ta t i ones i n t e rpha -

t angeae ped i s ) 302- - fibulare 285-289,293,

31 0 -31 1- - laterale 288- - med ia [e [A r t i cu l a t i o genus )

287-288- - - [A r t i cu ta t i o t a toc ru raL i s ]

300-304, 382- - t ib iate 284-290,293- coronar ium 1 42-1 1,3, 1 L5, 1 60,

167- costoclaviculare 51.- costotransversarium 20-21, 32- - Laterate 20-22- - s u p e r i u s 2 1 - 2 2 , 3 1- cos tox i pho idea 56 , 58- c r i co thy ro i deum med ianum 90- cruciatum anter ius 286-287,

289-290,292-293- - poster ius 286-290,293- c ruc i f o rme a t t an t i s 1 8 -1 9- cubo ideonav i cu [a re do rsaLe 300- - p lantare 302- cuneocubo ideum do rsa te 303- cuneonav i cu la r i a do rsa t i a 300 ,

303- - p t an ta r i a 302- de l t o i deum s L i gamen tum

cotLaterate mediate [Art icu[at iota loc ru ra I i s ]

- dent iculatum 40, 43,45- ep id i dym id i s i n f e r i us 193- - supe r i us 193- faLci forme 59,71-72, 142-143,

1 47, 150, 1 58-1 60, 1 66, 243,21,8-249

- flavum 20-23, 25, 29, 32, 35, 41,/ .3- / .5,254

- f und i f o rme pen i s 58 , 60 , 238 ,242-244,252

- gas t roco l i cum 157 -158 ,1 60 -1 61 , 1 66 , 173 , 243 , 247

- gas t roph ren i cum 167- gas t rospLen i cum 156 , 160 -161 ,

1 66-1 67 , 245, 247- hepa toduodenaLe 131 , 150 ,

1 60 -1 61 , 166 -167- hepa togas t r i cum 131 , 157

1 60- 1 6 1 , 1 66, 247 , 249- itiof emorate 268-269,278-279 ,

31 5 . 380

Ligamentuml-a)- i [ i o t umba [e 31 , 41 , 217 ,

268-270,272- i n f und ibuLopeLv i cum 209- i ngu ina le 57 , 60 , 62 , 69 ,

1 9 6 - 1 97, 23 4-235, 262, 268-27 0,306 , 313 , 317 , 354 -356 ,359

- i n t e r c tav i cuLa re 51- i n t e r cune i f o rm ia do rsaL ia 303- inter foveolare 71- interspinaLia 25, 31, 35, 44, 119- inter t ransvers ar ium 21 -22,

31-32, 1,1- ischiofemora[e 278-279- Lacuna re 62 ,317 ,355- Latum uter i 201,209- [ ong i t ud ina te an te r i us 17 ,

20-22,24-25, 29, 42, 45, 55,72,116 ,124 ,268

- - poster ius 20,23-25,42-43,45

- [umbocostate 63- meniscofemorale poster ius

287-288- metatarsa[e(- ia l dorsat ia 300- - p t an ta r i a 302- - t ransversum profundum 300,

302- - - s u p e r f i c i a [ e 3 3 8- nuchae 25 ,28 ,34- ovar i i propr ium 200-201,204,

209- patettae 285, 287 -290, 293, 306,

31 0, 31 2-31 5, 322-323, 327, 332,3 5 6 , 3 6 8

- ph ren i coco t i cum 160 , 166- phrenicosplenicum 247- p tan ta re l - i aJ 302- - longum 299-300,302,304,

342,379,383- popt i teum arcuatum 286,288,

290,329- - obl iquum 286-288,293,

329-330- pub i cum i n fe r i us 230 ,231 r , 268 ,

270 -272 , r39- - super ius 234,256-257,

268-269, 272, 31 4, 35s, T39- pubofemorale 278-279- puboprostat icum 226, 252- puLmona [e 95 , 1 ' 12- r ec tou te r i num 205- r e f l exum 56 , 58 ,60- rotundum 167, 201, 204, 229- sacrococcygeum anter ius

230-231- - pos te r i us p ro fundum 270- - - superf ic iate 252,270- sacroiL iaca anter iora 230,

268-269, 271-272,317 , r39- - interossea 230,254,270-272,

T39- - poster iora 270-271,f39- sacrospi nale 224-225, 229, 240,

265 , 269 -27 1 , 278 , 310 , 31 4 , 360 ,T39

- sacrotuberate 31, 224, 230,232-233, 240, 265, 269 -27 1, 27 8,311, 319-321, 360, 364, T39

- sacrouter inum 201, 253- spLenorena[e 156,245- sternoclavicutare anter ius 51- sternocosta[e int raart icutare

J I

- - r ad ia tum 51- supraspinate 22, 25, 31, 33, 270

Ligamentum[-a)- suspenso r i um cL i t o r i d i s 235- - ova r i i 167 ,201 ,204 ,209 ,253- - penis 58,238-239- tatocatcaneum interosseum

300, 303-304, 383- - laterate 300- - med ia l e 301- - pos te r i us 301- t a t o f i bu ta re an te r i us 300 ,303- - pos te r i us 301 ,304- t a r s i pLan ta r i a 302- tarsometatarsaLia dorsaLia 300,

3 0 3 , 3 3 4- - pLantar ia 300, 302- t e res hepa t i s 59 ,71 -72 ,142 ,

144 ,1117 ,1 54 , 1 58 , 1 60 -1 61 , 1 66 ,170 ,172 ,21 ,9 -250 ,255

- - uter i 167,200-201,204,209,228-229, 253

- t i b i o f i buLa re an te r i us 294 ,300 -301 , 334

- - pos te r i us 300 -301- t ransversum 23- - acetabut i 230,279- - lA r t i cuLa t i o zygapophys ia t i s l

23- - a t t a n t i s 1 8 - 1 9- - ce r v i c i s s L i gamen tum ca rd i -

na te- - genus 286,289- - per inei 230,234- t r i angu ta re dex t rum 142- - s i n i s t r um 142 ,147 ,167

244-245- u m b i l i c a l e m e d i a n u m 6 1 , 7 2 ,

1 58 , 190 -191 , 19 6 , 207 , 229 , 236 ,252-253

- venae cavae 142-143,147- venosum 142 ,147- vocale 1

'1 9

Limb, lower 263- a r t e r i es 351- compar tmen ts 366- c ross - sec t i on 381 -382- cu taneous I nneTva t ron , segmen-

tat 346- cutaneous nerves 349- dermatomes 346- i nne rva t i on , segmen ta t , i nd i ca -

tor muscles T41- lymphat ics 352- muscles 306-309, T42-T5/.- - o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons

310 -311 ,324 -325- nerves 345- skeLeton 263

- , , - J ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ - . , t l t- 5 U r r d L t r d ' r d ( v ' r r y z e z

- ve i ns 352L imbus- acetabut i 256, 266-267- fossae oval is 78L i nea | - ae J- a tba 46 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 72 -73 ,207 ,

242-243, 21,8-249, 251 -254- anocu tanea 210- a r c u a t a 7 1 , 2 7 1 , 2 7 3- - [ 0 s i t i u m ] 2 6 4 , 2 6 6- - [Vag ina muscu t i r ec t i abdo -

m i n i s l 5 8 , 7 0 , 1 5 8- aspera 275-271,323- ax i [ [ a r i s pos te r i o r ]- ep i phys ia t i s 281 , 291 , 293 .

304 -305 ,383- glutea anterior 267- - i n f e r i o r 267- - poster ior 267

lndex

Linea[-ae]- i n t e r condy la r i s 275- i n t e rmed ia 264 , 266 -267- inter t rochanter ica 275- med iana pos te r i o r 1- muscut i sotei 282-283- paravertebra[ is 1- pec t i nea 275 -276- scapu ta r i s 1- sem iLuna r i s 58- supracondylar is lateraLis 275- - med ia t i s 275- terminaLis 167, 230, 236,

264-265, 271, 280- t ransversa 10L ingua 12L ingu ta pu lmon i s s i n i s t r i 94 -95 ,

1 1 0LISFRANc's jo int 29 6, I39Liver puncture 144Loba r b ronch i 92Lobu tus l - i l- g l andu lae mammar iae 64- t es t i s 193 -194 ,252- t h y m i 1 1 1Lobus l - i J- caudatus 142-143, 154, 161,

166 ,172 ,244 ,249- [GLandu ta t hy ro i deaJ 104 -105 ,

107 ,110- g l andu lae mammar iae 52- hepa t i s dex te r 131 , 140 ,

142 -11+4 ,149 -150 ,1 58 -1 61 , 1 63 ,1 66, 172, 188,24/+-246, 21,8-250,255

- - s in ister 120,131,142-144,1 49-1 50, 154, 158-1 61, 1 66,170 ,172 ,212 -243 ,245 ,247 -250 ,255

- i n f e r i o r 94 -96 , 98 -99 , 103 , 1 10 ,1 18, 121 , 121+-127 , 148, 159, 243,245-247

- med ius (P ros ta ta l 195- - putmonis dextr i 94-96, 98,

103 , 110 , 118 , 126 -127 , 159 ,245

- n r n c + e l r a d a v f p r 1 9 5

- - s i n i s t e r 195- p y r a m i d a t i s 1 1 0- quadratus 1 42, 160-1 61, 172,

249- super ior I 4-9 6, 98-99, 103,

1 1 0 -1 1 1 , 118 , 124 -127 , 159 ,245

- { T h y m u s l 1 1 1Lower abdomen , vesseLs 175 , 177Lower l imb s L imb, lowerLumbar part of the vertebraI

coLumn 43- AP- rad iog raph

' 16

_ C T 3 5| ̂ + ^ - ^ t - ^ t : ^ ^ - ^ ^ l 1 F- ( d L E r d t I o u r v g r d P r | | J

- [ i gamen ts 23- N4Rl 24- vertebrat jo ints 23Lumbar punc tu re 44Lunu[a vatvulae semiLunar is 79Lymphat ics, AP-radiograph 21 9Lymphography 219

M

MaLleotus- lateral is 262, 283, 294, 300-301,

304-305, 327 -328, 332, 33 4,336-338, 367, 370-37 1, 37?)

Index

Malteolus- med ia t i s 262 , 282 , 29 /+ ,301 ,

304-305, 307, 327 -330, 334, 336,338 , 371 , 373

- t e r t i us 305Mamma 64-65, 127- t ympha t i c d ra i nage 65- r ad iog raphy 65Mammography 65Manub r i um s te rn i 3 , 47 , 50 -51 , 55 ,

69, 108, 119 , 124Margo- ace tabu t i s L imbus ace tabu l i- an te r i o r IF i bu ta l 283- - {Pu lmo l 94 -95 ,110 -111- - lTest is j 193- - (Tib ia l 262,282-283,306- f a [ c i f o rm is 306 ,355- i n f e r i o r IHepa r l 142 , 145 ,163- - IPu tmo l 94 -95 ,110- - ISp ten ) 156- i n t e rosseus {F i bu ta l 283 ,

330-33 1- - (Tibial 282-283- l a t e ra l i s lRen l 1 82 , 21 6- t i be r lOva r i um l 201- med ia l i s lG tandu ta

sup ra rena t i s ) 182 ,189- - lRen l 182 ,216- - (Scapu ta ) 2- - lTibia] 282-283- mesovar icus 201,209- pos te r i o r {F i bu ta l 283- - lTest is ] 193- supe r i o r [G tandu ta

suprarenat is l 182,189- - lSp ten l 156 ,161 ,166 -167Massa l a t e ra t i s a t t an t i s 6 , 17 , 19MAY s vein 352, 365MCBURNEY S po in t 140MECKEL S d i ve r t i cu tum 137Med ias t i num 112 -113 , 1 1 6 , 1 19- a n t e r i u s 1 1 9- i n f e r i u s 1 1 9- m e d i u m 1 1 9- o rgan i sa t i on 119- p o s t e r i u s 1 1 9 , 1 2 1- s u p e r i u s 1 1 9- lest is 193-19/+,252Medu tLa- [G tandu ta sup ra rena t i s l 189- r ena l i s 183 -184 , 188 ,216 -247 ,

250- spinat is 40-41, 119, 123,

222-223,248-249Membra na- a tLan toocc ip i t a t i s an te r i o r 17 ,

1 9- - pos te r i o r 17 , 19 ,34- i n t e r cos ta t i s r n te rna 31 , 55- interossea crur is 283, 286,294,

301 , 366 , 381- obturator ia 236, 260-261, 268,

271 ,278 -279 ,355- pe r i ne i 252- t ec to r i a 18 -19Membrum- infer ius 206,263- - sur face anatomy 262Men i scus l - i l- lAr t icutat io genusl 289- lateraLis 286-290, 292-293- medialis 286-290Mesenter ium 136-137, 1 64-1 66,

252- d i ve r t i cu t i 137Mesoappendix 163-167

M esoco [o n- s i gmo ideum 164 , 166 -167 , 179 ,

217-218,226- t ransversum 139, 157, 160-161,

1 63, 1 65-1 67, 173, 175, 177Mesosa[pinx 201,209Me taphys i s 304Metatarsus 263,298Mons pub i s 235Mo t i on segmen t- cerv ical 25- [ umba r 25Mucous p tug o f KRTSTELLER 207MULLERian ducl 192,200Musc les- o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons o f- o f t he abdom ina twaLL 52 , 54 ,

56 -58 ,60 -62 , 66 ,72 -73- - C rus 310 -311 ,324 -325- - c T 7 3- - Femur 310 -31 ' 1- - Pe l v i s 310 -31 1- - Pes 339Musctes of the back 26-34- au toch thonous 28 ,30 -33 , T20- - l a t e ra l t r ac t 29 -30 ,34 , T20- - mediaI t ract 29-30, T20- - suboccip i taI muscles 32-34- deep 28-34- supe r f i c i a [ 26 -27Muscu lus [ - i ] 308 , 31 2 , 31 9 ,

1 0 4 0 - 1 0 4 1 , 1 0 4 5 , 1 0 5 2- abdominis 52, 56-58, 62, 66,

72 -73 ,188- - c r 7 3- abduc tor d ig i t i m in imi 304,

333-334, 336-337, 339 -342,377-378,384, T40, T54

- - ha t tuc is 299,30 /+ ,333,335,338-312,377 -378,384,r40-r 41, r52

- adductor(-esj 243, 259- - b rev is 244,261,310-312,

31 5-31 6 , 358, 380, T40-T41,r45

- - hattucis 301+,339-342,378,383-384, T40-r11,152

- - longus 244,261,308,31 0-31 7 , 354, 356-358,380-381, r40- I /+1 , r45

- - magnus 260,286-288,290,310-312,3 1 5-3't 7, 319-321 ,323, 358, 363-364, 380-381,r 40-r /+1 , r 45

- - m in imus 260,316,319-321,T40

- a r t i cu ta r is genus 285,310, f 4 / '- arytenoideus transversus 1 1 9- biceps brachi i 52,54,122- - femoris 258,284,286,288,

309-3 1 1 , 317 -324, 328-332,361 -363, 369-370, 380-381,r40-TL1 , T46

- b rach ia t i s 52- b ronchooesophageus 99- bu lbospon gios us 222-223, 226,

232-233, 235,240-242, 260-261 ,T22

- coccygeus s Muscutus ischro-c0ccygeus

- co t t i 34- constr ictor pharyngis inferior

104,120- coracobrachiat is 54, 122- c remaster 56-58 , 60-51 ,70 ,

193-194, 197 ,226, 239, 242-243,252

MuscuLusl-il- cr icothyroideu s 104, 110, 120- dartos 70, 226, 232, 239, 252- de t t o i deus 1 , 37 , 46 , 52 , 54 , 58 ,

122-123- d i gas t r i cus 31 ,33 -34- dors i 26-33, 35, 4 ' l- - c r 2 9- - [ a t e ra l t r ac t 34- ep i c ran ius 39- A r A . t ^ r c n i n : o 1 ) 1 - ) q

' 1 1 , 7 3 ,

1 22, 1 25, 188, 243, 216-251253-254,319

- ex tensoT d ig i to rum brev is 327,332-337 ,368,37 4,379 , 382,384,T40- r41 , r51

- - - longus 306,308,310,321+,326-327 ,332-337 ,367 -368,37 4,379,381-384, IL j -T11,T47

- - ha t luc is b rev is 306, 327,332-337 , 37 4, 384, r 40-r 41 ,T 5 1

- - - longus 304, 306, 308, 324,326-327 ,332-337 ,366-368,374,379,381 -382, 38/1, I 40-r 41, T 47

- extremitat is inferioris 308-309- f ibularis brevis 300, 302-304,

324-325, 327, 331 -337, 366, 368,37 0, 37 2, 381 -382, r 40-I /+1, r 48

- - [ o n g u s 3 0 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 8 , 3 1 0 ,324-327, 329-330, 332, 335,339, 341 -342, 366-368, 370,372, 381 -383, r40-141, r48

- - tert ius 327,332-337,366,368,382, T47

- f ibuLar is Iperoneus l b rev is 326- f texor [ -es ] accessor ius s Mus-

cu lus quadra tus p lan tae- - d ig i t i m in imi b rev is {Pes l

339-342,384, r/10-r 41 , r54- - d ig i to rum 379- - - brevis 304,335, 339-342,

377 -378,383-384,T40-T41, T53

- - - longus 304,311,325-326,329-331, 339,341-342,366,371 -372,377 -378,381 -384, T40-T41, T50

- - hattucis brevis 339-342,377 -378,38/,, r 40-rU ,r52

- - - longus 30/+,325-326,329-33 1 , 339-312,36(.371 -372,377 -379.381 -384, T40-T41, T50

- gastrocnemius 262, 284,286-288, 293, 307 -309 , 31 1 ,320 -323, 326 -332, 3 61 -362. 3 6 6,369-370,381 , T41 ,1 49

- gemet lus in fe r io r 311,318-321,363-364,380, T43

- - s u p e r i o r 3 1 1 , 3 1 8 - 3 2 1 ,363-364,380, T43

- g t u t e u s m a x i m u s 1 , 3 7 , 5 2 , 2 1 5 ,226, 232-233, 240 -241, 243, 25 4,256-257 , 259 ,262,279,309,31 1 ,317-322,361-364,380,r40-T41,T43

- - med ius 72 ,254,256,259.279,309,311 ,31 1+-31 6 ,318-321 ,36 1 , 363-364, 380,r40- r41 ,143

- - - i n j e c t i o n 3 6 4- - m i n i m u s 2 5 6 , 2 7 9 , 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 ,

318,320-321,364, 380,r40-T41.T43

Muscutus{- i)- graci l is 232-233, 261, 284, 308,

3 1 0-3 1 7, 319 -321, 323-324, 328,356-358, 361 -362, 369, 381r /+0-I 41 , I45

- i t iacus 62-63, 71-72 , 217, 220,231, 244, 254, 257 ,259, 308, 31 0,31 2-31 4, 317, 348, 355-358, T42

- i I iococcygeus 230, 243, T22- i t iocos ta t i s cerv ic is 28 ,30 ,

33-34,120- - [umborum 28,30 ,72 , f20- - thorac is 28 ,30 ,37 ,249, f20- i t iopsoas 71, 73, 256-257,

260-261 , 279 , 308, 3 1 0-3 1 6, 32 1 ,355, 380, r40-r41

- infraspinatus 26-28, 37, 52,123-125

- i n t c r coc le l es 55 7? 217 248- - ex te rn i 31 ,54 -55 , 57 -58 ,60 ,

1 06, 1 1 5, 124,126-127,11+4,249 , T13

- - i n t e rn i 31 , 54 -58 , 60 , 106 ,1 1 5 -1 1 6 , 120 , 122 , 1 44 , 249 ,T 1 3

- i n t e rosse i , compa r tmen ts 379- - dorsaLes IPesl 304, 333-334,

336-337, 339, 341 -343,

383-384, T53- - p lantares 333,339-343, 384,

T53- i n t e r sp ina tes ce rv i c i s 30 -31 , 33 ,

40, T20- - l umbo rum 30 -31 , T20- - t h o r a c i s 3 0 , 1 1 9 , T 2 0- inter t ransversar i i anter iores

ce rv i c i s 33 , T20- - l a t e ra tes [ umbo rum 31 -32 ,

41, T20- - med iaLes [ umbo rum 31 -32 ,

41 , r20- - pos te r i o res ce rv i c i s 31 ,34 ,

T20- - - l u m b o r u m 3 0- - thoracis 34, T20- ischiocaverno sus 222-223, 226,

232-233, 235, 237, 240-242,260-261,r22

- ischiococcygeus 225, 227,230-231 , 256, 317 , T22, T 40

- i s ch ioc ru ra tes 260- l a t i s s imus do rs i 1 , 26 -29 ,

37 -38, 52, 54, 57 -58, 63, 7 2,126-127, 248-251, 31 9, T1 I

- l e va to r l - es l an i 210 , 212 -214 ,226-233, 236-237 , 240-2/+3,256-258, 260-261 ,311 , T22, r 1,0

- - costarum T20- - - b r e v e s 3 1 - 3 2- - - t o n g i 3 1 - 3 2 , f 2 0- - s capu lae 27 -28 ,34 ,37 -38 ,

r17- [ong iss imus cap i t i s 28 , 30-31 ,

33-34,37 -39, T20- - cervicis 28, 30, 33-34, T20- - thorac is 28 ,30 ,37 ,72 ,249,

r20- [ongus co t t i 55 , f12-T13- [umbricales IPes] 340-342, T1+0,

T53- mutt i f idusl- i l cervicis 30, 33-34,

39 , 1 020- - lumborum 30-32,2L9,f20- - thoracis 30-32,37,T20- ob t iquus cap i t i s in fe r io r 31 , 33 ,

39-40,120- - - super io r 31 .33 ,39-40, T20

Musculusl-il obLiquus- - ex te rnus abdom in i s 26 -29 ,

3 1 , 3 7 , 4 6 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 5 6 - 5 8 ,60 -61 , 63 , 66 , 68 ,70 -73 ,110 ,158, 217 , 231, 239, 248, 251,254, 311, 322, 355, 364, T1 5,r40

- - in te rnus abdomin is 27-28 ,31 , 56-58 , 60-61 , 66 , 68 ,70-73, 1 58, 217, 231, 239251,254,31 0 , T1 5 , T40

- obturatorius externus 236,256-257 ,259-261, 279,310-311 ,31 6, 321, 364, 380, T 40-1 41,T45

- - internus 212-213,225,230-231 , 236-237 ,256-261,279,310-311 ,317 -321,363-364, 380, T40-T41, T43

- n e e i n i t n f r n n t : l i e ? 9

- omohyo ideus 110 ,123- opponens d i g i t i m in im i IPes )

334 ,342 ,384 , T40 , T54- pap i l l a r i s an te r i o r 78 -82- - poster ior 78-81- - sep ta l i s 78- pec t i na t i 78- pect ineus 244, 256-257, 308,

31 0 -31 6 , 355 -357 , 380 ,r40-r41,r45

- pectora[ is major 46,52,51.56 -58 , 60 , 64 , 110 ,119 ,123 -127 ,r26

- - m ino r 54 ,60 ,120 ,12L , f 26- pe r i ne i 230- peroneus brevis, [ongus bzw

te r t i us s Muscu tus f i bu [a r i sbrevis, Longus bzw ter t ius

- pha ryng i s 109- p i r i formis 224, 226-227, 231,

243, 310-31 1, 31 4-321, 360,363-364, 380, T40-T41, T43

- p tan ta r i s 286 ,311 ,323 ,328-331, 366, 369 -372, 382, T40,T49

- popl i teus 286-290, 293, 311,325, 330-331, 369 -370, 372,T40-T41, T50

- psoas ma jo r 29 ,35 ,41 ,62 -63 ,68, 72, 152, 1 85-1 86, 188, 217,221 , 236 , 245 -247 , 251 , 254 , 257 ,259, 308, 310,312-311,,317 ,3L8,354-355, T42

- - m ino r 62 -63 ,72 ,179 ,217 ,3 1 3 , 3 1 7 , 3 5 5 , T 4 2

- pubococcygeu s 230, 242-243,r22

- puborectaLis 230, 256, 258- py ram ida t i s 56 -58 , 66 ,70 ,72 ,

242, T11r- quad ra tus f emor i s 260 , 31 0 ,

318-321, 363-364, 380, T40, T43- - f umbo rum 29 ,31 ,62 -63 ,66 ,

68, 72-73, 121 , 152,217 ,220 -221 , 246 -247 , 251 , 31 0 ,r16

- - p tan tae 304,339,341-342,377 -378, 382-383, T40, T53

- quadriceps femoris 262,285,287 -288, 290, 306, 308, 31 1 -31 2,31 4,324,332, T40-r 41, r 44

- r d . t ^ . ^ . . v d o , , < ) 1 n - 2 ' \ 1

- r ec tou te r i nus 201- r ec tus abdom in i s 1 ' 6 ,56 -59 ,

61-63, 66, 69-73, 110, 1 19, 155,158 ,217 , 226 , 2 t 2 -243 , 246 -254 ,256, r1 4, r 40

Musculusl-il rectus- - cap i t i s an te r i o r T12- - - Lateral is 34, T20- - - p o s t e r i o r m a j o r 3 1 , 3 3 ,

39-10, r20m i n o r 3 1 , 3 3 , 4 0 , T 2 0

- - femor is 244,256-257,269,278-279 , 308,310-317 ,322,356 -358 , 380 -381 , T44

- rhomboideus majot 26-28,37 -39, r17

- - m ino r 27 ,38 -39 , I 17- rotatores breves 30-31, T20- - t o n g l 3 0 - 3 1 , T 2 0- qa.rn.o. .vdprs ?3n-2?1 243- sartor ius 52, 2/14, 256-257, 262,

284 , 308 , 3 r 0 -3 1 7 , 322 -321 .356 -358 , 362 , 380 -381 ,r40-r 41 , r44

- s ca lenus an te r i o r 55 , 1 1 0 , ' 1

1 2 ,117 -118 ,123 , r11

- - med ius 34 , 40 , 55 , 120 ,122 ,T 1 1

- - pos te r i o r 28 , 31 , 34 , 55 , T1 1- sem imembranosus 258 , 284 ,

286-288, 309-31 1, 31 7-31 8,320-323, 325, 328-330, 36 1 -363,

369 -370 , 380 -381 , T 41 , r 46- sem isp ina t i s cap i t i s 28 , 30 -31 ,

33-34, 38-40, T20- - ce r v i c i s 28 , 30 -31 , 33 , 39 , T20- - t ho rac i s 31 ,33 -34 , T20- semitendinosus 258, 284,

309-3 1 1, 31 6-321, 323-324, 328,361 -363 , 369 -370 , 380 -381 , T41 ,T46

- se r ra tus an te r i o r 27 -28 ,46 ,52 ,54, 56-58, 63-64, 70, 120,122 -127 , r 17

- - poster ior in ler ior 27-28,37,249, T19

- - - supe r i o r 27 -28 ,37 , f 19- so teus 290 , 308 -309 , 31 1 ,

325-332, 369 -37 2, 381, T 41, r 49- sph inc te r an i ex te rnus 207 ,210 ,

21 2-21 4, 226, 230 -233, 235,240-242, 252, 258, r22, r 40

- - - i n t e rnus 207 ,210 ,231 ,242,252,258

- - py l o r i cus 135 , 152- - u re th rae 207 ,226 ,231 ,234 ,

r22- - vesicae 222- sp i na l i s 30- - cap i t i s 30 -31 , T20- - cerv ic is 30, T20- - t ho rac i s 28 , 30 , T20- sp [en ius cap i t i s 26 -28 , 30 -31 ,

33 -34 ,38 -39 , 122 ,T20- - cerv ic is 27-28,30,33-31*, T20- s t e rna l i s 54 ,60 , T13- s t e rnoc le i domas to i deus 26 -28 ,

3 5 , 3 8 , 5 4 , 5 8 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 3- s t e rnohyo ideus 1 10 , 123- s t e rno thy ro i deus 55 , 1 ' 10 , 119 ,

1 2 4- subc lav i us 54 , 60 , 1 10 , 112 -113 ,

1 2 0 , 1 2 2 - 1 2 3 , 1 2 6- subcosta[es 60, T13- suboccip i tates 31-34, L0- subscapu ta r i s 60 , 122 , 124 , f 26- supraspinatus 122-123- suspenso r i us duoden i 135 , 152- tensor fasciae latae 52,73,244,

256 -257 , 262 , 279 , 306 -308 ,31 1 -31 4, 320, 322, 356, 380,r40-r41.r44

MuscuLus[-il- t e res ma jo r 1 ,26 -28 ,37 ,52 ,

122 ,124 -125- - m ino r 37 , 52- t h o r a c i s 3 1 , 5 2 , 5 4 , 6 0- t hy rohyo ideus 110- t ib iaLis anter ior 290,300,302,

306, 308, 310, 321, 326-327, 332,334, 336-337, 339, 366-368, 37 4,381 -383 , TL j - r 41 , I / 17

- - pos te r i o r 300 , 302 , 304 , 31 1 ,325-326, 329 -331, 339, 342,366 ,370 -372 ,38 1 - 382 ,

T40-T41, T50- t r acheaL i s 91- t r : n c v a r < n c n i n r l i c 2 9

- t r ansve rsus abdom in i s 31 ,58-63, 66, 68, 70-73, 158, 217,221 , 231 , 249 , 251 , 254 ,310 , r 15 ,T40

- - pe r i ne i p ro fundus 207 ,226 ,230,232-236, 2/+2, 252, 260,311 , f 22 ,1 040 Tab

- - - superf ic iat is 230, 232-235,240 -241 , 260 , r22 , 1040Tab

- - t ho rac i s 55 , 69 , 110 , 127 ,f 13 -T11+

- t r apez ius 1 , 26 -28 ,33 -34 , 38 ,5 2 , 1 2 2 - 1 2 6 , r 1 7

- t r i ceps b rach i i 37 , 52- - suTae 301 , , 326 ,333 ,366 ,383 ,

r40,r 49- vastus intermedius 310-312,

3 1 5 - 3 1 6 , 3 8 1 , 1 4 4- - l a t e ra l i s 257 ,259 ,279 ,290 ,

293, 308, 31 0-31 6, 320-323,332, 356, 358, 361, 381, r 44

- - med iaL i s 290 , 308 , 31 0 -31 6 ,323 ,356 -358 .381 , r44

Myocardium 7 6, 78-80, 1 19

N

Neck , musc tes 34Neck -sha f t ang te o f t he f emur s

Angte between neck and shaf t oft he f emur

Neph ros s RenNervous sys tem, au tonomous 117 ,

120-121N e rvus ( - i l- accessor ius [Xl ] 38-39, T1 7- ana les 214- - i n f e r i o res 225 ,240 -2 / . 1 ,344 ,

T40- anococcygeus 225, 240-241,

344, T 40- au r i cu l a r i s magnus 36 -38- ax i t l a r i s 36 -37 ,122- ca rd i acus ce rv i ca t i s i n f e r i o r

83- - - med ius 83 , 120- - - s u p e r i o r 3 3- cavernosi ct i tor id is 223- cerv ica[ is 19, 40, 120, T19-I20- cLun ium i n fe r i o res 36 ,240 -241 ,

3/ ,9,360-362,r40- - medi i 36,349,360-362- - super iores 36-37,3/+9,360,

362- coccygeus 225, 364, f 40- cu taneus b rach i i l a t e ra t i s i n f e r i -

or 36-37supe r i o r 36

- - - p o s t e r i o r 3 6 - 3 7

lndex

Nervusl-il cutaneus- - dorsat is intermedius 31r5,

349,365,373, r40- - - laterat is 345, 349-350,

365, 373, T40- - - med ia [ i s 345 ,349 -350 ,

365- - f emor i s l a t e ra t i s 36 ,68 ,71 ,

73, 179 , 217 , 220-221 , 317 ,3/+4-345, 348-349, 353,355-357, 360, T1*0

- - - poster ior 36,240-241,257 , 34 /+ -345 ,349 ,360-364, 380, T40

- - suTae l a t e raL i s 345 ,349 -350 ,361 -363, 365, 369, T40

- - - med ia t i s 345 ,361 -363 ,365 -366 ,369 ,373 , r40

- d i g i t a l es do rsa les ped i s 345 ,349 ,368,373-37 L, r40

- - p l an ta res communes37 6-378,r40

- - - propr i i 376,378,140- dorsat is ct i tor id is 223, 231, , 241,

r40- - penis 222,234,238-240,

T40- - scapu lae 38-39,T17- e r igentes s Nervus l - i J sp lanch-

n ic i peLv ic i- f emoraLis 66, 68,73, 179 ,

21 7 -21 8 , 220-221, 23 6 , 244,256-257, 317, 344-345, 348-349,353, 355-358, 380-381, T40,r LL-r 45

- f ibu tar is communis 284,344-345, 349-350, 361-363, 365,368-37 1 , T40, T5 1

- - profundus 31'5, 349-350, 366,3 68, 37 3 -37 4, 37 9, 381 -382,f 40 , f 1+7, f 51

- - superf icia[ is 345, 349-350,365-366, 368,373,379,381-382, r40 , r48

- genitofemoral is 60, 66, 68, 179,1 9 7 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 2 2 5 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 6 ,238, 25 6, 31 7, 344_3 1,5, 348 _3 49,353, 355, T1 5 , T40

- gluteus inferior 257,344-345,349, 360, 363-364, 380, T40, T43

- - superior 3/+1r-345,349,360,364, 380, r40,rrc-r4t '

- hypogastr icus 21 4, 222-223- iLiohypogastr icus 36-37, 66, 68,

73, 1 15, 117 , 179,217 ,220-221 ,34/+-345, 348-349, 353, 364, T1 5,T40

- i t io ingu inaL is 60 , 66 , 68 , 73 , 179,21 7 -21 8, 220-221, 238 -239,344-31,5, 31,8-349, 353, T1 5,r40

- intercostates 36, 38, 41, 54, 66,70, 73, 112-1 13, 1 15-1 17, 120,121+, 127 ,220,247 -248, T13- r11

- intercostobrachiaLis 37- interosseus cruris T40- ischiadicus 256-257, 284,

344-315, 347, 349-350, 360,362-361,, 380-381, I 40, r n,T46-T50

- - project ion 350- labiates 223- - anteriores T40- - pos ter io res 223,241, f40- [aryngeus recurrens 83, 88-89,

1 1 1 -1 13, 1 15, 117 -1 18, 120- [umbates 66 ,226,349

l

Index

Nervus[-il- obturator ius 68, 71, 220-221,

225, 229,231 ,236-237 , 256-257 ,261, 317, 3t 4-345, 348-349, 353,355 , 357 -358 , 360 , 380 , T40 ,T45

- occ i p i t a l i s ma jo r 37 -40- - m ino r 36 -38- - t e r t i us 37 , 40- pectorat is [atera[ is 60, T26- - med ia t i s 60 , T26- pe r i nea les 234 , 240 -241 ,

260-261 , T40- p h r e n i c u s 6 3 , 8 9 , 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 ,

118 , 120 -121 , 124 -127 , r 21- - c o u r s e 1 1 8- p lantar is [ateraI is 304, 345, 350,

37 6-378, 382-383, T 40, I 52-r5L- - m e d i a t i s 3 0 4 , 3 4 5 , 3 5 0 ,

37 6-378,382,r 40, T52-T53- pudendus 21 4 , 222 -223 , 225 ,

234, 236, 240-241 , 257 ,260-261 ,344-345, 3/+9 , 360, T22, r 40

- radiat is 36-37- rectaLes infer iores s Nervus(- i )

anaLes infer iores- sacrales 223, 225-226, 243,

349,r22- saphenus 345 , 348 -349 ,353 ,

357-358, 365-366, 373, 381 -382,r40

- scrotates anter iores T40- - pos te r i o res 222 ,240 ,T40- spinates 36, 41, 43, 45, 251- spinalis 24,29- sp i na [ i s l - es l 24 ,35 , 40 -41- spLanchn i c i I umba les 211 r- - pe t v i c i s Rad i x pa rasympa th -

t ca- sp [anchn i cus ma jo r 63 ,

1 12-1 13. 1 15-1 17, 120-12'220-221 , 245, 249

- - m i n o r 6 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 7 , 1 2 1 , 2 4 5 ,249

- subcostat is 68, 73, 115-117,2 1 7 , 2 2 0 - 2 2 1 , 3 4 4

- subocc ip i t a t i s 37 , 39 -40 , T20- subscapuLares 37, T26- sup rac tav i cu ta res 66- - tateraLes 36-37- sup rascapu ta r i s 123- su ra t i s 345 ,349 -350 , 362 ,365 ,

382,r40- t ho rac i c i 37 , 60 , 66 ,70 ,

1 12-1 13, 1 15-1 17, 120-121, 220,249, r15,1 19-T20

- thoracicus longus '122, 124-126,

r17- t ho racodo rsaL i s 122 , f 18- t ib iat is 284, 344-345, 349-350,

361 -363, 365-366, 369 -373, 37 6,381 -382, T40, T49-T50, T52-T53

- vag ina l i s 223- vagus IXJ 83 ,88 -89 , 1 1 1 -1 13 , 1 15 ,

117 -118, 120-121 , 123-127 , 220NOdC O f ROSENMULLER 355Nodu tus l - i l- t ympho ideus ( - i l agg rega t i 137 ,

1 3 9- - so I i t a r i i 130 , 136 -137 , 139 ,

150,210- va t vuLae sem i Iuna r i s 79Nodus { - i l- at r ioventr icutar is 82-83- [ ympho ideus { - i l ao r t i c i [ a t e ra tes

229- - a x i t L a r i s l - e s l 6 5 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 4- - - ap i ca t i s 124

N od us[ - i ] tym phoi d eus[ - i)- - b rach ia l es 65- - bronchopu[monaLes 125-127- - cerv icates anter iores 65

p ro fund i 65- - - t a t e r a t e s 1 2 0

p ro fund l i n f e r i o res 120- - d o l + n n o r r n r e l o c A E

- - gas t r i c i 131 ,218- - gas t roomen ta tes 131 , 249- - h e p a t i c i 1 3 1- - i t eoco t i c i 243- - i t i a c i communes 218 ,229- - - ex te rn i 218 ,229 ,236 ,354

[aterates 229,354med ia tes 229 ,354

- - - i n t e rn i 218 ,229 ,354- - inf ractavicu[ares 65- - i ngu ina tes 352- - - p r o f u n d i 2 1 8 , 3 5 4- - - supe r f i c i a t es 218 -219 ,354

infer iores 218,354supe ro [a te ra tes 218 ,aq/,

supe romed ia tes 218 ,256,354

- - juxtaoesophageales 107,127- - [ acuna r i s { - es ] 355- - - m e d i a t i s 3 5 5- - l i gamen t i a r t e r i os i 88- - [ umbaLes dex t r i 218- - - i n t e r m e d i i 2 1 8- - med ias t i naLes an te r i o res 88 ,

111 , 113- - - pos te r i o res 107 ,245- - ob tu ra to r i i 229- - panc rea t i cus 250- - pa ramammar i i 65- - n : r r r a . t r l a < I t ) ) t S

- - parasternates 65- - pa ra t r achea tes 88 , 120 , 124- - pa r i e t a l es 218- - ph ren i c i i n f e r i o res 218- - - s u p e r i o r e s 8 8 , 1 1 9- - pop t i t eus p ro fundus 366- - - s u p e r f i c i a t i s 3 6 6- - preaortici 229,251- - precavaLes 229- - p romon to r i i 218- - py to r i c i 131- - r e c t : l i c c r r n o r i n r ? 2 4

- - retroaort ic i 229- - retrocavales 243- - sp ten i c i 245 ,249- - submammar i i 65- - c r r n r e e l e v i r r r l : r o < A E

- - t ho rac i s 107 ,120- - t i b i a t i s an te r i o r 367- - t r : . h 6 ^ h r ^ n e h i r l o c q q

98-99, 113, 122- - - i n f e r i o res 88 ,95 , 107 ,119 ,

1 2 7- - - supe r i o res 88 , 107 , 119- s i nua t r i a I i s 82Nucleus pulposus 24-25, 29

0

Oesophagoscopy 108 , 1330esophagus 62 -63 , 67 , 1 04 -1 09 ,

1 12 -1 13 , 1 15 -1 17 , 1 19 -121 ,1 23-1 30, 132-133, 157, 180, 220,2 4 2 , 2 4 5

- cons t r i c t i ons 108 -109- d i ve r t i cu Ium 109- r ad iog raphy 108

0 [ i s t hes i s 90men tum- majus 121, 131, 139-140, 149,

157 -1 66 , 172 , 242 -243 ,245 -247 ,249 , 252,251r

- m inus 160 -161 , 166 , 247 , 2490rchis s Test is0 rga num I - a l- gen i t a t i a f em in i na ex te rna 223 ,

233,235,241- - - i n t e r n a 2 0 4 , 2 0 9- - mascu l i na 222 ,239- - - externa 197,238,240- n o l w i c i n t h o f o m r l o ? ? ?

- - i n t he ma te 236- u rogen i t a l i a f em in i na , deve top -

men t 200- - mascu [ i na , deve lopmen t 1920 r i f i c i um duc tus panc rea t i c i 1 500s l - saJ- coccyg i s 2 -4 , 11 , 207 , 215 , 230 ,

232 -233 , 242 ,252 ,256 -257 , 27 1 ,273

- coxae 2 , 16 , 41 ,263 ,266 -267- - AP - rad iog raph 16- - devetopment 267- cuboideum 295-296, 298-299,

3 0 3 , 3 8 3- cune i f o rme [ - i a l 299- - intermedium 295-296,298,

304, 383- - laterale 295,298- - mediate 295-296,298,302- d ig i torum (Pesl 263, 295-296- hyo ideum 12- i t i um 3 , 15 -16 , 41 ,71 ,73 , 230 ,

2/+4,258, 264, 272, 27 /+,280- ischi i 236, 256, 264, 274- metatars i 263, 295-296,

298-299 ,303-304, 379, 383- navicu[are 295-296, 298-299,

303 -305 ,383- occ i p i t a t e 6 , 12 , 17 -19- pedis 295-296,299- - s t ructure character is t ics 299- pubis 196, 215, 226, 234, 2/ .2,

24/+, 256-257 , 264, 27 /1,279- sac rum 2 -5 , 10 -11 , 15 , 23 , 26 ,

41, 215, 226, 230, 242-243,252-25/1, 262,26/+, 271 -273,317

- - sexd i f f e rences 11- sesamoidea lPesl 295-296,302,

339- tars i 263, 295-296, 298- temporate 400s t i um l -aJ- abdom ina te t ubae u te r i nae 201 ,

204,209- append i c i s ve rm i f o rm is 139- atr ioventr icutare dextrum 78- - s i n i s t r u m 7 9 , 1 2 6- cardiacum 108, 121, 130,

1 66 -1 67 , 244 -245 ,247- i tea te 1 39- py to r i cum 135- s i nus co rona r i i 78 ,82 ,84- u re te r i s 190 -191 , 195 , 198 , 205 ,

252-253,260- urethrae externum lUrethra

femininal 200, 231, 233, 235,237 ,241, 253, 261

- - - IU re th ramascu I i na ]198-199,252

- - i n t e rnum IU re th ra f em in i na l205,253

- - - [U re th ra mascu l i na ] 190 ,1 95 . 1 98 . 252 .260

0stium[-a]- uteti 201 -202, 205, 207, 253- u te r i num tubae u te r i nae 201 ,

203- vaginae 200, 233, 235, 237- venae cavae infer ior is 82- - - s u p e r i o r i s 3 2

Ova riu m 1 40, 1 67, 200-202, 204,209 , 223 ,228 ,253 ,354

P

Pa la tum osseum 12Pancreas 121, 131, 134, 152-153,

157 , 1 63 -164 , 172 , 177 , 242 -243 ,245,249-250

- compu ted t omog raphy 155- Low magn i t ude en la rgemen t 153- project ion 134- u l t r asound image 151 'Pancreatocyt icus exocr inus 1 53Pann i cu lus ad iposus 58 , 72 , 210 ,

232 ,239PapiLta [ -ae)

1 5 2 - 1 5 3- - m i n o r 1 5 2 - 1 5 3- i t ea t i s 1 39- mammar ia 52 ,64 , 127- renales 183-184, 186,245- o f Va te r s Pap i [ [ a ( - ae ] duoden r

maJo rParacyst ium 260-261Pa rad idym is 192Pa rame t r i um s L i gamen tum

ca rd ina [ePa rap roc t i um s Spa t i um pa ra rec -

taLeParasympathet ic nervous system

2 1 4 , 2 2 2 - 2 2 3Pa r ies- an te r i o r (Gas te r l 133 , 160 -161- membranaceus lT rachea l 91 ,

99, 107 , 119- pos te r i o r lGas te r J 133 , 155Paroophoron 200Pars- abdom ina [ i s ao r t ae 35 , 62 -63 ,

69 ,104 , 115 , 117 ,148 ,1 54 -1 55 ,157 , 1 68 , 172 , 17 4 , 177 -179 , 185 ,1 87 -1 89 , 212 , 21 4 , 21 6 -218 , 221 ,225, 227 , 229, 242,245,250-251 ,359

- - - u t t r asound image 178- - au tonom ica 220- - [M pectorat is majorJ 52, 54,

56 , 58 , 60 , T26- - lOesophagus l 62 -63 ,104 ,

1 06, 1 08-1 09, 117 , 128, 130- - {Ureter l 163,216- an te r i o r l Fac ies d i aph ragma t i ca

hepa t i s ) 145- - I Fo rn i xvag inae l 202 ,205- anu ta r i s vag inae f i b rosae 340- ascendens ao r t ae 75 , 78 -80 ,84 ,

109, 1 1 4-1 15, 1 17, 1 19-121125-126,255

- - [Duodenuml 134,139-140,152 ,165 ,167

- - { M . t r a p e z i u s l 2 6 , f 1 7- at tant ica IA vertebra[ is ] 34, 40- basal is (Aa [obares infer iores

dextrael 98- - lAa. [obares infer iores s in is-

t rael 98-99- bas i t a r i s (Os occ ip i t a t e l 1 7 -1 9

Pars- ca rd i aca 63 , 104 , 121 , 130 -132 ,

1 7 9 , 2 1 7 , 2 4 2- ce r v i ca l i s (Co [umna ve r t eb ra t i s ]

2- - [ 0esophagus ] 104 , ' 106 -108 ,

119- c t av i cu ta r i s (M pec to ra t i s ma -

jor) 51' , f26- cos ta t i s d i aph ragma t i s 54 ,

62-63, 73, 148, 179,246-250,T21

- - [P teu ra pa r i e ta t i s ) 54 , 110 ,1 12-113, 120-121, 124, 159,246-250

- cruci formis vaginae f ibrosae 340- descendens ao r t ae 75 , 107 ,109 ,

11/1,125-127- - [Duodenum] 128 ,130 ,132 ,

1 34-1 35, 1 40, 152-151, 1 67,179

- - tL ig iL iofemoratel 278- - [M t r apez ius ) 26 , f 17- d i aph ragma t i ca 54 , 63 , 89 ,

1 10-1 13, 1 18, 159, 245, 248-250- ho r i zon taL i s (Duodenuml

1 34-1 35, 152-153, 1 63, 1 65, 1 67,179

- inf ractavicuLar is 54, 112-113- i n t e rmed ia lU re th ra mascu l i na l

195-196,198,252- i n t r amura l i s IU re th ra mascu t i -

na l 1 98- int rasegmental is 120, 122- laterat is l0s occip i ta[e l 1 7- - { 0 s s a c r u m ) 1 0 - 1 1 , 4 1 , 2 5 4 ,

2 6 1 , 2 7 3- L i be ra membr i i n f e r i o r i s 263- LumbaLis {Cotumna vertebra[ is ] 2- - d i aph ragma t i s 62 -63 , 68 ,

1 0 4 , 1 0 6 , 1 1 5 - 1 ' 1 6 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 ,1 48 , 1 55 , 172 , 242 -243 ,215 ,248-250,r21

- med ias t i naL i s 89 , 95 , 111 -113 ,125,159

- membTanacea lSep tum i n te r -ven t r i cu l a re l 79 -80

- - IU re th ra mascu t l na l s Pa rsi n te rmed ia lU re th ra mascu t i -na l

- muscu [a r i s (Sep tum i n te r ven -t r i cu ta re l 78 -80

- occ l usa 229 ,236- patens 225,227-229- pe t v i ca lU re te r l 71 , 166 -167 ,

2 2 1- pos te r i o r l Fo rn i x vag inae l 202 ,

205,207,253- p ro funda lCompar t imen tum

r r r r r i < n n < + o r i r r < l ? A A

- p ros ta t i ca 190 , 195 , 198- py [o r i ca 117 , 130 , 132 -135 , 158 ,

1 60 , 1 66 , 247 , 255- spongiosa 198-199, 252- s t e rna [ i s d i aph ragma t i s 62 -63 ,

1 1 0 - 1 1 1 , 1 1 9 , 2 4 3 , 1 2 1- sternocostat is (M pectora[rs

ma jo r l 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 60 , T26- subcu tanea {M sph inc te r an i

ex l eTnus l z Ja , t z l- supe r f i c i a l i s {Compar t imen tum

r r r r r i c n n c t o r i r r c l ? A A

- s u p e r i o r I D u o d e n u m l 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 ,1 3 4 - 1 3 6 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 3 , 1 6 0 - 1 6 11 66-1 67 , 179 , 214

- - [ Fac ies d i aph ragma t i cahepa t i s l 142

Pars- t e rm ina [ i s 137 ,163- t ho rac i ca ao r t ae 63 , 69 ,87 ,99 ,

10 /+ -106 , 109 , 1 13 -1 15 , 117 , 121 ,121, 152, 157 , 178,248

- - au tonom ica 117 ,120 -121- - (CoLumna ve r t eb ra [ i s ] 2- - [ D u c t u s t h o r a c i c u s ] 1 1 3 ,

1 1 5 - 1 1 6- - (Oesophagus l 63 , 104 -109 ,

1 13 , 1 1 5 -1 17 , 119 , 121 , 245- t ib iocatcanea 300-302, 304- t i b i onav i cuLa r i s 300- t i b i o t a ta r i s an te r i o r 300- - poster ior 300-301- tTansversa IL ig i t io femorate)

278- - (M t r apez ius l 26 ,T17- t ransversar ia [A vertebral isJ

40- u r e n n a l t u 0 a u t e n n a t z u lPatet ta 262-263, 28L-285,287 ,

290-293, 306, 3 1 4-3 1 5, 322-323,327 ,332,365

- r i dge o f t he 292Pecten- ana t i s 210 ,231 ,252- oss i s pub i s 62 ,231 ,26L ,

266-267, 27 1, 31 4-315, 317Ped i cu lus a r cus ve r t eb rae 5 , 7 -9 ,

12, 14-16, 20-21 , 23-25,29,35,273

Pedog rams 384PeLvic aperture 264PeLv i c a r t e r i es , d i g i t aL sub t rac t i on

ang iog raphy tDSA I 359PeLvic constr ic t ion 265P a l v i r r l i e n h r : n m T ? ?

- of the female 230-231, 233-235- o f t he ma te 232 ,234 ,236Petvic organs- in the femate 228- in the male 226-227Petvic width 265Pelv is 264,268- AP- rad iog raph 273 -27 4- cT 254- of the femate 265- - cross-sect ion 257- - c r 2 5 7- - med ian sec t i on 253- - MRt 253,259- - ob t i que sec t ron 261- - pe t v i c d imens ions 265- jo ints of pelv ic a i rdte 268-271- Lumbosacral passage 268-269,

271- majot 264- o f t he ma [e . c ross - sec t i on 254 ,

256- - c r 2 5 6- - f rontaI sect ion 258- - median secl ion 242,252- - MRt 252 ,259- - ob [ i que sec t i on 260- - < > n i t + r l < a e t i a n 2 l ' \

- m ino r 167 ,26 / .- musc tes , o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons

3 1 0 - 3 1 1- r ena t i s 171 ,182 -184 ,1 86 , 1 88 ,

192, 200, 216, 245-246, 250- - ampu t l a r t ype 186- - AP - rad iog raph 186- - d e n d r i t i c t y p e 1 8 6- sex di f ferences 264,268-271Pen i s 197 , 199 , 222 , 244 , 260Perforat ing vein, [atera[ 352

Per icardium 63, 7 4-75, 85, 89,9 8 - 9 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 1 8 , 2 1 7

- f i b r o s u m 7 4 , 8 9 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 - 1 1 3 ,121, 159

- seTosum 7 4-75, 78-80, 84, 89,119-120

Per inea[ [acerat ion 233Pe r i neum 235- of the femaLe 230, 233, 241- of the male 232,240Pe r i o r ch ium 194Per iosteum 43Pe r i s t a l s i s 132Pe r i t oneum 143

h - r ; 6 + r l d q / , E a a 1 _ a 1 7 q , 1 2 0 ,

149 , 158 , 167 , 179 , 190 , 196 , 217 ,226, 2/+2, 248 -251, 253, 256

- urogeni ta[e 202, 210, 260-261- v iscera[e 54, 70, 120, 136, 242,

246,248-249,251Pes 263- anse r i nus supe r f i c i a l i s 313 ,

323- cavus 384- compar tmen ts 379- c ross - sec t i on 382- f rontaI sect ion 384- j o i n t s 300 -303 , T39- [ i gamen ts 302- l ong i t ud ina I sec t i on , MRI 383- musc tes 333 -343 ,384 , T51 -T54- - o r i g i ns and i nse r t i ons 333 ,

339- osteof ibrous tubes 384

- - ^ : + + ^ l - ^ ^ + i ^ ^ a o 2- s o g , t r d t

- t endon shea ths 334 -335- vatgus 303- vaul t 299PEYER 's pa t ches 137Ph a ta nx[ - ges)- d istaLis{-es} (Pesl 263, 295-296,

383- med ia t - ae l (Pes l 263 ,295 -296 ,

383- lPes l 263 , 296 , 299 ,304- p rox ima l i s {Pes l 295 -296 , 383Pha rynx 133P ia ma te r sp i na t i s 41 , 43Ptacenta 207-208Planta 262,375-378- a r t e r i es 375- - va r i a t i ons 375P lan ta r aponeu ros i s s Aponeu ro -

s i s p l an ta r i sPtatysma 58P[eu ra- pa r i e t aL i s 54 , 63 , 89 , 95 ,

1 1 0-1 '1 3, 1 18, 120-121, 123-125,159, 245-250

- pu tmona l i s s P teu ra v i sce ra t i s- v iscerat is 5/+, 112, 120-121,

246-21+7P[euraL borders, project ion 103Pleurocentesis, puncture of the

- coccygeus 225, 344, f 40- coe l i acus 214 ,220- de fe ren t i aL i s 197 . 222

lndex

P[exus- hypogastr icus in ler ior 222-223- - supe r i o r 214 ,222 -223- Lumba t i s 29 ,36 , 66 ,68 ,254 ,

3/r1+, T 1 5, I 40, T 42, I 45- Lumbosacrat is 68, 220, 344, f 40- mesenter icus infer ior 220,222- - super ior 222-223- oesophageus 112, 117, 121, 220- ovar icus 223- pampini formis 60,70, 193-194,

197 ,238-239, 213- prostat icus 222- putmonal is 112-113, 120-121- rectaLis interior 21L- - m e d i u s 2 1 4- - supe r i o r 214- r ena t i s 223- sacra[ is 68, 21 4, 220, 223, 225,

344, 349, r22, r 40, r n, r 46- t es t i cu [a r i s 197 ,222- uterovaginat is 223- venosus a reo la r i s 66- - prostat icus 236,260- - r ec ta t i s 213- - submucosus 1 06 , 18 ' 1- - vag ina t i s 228- - ver tebrat is externus anter ior

1+2

Pos te r i o r 42- - - i n t e r n u s 1 2 3

anter ior 41-43,45,242pos te r i o r 41 -4 /1 ,119

- - ves i ca l i s 227 ,236 -237 ,256PLica l -a e l- a lares 285- c i r cu ta res 130 , 132 , 135 , 137 ,

1 5 0 , 1 5 2- duodena t i s i n f e r i o r 165 , 167- gas t r i cae 130 , 133- gas t ropanc rea t i ca 161 , 166 -167- i [eocaecat is 162-1 63, 167- interureter ica 190-191, 198,

260- l ong i t ud ina [ i s duoden i 150 , 152- mucosae 150 , 190 , 198- patmatae 201,253- rectouter ina 201, 228-229, 253- sem i [una res co t i 139 ,141 ,163- s p i r a t i s 1 5 0 - 1 5 1- synovia l is 301

: ^ r - ^ ^ ^ + ^ l r - - i - t o q- - i l i l r o P o L E ( r o , , r z u J

- - mediopateLLar is 284- t ransversa rect i 207,210-211,

242,252-253- t uba r i ae 201- umb iL i ca l i s l a t e ra l i s 59 ,71 -72 ,

1 5 8 - 1 5 9 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 6- - m e d i a t i s 5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 ,

19 6, 209, 217, 227, 236, 253- - m e d i a n a 5 9 , 7 1 - 7 2 , 1 5 8 - 1 5 9 ,

1 9 6, 209, 21 7, 23 6, 252-253- ves i ca t i s t r ansve rsa 71 , 236Po in t

- - - n u l l i p a r a 2 0 5

PortocavaI anastomoses 181, 213Posi t io lUterusl 203

pleural cavi ty 54 - of v. LANZ 1 40P lexus - o fMcBURNEY 140- ao r t i cus t ho rac i cus 89 , 1 13 , - o f SUDEcK 176 ,212

117 ,121 Po lus u r i na r i us 184- b rach ia l i s 54 ,60 ,111 -113 ,120 , Pop t i t ea t pe r f o ra t i ng ve in 352

122 -123 ,128 ,T11 , f 17 Po r t a hepa t i s 142- c a r d i a c u s 8 3 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 P o r t i o- carot icus communis 110 - supravaginat is cerv ic is 201-202- cerv ica[ is 36-37,40, f11-f12, - vaginal is cerv ic is 201, 205,207,

r17.r21 253

Index

Prepu t i um- cLi tor id is 233,235- pen i s 1 97 -199 , 242 -243 , 252Processus I - usl- accesso r i us 5 , 8 -9- a r t i cu l a r i s i n f e r i o r 6 ,8 -9 , 12 ,

1 5-1 6, 22-23, 25, 29, 35, 254- - supe r i o r lOs sac rum l 10 -1 1 ,

41 , 230,254- - - IVe r t eb rae l 5 -9 , 12 ,15 -16 ,

20-21 , 23,25,29,35, 41 ,45,248,273

- cauda tus 142- coracoideus 47-48, 122- c o s t a t i s 5 , 9 , 1 6 , 2 3 , 3 0 , 3 2 , 3 5 ,

48, 63, 216, 269 ,272-273- fatc i formis 270- Laterat is tat i 295, 297-298,382- - t ube r i s ca t cane i 295 ,

297-298- mami t l a r i s 8 -9 , 35- mas to i deus 12 ,33 ,40- med ia t i s t ube r i s ca t cane i

295-298,302- pap i t t a r i s 142 , 166 , 249- poster ior taLi 296-298, 305- sp i nosus 1 , 5 -9 , 12 -16 , 19

22-26, 28-29, 32-35, 41, 1,4, 1 19,123-124, 127 , 188,2/+9 ,251 , 273

- styto ideus l0s tempora[eJ 33-34- t r ansve rsus 6 -8 , 13 -1L , 20 , 22 ,

31 ,34-35, t+0, 125- - lAt tasJ 34, 40- - [Axis] 34- unc ina tus tPanc reas j 1 52 -1 53 ,

173, 179,243- - IVe r t eb raJ s Uncus co rpo r i s- vag ina t i s pe r i t one i 61- - - p e r s i s t e n s 6 l- x i pho ideus 47 , 50 , 55 , 63 , 70 ,

119, 127 , 132,207 ,242, 248Promon to r i um (0s sac rum l 3 -+ ,

10 -1 1 , 1 5 , 62 , 177 , 185 , 217 , 227 ,2L2 ,253 ,26 /+ ,31 /+

Pronat io lAr t icuLat io ta lotarsat is lT39

Pros ta ta 7 1 , 190 -191 , 195 -196 ,198 ,222 , 226 -227 , 236 , 242 -243 ,252,259-260

Protuberant ia occip i ta l is externa2 6 , 3 9

Psoas arcade 63Pubes 1 97Pu Imo 54 , 92 , 9L - | 00 , 110- a r t e r i es 100- dex te r 89 , 9L -98 , 1 10 -11 1 , 1 18 ,

120-121 , 123-127 , 1/+8, 159 ,243,245-246

- o rgan i sa t i on 98- s i n i s t e r 89 , 94 -99 , 1 10 -1 1 1 ,

1 18, 120-122, 1 24, 1 26-1 27, 1 59,245,247

- ve i ns 100Pu lmona ry ang iog raphy 100Pu[monary borders, project ion

1 0 3Putpa sptenica 1 56Pyelography, int ravenous 21 6Py to rus 128 -131 , 135 , 160 -161Py ram ides rena tes 183 -184 , 188 ,

245

0

Quadrangu ta r space 37

R

Rad i x l - ces i- an te r i o r lN sp ina t i s l 41 , 43 , 45 ,

214- mesenter i i 140, 1 63, 1 66-1 67, 177- mo to r i a s . Rad i x an te r i o r

lN sp ina t i s l- parasympathic a 21 4, 222-223- poster ior IN spinaLis l 41, 1+3, 45Ra mus l - i l- acetabuLar is lA c i rcumflexa

femor i s med ia t i s J 359- - [A ob tu ra to r i a l 357 , 359- an te r i o r {A med ia genus l 289- - [A ob tu ra to r i a ] 357 , 359- - [A r ena t i s l 182- - IN ce rv i caL i s l 120- - IN l umba l i s ) 41 ,226- - [N obturator ius] 68, 348.

T39-T40- - [N sac ra t i s l 226- - lN sp ina t i s l 40 -41 ,45 , f 20- - l T runcus n sp ina t i s l 42 -43 ,

45- - lV portae hepat is) 246- ar t icu[ares {A descendens

genus l 351 , 356 -358- ascendens lA c i rcumfLexa

femoris lateraLis] 351, 358-359- - lA c i rcumflexa femoris

med ia t i s j 363- atr ia les (A coronar ia dextra l

84, 86- - (A co rona r i a s i n i s t r a l 86- atr ioventr icutares 86-87- b ronch ia [es 99- - lAo r t aJ 105 -106 , 112 ,115 ,

121- - [N vagusJ 115 ,117 ,120 -121- caLcane i [A t i b i a t i s pos te r i o r l

372- - med ia tes IN t i b i aL i s l 376 ,

T40- ca rd i acus ce rv i ca t i s i n f e r i o r 376

{N vagus ) 83- - t ho rac i cus i n f e r i o r IN vagus )

8 3 , 1 1 8- - - IN vagus l ' 1

12 -1 ' 13 ,

118- - - [ T runcussympa th i cus )

1 1 3- c i r cumf l exus (A co rona r i a s rn r s -

rra l 74-75,84-87- commun i cans [ - t es ] lA f i buLa r i s l

3 5 1- - aLbus 42- - f ibutar is 345, 365, T40- - g r i seus 42- - [ T r u n c u s n s p i n a t i s l 4 1 , 4 3 ,

45- - l T runcus sympa th i cus l 45 ,

112 -113 ,116 -117 ,222- coni ar ter iosi 81, ,86-87- cu taneus ( - i l an te r i o r l - es l ab -

dom ina les 66- - - tN femorat is l 66, 68,

3/+8-349,353, T40- - - lN i L i ohypogas t r i cus l oo ,

3 4 9 , 3 5 3- - c ru r i s med ia l es (N

saphenus l 349 , 365 , T40- - [ a t e ra t i s [ - es ) {N i t i ohypogas -

tr icusl 36, 31,9, 360, 364- - - (N sp inaL i s ) 36 ,111- - - [Nn t ho rac i c i ] 344- - - pectorates (Nn inter-

costalesi 38, 66

Ra m u s[ - i ] cu ta n e usl- i l- - med ia t i s ( - esJ IN sp ina t i s l 36 ,

4 1- - lN ob tu ra to r i us j 349 , 353 ,

357-358, 360, T40- - lN pLan ta r i s med ia t i s l 377- - poster ior(-esl INn cerv ica[es,

P r n n c t o r i n r o c l ? Q

- - - lNn t ho rac i c i , R r pos te r i -0rest J6

- descendens (A c i r cumf texafemor i s [ a t e raL i s l 351 , 357 -359

- - {A c i rcumflexa femoris medi-a t i s l 359

- dex te r (A hepa t i ca p rop r i a l 146 ,1 7 1 , 2 4 9

- - {V portae hepalis) 146,244,246,248-249

- do rsa t i s [A t umba l i s ] 41- - (V t umba l i s l 41- f e m o r a [ i s 6 6 , 6 8 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 , 3 1 7 ,

344,349,353, 355, T40- f und i u te r i lA u te r i na l 204- gas t r i c i an te r i o res (T runcus va -

g a [ i s a n t e r i o r l 1 1 7- - lV gastroomental is dextra l

1 6 0- gen i t a I i s 60 , 68 ,197 ,217 ,221 ,

225, 238, 256, 344, 31+9 , T40- he t i c i n i 204- i l i a cus 217 ,221- i n f e r i o r oss i s pub i s 196 ,215 ,

234, 260, 266-267 , 272-273,317 ,3 1 9

- inf rapateLLar is 348-349, 353,365, T40

- intercostates anter iores 69, 247- i n t e rgang l i ona res 45- i n t e r ven t r i cu ta r i s [ - es l an te r i o r

[A co rona r i a s i n i s t r a ] 74 ,79 -80,81, 86-87 ,98, 127

- - poster ior {A coronar ia dex-t ra l 75, 80, 84-87,120

- - septates {A coronar ia dextra)86

l ^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ - i ^ ^ i ^ i ^ + - ^ l- - - t H 5 i l i l 5 u d j

86-87- Labiales poster iores 241- Laterat is [A coronar ia s in ist ra)

86- - [N sp ina t i s , R pos te r i o r )

41-43- - lN t ho rac i cus l 37- maL[eo[ares Latera[es 351,372- - med ia tes 351 ,372- m a n d i b u L a e 1 2- ma rg ina t i s dex te r 80 ,84 ,86 -87- - s in ister 80, 84, 86-87- mas to i deus lA occ i p i t a t i s l 38- med ia t i s IN sp ina t i s , R pos te r i -

ot) 41-43- - [N t ho rac i cus l 37- men ingeus lT runcus n sp ina t i s )

41-43,45- muscuLa r i s l - es l lN . f emora t i s l

356-358, T40- - lN . f i bu ta r i s p ro fundus l 374- - lN p [an ta r i s med ia t i s J 377- - (N t ib iat is l 362-363,

369-370- nodi atr ioventr icular is 86- - s i nua t r i aL i s 84 , 86- ob tu ra to r i us {A ep igas t r i ca i n -

fer iorJ 225, 359- occ i p i t a t i s ( - es l [A au r i cu l a r i s

poster ior) 38- - {A occip i taLis l 38

Ramus[- i ]- oesophageates lA gastr ica

s i n i s t r a l 1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 8- - [A , t hy ro i dea i n f e r i o r ] 106- - IAo r t a l 106 , 115- - lGang t i on t ho rac i cum l 120- - lN [ a r yngeus recu r rensJ 115 ,

121- - {V gas t r i ca s i n i s t r a l 169 , 181- omentales lAa gastroomen-

t a L e s l 1 3 1 , 1 7 2- - lVv gastroomentatesl 131, 160- oss i s i s ch i i 234 ,257 ,261 ,

266 -267 , 273 ,317 , 319- ovar icus 204- perforans[- tes] [A f ibuLar is]

351 , 368, 37 4- - lA t ho rac i ca i n t e rna l 69- - lArcus pLantar is profundusl

378- pe r i ca rd i acus lN ph ren i cus l

1 1 8- per ineates 2/+0-2L1- ph ren i coabdomina les lN

p h r e n i c u s J 6 3 , 1 1 8- pos te r i o r ( - es ) [A med ia genus ]

289- - [A obturator iaJ 359- - (A . r ena t i s l 182- - [ a t e ra [es INn t ho rac i c i J 37- - med ia [es {Nn t ho rac i c i l 37- - IN au r i cu [a r i s magnus l 36- - [N cerv icat is l 37-40- - [N obturator ius] 348, T40- - [N sac ra t i s J 37- - IN sp ina l i s ) 36 -37 ,40 -41 ,45- - {Nn t ho rac i c i J 37 -38 , T20- - I T runcusn sp ina t i s J 41 -43 ,

45- - lV portae hepat is l 248- - ven t r i cu l i s i n i s t r i 85 -86- posterotaterat is dexter 86-87- profundus lA c i rcumftexa

femoris mediat isJ 359, 363-364- - lA g tu tea supe r i o r l 364- - (A p [an ta r i s med ia t i s J 375- - (A t ransversa cotLi l 38-39- - [N p[antar is [ateral isJ

377 -378- - [V g tu tea supe r i o r l 364- pubicus {A epigastr ica infer ior l

225 ,359- - lA ooluralof ta l l l5- r ad i cu ta r i s an te r i o r {A . sp i na t i s

an te r i o r l 45- saphenus {A descendens

genusJ 35 ' 1 , 358- scrotates anter iores 238- - poster iores 227,240- s in ister [A hepat ica propr ia l 146- - [V po r t ae hepa t i s l 146 , 154- spinales lA intercostal is poste-

nof l 45- - [A sacrat is laterat is ] 226- spLen i c i 173- subendocardiates 83- superf ic iaLis [A c i rcumftexa

femoris media[ is ] 357, 359, 363- - (A g tu tea supe r i o r l 363- - [A p tan ta r i s med ia t i s ] 375 ,

378- - [A t ransversa cot t i ] 39- - [N pLantar is laterat is ]

37 6-378- - lN t i b i a t i s l T40- supe r i o r oss i s pub i s 196 ,234 ,

2 6/1, 26 6 -267, 27 2-27 3, 31 7

lndex

Ramusl-il Rete Segmentum[-a) Spina[-ae)- t r a c h e a t e s { N [ a r y n g e u s r e c u r - - a r t i c u [ a r e g e n u s 3 5 1 , 3 5 8 , 3 6 8 - m e d i a l e [ S V ] l P u t m o l 9 6 - i s c h i a d i c a 3 , 2 1 2 - 2 1 3 , 2 3 0 , 2 5 6 ,

rens f 120 - ca l caneum 372 .377 -378 - - s i n i s t r um [ lV ] 147 264 ,266 -267 ,273 ,280 ,319- t r ansve rsus 359 - ma t t eo ta re La te ra te 368 ,374 - pos te r i us l a t e ra l e dex t rum [V l l ] - s capu tae 1 -2 ,26 ,52 ,103 ,123- t uba r i us (A u te r i na l 204 ,228 - - med ia te 374 lHepa r ) 147 Sp ina lanaes thes ia 44- vag ina tes (A u te r i na l 204 - pa te l t a re 353 ,356 - - - s i n i s t r um [ l l ] {Hepa r l 147 SpLen 1110 , 155 -157 , 159 -161 ,Raphe - venosum do rsa le ped i s 365 - - med ia l e dex t rum lV l l l ] 166 -167 ,170 ,172 ,180 ,245 ,- per inei 232-233,235 Ret inacutum(-aj lHepar l 147 247-249,255- sc ro t i 194 ,239 - muscu to rum ex tenso rum i n - - - {Ren l 187 - AP - rad iog raph 171Recessus f e r i us 306 ,332 ,334 -337 , - - tS l l l l Pu tmo l 96 - H i t um 156- axi t tar is 122 367-368,373 - renat ia 187 Spondylol is thesis 9- cos tod iaph ragma t i cus 54 ,101 , - - - supe r i us 306 - supe r i us {Ren l 187 Spondy to t ys i s 9

103 , 110 , 118 ,120 -121 ,160 , - - f i bu l a r i um i n fe r i us 304 ,332 , - - tSV l ] lPu tmo l 96 Squama occ ip i t a l i s 19246 -248 ,250 334 -336 Sep tu l a tes t r s 193 -194 ,252 S te rnoc lav i cu ta r j o i n t s A r t i cu ta t i o

- cos tomed ias t i na t i s 110 ,113 , - - - supe r i us 30 /1 ,327 , Sep tum{ -a l s t e rnoc tav i cu l a r i s124 ,127 329 -332 ,335 ,370 -371 - a t r i oven t r i cu l a re 82 S te rnum 5 ,48 ,50 -52 ,111 ,119

- duodenat is infer ior 1 64, - - f lexorum {PesJ 304, 329-331 , - femorale 355 125, 127 , 132,207 ,242166-167 335,342,370-371,376-378 - gtandis 199 Stratum

- - supe r i o r 164 ,166 -167 - - pe roneo rum i n fe r i us / su - - i n t e ra t r i a l e 78 -79 ,119 - basa leendome t r i a l e 202- i t eocaeca [ i s i n f e r i o r 163 -167 pe r i us s Re t i nacu tum mus - - i n t e rmuscu ta re c ru r i s an te r i us - c i r cu [a re 105 ,129 -130 ,136 ,- - supe r i o r 163 ,165 -167 cuLo rum f i bu l a r i um 327 ,332 ,366 , 381 139- i n f e r i o r bu rsae omen ta l i s 161 i n f e r i us / supe r i us - - - pos te r i us 329 ,366 ,381 - f unc t i ona te endome t r i a t e 202- i n t e r s i gmo ideus 164 ,167 - pa te l l ae ta te ra te 284 -285 ,306 , - - vas toadduc to r i um 314 ,357 - l ong i t ud ina te 105 ,129 -130 ,136 ,- ph ren i comed ias t i na t i s 121 , 243 310 -31 1 - i n t e r ven t r i cu [a re 78 -80 , 83 , 126 139 ,210 ,228- p i r i formis 108 - - mediate 284-285,323 - tongi tudlnat ia 379 Stroma ovar i i 201- retrocaecal is 166 Retrof [exio {Uterus} 203 - penis 199, 243 Suboccip i ta l musctes 31-34,40,- sp ten i cus 161 ,167 ,2Lq Re t rope r i t onea l o rgans 1 52 - r ec tovag ina le s Fasc ia r ec to - T20- subpop t i t eus 290 ,331 Re t rope r i t onea l space 179 vag ina t i s Subs tan t i a- supe r i o r bu rsae omen taL i s 161 , Re t rope r i t onea I s t r uc tu res , pos i - - s c ro t i 61 , 194 ,239 ,242 - compac ta 277

167 ,249 t i on o f t he 217 -218 - ves i covag ina te 207 ,253 - spong iosa 277 ,281- c r r n r rn r t o l l r r i c ?a? Re t rove rs i o (U te rus j 203 SHERMAN 'S ve in 352 Sub t rac t i on ang iog raphy , d i g i t a t- ver tebromediast inal is 124,126 RETZIUS, Caveol 207,252 Sinus TDSAJ 359Rec toscopy 211 R ima - ana les 210 -211 ,252 - a r t e r i eso f f emur 359Rec tum 62 ,138 ,165 -167 ,177 , - g t o t t i d i s 114 - ao r t ae 79 -80 ,82 ,127 SUDEOK 's po in t 176 ,212

180 , 185 , 190 , 205 , 209 -214 , - pudend i 235 - co ronanus 75 -76 ,85 ,99 Su t cus l - i J220 -221 ,226 ,228 -229 ,231 ,237 , R ims 5 ,25 - ep id i dym id i s 193 -194 - ana l i s 262243 ,256 -257 ,354 ROSENMULLER 'S node 355 - l ac t i f e rus 64 - a r t e r i ae sp ten i cae 153

- AP- rad iog raph 141 Rugaevag ina les 201 ,205 ,233 - max i l l a r i s 12 - - subc lav i ae 49- a r t e r i es 212 - ob t i quus pe r i ca rd i i 75 ,89 - - ve r t eb ra l i s 6 ,17- cotonoscopy 211 - prostat icus 190 - calcanei 297-298- i nne rva t i on 214 S - r ena t i s 183 -184 . 188 ,250 - co rona r i us 75 -76 ,85- Lateral radiograph 2 '15 - sagi t tat is super ior 40 - costae 49- r ec toscopy 211 Sac ra l punc tu re 44 - t a r s i 296 ,305 - g l u tea t i s 262 ,307 ,319 ,360- ve i ns 213 Sac ro i t i a c j o i n t s A r t i cu l a t i o - t r ansve rsus 40 - i n t e r ven t r i cuLa r i s an te r i o r 76 ,Reg io ( -nes ) sac ro i t i a ca - - pe r i ca rd i i 75 ,84 ,89 ,119 ,126 80- ca t canea s CaLx Sac rum, w id th o f t he 265 - t r unc i pu lmona t i s 76 ,82 , 98 - - pos te r i o r 76 ,80 , 85- cerv ical is poster ior 1,38-40 Salpinx s Tuba uter ina - venaTum cavarum 85 - mat leolar is 282-283,301- c ru r i s 365 SANTORIN I s duc t 152 S i t us - ne rv i sp i na l i s 7- - an te r i o r 262 .367 -368 Sca lenus musc tes T11 - co rd i s 88 - ob tu ra to r i us 266- - pos te r i o r 262 ,370 -372 Scapu ta 1 -3 ,26 -21 ,L8 ,101 ,108 , - r e t r ope r i t onea l i s 179 ,217 -218 - pa raco l i c i 162 -164- de l t o i dea 1 122 -125 - v i s ce rum 158 -159 , 162 ,166 , - pop l i t eus 281 ,291 ,293- f emor i s an te r i o r 262 ,353 , Sc ro tum 194 ,197 ,252 172 -173 ,175 - s i nus s i gmo ide i 18

356-358 Segmentuml-al Sote of the foot , muscles 338-343, - supraacetabuLar is 266-267- - poster ior 262,360-363 - anter ius infer ius {Renl 187 T53-T54 - ta l i 297- genus an te r i o r 262 ,353 - - l a t e ra l e dex t rum [V l ] lHepa r l Spa t i um l -a l - t end in i s muscu t i f i bu ta r i s l ong i- - pos te r i o r 262 147 - ep idu ra l e 24 ,41 ,1 ,3 ,248 ,252 295 ,297 -298 ,300 ,302-g lu tea l i s 1 ,262 ,360 -361 , - - - s i n i s t r um[ l l l ] {Hepa r l 147 -pa ra rec ta l e 205 ,210 - - - f t exo r i sha t t uc i s l ong i- inf rascaputar is 1 - - mediate dextrum [V] {Hepar l - paravesicate 205 lCalcaneusJ 296-298,- inguinat is 262,353-354 147 - retropubicum 70,205,207,252, 302- l umba t i s 1 ,41 - - tS l l l ] l Pu tmo j 96 257 - t ong i l Ta tus l 297 -298- - AP - rad iog raph 219 - - supe r i us lRen l 187 - r e t r o rec ta te 205 - t e rm ina l i s co rd i s 75 ,85- occ i p i i a l i s 38 -39 - ap i ca te [S l ] 96 - suba rachno ideum 41 ,43 ,45 , - venae subc tav i ae 49- ped i s 365 - ap i copos te r i us [S l - l l ] l Pu tmo ] 96 119 ,123 ,252 Su ra 262- pe r i nea l i s o f t he f ema te 241 - basa le an te r i us [S V l l l ] lPu tmo ] - subdu ra te 41 , 43 Sus ten tacu lum ta t i 295 -298 , 300 ,- - o f t he ma te 240 96 Sp ina l - ae l 302 , 305 , 382- sac ra l i s 1 - - l a t e ra l e [S lX ] lPu tmo) 96 - i t i a ca an te r i o r i n f e r i o r 230 , Sympa the t i c ne rvous sys tem 214 ,- s capu la r i s 1 - - med ia te [SV l l ] {Pu tmo l 96 264 -267 ,271 ,273 222 -223- ve r t eb ra l i s 1 - - pos te r i us [S X ] lPu tmo l 96 - - - supe r i o r 3 ,1 ,6 -47 ,52 , Symphys i sRen 29 , 35 , 67 , 152 , 154 -155 ,160 , - b ronchopu lmona t i a 96 -97 56 -58 , 71 , 132 ,140 ,197 , - manub r i os te rna t i s 50 -51

164 ,166 -167 ,177 ,179 ,182 -186 , - ca rd i acum s Segmen tum 207 ,230 ,255 ,262 , - pub i ca 73 ,190 ,205 ,207 ,225 .188,192,200,216-217,245-247, basa[e mediate [SVl l ] [Putmo] 261+-269,271,273,306, 230,234-235,21,4,252-253,2 /+9 -250 ,255 - [ 11 lHepa r l 147 315 ,317 , 322 ,355 ,360 ,364 256 -257 ,264 ,268 ,271 -274 ,317 ,

- AP-radiograph 186,216 - infer ius {Renl 187 - - poster ior infer ior 266-267, 355, T39- computed tomography 188 - laterale [S lV] lPutmo] 96 273 - x iphosternal is 50- deve lopmen t 188 - l i ngu la re i n fe r i us lSV ] (Pu tmo) - - - supe r i o r 2 ,31 ,52 , 183 , Synchond ros i scos tae 51- p ro l ec t i on 183 ,185 96 230 ,254 ,264 ,266 -267 , Syndesmos i s t i b i o f i bu ta r i s 253 ,- ut t rasound image 188 - - super ius [S lV] lPutmoi 96 270,273,360 294,304-305,382,139

Index

Systema f rigonunl-a)- conducente cordis 82-83 - lumbocosta[e 63, T21- sketetale (Columna vertebral is l - s ternocostate 63, T21

2 - v e s i c a e 1 9 0 - 1 9 1 , 1 9 5 , 1 9 8Troc ha nte r

TubercuLum[-aJ- pubicum 47, 230, 234-235, 264,

266 -267 , 271 , 273 , 355- quad ra tum 275 -276Tu beros i tas- gtutea 275-27 6, 278, 319- i l iaca 264,266- muscuL i g Iu te i max im i 267- - serrat i anter ior is 49- ossis cuboidei 295-296, 298, 302- - me ta ta r s i p r im i 295 , 298- - - quint i 295-296,298,

302 -303 ,334- - navicular is 295,298,302- - s a c r i 1 0 - 1 1- pha tang i s d i s t a t i s lPes l 295- tibiae 262, 282, 285-287, 29 1,

294 ,327 , 332 ,367Tubu tus- d i s t a t i s 184- p rox ima l i s 184Tun i ca- adven t i t i a 105- - l T rachea l 91- atbuginea 193,2/1/+- - e n r n n r i < < n n n n i n < i 1 9 9

- - co rpo rum cave rnosoTum197 -199 , 242 ,252

- da r t os 70 , 194 , 197 , 226 , 232 ,239, 242, 252

- f i b rosa 153- mucosa 105 , 121 , 130 , 136 , 139 ,

150 ,190 ,201 -202- - IGas te r j 108- - I T rachea j 91- muscuLa r i s 105 , 119 , 129 -130 ,

1 35-1 37, 139 -1 40, 190-19 1,201-202, 210,226, 228,230, 261

- seTosa 130 , 136 -137 , ' 143 , 150 ,153, 201-202,226

- - ICo ton j 139- vaginaI is test is 70, 193-194,

239, 242

U

Umb i [ i caL co rd 208Umb iL i cus 59 ,72 , 197UncovertebraI c lef ts 24Uncus co rpo r i s 7 , 13 , 24 -25 , 35Uppe r abdomen- vessets 172-173- v i s ce ra 160Urachus 70 , 159 , 185 , 192 , 200Ureter 71, 152, 163-164, 166-167,

171 , 179 , 182 -183 , 185 -1 87 ,191-192, 196, 200-201 ,205,209 ,21 6-218, 221-222, 226-229, 231,236,245, 251, 253-254, 258

- AP- rad iog raph 186Urethra 1 90, 196, 198,252-253- feminina 200, 207, 230, 23/ . ,

237 ,261- mascut ina 190,195-196, 198-199,

222, 234, 239, 244, 259 -260

Uterus 140, 200-203, 205, 207,209 , 223, 228-229,253,351,

- AP- rad iog raph 203- mucosa , phase o f p ro t i f e ra t i on

202- pos i t i on 203- pregnant 206-207- - u l t r asound image 206- u [ t r asound image 206Utr icuIus prostat icus 190, 192, 198Uvu la ves i cae ' 190 , 198

vVa gina [ -ae) 200-205, 207, 223,

228, 230-231 ,234,237 ,253,257- commun i s t end inum muscu to -

rum f i bu ta r i um 304 , 334 -335- muscu t l r ec t i abdom in i s 52 ,

56-58, 69-70, 72, 249, 355- pLan ta r i s t end in i s muscuL i

f i bu ta r i s Long i 341- t end in i s / t end inum d ig i t o rum

ped i s 335 ,340 -341- - muscu t i / - o rum ex tenso r i s

d i g i t o rum tong i 334 -335haLLucis [ongi 334-335

- - - f t exo r i s d i g i t o rum l ong i3 0 4 , 3 3 5

haLLuc i s l ong i 335 ,340- - - t i b i aL i s an te r i o r i s 334 -335

pos te r i o r i s 304 ,335- - [Pesl 334-335

Vatval-ael- ao r t ae 77 , 80 , 82 , 85 , 11L ,

119 -120 ,126 -127- atr ioventr icuLar is dextra 77-78,

80-82, 119-120, 127- - s in ist ra 77,79-82,126-127- cordis 77- mi t raI is s Valva atr ioventr icu-

[ a r i s s i n i s t r a- t r icuspidaI is s Valva atr ioven-

t r i cu ta r i s dex t ra- t r unc i pu tmona t i s 77 ,82 ,84

Va[Ve of HEISTER 1 50Va lvu [a {-a e I- a n a l e s 2 1 0- f o ram in i s ova [ i s 79- f ossae nav i cu [a r i s 198- sem i tuna r i s an te r i o r 77- - - {Vatva t runci pu[monaI is l 84- - dextra (Vatva aortaej 77, 79,

82,84, 119, 126- - - {VaLva t runci puLmonaLis l

7 7 , 8 4- - poster ior [Valva aortael 77,

79-80,82,84, 119, 126- - s in ist ra {Valva aortae} 77,

79 -80 ,82 ,84 , 119 , 126- - - (VaLva t runci puImonat is)

7 7 , 8 2 , 8 4- s inus coTonar i i 78,82,84- venae cavae infer ior is 78, 82

Vas [ -a ]- deferens s Ductus deferens- l ympha t i cum( - a ) 197 , 219- - a f f e ren t i a 219- - AP - rad iog raph 219- - cen t ra te 136- - e f f e ren t i a 219- - p ro funda 367- - supe r f i c i a [ i a 366- test icutares 71

V A I E R , P a p i t l a o f 1 3 5 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 2 - 1 5 3Ve in l s l- deep perforat ing of HAcH 352- of BoYD 352- of COOKEIT 352- o f DoDD 306 , 352- o f HUNTER 352- o f MAY 352 ,365- o fSHERMAN 352

Vena l -ae l- anter ior [V pu[monal is dextra

supe r i o r l 98 ,120 ,122- ap i ca [ i s 98- ap i copos te r i o r 98- append i cu [a r i s 169 , 180

T

Taenia- t i be ra 138 -11 r0 , 158 , 161 -165- mesocoL i ca 139 , 161- omen ta t i s 139 , 158 , 160 -161 , 163fatus 295-299, 301, 304-305, 383TarsaI jo int- s A r t i cu l a t i o cuneonav i cu ta r i s ,

A r t i cu l a t i o cuneocubo idea , A r -t i cu ta t i o l - nes l i n t e r cune i f o rmes

- t ransverse s Art icutat io tatocat-caneonav i cu la r i s , A r t i cu ta t i oca t caneocubo idea

Ta rsa I t unne [ 377Ta rsome ta ta r sa I j o i n t s s A r t i cu l a -

t i o l - nesJ t a r some ta ta r sa tesTarsus 263Teta- subcutanea 58, 7 4, 210, 232, 239- submucosa 105 , 130 , 136 -137 ,

1 3 9- subse rosa 130 , ' 136 , 139Tendo ca t caneus 300 -301 , 304 ,

307, 309, 328-333, 335, 370-372,382-383

Tes t i s 61 , 67 , 185 , 192 -194 , 222 ,242 -243 .252

Th igh s FemurT h n r : r i r m , , c . 1 6 . q r - E q c 7 E 8 , T l 3

T h o r a c i c o r g a n s 1 1 8Tho rac i c pa r t o f t he ve r t eb ra I

co Iumn- AP- rad iog raph 14- [ a t e ra I r ad iog raph 14Tho rac i c waL [ 58 , 66 , 69- i nne rva t i on , segmen ta [ 67- musc tes s t ho rac i c musc tes- sketeton project ion 47- surface anatomy 46

Thorax- c ross sec t i on 125- f rontal sect ion 1 1 8, 1 21- med ian sec t i on 1 19T h y m u s 1 1 0 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 9 , 1 5 9ribia 262-263, 282-283, 285-287,

290-29 4, 300-30 1 , 304-306, 327 ,329-331,366-367 ,374, 381 -383

T rabecu [a { -ae ]- carneae 79-80- coTpo rum cave rnoso rum 198- sep tomarg ina t i s 78 , 80 -81- sp ten i cae 156

T rachea 13 , 89 -91 , 98 -99 , 101 ,104 ,106 -107 ,1 09 , 1 1 1 , 11 /+ -121 ,123-124

- b i f u r ca t i on 90- c ross - sec t i on 91- project ion 90

Tractus i t io t ib ia l is 279, 306-307,312-313, 3 1 8-3 1 9, 322, 324, 327,3 3 2 , 3 6 1 , 3 8 1

TREITZ , Musc te o f 135 , 152T r i ad o f GL ISS0N 145Tr iangle of BOCHDALEK 63T r i r n n r r l r r c n r r o ? 7

Tr i gonum I - aJ- ctavipectorate 58- f i b rosum dex t rum 77 ,84- - s i n i s t r um 77 ,84- [umbate 26-27, 37, 52, 361

- major 256, 262, 268, 273-280,319-321,360, 364

- minor 273-280, 31 6, 321, 364- t e r t i us 275Troc h Iea- f ibuLar is 296-297- t a t i 295 -298 ,305T runcus [ - i l- brachiocephal icus 7 4-75, 89,

98 -99 , 1 04 -1 05 , 107 , 109 , 111 ,114-115, 118-121 , 124

- coet iacus 62, 104, 106, 115, 152,1 55, 1 68, 170-173, 178-179, 187 ,2 1 4 , 2 1 7 - 2 1 8 , 2 2 0 - 2 2 1

- - va r i a t i ons 178- cos toce rv i ca t i s 115- [Embryol 206- n a c + r n c n l o n i r r r c 1 7 4

- hepa tomesen te r i cus 178- i n t es t i na t i s 218- [umbaLis 218-219- l umbosac ra l i s 68 , 220 -221 , 225 ,

344- nerv i spinal is 1+1-43, / .5- pulmonat is 74-76, 79, 82, 84,

98, 101, 1 14, 120-121, 125-126- sympathicus 41, 45, 63, 68, 83,

112-113, 115-117 , 120-121 ,12 /+ -125 , 127 , 220 -223 ,225 , 245 ,248,250-251

- t i b i o f i buLa r i s 369 , 372- v : n : l i c : n r o r i n r A 1 1 1 7

- - poster ior 63,120-121T runk -a rm musc tes 26 -27 , f 18- deep l aye r 27- superf ic iaI layer 26T runk -shou tde r g i r dLe musc les

26 -27 , r17- deep l aye r 27- supe r f i c i a I l a ye r 26Tu ba- uterina 1 67, 200-201, 203-204,

209 , 223 ,228 , 259- - AP - rad iog raph 203Tube r- caLcanei 29 6-298, 300-302,

304-305, 328-330, 332, 340-341- ischiadicum 3, 212-213, 215,

230, 232-235, 257 -258, 265-268,270, 273, 280, 317, 31 9-320, 360

- omen ta te 142 , 161Tuberc[e of VATER 1 35, 1 50, 1 52Tube rcu tum l -a l- adduc to r i um 275 ,277- anter ius {Vertebra cerv ica[ is ]

6-7, 35, 55- c o s t a e 8 , 2 0 , 2 2 , 4 9- i l i a cum 264 ,267- intercondylare lateraLe 282,

291- - nediale 282,291- intervenosum 78- Latera[e (Tatus] 296-298- ma jus IHumerusJ 47- mediale [TatusJ 296-298- m inus lHumerus l 47- muscu t i s ca ten i an te r i o r i s 49- ob tu ra to r i um an te r i us 267- - pos te r i us 266 -267- poster ius {At tasl 34- - (Ve r t eb ra ce rv i caL i sJ 6 -7 ,12 ,

1 7 , 3 1 , 3 3 , 3 5

t

Vena{-ael- arcuata crur is poster ior 365- atr iates s in ist rae 75- au r i cu ta r i s pos te r i o r 38 -39- ax i [ [ a r i s 54 , 113 , 120 , 122 , i 24- azygos 63 , 75 , 99 , 105 -107 , i 12 ,

1 1 5 -1 1 6 , 121 ,124 -127 , 181 ,249- basa t i s i n f e r i o r 127- basivertebraI is 42, 1 19, 242- b rach iocepha l i ca 75 , 89 , 98 ,' 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 ,

1 1 0 - 1 ' 1 3 , 1 1 6 , 1 1 8 - 1 1 9- b r o n c h i a t i s 1 1 2- bu tb i pen i s 234- - ves t i bu t i 241- caTdraca magna 74-75,79-80,

84-85,127- - med ia 75 ,84 -85 ,99 ,119- - parva 74, 85- cava i n f e r i o r 35 ,63 ,75 -76 ,T8 ,

83 , 85 , 89 , 99 ,101 ,105 -107 ,111+ ,11 6, 121, 1 42-1 43, 1 46-1 /+8, 152,154 -1 55 , 1 67 , 1 69 , 172_173 ,179 -181, 185, 187-1 89, 210, 213,217 -218,221 , 243-21+/+, 248-251

- - supe r i o r 74 -78 ,82 ,84 -85 ,89 ,98 -99 , 101 , 105 -107 , 111_112 ,1 1 4 , 1 1 6 , 118 , 120 , 121_126

- cen t ra l i s 145 , 189- - [G tandu ta sup ra rena t i s l 189- cepha [ i ca 58 ,66 ,122- cerv icaLis profunda 39- - supe r f i c i aUs 66- c i rcumftexa femoris lateral is 261- - - med ia l i s 256 ,260 -261- - humer i pos te r i o r 37- - i t i u m p r o f u n d a 1 7 9 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 7 ,

231- - - supe r t i c i a t i s 66 ,353 -355- - s capu lae 37- c o L i c a d e x t r a 1 5 2 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 0- - media 152, 161,163-161+,

1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 0- - s i n i s t r a 1 6 7 , 1 6 9 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 7 ,

1 8 0 - 1 8 1- co rd i s 85- - med ia s Vena ca rd i aca med ia- c remas te r i ca 238- cyst ica 149, 169, 172, 180-181- d ig i tates dorsa[es pedis 373- do rsa [ i s p ro funda c t i t o r i d i s 231 ,

234- - - p e n i s 1 9 9 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 4 ,

238-239,252- - s u p e r f i c i a I i s p e n i s 1 9 9 , 2 3 8 ,

252- duodena tes 169- ep igas t r i ca i n f e r i o r 60 , 66 , 69 ,

71 -72, 158-159 , 173, 175, 179,1 81 , 1 96 , 217 , 221 , 227 , 229 , 231 ,236,253

- - supe r f i c i a l i s 66 , 181 ,353 -355- - supe r i o r 66 ,69 -70 ,72- femoral is 62,73, 218, 244, 256-

257 , 31 4 ,353 , 355 -358 , 380 -38 1- femoropopt i tea 366- f i bu ta r i s 366- gas t r i ca [ - ae l b reves 131 , 1oo ,

1 6 9 , 1 8 0- - dex t ra 131 , 169 , 180- - s i n i s t r a 1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 6 0 ,

1 69 , 172 , 179 -181 , 244 , 249- gas t roduodena t i s 152- gas t roomen ta t i s dex t ra 131

1 60, 1 67, 1 69, 172-173, 180- - s i n i s t r a 1 0 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 9 ,

172-173,180- gtutea infer ior 213, 256, 36/+, 380

Venal-ael gtutea- - super ior 213,254,380- hem iazygos 63 , 106 , 116 , 119 ,

181 , 2/+5,249- - accesso r i a 106 ,113 ,116- hepat icae 63, 89, 120-121, 143,

1 48 , 1 67 , 1 69 , 179 -181 , 217 _218- - dextrae 146,1/18,243,246,2/+8- - i n t e rmed iae 146 ,148- - p ro l ec t i on 146- - s in ist rae 11+6,148,243-2L4- - u t t r asound image 148- i tea[es 169, 175, 180, 251- i l eoco l i ca 169 , 180- i t i a ca commun i s 167 ,179 ,181 ,

210, 213.217-218, 221 , 225,227 -228,231 , 242-243, 254

- - e x t e r n a 7 1 , 1 7 9 , 1 9 6 , 2 1 0 ,213, 221, 226-229, 231, 236,253-254,317 , 354,356, 358

- - i n t e rna 181 ,210 ,213 ,217 ,226 -228, 23 1, 25 l r , 258, 35 1

- i t i o L u m b a t i s 2 1 7- intercostat is [ - es) 70, 1 26-127- - anter iores 247- - pos te r i o res 51 , , 73 ,106 ,

1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6- i n t e r l obu [a r i s 145- i n t e r ven t r i cu l a r i s an te r i o r 74 ,

80, 84- - poster ior 75, 80, 84-85- intervertebrat is 42- . le junales 152, 169, 175, 177, 180- j ugu [a r i s an te r i o r 1 1 9- - externa 38- - i n t e r n a 8 9 , 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 , 1 1 0 ,

118,121-122- Lob i med i i 98- [umbales 41, 179, 217, 243, 21+5- [ umba l i s ascendens 42 ,

115 -116 ,221- ma rg ina t i s co t i 169- - lateral is 365, 373- - med ia l i s 365 , 373- mesenter ica inter ior 152, 167,

169 , 177 , 179 -181 , 213- - supe r i o r 152 -153 ,167 ,169 ,

173 , 175 , 177 , 179 -181 ,242-244,251

- muscu [oph ren i ca 69- ob t i qua a t r i i s i n i s t r i 85- ob tu ra to r i a 71 , 213 , 227 , 229 ,

231 , 236, 256-257 ,261 ,317 ,355- occ i p i t a t i s 37 -39- oesophageae 106 ,169 , 180- ova r i ca 152 , 167 ,182 ,187 ,201 ,

209,228-229 ,253- panc rea t i cae 169- panc rea t i coduodena I i s ( - esJ

1 6 9 , 1 8 0- - supe r i o rpos te r i o r 169- pa raumb iL i ca tes 66 ,72 , 181- pe r f o ran tes 306 , 352 ,365 ,373- pe r i ca rd i acoph ren i ca 89 ,

1 1 1 - 1 1 3 , 1 1 8- pe r i nea [ i s 234- ph ren i cae i n f e r i o res 63 , 106 ,

1 8 1 , 2 1 7- p[antar is [atera[ is 304- - med ia t i s 304- popt i tea 284, 329,361-363, 366,

369 -37 1- po r t ae hepa t i s 106 , 131 ,

142-143, 1 46, 1 48, 152-151, 1 67 ,1 69 -170 , 172 -173 , 179 -181 ,243-244,246, 248-250

- - - p r o j e c t i o n l 4 6

Ve n a [ -ae ) portae he patis- - - u l t r asound image 148- pos te r i o r {V pu tmona t i s dex t ra

supe r i o r J 98- prepytor ica 172- p ro funda [ -ae ) b rach i i 37- - femor is 261,352,358- - i n t e rna 213 ,227 -228- pudenda [ -aeJ ex te rnae 66 , 197 ,

238 ,353 -355- - i n t e rna 227 ,231 ,234 ,236 ,

240-241 ,2s6-258, 260-261 ,363-364

- pu lmona t i s l - es ) 112 , 120- - dextra(-ael 75-76,78-79,85,

88 -89 , 95 , 98 , 100 , 105 , 107 ,112 , 121 , 245

- - - i n f e r i o r 99 ,126 -127- - - supe r i o r 98 -99 ,120 ,124 ,

126- - s i n i s t r a [ - aeJ 75 -76 , 85 , 89 ,

1 0 5 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 9 , 2 4 5- - - i n f e r i o r 79 ,88 ,95 ,98 -99 ,

126-127- - - supe r i o r 79 ,98 ,95 ,98 -99 ,

107 ,125- r ec ta t i s l - es l i n f e r i o res 169 , 181 ,

210 ,213 ,227 -228- - med iae 169 ,210 ,213 ,

227 -229- - s u p e r i o r 1 6 9 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 0 - 1 8 1 ,

210, 213, 227 -229- r ena t i s 152 , 15 /+ , 181 -185 ,

1 87 - 1 88 , 217 , 221 , 242 -243 ,245-246,250

- sacraI is lateral is 226- - m e d i a n a 1 7 9 , 2 1 0 , 2 1 7 , 2 2 1 ,

229- saphena accessor ia lateral is 353- - - m e d i a l i s 3 5 4- - magna 66 ,68 ,218 ,257 ,284 ,

306 , 352 -356 , 358 , 360 ,365-366, 373, 379, 381 -382

- - pa r va 284 ,352 ,360 -361 ,363 ,365-366, 369-370,373,38 1 -382

- s i gmo ideae 169 , 177 , 179 -181 ,210,213

- e n i n e l i c n n c + o r i n r l ' l

- sp[enica 152-156, 161, 167, 169,173, 177 , 179 -181, 244-245,248-2s0

- subc lav i a 89 , 105 -106 , 111 -112 ,1 1 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3

- subcos taL i s 1 15 -1 16- subcu taneae abdom in i s 66- sup ra rena [ i s 182 , 187 , 217- surat is 370- t es t i cu ta r i s 71 , 151 , 179 , 182 ,

1 87 , 1 93 , 217 , 221 , 238 ,251- t ho rac i ca i n t e rna 63 , 66 , 69 ,

88-89, 98, 110-111, 124- - LateraI is 56- t ho racoep igas t r i cae 66- thyroidea infer ior 88-89,

'106,

110 -111 ,116- - s u p e r i o r 1 1 0- t ib iates anter iores 366-367- - poster iores 366,370- t ransversa cot l i 38- umb i t i ca t i s 70 -71 , 1 t3 , 159 , 207- uterina 228-229- ven t r i cu t i dex tn an te r i o res 84- - s inrstr i poster iores 75, 85- vertebrat is 39,75, 106- vesicat is{-esl 70, 228- - inferior 227

lndex

t / ^ ^ ^ t ^ ^ l , , ^ - : ^ ^ t : - l ^ - lv c r ta |

-d c t vsJ ,Ldr ,5 i - t r ) /

- - superior 227Ve nter- occ i p i t a t i s 39- pos te r i o r 31 ,33 -34- s u p e r i o r 1 1 0

Ven t r i cu [us ( - i J- cordis dexter 74-76,78, 80-82,

85, 98-99, 1 1 4, 120-121,1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 2 4 4

- - s i n i s t e r 74 -76 ,79 -82 ,85 ,98 ,101 , 105 , 120 -121 , 126 -127

Versio (Uterusl 203Ve r te b ra [ -ae]- cerv ica[es 3-5, 7, 12-13, 17-19,

35 , 40 , 48 , ss , 1 03 , 1 1 9- - AP - rad iog raph 13

l ^ l ^ - ^ t - ^ t i ^ ^ - ^ - L 1 ad r t d u t u g t d P i l t z

- coccygeae s 0s{-sal coccygis- devetopment 5, 24- ep iphyses 5 , 25- [ u m b a t e s 1 , 3 - 5 , 8 - 9 , 1 5 - 1 6 ,

23-24,32, 41, 44, 48, 62-63,72,154 , 178 ,21 6 , 249 -252 ,254 ,268-269,271 -273,317

- - AP - rad iog raph 16- - [ a t e ra I r ad iog raph 15- ossi f icat ion centres 5- p rom inens 1 -4 ,7 ,26 ,34 ,103 , 119- regionaI character is t ics 5- sacrales 2,274- structure character is t ics 8- t ho rac i cae 3 -5 , 8 -9 , 20 ,26 ,48 ,

121-127, 186,2/+8-249- - AP - rad iog raph 14- - r d r s r d r I d u r u 9 r d P i l r 4

Vertebral cotumn 3-4- t i gamen ts 20 -21

Ves ica- b i L i a r i s 67 , 140 , 142 , 144 ,

1 46-1 /+7 , 1 49 -151 , 15/1, 1 60-1 61 ,170 , 172 , 1 80 , 250

- - AP - rad iog raph 151 , i 54- - t apa roscopy 149- fe l tea s Vesica bi t iar is- u r i na r i a 62 , 67 , 70 -71 , 140 , 159 ,

1 65-167 , 179, 185, 190-192, 196,198, 200, 205, 207 , 209 , 217 , 222,226-229 , 236-237 , 242-243,252-253, 256-257 , 259-261 ,35/+

- - punc tu re 190Vest ibu[um- bu rsae omen ta l i s 161 ,166- vaginae 235

V i t t i r n t es t i na tes 136Vi sce ra- o f t he neona te 1 59- uppe r abdomen 160 -16 i

Vortex cordis 76

wWINSLoW, Foramen of 160WIRSUNG, Duc t o f 152W0LFF ian duc t 192 , 200

zZENKER, D i ve r t i cu tum o f 109Zona- f asc i cu ta ta 189- o rb i cu ta r i s 256 , 271 , 279- r e t i cu ta r i s 189Zygapophysis s Processus ar t icu-

[ar is super ior / i nfer ior lVertebral

Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy 14th ed - Volume 2.pdf

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