Soap & detergent kump syahirah
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SOAP
&
DETERGENT
Nur Syahirah Abdul Karim Groups’ 5ST2 2014
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INTRODUCTION
THE MEANING OF SOAP AND DETERGENTPREPARATION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENTEFFECTIVENESS OF THE CLEANSING ACTION OF
SOAP AND DETERGENT
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SOAP
IS THE SALT FORMED WHEN A FATTY ACID IS NEUTRALISED BY
AN ALKALI
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SOAP IS A SODIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS SODIUM HYDROXIDE
SOAP IS A POTASSIUM SALT IF THE ALKALI USED IS POTASSIUMHYDROXIDE
THE GENERAL FORMULA- RCOONa or RCOOK
EXAMPLE OF SOAP- 1) SODIUM PALMITATE, CH3(CH2)14COOH-Na+
2) SODIUM STEARATE, CH3(CH2)16COOH-Na+
3) SODIUM LAURATE, CH3(CH2)10COOH-Na+
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FORMED FROM NEUTRALIZATION BETWEEN:
FATTY ACID + ALKALI
FOR EXAMPLE: SODIUM PALMITATE
CH3(CH2)14COOH + NaOH CH3(CH)14COONa + H2OPALMITIC ACID SODIUM
HYDROXIDESODIUM PALMITATE
SOAP
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PREPARATION OF SOAP
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OIL & FAT FORMED FROM GLYCEROL &FATTY ACID
ESTERSOAP CAN BE PREPARED THROUGH-
SAPONIFICATION PROCESS
IS THE HYDROLYSIS OF AN ESTER. THE CATALYST IS ANALKALI
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MANUFACTURING OF SOAP CAN BE DIVIDED INTO 2 STAGE
STAGE
THE TWO PARTS OF THE OIL OR FAT MOLECULES ARE SEPARATED BY HEATING THE OIL WITH ALKALINE SOLUTION THROUH HYDROLYSIS PROCESS.
IN THIS PROCESS, THE ESTER MOLECULE IS BROKEN UP INTO FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL BY WATER IN THE PRESENCE OF ALKALI WHICH ACT AS CATALYST.
SAPONIFICATION OF OILSAND FATS
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ESTER + WATER FATTY ACID +GLYCEROL
HYDROLYSIS
ALKALI ACT AS CATALYST
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STAGENEUTRALIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS
FATTY ACID THAT IS RELEASED IN STAGE 1 REACTS WITH ALKALI TO FORM SODIUM SALT OF FATTY ACID WHICH IS SOAP
FATTY ACID SODIUM SALT OF FATTY
+ ACID (SOAP )SODIUM HYDROXIDE +
(ALKALI) WATER
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DETERGENT
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DETERGENT
SODIUM LAURYL SULPHATE
EXAMPLE
THE SALT FORMED WHEN AN ALKYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE IS NEUTRALIZED BY AN
ALKALI
MEANING
MANY SUBSTANCES ARE ADDED TO A DETERGENT
CALLED ADDITIVES MAKE IT
MORE EFFECTIVE
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EXAMPLE OF ADDITIVES
BIOLOGICAL ENZYMEWHITENING AGENTS
MAKES CLOTHES WHITER AND CLEANER
INCLUDE BLEACHES SUCH AS SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE AND
SODIUM PERBORATE
AN ORGANIC CATALYST
CATALYST THAT INCREASE THE DETERGENCY OR CLEANING POWER OF A DETERGENT
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PREPARATIONOF
DETERGENT
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PRODUCTION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H + H2OLAURYL ALCOHOL SULPHURIC
ACIDLAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATEWATER
NEUTRALIZATION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H +NaOH CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na + H2O LAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATESODIUM
HYDROXIDESODIUM LAURYL
SULPHATE
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CLEANSING ACTION OF
DETERGENT AND SOAP
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WHEN ADDED INTO WATER, SOAP MOLECULE WILL DISSOCIATE INTO SODIUM OR POTASSIUM IONS AND SOAP IONS
SOAP MOLECULE CAN REDUCE THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER TO ALLOW IT TO WET A MATERIAL’S SURFACE BETTER
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HEADTAIL
CONSISTS OF THE ANION REGION IS IONIC CALLED THE HYDROPHILIC REGION DISSOLVE IN WATER
CONSISTS OF THE HYDROCARBON REGION
MOLECULE THAT HAS COVALENT CHARACTERISTICS
CALLED THE HYDROPHOBIC REGIONDISSOLVE IN GREASE OR OIL (DIRT)
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O- SO3-
HYDROCARBON TAILHYDROPHOBIC TAILDISSOVLE IN GREASE (DIRT)
IONIC HEAD HYDROPHILIC HEAD DISSOVE IN WATER
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EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE
CLEANSING
ACTION OF
SOAP
AND
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HARD WATER CONTAINS A GREAT
AMOUNT OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM
IONS.
SOAP CANNOT BE USED IN HARD WATER
BECAUSE THE MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM
IONS WILL REACT WITH SOAP IONS TO
FORM A NON-SOLUBLE PRECIPITATE IN
WATER THAT IS CALLED A SOAP FILM OR
SCUM. SOAP CANNOT PRODUCE BUBBLE
IN HARD WATER.
SOAP SCUM IS NOT EASILY CLEANED. IT
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Properties Soap Detergent
Cleaning power Less powerful More powerful
Ease of rinsing It is difficult to wash away all soap on clothes. The soap that remains leave and odour and spoils the fabrics.
Rinse out well from clothes.
pH Slightly alkaline Can be controlled to suit the cleaning task
Molecular structure Determined by the fatty acids found in the oil or fat used to produce soap.
Can be modified to suit the cleaning task. For example, a detergent can be made specially for cleaning toilet bowls.
Formation of scum Form scum with hard water Does not form scum with hard water
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