SNC1D Exam Review

Chemistry Review

1. Particle Theory

2. Physical and Chemical Properties Physical property is a characteristic that can be determined without changing the

composition of that substance. State – solid, liquid, gas, plasma Colour Density, viscosity Hardness, brittleness Taste, odour, texture, lustre, clarity Melting and boiling points Ductility (bendable) and malleability (able to be hammered)

Chemical property is a property of a substance to produce one or more new substances.

heat of combustion reactivity PH flammability

3. Four Signs of a Chemical Change A change of Colour (new substance has formed and it has a different colour) Bubbles (not caused by heating, shows the new substance is in the form of a gas) Energy is released or absorbed (heat, light, freezing) A precipitate was formed (a new solid is produced that does not dissolve in the mixture)

A change of odour (in text)

Particle Theory of matter describes the different behaviors of solids, liquids and gases.

All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty space between them.

Different substances are made of different kinds of particles.

Particles are in constant, random motion. The particles of a substance move faster as the

temperature increases. Particles attract each other.

Density is mass/volume

Density of water is about 1

Less dense things float

More dense things sink

4. Physical and Chemical Change A physical change when there is no new product formed. The particles of the starting

substance are not changed.

o Ice melting to form watero Dew drops condensing on a

leaf at dawno A sculpture being created

by carving a piece of woodo Water freezing in winter

into iceo A piece of glass breaking to

pieces

o Copper metal being drawn into wires

o Blowing up a balloono Ice cream melting to a

liquido Snowman melting in the

Suno Heating up a metal and

beating it into a different shape

In a chemical change, the substance changes identity into something else.

o Burning a log of woodo Heating popcorno Baking a cake or

pancakeso Frying or boiling and eggo Rotting of fruit

o Rusting nailo Roasting a marshmallowo Digestion of foodo Moldy cheeseo Souring milko Curdling of milk

5. Mixture and Pure Matter is made up of many different types of particles. Pure matter is made up of only one type of particle.

Element Molecule Compound

Mixture is a substance that is made up of at least two types of particles.

A mechanical mixture is when you can distinguish between the different types of matter.

A solution is a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

Is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances.

Is two or more atoms of the same or different elements in a chemically joined unit.

Is a pure substance composed of two or more different elements chemically joined.

An alloy is a solution of two or more metals.

6. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition

throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred to as solutions.o Salt water, rubbing alcohol mixed with water, vinegar

A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. o Soil, blood, sand and salt mixed, vinegar and oil mixed

7. Solution and Suspension A solution is a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.

o The substance in the smallest amount and the one that dissolves or disperses is called the SOLUTE.

o The substance in the larger amount is called the SOLVENT. o In most common instances water is the solvent.

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of larger particles. These particles are visible and will settle out on standing.

o fine sand or silt in water, tomato juice. A colloid has intermediate particle size between a solution and a suspension.

Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light.o Milk, fog, and jello

8. Quantitative and Qualitative A qualitative property of a substance is not measured, nor does it have numerical value.

(colour, odour, texture, taste, feel, smell) A quantitative property of a substance is measured and has a numerical value.

(temperature, height, mass)

9. Three Gas Tests

10. Periodic Tablea. Families

b. Metals, non-metals, and Metalloids

Test tube with CO2 will put out a burning flame Test tube with O2 will light up a match that was

recently blown out Test tube with H2 will make a popping sound when

the match is inserted

Metals are elements that are located on the left hand side. They are usually lustrous, malleable, and ductile. They conduct electricity and heat well.

Non-metals are elements found on the right hand side and are usually a gas or liquid. They do not conduct heat or electricity well.

Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. They are found along the zig zag line.

c. Periods and Groups

11. Properties of Families on the periodic tablea) Alkali Metals

Low densities, float on water, combine readily with other elements (think of the metals and water video!)

b) Alkaline Earth MetalsShiny and silvery, not as soft as group 1, burn bright colours

c) HalogensMostly gases (Br is a liquid and At is a solid), very reactive, poisonous

d) Noble GasesStable, unreactive, colourless, odourless, tasteless, glow brightly, mostly non-toxic

12. Name and Symbol of elements 1 – 20 Use your Periodic Table to know the names and symbols of the first 20 elements.

13. How is the periodic table organized See pictures above Also organized based on how many valence electrons are in outer shell

14. Models of the Atom Indivisible Particle - Greeks

Small Dense Sphere – John Dalton

Plum Pudding Model – J.J. Thomson

Gold Foil Experiment and the new Atom – Rutherford

Electron Orbits – Bohr

15. Elements, Compounds and Molecules

Element is a pure substance made of one type of atom

Compounds are pure substance made of two or more types of atoms that are chemically joined (a metal and a non-metal)

Molecules are two or more atoms of the same or different elements, chemically joined (a non-metal and another non-metal)

16. Atomic Number, Atomic Notation, Protons, Electrons, Neutrons

17. Ion and Isotope

Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus

Atomic Mass is the average mass of an atom

Mass Number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atoms’ nucleus

An ion is a particle with a positive or negative charge.

Charge is equal to protons minus electrons.

Chemical formula (how many carbon and how many hydrogen?

C2H6

C3H8

18. Ionic and Covalent Bonding

19. Valence Electrons Outer shell electrons used for bonding Group 1 has 1 valence electron Group 2 has 2 valence electrons Group 3 has 3 valence electrons

20. Lewis Structure

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

Ionic Compound consists of a positive ion and a negative ion. (A metal and a non-metal form an ionic bond)

A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons

21. Rutherford-Bohr diagram

Physics

1. What is the difference between and insulator and a conductor? Insulators are materials that do not allow charges to move freely on or through the

object.

o Ambero Cottono Eboniteo Furo Glass

o Papero Plastico Porcelain o Rubbero Silk

o Sulfuro Pure

watero Woodo Wool

Materials that allow charges to move freely on or through the objects are called conductors.

Aluminum, copper, gold, iron, magnesium, mercury, nickel, platinum, silver, tungsten

2. What is the law of attraction?

3. What does the term grounding mean? (symbol) Grounding a conductor means to connect it, through some conducting material, directly

to the ground (earth). Earth is not an excellent conductor, but because it is so massive, it can accept or give up

electrons without any significant change to its overall charge.

4. How does lightning occur? During a storm, particles move around in the clouds. This separates the charges,

resulting in positive and negative parts of a cloud. If a negatively charged part of the cloud passes near a part of the earth it will become

charged by induction. Electrons jump from the cloud to the earth. As the electrons jump through the air, they

produce intense light and heat. The light you see as a lightning bolt. The thunder you hear is the expansion of air due to the build up of heat.

5. List three applications of static electricity Air filters, Automotive paints, Spray painting, photocopy machines, laser and LED

printers

6. List three ways to charge an object. Use an electroscope to illustrate the two ways. Friction is when two substances are rubbed together, one of them will lose electrons to

the other. The object that has lost electrons will become positively charged. The object that has gained electrons will become negatively charged.

Conduction is when direct contact of objects is necessary. Electrons flow from one object to another.

Induction is when a neutral object comes close to a charged object to become negatively charged. No contact is necessary. This is a rearrangement of charges.

7. What are three sources of electrical energy? Electric Cell is a portable device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It

consists of two electrodes and a conducting solution (electrolyte). The term battery refers to two or more electric cells in combination.

o Primary Electric cell that cannot be recharged

o Secondary Electric cells that can be recharged

Fuel Cell is a special kind of electric cell through which a continuous supply of chemicals is pumped as the cell operates. Fuel cells can operate longer that conventional electric cells.

An electrical generator obtains energy from a non-electrical source and converts it to electrical energy. The external source spins the turbine, which then spins the generator (coil of wire inside a magnet) producing electrical energy.

8. What are three environmental concerns associated with the production of electrical energy

9. What are three alternative energy sources? Hydro-electric Generation Tidal Generation Thermal Generation Wind Generation Energy from Light

10. What is the difference between a renewable and a non-renewable energy source? Renewable energy is energy which is generated from natural sources (sun, wind, rain,

tides) and can be generated again and again as and when required. They are readily available and are clean sources of energy

Non-renewable energy is energy taken from the earth’s sources that are limited in quantity. Non-renewable sources are not environmental friendly and can have serious affect on our health. Non-renewable sources exist in the form of fossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal.

11. What is power? (expression and units) Electrical power is the rate at which electrical energy is produced or used in a given

time. The unit is a Watt (Joule per second) Power is equal to Energy divided by time (P = E/t)

12. Why is nothing 100% efficient? Efficiency is a measure of how much useful energy an electrical device produces

compared with the amount of energy that it was supplied. Percent efficiency = Energy out x 100%

Energy in A light bulb uses 100J of energy and produces 35 J of light. What is the efficiency?

Percent efficiency = 35 / 100 x 100%0.35 x 100%

35%

13. What is current? (expression, units, how is it measured?)

Definitions and pro/con on pages 518 to 528

Electric current is the amount of electrons (charge) that passes a point in a conducting wire per second.

Current is measured by an Ammeter. The unit is an Ampere (Amp) I = Q/t

14. What is potential difference? (expression, units, how is it measured?) Potential difference is the difference in electric potential per charge at two different

points in the circuit. Another word for potential difference is voltage Potential difference is measured in volts and is measured by a voltmeter. V = E/Q

15. What is resistance? (expression, units, how was in measured in a lab?) Resistance is the ability of the material to oppose the flow of electrons. Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω) In a lab, a circuit is set up. The ammeter measures the amps and the voltmeter measure

the volts. And then we calculate resistance (V/I). We also graphed volts and amps and calculated the slope (resistance)

16. What four factors affect resistance? Type of material – some materials are good for letting electrons flow, while others are

not (Copper, silver, gold are good) Cross Section – A thick wire will let electrons flow through more easily than a this wire Length – a longer wire has more resistance because the electrons have further to travel. Temperature – resistance will increase with temperature

17. What is the difference between a series and a parallel circuit? A series circuit has only one path for current to flow. In a parallel circuit, the different parts of the electric circuit are on separate branches,

which gives electrons several options when traveling around a circuit.

18. How do current, resistance, and potential difference behave in a series circuit? And in a parallel circuit?

Resistance is voltage divided by current (R = V/I) In a series circuit the current stays the same throughout the circuit. The voltage is

additive. Resistance is calculated as RT = R1 + R2 + R3… In a parallel circuit, the current is additive and the voltage stays the same. Resistance is

calculated and the reciprocal RT = reciprocal R1 …

Ecology

1. Define ecosystem in terms of sustainability, abiotic, and biotic factors

An ecosystem includes all the organisms (Non living and living) in an area that interact with each other and with their environment of energy and matter.

A sustainable ecosystem is an ecosystem that is capable of withstanding pressure while giving support to a variety of organisms

Non-living (abiotic) components in the environment (Light, wind, nutrients, atmosphere, heat, solar radiation, rocks)

Living organisms (biotic) (plants, aimals, micro-organisms)

2. Describe energy flow in an ecosystem. Be able to define photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Energy flows from Producers to Consumers and Decomposers.

Sunlight--> Plants--> Herbivores--> Carnivores--> Decomposers

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction. The Producers contain the most energy. Producers are Autotrophs and manufacture their own food. Next you have the Consumer. Consumers obtain energy by eating the Producers, they are Heterotrophs. Finally, the Decomposers obtain energy from waste and dead organisms, e.g bacteria and fungi. As you move up each level the energy decreases.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisThe process by which an organism captures the energy of the sun to The process by which an organism captures the energy of the sun to convert COconvert CO22 and water into glucose. and water into glucose.

carbon dioxide + water carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen glucose + oxygen

Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationThis is the process of releasing energy, within a cell, through a complexThis is the process of releasing energy, within a cell, through a complex series of chemical reactions. It occurs at the mitochondria, and consistsseries of chemical reactions. It occurs at the mitochondria, and consists of the step-by-step breakdown of a nutrient, most commonly glucose, of the step-by-step breakdown of a nutrient, most commonly glucose, in order to release energy. This energy is then stored in the cell in the in order to release energy. This energy is then stored in the cell in the form of ATP.form of ATP.

glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water

3. What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?

A producer is an organisms that survive on energy from the sun. Plants are able to convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy for other organisms to use

A consumer is an organism that eats another organism.

o Herbivores eat only producers

o Carnivores eat other consumers

o Omnivores eat both producer and consumer

o Decomposer eats dead organic matter

4. What are trophic levels?

Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers, herbivore, primary carnivore, etc. Green plants form the first trophic level, the producers. Herbivores form the second trophic level, while carnivores form the third and even the fourth trophic levels. In this section we will discuss what is meant by food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids.

5. Define food chain, food web, and ecological pyramids. Explain the impact on each when organisms are removed or added.

In a food chain, energy flows from a producer to a primary consumer to a secondary consumer.

Food chains interconnect to form a relationship called a food web.

Ecological pyramid is a visual representation of the various trophic levels. Green plants occupy the producer level and there are different levels for consumers like primary (example: herbivores or plant eaters), secondary (example: carnivores feeding on plant eaters), tertiary (secondary carnivores). The amount of food flowing through the food chain usually drops with each step up the chain thus giving the characteristic ‘pyramid’ shape in the ecological pyramid definition.

o Pyramid of numbers represents the number of individuals at each trophic level.

o Pyramid of biomass represents the total dry weight of living materials of each trophic level belonging to a particular food chain of any ecosystem.

o Pyramid of energy represents the rate of flow of energy at successive trophic level

http://www.biotopics.co.uk/newgcse/ecologicalpyramids.html (Great website with pictures!)

6. Sketch the water and carbon cycle. Describe the impact humans can have on each.

Human effect on water cycle

o

Human effect on carbon cycle

o Cutting down trees, lowers ability to remove CO2. Burning fossil fuels increases the amoutn of Carbon entering the atmosphere.

7. Describe the main biotic and abiotic features of Canadian Biomes

Tundra

Boreal Forest

Temperate Deciduous

Grassland

8. What is a tolerance range?

The abiotic conditiona within which a species can survive.

9. Explain the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on an ecosystem

Biotic Abiotic

Competition Two individuals fight for the same resources

Light availability

Predation One individual feed on another Water availability

Mutualism Two individuals benefiting each other

Nutrient availability

Parasitism One individual lives on or in another and feed on the host

Temperature

Commensalism One individual benefits and the other is not nenefiting or is not harmed

Salinity in aquatic systems

Check out your notes for a table with this information. The sheet has a map of Canada and the biome descriptions in boxes.

10. Explain the importance of biodiversity and describe the terms: extinct, endangered, threatened, and special concern

Biological Diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety of life found in an area. Biodiversity is often measured by counting the number of species in a specific habitat or ecosystem. This is called species richness. (High diversity is rich!)

Classification Definition

Extinct Species no longer exists

Extirpated Species no longer live in a specific area, but do live elsewhere

Endangered Species are in imminent danger of going extinct

Threatened Species is likely to become endangered if current trends/conditions continue

Special Concern Species may become threatened

11. Describe how the introduction of a non-native species can impact an ecosystem.

A species that is not originally from an area is considered a non-native species. Introducing a species from another area by humans has been a major cause for the loss of some precious native species.

Type of Impact Consequences

Ecological Invasive species compete with and feed on native species which leads to decline. Invasive species change ecosystem dynamics

Economic Damage to forests and agricultural crops cause financial loss. Competition with invasive species lower crop yields. Diseases and pests may destroy livestock and crops, kill trees and harm other species

Tourism Species loss and reduced water quality have negative impacts on viewing, fishing and water based recreation. Waterways can become choked with invasive aquatic plants

Health Disease causing organisms are introduced (West Nile). Pesticides used to control invasive species cause pollution and are health risks.

12. How does an artificial ecosystem differ from a natural ecosystem?

Feature Urban Ecosystem Natural Ecosystem

Surface Features dominated by buildings, roads, and parkways

dominated by plants

Plant Species low density plants non native species (grasses,

ornamental trees and shrubs)

high density and diversity of native species

Common non-native animal species

low diversity common species include

dogs, cats

high density and diversity of native species

Water Cycle surface water rapidly enters sewers and drainage systems

most surfaces are impenetrable by water

human consumption is large

surface water in ponds, streams, rivers and lakes

most rainfall absorbed at surface water moves through soil and

enters groundwater

Flow of Materials influx of materials to support human demand for certain goods

human body wastes collected and treated and disposed of in surrounding environments

minimal recycling and composting

natural nutrient cycles occur throughout ecosystem

Food Webs dependent on importing food from outside agroecosystems

complex natural food webs

Sustainability cannot be sustained without input from and outputs to other ecosystems

independently sustainable

13. Describe how pests and our attempts to eliminate them have caused a disruption in the sustainability of ecosystems.

Pesticides (chemical control) are used on forest and agricultural pests, but can damage crops and there are environmental risks.

Mechanical control is another way to control species. Physical barriers or removal, cutting down/burning or hunting/trapping are mechanical means of controlling species.

Biological control is challenging, but effective. BC uses intentionally introduced organisms to control invasive species. (Species are controlled in their native land this way, why not try it here).

14. Explain using a graph, the typical population growth of a species

15. Explain using a graph, the population growth of humans and what factors influence the populaton of humans

Astronomy

1. Why do we experience day and night? Winter and summer? Explain with reference to two types of motions that planets have.

The sun spins one complete rotation around its axis in 24 hours. The part that faces the sun is experiencing day.

The earth is spinning or rotating on its axis (an imaginary line from the North pole to South pole) while orbiting around the sun. The axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of orbit. When the earth is oriented as it is in the picture, the sun’s rays that strike earth’s surface perpendicular to the surface are not hitting the equator, but instead are hitting just north of the equator. In this orientation the Northern hemisphere receives more sunlight than the Southern hemisphere. This is summer in the North.

2. How do stars differ from planets?

Planet Star

In the solar system Beyond the solar system

Fairly near Very far away

Smaller than most stars Larger than planets

Reflects light from sun Emits own light

3. Draw a diagram to illustrate an eclipse. What causes and eclipse?

4. Draw a diagram to illustrate the phases of the moon. What causes the moon’s phases?

5. What are the units to measure distances in space?

To study distances in the solar system, astronomers use astronomical units (AU). One AU equals the earth’s average distance to the sun. So earth is 1 AU (149 599 000 km) from the sun. Mars is 1.5 AU (228 000 000) from the sun.

Scientists also measure distance in light years. A light year represents the distance that light travels in one year, and equals 63 240 AU.

6. How do stars differ from each other?

All the planets differ from one another in size, motion, composition, density, and temperature.

• The lunar cycle starts with a new moon. The moon is not visible from earth as the side that is illuminated is facing away.

• After this phase, the illuminated portion of the moon increases (waxes).

• A full moon appears as a lit circle in the sky with the illuminated surface facing the earth.

• The second half of the lunar cycle has the illuminated portion decreasing (waning) until the moon can no longer be seen, starting the cycle over again

The position of one celestial object blocks the view of another celestial object from earth.

7. What is a galaxy? What galaxy do we live in?

A galaxy is a huge group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity (Eliptical, Spiral, Irregular, Lenticular, and Barred Spiral). We live in the Milky way, a spiral galaxy.

8. How would you know if a galaxy was moving back towards you or away?

9. Why do we explore space?

10. How has Canada contributed to the Space Program?

RADARSAT 1 AND 2

MOST

DEXTRE

CANADARM 1 AND 2

International Space Station

11. What are some of the challenges of Space Travel?

Fuel

Fighting weightlessness

Bones and muscles

No direct access to doctor

Radiation exposure