SMOS SAG Meeting, ESAC-Villafranca del Castillo, 2-3 Nov 2006

KAUZAR SALEHKAUZAR SALEH

YANN H. KERRYANN H. KERR

COSMOS PROPOSAL COSMOS PROPOSAL TEAMTEAM

Presentation of the study

SMOS SAG Meeting, ESAC-Villafranca del Castillo, 2-3 Nov 2006

Outline

1-CAMPAIGN DESCRIPTION1-CAMPAIGN DESCRIPTION

2-ACQUIRED DATA2-ACQUIRED DATA

3-QUICK-LOOKS3-QUICK-LOOKS

4-COSMOS DATA ANALYSIS SPP 4-COSMOS DATA ANALYSIS SPP AND SCHEDULEAND SCHEDULE

1

1-COSMOS CAMPAIGN: Site

Cosmos & NAFE 2005 : Goulbourn

NAFE 2006: Murrumbidgee

2

NAFE-05 (31/10-25/11)

Focus on high resolution retrievals, scaling and assimilation

NAFE-06 (/10-/11)

Focus on SMOS scale retrievals, downscaling and assimilation

COSMOS (13/10-09/12)

Focus on SMOS L2 implementation, SMOS open issues, SMOS L2 validation

1-COSMOS CAMPAIGN: Objectives

1SMOS L2 ALGORITHM

IMPLEMENTATION

2SMOS L2 ALGORITHM

VALIDATION

• MODELLING IMPROVEMENTS

[interception?, grass model?, soil model? … ]

• SUN GLINT OVER LAND?

• ANCILLARY DATA USEFUL? HOW DO WE USE IT?

• SM LEVEL 2 CONCEPT VALIDATION

• ERROR ANALYSIS

3

COSMOS/NAFE

MOST COMPLETE AIRBORNE DATA SET OVER PRAIRIES- ‘OUTDOORS LAB’

1-COSMOS CAMPAIGN: Goulbourn catchment

Whole catchment area ~75km x 100km 4

clay

loam

sandsandy loam

clay-loam

8 FARMS250 m DEM Elevation above sea level (m)

1-COSMOS CAMPAIGN: Goulbourn catchment

Whole catchment area ~75km x 100km 5

8 FARMS

1-COSMOS CAMPAIGN: EMIRAD and PLMR

EMIRAD (TUD) L-BAND along-trackalong-trackPOLARIMETRIC + Potter horns 37.6 deg & 30.6 deg HPBW (0 DEG AND 40 DEG TILT)

6

SERA ECO-DIMONA

PLMR (TUD) L-BAND L-BAND across/along-trackacross/along-trackPOLARIMETRIC + 6 incidence angles (+/-7, +/-21.5, +/-38.5)

1-COSMOS CAMPAING: EMIRAD and PLMR

7 ⇨ Opportunity for intercomparison between two L-band sensors

PERFORMEDFLIGHTS

FOCUS ANGLES ALTITUDE (AGL) DAYS

EMIRAD FLIGHTS

REGULAR REPETITION

NADIR40 DEG

~1800 ft 9

HIGH ALTITUDE SCALING ~6000 ft 2

SUN GLINT (dive) SUN GLINT OVER LAND

~1800 ft 1

DEW INTERCEPTION ~1600 ft 2

CALIBRATION CALIB/INTERC ~600 ft, ~1600 ft

PLMR FLIGHTS

REGIONAL AMSR 6 , pushbroom 10000 ft 4

SCALING SCALING 6 , pushbroom 625, 2500, 5000, 10000 16

ALONG TRACK MULTI-ANGULAR 6 , along-track 2500 ft 6

DEW INTERCEPTION 6 , pushbroom 5000 ft 2

CALIBRATION CALIB/INTERC 6 , pushbroom tbc

1-COSMOS CAMPAING: SOIL MOISTURE SAMPLING

8

REGIONAL RESOLUTION: 1 km

(AMSR validation)

INTERMEDIATE RES: 125 m, 250 m

HIGH RES: 12.5 m, 62.5 m

‘SUPER HIGH’ RES: 6.25 m

14/11 15/11 Pembroke sampling

2- ACQUIRED DATA (COSMOS PERIOD)LETTERS ARE FARM NAMES

VEGETATION DATA NOT INCLUDED

9

regular regular/sun glint regular

regular dew

dew

13/11 14/11 15/11 17/11

20/11 21/11 22/11 23/11

regular/high altitude

high altitude

regular

27/11 29/1103/12 09/12

regular regular high altitude

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRAD H POL (corrected for attitude and topography) .Type of flight

[K]

10

rainfall

rainfall

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRAD H POL (corrected for attitude and topography) EXAMPLE OF A REGULAR FLIGHT

11

Oats, barley

grazing

Grazing, wheat

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRAD (corrected for attitude and topography) EXAMPLE OF HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT

12

Footprint size at nadir ~ 1200m x 1200 mnadir view 21/11

Soil moisture conditions: absence of rain for ~10 days

Dynamic range: H pol- (20 K) -- V pol- (10 K) TB_V<TB_H at all nadir flights --- problem with nadir antenna H channel ?

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRAD (corrected for attitude and topography)COMPARISON PLMR-EMIRAD (1): REGULAR FLIGHT

13

EMIRAD TRACK IN BLUE

PROBLEM WITH NADIR H CHANNEL?

PLMR

EMIRAD

SMALL POL. RATIO

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRAD (corrected for attitude) CALIBRATION ISSUES: flights over Glenbawn lake (e.g. 15/11)

14

3-Quick-looks: TB EMIRADSUN GLINT EFFECTS

15

40 deg sun elevation observations ‘Diving’ flights

3-Quick-looks: RFI? (plots here =0.1 s! …)

16

Not associated to RFI

Take-off at airport Take-off at airportTake-off & at the airport

Unknown

4-Cosmos data analysis SPP

SMOS L2 ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION

SMOS L2 ALGORITHM VALIDATION

Cosmos Data Analysis proposal- Led by CESBIO/UPS

Validity period: Nov. 2006-Nov. 2008

Year 1: Exploitation of the COSMOS data set

Year 2: Complementation of the study (NAFE05-NAFE06) and further validation studies

17

SPP:

Focus on exploitation of the COSMOS data set in view of:

4-Cosmos data analysis SPP: schedule

2006 2007 2008

WP number and title N D J F M A M J J A S O N D E F M A M J J A S O

WP1000 Project management

WP2000Literature review

WP3100 Data acquisition

WP3200 Data processing

WP4000 Algorithm implementation and validation

WP5000 Analysis of NAFE-05 PLMR

WP6100 Conclusions and recommendations (1)

WP6200 Conclusions and recommendations (2)

Planned meetingsK-O

PM1

PM2

PM3

IM

PM4

PM5

FM

18

5-Conclusions

19

COSMOS/NAFE site: Great ’Outdoors lab’ for SMOS Level 2 Implementation/Validation

Complementary EMIRAD/PLMR flights: 6-week campaign, room for addressing a large number of issues (cross-comparison sensors, modelling of TB, sun glint, scale of soil moisture for validation, impact of ancillary data on retrievals …)

Priority tasks: -- Check calibration of EMIRAD data to clarify nadir observations and problems derived from high temperature within the aircraft-- Obtain calibration flights from PLMR flights over Glenbawn lake-- Analyse faster sampling data for RFI detection-- Calibration of TIR measurements

Extra (Work-packages)

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 1000

WP Title: Project management Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: Kick-Off Planned Date: Nov. 2006 End Event: Final presentation Planned Date: End Oct. 2008 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

The main activities involved in this WP are related to the coordination and Managing tasks, including Overall project coordination Team coordination and contacts with ESA Coordination of potential interactions with external experts Participation in Meetings Reporting to ESA Items to start this WP: -Agreed proposal Outputs:

-Delivery of requested reports to ESA, coordination of meetings, monthly progress reports

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 2000

WP Title: Literature review Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: Kick-Off Planned Date: Nov. 2006 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP2000 Planned Date: End Jan 2007 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

This work-package is to provide a review of the scientific literature concerning the effects of perturbing effects such such dew, rain interception, sun glint as well as surface temperature parameterisations on the L-band emission modelling and parameter retrievals. Items to start this WP: -Agreed proposal Outputs:

-Progress report WP2000:‘Literature review report’

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 3100

WP Title: Data acquisition Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: Kick-Off Planned Date: Nov. 2006 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP3100 & PM1 Planned Date: End Jan 2007 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

The activities in this work-package are the identification and gathering of airborne, satellite, in-situ and ancillary raster and vector data relevant for the Cosmos study. The objective is to identify what data sets will be the most appropriate for further analysis in the following context: Finalization of the approach to be taken in the SMOS processing regarding the pending open scientific issues (see ATBD) 2. Algorithm validation, i.e. how many view angles are available, are all auxiliary data needed by the processing available etc. These activities will involve: -Listing all useful data sets -Selection of data sets including spatio-temporal extent, data characteristics, rough quality analysis and proposal for further processing/analysis. Items to start this WP: -Agreed proposal Outputs:

-Progress reportWP3100: ‘Data acquisition report’ -Presentation at Progress meeting PM1 at the Contractor’s premises

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 3200

WP Title: Data processing Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: PM1 Planned Date: Feb 2007 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP3200 Planned Date: End Apr 2007 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

The activities in this work-package include both the quality control of the selected data set in WP3100, and data pre-preprocessing activities. Data shall be checked for its quality and consistency including analysis of RFI mitigation applied to EMIRAD data by DTU. Data outliers shall be identified and marked. Special emphasis shall be put on the EMIRAD calibration and its consistency. This also includes a detailed analysis of the cross-calibration flights performed by EMIRAD and PLMR over lake Glenbawn. Based on the SMOS soil moisture retrieval concept the contractor shall identify the appropriate data sets (i.e. the most SMOS-like), covering as wide a range of conditions as possible (i.e. Forest, grassland and crop sites over clay and/or sandy soils, Urban areas, bare soils, free water; as well as dew, intercept and sun glint conditions, etc.) to test the SMOS Soil Moisture retrieval algorithm’s quality and robustness. A number of dates shall be identified to cover a range of soil moisture from wet to dry, preferably distributed over a period of a few days, to investigate the improvements gained by of using the “current auxiliary data files” . Identify cases where dew, intercept and sun glint conditions are well suited to investigate in detail these special effect. More specifically, the activities envisaged for this task are: -Quality control of the campaign data selected for the study, including analysis of RFI mitigation applied to the EMIRAD sensor. -Cross-calibration between the EMIRAD and PLMR sensors over water. -Pre-processing of all relevant data required for the SMOS Level 2 algorithm implementation and validation to be performed in WP4000. -List of products to be used for the SMOS retrieval concept for approval by ESA. Items to start this WP: - EMIRAD and PLMR calibrated and georeferenced data -Availability of data selected in WP3100 Outputs: -Progress report WP3200: ‘Data processing report’ -Presentations at the PM2 at ESTEC.

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE:

WP Title: Data processing Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: PM1 Planned Date: Feb 2007 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP3200 Planned Date: End Apr 2007 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr The activities in this work-package include both the quality control of the selected data set in WP3100, and data pre-preprocessing activities. Data shall be checked for its quality and consistency including analysis of RFI mitigation applied to EMIRAD data by DTU. Data outliers shall be identified and marked. Special emphasis shall be put on the EMIRAD calibration and its consistency. This also includes a detailed analysis of the cross-calibration flights performed by EMIRAD and PLMR over lake Glenbawn. Based on the SMOS soil moisture retrieval concept the contractor shall identify the appropriate data sets (i.e. the most SMOS-like), covering as wide a range of conditions as possible (i.e. Forest, grassland and crop sites over clay and/or sandy soils, Urban areas, bare soils, free water; as well as dew, intercept and sun glint conditions, etc.) to test the SMOS Soil Moisture retrieval algorithm’s quality and robustness. A number of dates shall be identified to cover a range of soil moisture from wet to dry, preferably distributed over a period of a few days, to investigate the improvements gained by of using the “current auxiliary data files” . Identify cases where dew, intercept and sun glint conditions are well suited to investigate in detail these special effect. More specifically, the activities envisaged for this task are: -Quality control of the campaign data selected for the study, including analysis of RFI mitigation applied to the EMIRAD sensor. -Cross-calibration between the EMIRAD and PLMR sensors over water. -Pre-processing of all relevant data required for the SMOS Level 2 algorithm implementation and validation to be performed in WP4000. -List of products to be used for the SMOS retrieval concept for approval by ESA. Items to start this WP: - EMIRAD and PLMR calibrated and georeferenced data -Availability of data selected in WP3100 Outputs: -Progress report WP3200: ‘Data processing report’ -Presentations at the PM2 at ESTEC.

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 4000

WP Title: Algorithm implementation and validation Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: Delivery of WP3200 Planned Date: May 2007 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP4000 Planned Date: End Feb 2008 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

This work-package will generate the main outputs required by the objectives of this study. Using the outputs of the previous tasks the contractor shall apply in this task the models used in the SMOS retrieval scheme to the EMIRAD data and compare the results with in-situ obtained soil moisture measurements. Particular efforts shall be put on an error assessment and its relation to retrieval input parameters such as the vegetation cover, their bio/geophysical properties and their scale. This includes the assessment of different vegetation water content, soil texture and roughness, in-situ measured temperature, land surface temperature obtained from thermal infrared data and the effective temperature used in the retrieval scheme. Note that special care shall be taken when analysing of special effects such as: sun glint, dew and vegetation water stress. In particular this task will look into: -Algorithm validation: comparison between the SMOS Level 2 parameterisations applied to the retrieval of surface parameters from radiometric data. Assessment on the impact of the scale of the input parameters on the retrievals. -Algorithm implementation: potential implementation of the parameterisations included in the SMOS Level 2 algorithm, in particular concerning the effects of interception, dew, sun glint, etc. Items to start this WP: -Pre-processed/calibrated data required for the present WP (airborne, satellite, ancillary) Outputs: -Statistics on soil moisture accuracy related to different input parameters -Polarimetric signatures assessment report. -Retrieval validation report including special effects -Presentations at the Progress meeting 3 (contractor’s premises) and Progress meeting 4 (ESTEC). -Algorithm implementation and validation report WP4000.

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 4000

WP Title: Algorithm implementation and validation Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: Delivery of WP3200 Planned Date: May 2007 End Event: Delivery of Progress Report WP4000 Planned Date: End Feb 2008 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

This work-package will generate the main outputs required by the objectives of this study. Using the outputs of the previous tasks the contractor shall apply in this task the models used in the SMOS retrieval scheme to the EMIRAD data and compare the results with in-situ obtained soil moisture measurements. Particular efforts shall be put on an error assessment and its relation to retrieval input parameters such as the vegetation cover, their bio/geophysical properties and their scale. This includes the assessment of different vegetation water content, soil texture and roughness, in-situ measured temperature, land surface temperature obtained from thermal infrared data and the effective temperature used in the retrieval scheme. Note that special care shall be taken when analysing of special effects such as: sun glint, dew and vegetation water stress. In particular this task will look into: -Algorithm validation: comparison between the SMOS Level 2 parameterisations applied to the retrieval of surface parameters from radiometric data. Assessment on the impact of the scale of the input parameters on the retrievals. -Algorithm implementation: potential implementation of the parameterisations included in the SMOS Level 2 algorithm, in particular concerning the effects of interception, dew, sun glint, etc. Items to start this WP: -Pre-processed/calibrated data required for the present WP (airborne, satellite, ancillary) Outputs: -Statistics on soil moisture accuracy related to different input parameters -Polarimetric signatures assessment report. -Retrieval validation report including special effects -Presentations at the Progress meeting 3 (contractor’s premises) and Progress meeting 4 (ESTEC). -Algorithm implementation and validation report WP4000.

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 5000

WP Title: Analysis of NAFE-05 PLMR campaign flights. Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: PM4 Planned Date: March 2008 End Event: Presentation at PM5 Planned Date: End June 2008 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

This task will implement the main study presented in this proposal based on the EMIRAD flights, through the analysis of other flights obtained during the NAFE-05 airborne based campaign (PLMR sensor). In addition, the results of WP4000 will be shared with the NAFE-06 team in order to explore the validity of the results of this study to the 2006 test site in the Murrumbidgee catchment. Items to start this WP: - PLMR calibrated and georeferenced data Output: -A summary of activities involving the NAFE-05 flights will be included in the final report, as well as some general conclusions about the generalisation of our results to other test sites such as the Murrumbidgee catchment.

-Presentation at the Progress meeting 5 (contractor’s premises).

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 6100

WP Title: Conclusions and recommendations (1) Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: PM4 Planned Date: Sep 2007 End Event: Delivery of Intermediate report Planned Date: End Oct 2008 & Intermediate meeting WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

At the end of year 1, and based on the results of the previous tasks (except WP5000), the contractor shall summarise the findings and achievements of the study and formulate a set of recommendations for further study and campaign activities. The intermediate report shall outline deficiencies and limitations of the SMOS soil moisture retrieval scheme with an emphasis on different effects (dew, sun glint, vegetation cover, scale of auxiliary information, etc.). Recommendation shall in particular be focussed on activities which should be performed in the framework of the SMOS validation and calibration exercise. Items to start this WP: -Packages WP3100,WP3200 completed & PM3 held Output: -Intermediate report containing a collection all Technical Notes and recommendation for future activities.

-Presentation at the Intermediate meeting at ESTEC.

PROJECT: Cosmos Data Analysis PHASE: WP REF: 6200

WP Title: Conclusions and recommendations (2) Contractor: CESBIO Major Constituent (eg Subsystem) Start Event: PM5 Planned Date: End June 2008 End Event: Delivery of Final Report Planned Date: End Oct 2008 WP Manager: Yann H. Kerr

Sheet 1 of 1 Issue Ref: 1.0 Issue Date: 10/10/06

The Final report shall include the results presented in the Intermediate report, implemented by further results obtained during the extended algorithm implementation and validation period, as well as in WP5000. As for the Intermediate report, the final report shall update the deficiencies and limitations of the SMOS soil moisture retrieval scheme with an emphasis on different effects. Recommendations shall in particular be focussed on activities which should be performed in the framework of the SMOS validation and calibration exercise. Items to start this WP: -Work-packages WP3100,WP3200, WP4000 & WP5000 completed Output: -Final Report containing a collection all Technical Notes and recommendation for future activities.

-Presentation at the Final meeting at ESTEC.