Smoke Free Workplace Policies

Smoke-free Workplace Policies

Presented By:Nicole Boyle & Naomi Harding

Background

• Supporters to tobacco control and clean air laws have been trying to get public smoking outlawed for decades.

• Driving Factors:– There are many harmful health effects associated

with second hand smoke.– They felt it would influence smokers to quit.– Provide health benefits for smokers and non-

smokers alike.

Background

• Smokers die an average of 13 to 14 years earlier than non-smokers.

• Smoking has been linked to many forms of cancer– Bladder– Esophagus– Larynx– Lungs– Mouth– Throat

Background

• About 440,000 Americans die from smoking related diseases each year.

• An estimated 12 million people have died from smoking-related diseases since the first Surgeon Generals report in 1964.

http://www.nosmokingsigns.com/images/signs/thanklargewhiteonredlarge.gif

Background

• There are 27 smoke-free states in the U.S.– They prohibit smoking in public places.

• Restaurants• Bars• Workplaces (offices, schools)

• Pennsylvania is currently not a smoke-free state.

Background

• Preliminary research suggests that adopting smoke-free policies is beneficial.– Improves the likelihood smokers will quit or

reduce the amount they smoke per day.– Improve indoor air quality.– Provide overall health benefits for all members of

an organization.

Background

• Within the last 10 years the availability of smoking cessation hotlines, support groups, and quitting aids has greatly increased.

• Research suggests these programs will increase the likelihood a smoker will attempt to quit and be more successful in doing so.

Predictions• Smokers will be less likely than Non-smokers to

support a smoke-free workplace policy• Job Stress level will have an impact on the number of

smoke breaks taken per day• Smokers who have used support systems were more

successful than those who did not• Non-Smokers believe smokers take more breaks than

Smokers do• Smokers tend to be older in age on average

Data Collection

• Target Audience– Smoking and Non-Smoking Adults

• Sampling plan– Survey adults age 18 and over (legal smoking age)– Various occupations and work environments

• Summary of respondents– Passed out 65 paper surveys, 63 people

responded

Raw Data

Gender Age Smoking StatusWork

EnvironmentEducation Tried to Quit Success

Support system

Packs/ week Stress Support policyTake adv. Of company

supporthistory of smoking

related health issuesencourage

to quit?support increase quitters accessability # breaks

0 22 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Few 60 31 0 medical college 1 1-5 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 Few 31 47 0 construction high school n/a n/a n/a 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 Few 40 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 Few 50 31 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 1 0 1 1 None 20 33 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Few 40 48 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 Few 30 36 0 office some college 1 NEVER WENT BACK 0 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 EVERYWHERE 60 35 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 a few 20 21 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 a few 50 39 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 24 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 a few 20 27 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 27 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 19 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 33 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 19 0 sales some college N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 no smoking 01 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 Few 71 34 0 office masters n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 81 26 0 medical masters n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 Few 51 26 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 0 0 1 1 Few 51 20 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 Few 51 24 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 Few 61 21 0 Other college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 None 01 29 0 medical college n/a n/a n/a 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 51 46 0 office college n/a n/a n/a 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 None 21 36 0 office high school 1 NEVER WENT BACK 0 1-3 2 1 0 1 1 1 Few 41 24 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 1 1 1 0 no smoking 01 45 0 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 25 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 a few 11 18 0 office environ college grad N/A N/A N/A 0 4 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 06 27 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 6 3 0 1 0 0 0 EVERYWHERE 33 36 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 None 40 35 1 office college N n/a n/a 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 Few 30 55 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 Few 60 58 1 construction high school 1 1-5 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 Few 31 65 1 office some college 1 less than 1 yr 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 None 31 44 1 office high school 0 n/a 0 8 4 0 0 1 0 0 Few 41 42 1 Other high school 1 1-5 1 6 3 0 1 1 0 1 Few 41 56 1 office college 1 less than 1 yr 0 6 4 0 0 1 0 0 Few 31 54 1 office some college 1 less than 1 yr 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 Few 30 22 1 service college 1 1-5 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 Few 30 48 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 0 9 3 1 0 0 0 0 Few 30 68 1 office environ some college 1 <1 yes 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 18 1 service industry highschool 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 21 1 service industry highschool 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 0 0 0 0 no smoking 00 2 1 sales some college 1 never no 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 00 54 1 construction highschool 0 6-10 yrs yes 6 2 1 1 0 0 0 no smoking 00 44 1 construction highschool 0 11-15 yrs yes 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 00 39 1 construction highschool 1 never yes 11 2 1 0 1 1 1 a few 70 24 1 construction some college 1 never yes 12 2 1 0 1 1 1 a few 70 44 1 service industry some college 0 no 5 2 1 0 1 1 1 everywhere 71 32 1 medical college 1 less than 1 yr 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 Few 41 19 1 medical college 1 less than 1 yr N 1 3 1 0 0 1 1 Few 41 20 1 medical college 0 n/a n/a 3 2 1 0 1 1 0 Few 51 37 1 office high school 1 less than 1 yr 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 None 31 36 1 sales college grad 1 6-10 yrs no 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 no smoking 01 26 1 office environ some college 1 <1 yes 3 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 21 1 sales some college 1 <1 yes 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 01 34 1 service industry college grad 1 <1 yes 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 01 47 1 office environ college grad 1 <1 yes 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 a few 11 57 1 sales college grad N/A N/A N/A 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 no smoking 01 55 1 sales college grad no <1 yes 6 5 1 0 1 1 1 no smoking 0

Demographics

• 63 people were surveyed– 32 men– 31 women– 35 smokers– 28 non-smokers

• Ages ranged from 18-68

Demographics

• Surveyed nearly equal amounts of males and femaled

Number of Male and Female Survey Respondents

3231

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Male

Female

Demographics

Breakdown of Age by Gender

0

5

10

15

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+

Years of Age

Males

Females

DemographicsTotal Number of Smokers and Non-Smokers

35

28

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Smokers

Non-Smokers

DemographicsNumber of Non-Smokers According to

Age and Gender

0

5

10

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+

Years of AgeFemale Non-SmokersMale Non-Smokers

• The majority of non-smokers appear to be in the lower age categories >36yrs or more

• Smokers show a more equal distribution

Number of Smokers According to Age and Gender

012345

18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66+

Yea

rs o

f A

ge

Male SmokersFemale Smokers

Hypothesis 1• Smokers are older, on average, than the mean age of those surveyed

hypothesized value sample mean stdev

sample size

34.20 45.00 13.04 63NULL : µ<=34.2 Smokers are not older on average than the population mean

ALTERNATIVE: µ<34.2 Smokers are older on average than the population mean

test statistic (obs) 6.574 critical measure 1.960 =NORMSINV one-tailed or two-tailed? 1

|OBS| > CRIT? yes!

p-value 0.000000 =(# of tails)*(1-NORMSDIST)a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level? yes

reject null!

HYPOTHESIS TESTSfor the mean

Hypothesis 1 Results

• We can reject the null that smokers are not older

• |t-obs |>critical measure• P-value <<<<α level of 0.05

Hypothesis 2• Smokers are less likely than non-smokers

to support a smoke-free workplace policysmoker 25 non smoker 25

sample size 1 35 sample size 2 28pooled proportion 0.794 proportion 1 0.71429 proportion 2 0.89286

std error 0.103

NULL: m1=m2 there is no difference in the number of smokers and non-smokers who support smoke-free policies

ALTERNATIVE: m1><m2 There is a difference in the number of smokers and non-smokers who support smoke-free policies

one-tailed or two tailed? 2

test statistic (obs) (1.740) critical measure 1.960

|obs| > critical?? no

p-value 0.082 a-level 0.050

p-value < a-level?? no

cannot reject null!

HYPOTHESIS TESTS


• We cannot reject the null that there is no difference in the proportion of smokers and non-smokers supporting smoke-free workplace policies

• |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value 0.082 >α level of 0.05

Hypothesis 3• Smokers using outside support to quit will be more successful than those not using

support>one year support 6 >one year without support 3

sample size 1 17 sample size 2 8pooled proportion 0.360 proportion 1 0.3529 proportion 2 0.375

std error 0.206

NULL: m1=m2 Smokers using support are not more successful

ALTERNATIVE: m1>m2 Smokers using support are more successful



|obs| > critical?? no


p-value < a-level?? no

cannot reject null!

HYPOTHESIS TESTS


• Cannot reject the null hypothesis that smokers using support are more successful

• |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value 0.457 >α level of 0.05

Use of Support SystemsPercent of Smokers Using Support to

Quit

68%

32%

used

didn’t

• Of our 35 surveyed smokers, 68% (17/35) used some sort of outside support (patch, prescriptions, support group) to help them quit

• Out of those individuals that used support to quit, only 26% saw success lasting longer than one year!

Percentage of Smokers Using Support That Stopped Smoking

>1year

26%

74%

Success lasting > 1 year

Success lasting< 1 year

Hypothesis 3 Results Cont.

Percent of Smokers Not Using Support Stopped Smoking >1yr

62%

38%

Success lasting <1year

Success lasting >1 year

Hypothesis 4• Age, number of packs per week and number of breaks taken per day have an

influence on job stress level.– Null b1=b2=b3=0

Stress Age Packs/ week # breaksStress 1Age 0.17016 1Packs/ week-0.05915 -0.004272882 1# breaks -0.27788 0.02079142 0.415472333 1

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression StatisticsMultiple R 0.335162941R Square 0.112334197Adjusted R Square 0.017227147Standard Error 0.933710141Observations 32

ANOVA Not significantdf SS MS F Significance F

Regression 3 3.089190414 1.02973 1.181134274 0.334692066Residual 28 24.41080959 0.871815Total 31 27.5

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%Intercept 2.692395014 0.502445166 5.358585 1.04137E-05 1.663182762 3.721607 1.663183 3.721607Age 0.010480008 0.01054987 0.993378 0.329033464 -0.011130421 0.03209 -0.01113 0.03209Packs/ week 0.022474507 0.06213641 0.361696 0.720294316 -0.104806156 0.149755 -0.104806 0.149755# breaks -0.125076403 0.078753177 -1.588208 0.123469064 -0.286394972 0.036242 -0.286395 0.036242


• Model is not significant.• In all cases • |t-obs |< critical measure• P-value >α level of 0.05• Had to throw out entire hypothesis

Hypothesis 5• Non-smokers believe smokers take more breaks

smoker 5 non smoker 11sample size 1 35 sample size 2 28

pooled proportion 0.254 proportion 1 0.1429 proportion 2 0.3929

std error 0.110

NULL: m1=m2 Perception of the number of breaks smokers take is the same among smokers and non-smokers

ALTERNATIVE: m1><m2 Perception of the number of breaks smokers take is not the same among smokers and non-smokers



|obs| > critical?? yes


p-value < a-level?? yes

reject null!

HYPOTHESIS TESTS


• We can reject the null that non-smokers think smokers take the same number of breaks

• |t-obs |>critical measure• P-value <<<<α level of 0.05

Recommendations

• Survey larger population• Have less categories• Collect more numerical data or data that can

be more easily translated• Collect data from places that are already

smoke-free to serve as a reference

The End!•If you won’t quit for yourself or your co-workers……

•DO IT FOR YOUR COUNTRY!!!

Smoke Free Workplace Policies

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Smoke Free Workplace Policies