Smart Metering System

Presented by-

Satabdy Jena

Mtech (Power & Energy Systems)

T14EE003

Department of Electrical Engineering

NIT Meghalaya

SEMINAR DATE :07/12/2015

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Contents1. Introduction2. Definition of Smart meter3. Smart metering infrastructure4. Smart meter: Benefits5. Smart meter: Issues6. Standards and Regulations7. Deployment of Smart meters8. Conclusion9. References

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1.Introduction

Traditionally power measurement by electromechanical meters, reactive energy meters, maximum demand meters, dominated before 1970.

Fig.1. Traditional Energy Meters

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between 1970 and 2000, automated meter reading was added to electronic meter.However it could provide only one-communication.Limitation was overcome by smart meter.Not until the Smart Grid initiatives were established were these meters and systems referred to as ―Smart Meters and Smart Meter Systems.Hence, the present state of these technologies should be more appropriately referred to as ―an evolution, not a revolution.

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Fig.2. Smart Energy MetersFig.3. Evolution of smart meters

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2.Definition An electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and

communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing. enable two-way communication Theodore George “Ted” Paraskevakos(1972)-sensor monitoring system. 1977, launched Metretek,Inc.-remote meter reading and load management system, IBM series 1 mini-

computer.

Fig.4. Smart meter functional block diagram

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3.Smart Metering Infrastructure A smart metering system is built with smart meters, control devices and a communication link Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an integrated system of smart meters,

communications networks, and data management systems that enables two-way communication between utilities and customers.

Fig.5. AMIFig.6. Smart metering Infrastructure

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The hardware structure of the smart meter consists ofVoltage and current sensing unitPower supplyEnergy measurement unit (metering IC)MicrocontrollerReal time cockCommunicating system.

Fig.7. Components of Smart meter

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(a)Voltage sensing unitSimple resistor dividers are used as voltage sensors.AC mains voltage is divided down to fit the input range of ADC of energy measurement chip.

where, is the output voltage & is the input voltage.

R1

R2

To ADC

Vin

𝑉 𝑜=𝑅2

𝑅1+𝑅2𝑉 𝑖𝑛

Fig.8. Voltage sensing unit

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(b)Current sensing unit

Four types of sensors are

widely used:

Hall effect based linear

current sensors

Current transformers

Shunt resistor

Rogowski coils

• Consist of current sensors and anti-aliasing filters.

Fig.9. Current sensors

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(c)Power supply consists of step-down transformers, rectifiers, AC-DC converters,DC–DC converters and

regulators. Energy measurement chip designers provide their own reference power supply schematics.

Fig.10. STPM10

Fig.11. Typical power supply unit for smart meter

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(d)Energy measurement unitSignal conditioning, ADC, and computation are done inside the energy measurement unit.

Modern energy measurement chips have digital signal processor (DSP) to perform signal conditioning, ADC and energy calculations.

They provide active, reactive, and apparent energy information as data or frequency (pulse) output. RMS voltage measurement, RMS current measurement, frequency, temperature measurement, tampering detection, power management, THD, line SAG detection and communication are also possible in some of them.

(e)MicrocontrollerCommunication with the energy measurement chipCalculations based on the data receivedDisplay electrical parameters, tariff and cost of electricitySmartcard readingTamper detectionData management with EEPROMCommunication with other communication devicesPower management.

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(f)Real time clockan essential hardware component in all smart meters which keeps track of the current time.

It provides time and date information and alarm signals.

Some energy measurement chips have a built-in real time clock device. For an example ADE5166 has a built-in real time clock (RTC) which communicates with the internal MCU.

(g)Smart meter communication• As traffic generator assigned with a global IPv6 address

receives demand response data from the collectorSmart meter

• Responsibility of relaying packets• Determines the next ‘hop’Router

• Serves interconnection between NAN & WAN• Aggregates all meter readingCollector

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Classification of smart meter communication systems

Smart meter systems

As defined by their LAN

Radio frequency

Transmitted by wireless radio

Mesh technology

Talk to each other to form a LAN cloud to a collector

Point-to-point technology

Talk directly to the data collector

Power line carrier

Transmission of data across the utility power lines

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AMI can consist with a HAN, a Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and a WAN. HAN is used to establish a communication link between the smart meter and the smart

appliances, other meters, in-home display, and the micro generation unit. Zig-bee, Z-wave, Wi-Fi, and power line communication (PLC) are widely used protocols in

HANs. A NAN is used to transfer the data between neighboring smart meters. Zigbee communication

protocol is widely used in NAN due to high speed of data transferring and low cost. Some smart meters are connected to a remote server through a WAN. GSM, GPRS, 3G, and WiMax communication technologies can be used to connect the meter to

the WAN. GSM provides wider coverage than other media.Wireless channels are Powerline communications suffer from

• Prone to interference due to the populated ISM bands • Have lower bandwidth than wired communication technologies • Do not penetrate well through concrete construction • Their range is limited • The impact of harsh smart grid environment on wireless communications is not explored well

• Noisy channel conditions • Channel characteristics that vary depending on the devices plugged in • Electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to unshielded power lines • Poor isolation among units

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4.Smart meter : BenefitsStakeholders BenefitUtility customers Better access and data to manage energy use

More accurate and timely billing Improved and increased rate options Improved outage restoration Power quality data  

Customer service &

Field operations

Reduced cost of Metering reading Reduced trips for off-cycle reads Eliminates handheld meter reading equipment Reduced call center transactions Reduced collections and connects/disconnects  

Revenue cycle services Reduced back office rebilling Early detection of meter tampering and theft Reduced estimated billing and billing errors  

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Transmission &

Distribution

Improved transformer load management Improved capacitor bank switching Data for improved efficiency, reliability of service, losses, and

loading Improved data for efficient grid system design Power quality data for the service areas

Marketing & Load

Forecasting

Reduced costs for collecting load research data  

Utility general Reduced regulatory complaints Improved customer premise safety & risk profile Reduced employee safety incidents  

External stakeholders Improved environmental benefits Support for the Smart Grid initiatives

 

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5.Smart meter : IssuesMeter Accuracy Case study of Texas:

99.96 % were within +/- 2% and 99.91% were within +/-0.5%.

more stable with tighter accuracy control, and consistently performed better than their mechanical counterparts.

no statistically significant difference in electricity usage

The increase in customer complaints correlated with a difference in weather.

Radio Frequency Exposures RF frequency Transmitter power Distance Duty cycle Spatial averaging

Smart meter security Security guidelines, recommendations, and best practices for AMI system elements

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(Courtesy: California Council on Science and Technology)

Fig.13.Radio frequency exposures

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6.Smart meter standardsSTANDARDS REGULATIONS FOR INSTALLATION

Intentional and unintentional radio emissions, and safety related to RF exposure (FCC standards, parts 1 and 2 of the FCC’s Rules and Regulations [47 C.F.R.1.1307(b), 1.1310, 2.1091, 2.1093.

Meter accuracy and performance (ANSI C12.1, 12.10, and 12.20 specifications)

Local technical codes and requirements Functional tests to satisfy the utilities

technical and business requirements Utility specifications designed for special area

requirements (surge protection for areas vulnerable to lightning, stainless steel enclosures for seaside areas).

The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) for utility wiring

The National Electric Code (NEC) for home wiring

ASNI C12.1—Code for Electricity Metering Local building codes.

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7.Deployment of Smart meterSelection of Smart meter system Development of Business, Financial and Technical

Requirements Project RFP Bidding Process RFP evaluation

Customer care and communications Explaining the process of installation

Meter and system certification and acceptance Certification of system components

Logistics logistic and warehousing process

Smart meter installation The National Electric Safety Code (NESC) for utility wiring

The National Electric Code (NEC) for home wiring ASNI C12.1 – Code for Electricity Metering Local building codes

Data management MDMS

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8.ConclusionSmart metering systems are thus an indispensable part of the evolving technology for smart grid.

They find application in various fields and have manifold benefits. However their design has to

meet certain pre-laid standards and regulations. This is a mandatory feature as these systems have

to be environment and user friendly.

The radio frequency emissions having the potential to damage public health is a hoax as for

ionization of body atoms require high frequency radiations which are not emitted by smart meters.

The only concern is the security and privacy of data as they are prone to cyber attack.

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References[1] S. Meters, \Smart meter systems: a metering industry perspective," An Edison Electric Institute-Association of Edison Illuminating Companies-Utilities Telecom Council White Paper, A Joint Project of the EEI and AEIC Meter Committees, Edison Electric Institute, 2011.

[2] S. S. S. R. Depuru, L.Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, \Smart meters for power grid: Challenges, issues, advantages and status," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2736{2742, 2011.

[3] R. van Gerwen, S. Jaarsma, and R. Wilhite, \Smart metering," Leonardo-. org, p. 9, 2006.

[4] M. Schneps-Schneppe, D. Namiot, A. Maximenko, and D. Malov, \Wired smart home: energy metering, security, and emergency issues," in Ultra Mod-

ern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT), 2012 4th International Congress on. IEEE, 2012, pp. 405{410.

[5] Z. Fan, G. Kalogridis, C. Efthymiou, M. Sooriyabandara, M. Serizawa, and J. McGeehan, \The new frontier of communications research: smart grid and smart metering," in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Energy-Ecient Computing and Networking. ACM, 2010, pp. 115{118.

[6] S. R. Rajagopalan, L. Sankar, S. Mohajer, and H. V. Poor, \Smart meter privacy: A utility-privacy framework," in Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), 2011 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2011, pp. 190{195.

[7] K. Weranga, S. Kumarawadu, and D. Chandima, Smart metering design and applications. Springer, 2014.

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Thank you…