Smart initiatives in Transmission Systemsilicon.ac.in/smart-2015/Smart initiatives in...• Strong...

Smart initiatives in Transmission System

Dr Shekhar Kelapure

PRDC, Bangalore

Page #2 Dr. Shekhar KELAPURE, PRDC, Bangalore

Copyright © 2014 PRDC, Bangalore

Overview

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Challenges

• Technologies

• Conclusions



Why Smart Transmission Grids (STG) ?

• Improve grid stability

• Reduce energy losses

• Minimize operating cost

• Maximize asset management

• Faster response – Automated control via EMS

• Grid optimization



What is required

• Superior monitoring and control

• Improved utilization and augmenting the existing network

• Enhanced system visualization

• Affordable, reliable and sustainable electricity supply



STG - Features

• Interoperability

• Self-healing

• Reliability

• Fast Acting/Responsive

• Two-way Communication

• Cyber-security and big-data analytics

• Improved Situational awareness



Technologies that will help us achieve these Objectives

• Improve grid stability

• Reduce energy losses

• Minimize operating cost

• Maximize asset management

• Faster response

– Automated control via EMS

• Grid optimization



Technologies to achieve Transco Objectives

Better Monitoring and Control

WAMS

Renw. Energy Manag. Systems

Integrated Volt Vars

Energy Storage

Tech.

Enhance the Existing Transmission Infrastructure

Dynamic Line Loading

High Tension Low Sag

HVDC/FACTS



Technologies 1. Dynamic Line rating

2. High temperature Low sag conductors

3. Integrated Volt-VAR

4. High Voltage DC Systems

5. Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) - Key

6. Renewable Energy Management System

7. Energy Storage Technologies

8. UHV AC – 800kV and 1200kV

9. City Monitoring System

10. Automated Fault Analysis System



Dynamic Line rating

• Line rating depends on

→ ambient temperature

→ conductor clearance to ground

→ wind speed and direction

→ solar radiation, etc.

• Having static line ratings lead to under-utilization of line (though the winds safely permit)

• Small weather changes greatly impact ampacity



Significance of Dynamic Line rating

http://cleanenergytransmission.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Dynamic-Line-Ratings.pdf



How does it Work?

» Remote sensing of transmission line tension/sag is carried out by the monitoring systems and this signal is sent to the utility’s SCADA or EMS.

» Based on this data, continuous updation of the Tr. Lines varying ampacity is done.

» Thereby its rating updated.



Dynamic Line rating - Example

Case study: Consider a 20-mile ACSR transmission line with a static line rating of 787 amperes at 40 degrees, zero wind, and mid-day summer

Underutilization of transmission lines can be addressed by Dynamic Line Rating



Dynamic Line rating – Benefits

• Congestion relief

• Asset protection

• Increased wind and solar integration

• Wide area situational awareness

• Reducing wind energy curtailment

• Transmission efficiency

• Avoidance of network expansion to the extent possible



High sag , legacy

How to increase the transmission capacity of the power grid network

without acquiring new rights of way ?

Replacing ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel

Reinforced)

By HTLS Conductors



Shifting From ACSR to HTLS

Additional Aspects • Corrosion resistant • Low resistivity - Reduced losses • Reduced right of way problem



High Temperature (HTLS) Conductors

• ACSS (Aluminium Conductor Steel Supported)

• TACSR (Thermal Alloy Conductor Steel Re-inforced)

• STACIR (Super thermal Aluminium Conductor Invar Reinforced)

• ACCC (Aluminium Conductor Composite Core)

• ACCR (Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced)



HTLS - Performance composition



High temperature, low sag conductors

Low sag,

high efficiency

http://wyia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/pat-avery.pdf



HTLS - Comparison

Low sag ,

high efficiency

High sag , legacy



HTLS – Case Studies

Low sag ,

high efficiency

High sag , legacy

1. In 2012, Sterlite collaborated with CTC Cable Corporation to re-conductor an existing 132 kV line in Ahmedabad . The new line with ACCC conductor has doubled the capacity of the existing transmission line, without modifying or reinforcing the existing lattice towers . 2. Reconductoring was done on 132 kV transmission lines between Pirana and Vinzol, Gujarat, for Torrent Power in Gujarat.

3. Israel Electric Corp (IEC) also upgraded a major part of its transmission network to HTLS conductors, increasing the circuit ‘s capacity by an additional 40% to 50%.



Reactive power based challenges

• Increasingly diversified generation sources (renewables and gas turbines) are changing the power systems in both system topologies and operation strategies.

• This lead to higher pressure for optimization of various VAR sources, esp. dynamic ones.

• The value of future reactive power resources are critical to utility planners.



Objective

Evaluating integrated volt Var systems, to mitigate the voltage related problems.



VAR Value Assessment

Pq trade off

http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~tolbert/publications/trans_ps_nov_2007.pdf



Dynamic Var Sources

FACTS Devices

Thyristor Based :- SVC VSC Based :- StatCOM



SVC Location in Indian Grid-

Kanpur

The two SVCs have enabled a considerable increase of the active power transmission capability of the Northern Regional grid and help to maintain a stable 400 kV voltage in the Kanpur area especially under peak load conditions, which used to be a difficult problem.

Courtesy – ABB Document

Two static var compensators (SVC), each rated at 140 Mvar inductive to 140 Mvar capacitive supplied by ABB were commissioned in 1992 in the Kanpur 400 kV substation of the Power Grid Corporation of India in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The compensators were installed on a turn-key basis.



FACTS Locations in WR - INDIA



FACTS Devices - Benefits

Source: IEEE PES Chapter – Jay Giri



Cooper Power Systems Yukon IVVC application monitors real-time voltages, watts and VARs from LTCs, regulators, capacitors, medium voltage sensors, and

additional monitoring points, such as customer meters

IVV - Application



Better visualization of system with IVV Sources



Technical HVDC advantages

• The HVDC power flow is fully controllable, fast and accurate.

• An HVDC link is asynchronous and can adapt to any rated voltage and frequency at reception.

• The HVDC link can be used to assist the AC networks at each end of the link

• HVDC links do not increase the systems short circuit level and fault cannot transfer across HVDC interconnected systems.



Technical HVDC advantages – contd..

• HVDC can transport economically and efficiently over longer distance than AC lines or cables and, in a fixed corridor, HVDC transmission systems provide increased capacity.

• Large HVDC schemes can be used for bulk power transfer from remote areas (5000 MW - 6400 MW) .

• HVDC is more economical than HVAC for schemes with transmission distances more than 700 km.

Source: http://www.alstom.com/grid/products-and-services/engineered-energy-solutions/hvdc-transmission-systems/

http://cleanenergytransmission.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/High-Voltage-Direct-Current-Transmission.pdf



HVDC Configurations and Technologies



HVDC installations in India

NR-NR

WR-WR

NR

NR-ER



Few HVDC – International Installations

Bheramara India - Bangladesh 2013 B/B 500MW



HVDC- Benefits

• Enhance AC Grid Voltage and angular stability

• Inter-area Oscillations Damping

• Provide dynamic voltage support

• Sub synchronous damping control

• Get operational intelligence and exploring/more on hvdc capability

• Lower losses (no skin effect)

• Better Utilization of Transmission line

• Asynchronous power systems connection

• Lower cost for large distance transmission



HVDC- Benefits – contd..

• VSC-HVDC increases fault ride through capability of wind farms by fast reactive power support during the fault at the point of common coupling



WAMS – Modern Data acqui



Enhanced Situational Awareness in the Control Room



Benefits of WAMS



PMU Deployments in India

Source: POSOCO – “Synchrophasors in India” Dec 2013

1200 PMUs under commissioning as a part of URTDSM project PGCIL Initiative “India leading world”



Phasor Analytics – Some tools



Renewables in India

Source Total Installed Capacity (MW)

Wind Power 22,465.03

Solar Power (SPV) 3,062.68

Small Hydro Power 3,990.83

Biomass Power 1,365.20

Bagasse Cogeneration 2,800.35

Waste to Power 107.58

Total 33,791.74

Total Renewable Energy Installed Capacity (31 Dec 2014)[3]

Source: MNRE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India



Issues in Large Scale Renewable Integration

• Intermittent and unpredictable

• RE plants providing lesser reactive grid support during disturbances

• Most of the wind plants are not Fault Ride Through (FRT) capable

• Voltage Excursions at different loadings

• Evacuation challenges



Measures for mitigating the issues

• Strong Grid interconnections

• Flexible generation, Ancillary Services, Reserves etc. for supply-balancing

• Storage schemes for Gen - load balancing

• Renewable Energy Management Centers (REMC) equipped with advanced forecasting tools along with reliable communication infrastructure

• REMC can utilize existing Communication infrastructure



REMC - Functions

1. Forecasting of RE generation in jurisdiction area on day-ahead, hour-ahead, week-ahead, month-ahead basis.

2. Real time tracking of RE sources for gen-load balance

3. Geo-spatial visualization of RE generation

4. Close coordination with respective LDC for RE generation and control for smooth grid operation.

5. Single source information repository and coordination point for RE penetration.

6. Enable scheduling of RE power

7. On-line Dynamic security Assessment tool



REMC –Architecture



Electric Grid Energy Storage Services



Maturity of Storage Technologies

Electric Vehicles storages are fast growing as a Demand response technology



Storage - Advantages and Disadvantages



Source: Power grid



Source: Grid Energy Storage, U.S Department of Energy – December 2013



Perspective Hybrid Grid by 2022 & beyond

Source: Power Grid



1200 kV introduced

• 1200kV test line commissioned at Bina and handed over to Nation

• Deoli near Wardha will be the first 1200 kV commercial line – wrong data –t be checked

• Deoli–Aurangabad line will be second 400/1200kV substations are planned at Deoli and Aurangabad



Bina 1200 kV Subtations

Source: Power Grid



1200 kV single ckt. Transmission line

Source: Power Grid



Technologies • Dynamic Line rating

• High temperature Low sag conductors

• Integrated Volt-VAR

• High Voltage DC Systems

• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) - Key

• Renewable Energy Management System

• Energy Storage Technologies

• UHV AC – 800kV and 1200kV

• City Monitoring System

• Automated Fault Analysis System



Why CMS

Facilitate the energy audit of the city transmission network, thereby improve the accountability of power injections into the system against the consumption of city areas

Centralized asset management

Remote monitoring and control of substations

Better utilization of substation equipment by providing self diagnostic condition monitoring units

Visualization of comprehensive substation data at city control centre

Better decision making in case of any contingencies

Reduce outage periods

Reduce manpower requirement



What is CMS

City Monitoring System consists of automated substations in a city, connected to city control centre with the objective of improving the operational as well as process efficiency of the power system network. There are two major components of city monitoring systems. City Control Centre Digital/ Automated substations

Advance measurement, Better visualization, Effective control



CMS - Architecture



CMS - Benefits

Security enhancement

Better controllability

Smart asset management

Remote accessibility

Requirement of less

maintenance

Less manpower

requirement



Technologies • Dynamic Line rating

• High temperature Low sag conductors

• Integrated Volt-VAR

• High Voltage DC Systems

• Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) - Key

• Renewable Energy Management System

• Energy Storage Technologies

• UHV AC – 800kV and 1200kV

• City Monitoring System

• Automated Fault Analysis System



Why AFAS

Facilitates:

• Automatic retrieval of disturbance files at a common location

• Automatic fault diagnosis, report generation and intimation to concerned personnel

• Substation and system level analysis for a fault

• Better fault location computation and hence facilitates faster fault clearing

AFAS streamlines the process of fault diagnosis



What is AFAS

Automated Fault Analysis System (AFAS) may be defined as the ability of a specialized computer program to correlate and analyse available data about power system faults and disturbances.

Information extracted from AFAS can be utilized by

Operating personnel

Protection engineers

Maintenance crew

Integrated Approach to Collect, Store and Analyse Data



AFAS - Process

Processed File

Storage

AFAS

Report

Manager

Data

Collector



Benefits

• Automated Fault diagnosis and Reporting

• Reduce Outage Time and improve Reliability

• Optimize Man power/ Maintenance cost



Conclusions

Implementation of the project results in

• Reduction in transmission losses

• Reduction in the number of power cuts – load shedding/ blackouts/ brownouts

• Improved efficiency in operations

• Improved system reliability

• Reduction in the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs

• Shifting from Reactive to Proactive!



Thank You



? Dr Shekhar Kelapure

General Manager R&D, PRDC, Bangalore M – 0091 99000 26575, E – [email protected]

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