Smart Grid Evolution through Microgrid Aggregation in … 2012/Presentation… · 1 / Grid...
Transcript of Smart Grid Evolution through Microgrid Aggregation in … 2012/Presentation… · 1 / Grid...
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Grid Automation
Smart Grid Evolution through Microgrid Aggregation in Africa
Dr. Wajdi Ahmad Technical Marketing & Solutions Director
GE Digital Energy
AMEU
October 15-17, 2012
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Complexities of multi-directional power flow & integration into the grid
Frequency performance under large generation/load swings – Lack of inertia increases system sensitivity
Integration of non-conventional energy resources • Desire driven by fuel costs and logistics • Intermittency of renewables can impact grid stability • Low overload, short circuit ratings
Traditional protection and controls inadequate for distributed generation – Bi-directional power flows
– Unit level voltage and VAR support – Fault current contribution – Island operation
Need for a holistic control system to realize full operating potential – System-level energy optimization (electrical, thermal, loads) – Unit commitment and dispatch
– Aggregation and system performance
Challenges of the 21st century power grid . . .
All of this calls for smarter solutions…
Sources: (1) UtilityPoint, by Ethan Cohen 7/18/0 (2) EPRI® Intelligrid
Smart grid The integration of two infrastructures …
Electrical infrastructure
Information & Communications Infrastructure
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Embracing renewables
Empowering
consumers
Increasing productivity
Reducing CO2 emissions
Increasing
efficiency
Enhancing reliability
4 / GE /
GE Proprietary © Copyright 2011 General Electric Company. All rights reserved.
Economical, Societal and Environmental Sustainability
Smart Substation
Monitor & Diagnostics
Microgrid Demand Response
Smart Appliance
Automation
Generation
Renewable Generation
Complex Event Processing, Analytics, and Visualization
DERM
Volt/VAR Control
Energy Efficiency
Smart Meters
Modular Design
Workforce Management
Modular Substations
Design Tools
Head End Systems
Multiple Applications Platforms
Backhaul
Plant LAN
System WAN
Substation LAN
Field LAN
Customer Area Networks, HAN
Transmission Substations Distribution
Customer Premise
Reliable, Empowered, Clean, Efficient, Productive
Distributed Generation and Storage
Domain Services
Federated Data Model
Data Services System Security
Services
Electrical Network
Model
Adapters
Business Process Management
EV Charging
Asset Management
FDIR
Energy
Storage
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What is a Microgrid System??
Need for a Smart Control system to optimize and manage generators,
energy storage and loads within the Microgrid
• A Microgrid is a distribution network that includes local (distributed) generation, load, and possibly energy storage (to compensate for renewable intermittency)
• It can operate in an islanded mode (open grid connection)
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Source: Navigant
Microgrid Classifications
Sub - Station (20+MW)
Single-facility (<2MW) /
off-the-grid system
Feeder (5 – 20 MW)
Multi-facility (2-5MW)
• Large Military bases
• University Campuses
• Industrial/City/Port
• Large Wind or PV Integration
• Military Bases / Campus
• Residential communities
• Industrial complex
• Distribution-level renewable integration
• Medical Campus
• Resi. Communities
• Commercial complex
• Industrial facility
• Airports
• Small remote islands
• Commercial buildings
• Small Hospitals
• Small University Campuses
(Source: IEEE)
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Microgrid Drivers & Beneficiaries
MILITARY Bases w/ Critical
Infrastructure
INDUSTRIAL Mining/Refineries
Ports
Remote Grid Communities
Institutional / District University/labs
Hospitals Utility Microgrids
Convergence of environment, energy cost/efficiency, security, and system reliability prove to be the key drivers for Microgrids . . .
RENEWABLES INTEGRATION
BASE ISLANDING
CO2 REDUCTION
ENERGY SECURITY
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CO2 REDUCTION
ENERGY SECURITY
ENERGY RELIABILITY
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
RENEWABLES INTEGRATION
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficiency
CO2 REDUCTION
ENERGY SECURITY
ENERGY RELIABILITY
FOSSIL FUEL DEPENDENCE
RENEWABLES INTEGRATION
CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
COE REDUCTION
ENERGY SECURITY
ENERGY RELIABILITY
Microgrid R&D
RENEWABLES INTEGRATION D
R
I
V
E
R
S
Energy Cost , Environmental Impact and Improved Reliability …
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Sustainability for Remote Communities, Mining, …
Solution will provide: • Sustainable Energy Microgrid
•Increase renewables •Decrease fossil generation / emissions
• Sustainable Water •Cleaner & efficient potable / process water
•Intelligently managed as an energy resource • Sustainable Healthcare
•Remote medical clinic solution • Digital imaging & diagnostics
• Digitally connected to major medical centers – triage, virtual healthcare
Providing holistic sustainability solutions on an optimized energy foundation
Sustainable Energy
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Depending on global scenarios, microgrids could capture up to 3GW by the year 2015.
Microgrid Capacity, World Markets 2010-2015
Grid-connected Microgrids are expected to be the major drivers in North America; and off-the-grid for Rest of world
Market Landscape
Source: Pike Research
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Control System key Features . . .
• Provides centralized supervisory management of distributed generators, energy storage and loads within a microgrid
• Implements a flat communication structure using Ethernet and/or wireless Ethernet Technology
• Applicable to grid-tied and remote microgrids
• Optimal Dispatch: Makes the most efficient use of renewable, dispatchable and storage resources
• Load Shedding: Improves availability by dynamically shedding loads based on system loading and available generation
• Tie line control: Consolidates the Microgrid into a single, dispatchable resource
Key Features
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U90+ Generation Optimizer
Ethernet Switch
modem
Wireless Radio
Dispatchable Generation - Var/Volt
Renewable/Intermittent Generation
Load
Distribution Bus
Local HMI
Base Gen Interface
Gen Interface
Cimplicity/Enervista
Storage System
Fuel Cell Electrolyzer
Battery Support
Typical Solution Architecture
Modbus U90+ to IEDs
Solution Tools • Integration of renewables and Storage • Microgrid Generation Optimization • Local HMI • Unit Commitment & Economic Dispatch • Fast Load Shedding (Optional) • Communications
D400 Gateway
DNP 3.0 to upstream systems
Benefits: • Increased Renewable penetration • Reduced CO2 and GHG emissions
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Microgrid Controller
Ethernet Switch
modem
Wireless
Radio
Bella Coola
Clayton Falls 2.12 MW Hydro
Bella Coola 2.1/1.5MW
6.2 MW Diesel
Hagensborg 2.6/1.7 MW
25 kV Distribution
Local HMI
Diesel Genset Interface Hydro Generator Interface
Remote Monitoring
Storage
Fuel Cell 125 kW
3.3 MW-hr
Electrolyzer 300 kW
Utility Service Vehicle
Battery Support 125 kW / 400 kW-hr
Ah Sin Heek Diesel / Energy Storage Site
Site Details: • 439 km north of Vancouver, off-grid
community • Ran on Diesel gensets and Hydro
generators at Clayton falls • 2 Hydro generators: 2.12MW • 8 Diesel Gen-sets: 6.2MW • Load profile: 4.7/3.2MW, Mostly
residential loads • Biggest challenge – Reduction of GHG
emissions and cost of diesel transportation
Case Study: Bella Coola
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Case Study: DoD – 29 Palms
• 29 Palms Base, CA, demonstration project
• Reduction in cost of energy and total cost of ownership
• Configurable for main (bulk) grid connected or islanded operation
• Capable of riding through grid disturbances without disconnecting
• Improved energy efficiency and optimal energy utilization
• Integration of renewable energy
Energy Efficiency & Management
An example of PPP to provide enhanced energy efficiency, renewable
energy and energy storage integration
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Global Electrification landscape
Number (Millions) and % of People without Electricity, 2008, Source: WHO & UNDP
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Microgrid Barriers
Economics
• High cost of Microgrid Resources (e.g. Wind $3-4/W, Solar $7-8/W) causing longer payback periods (~8-10 years)
• Business Model for owners/utilities
Technical
• Technology maturity and exposure (e.g. sophisticated protection & control requirements, open architecture and interoperability)
• System Integration – Someone who understands all aspects of a Microgrid system -
generating sources, energy storage and control aspects
Political/Regulatory
• Who owns what? Utility vs. owner . . .
• Load aggregation. Energy Pricing structure . . .
• Education/awareness; dealing with remote communities; long Sales cycle