Small-Scale Dry Bean Production - University of Vermont · 2017. 11. 7. · Melanie Hernandez &...
Transcript of Small-Scale Dry Bean Production - University of Vermont · 2017. 11. 7. · Melanie Hernandez &...
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Small-Scale Dry Bean Production
by
Melanie Hernandez & Beth Ruman
Black River Beans/River Moon Farm Craftsbury Common, Vermont
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From an account on Abenaki agriculture along the Saco River in Maine:
“Amongst this corn, they plant in each hillock, Brazillian beans which come up of different colors.”
– French explorer Samuel Champlain in Les Voyages de Sieur de Champlain, 1613
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General Planting Guidelines
• Plant in Well-Drained Soil
• Soil Temperature (50 deg. +) Generally Early – Mid June
• Good, Clean Seed
• Planting Depth = 1 ½ - 2 in.
• 4-6 Seeds per Foot
• Varying Models on Row Spacing from 15-30 in. Equipment and Cultivation Methods can drive the spacing decision.
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Bean Varieties Grown in Vermont
• Black Turtle
• Vt. Cranberry
• Jacob’s Cattle
• Yellow-Eye
• Soldier
• Marfax
• Cannellini
• Calypso
• Pinto
• Kidney
• Small Red
• Hutterite
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Fertility • Beans, like all legumes, are
Nitrogen-Fixers but….. – Soil deficient in nitrogen-fixing
bacteria will limit plant’s ability to convert N for growth
– 20-50% of N used by plant is supplied by nitrogen-fixing nodules on plant’s roots
– Nitrogen fixation from nodules does not contribute to plant’s N needs until 3-4 weeks
• SO THE REST OF THE NITROGEN COMES FROM
ADDED FERTILITY SOURCES
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Starter Fertilizer In organic production:
Manures and other slow-release nutrient materials provide added fertility
3-5 Tons per Acre
Consider using a small amount of organic starter fertilizer during planting
– 15 LB/Acre N
– Equal to 300 Lbs of 5-4-3 /Acre
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Innoculants Powdered Innoculants the most common form.
Rhizobium phaseoli
Brush sweep can knock off powdery innoculum.
– Slurry sticky solution with 10% Honey, Agave or table sugar and water.
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OUR FIRST BEANS ! ALSO, OUR FIRST WEEDS!
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Integrated Weed Management
• Weed Management before Planting – shallow bed tillage 1-2” to temporarily control annual weeds and leave surface dry to slow down weed seed germination
• Weed Management after Planting – At the third to fourth trifoliate leaf stage, cultivate with sweeps, knives, or rolling cultivators
• Dry bean cultivar and row spacing are important factors in determining the amount of late-season weed pressure. Goal is to close the canopy while still allowing for good air circulation to dry leaves.
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Closing the Canopy
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Major Bean Diseases for NE
Cool, Wet Weather Diseases (70 deg) • Halo Blight (Pseudomonas phaseolicola)
• Anthracnose • White Mold
Warm Wet Weather Diseases (80 deg) • Common Bean Blight (Xanthomonas spp.)
• Fuscous Blight • Bacterial brown spot, caused
by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, common bacterial blight
• Excellent Reference: Handbook of Bean Diseases by D.J. Hagedorn, D. A. lnglis
http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3374.PDF
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Harvesting
Harvest can begin when:
• Harvest when plants are dry and mature
• Maturity = some of the pods are brown & majority of pods are yellow ~80%
• Do not over dry as bean pods can shatter
• Seed Moisture around 15-18% at harvest (varietal specific)
• Mechanization & Small-Scale Growers
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Can this happen here??
Affordable Threshing Machines…in China, Korea, India but not in US
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Threshers and Shellers
ALMACO THRESHER WELBORN ROTO-FINGERS