Small Ruminant Nutrition
32
SUSAN SCHOENIAN Sheep & Goat Specialist Western Maryland Research & Education Center [email protected] – www.sheepandgoat.com SMALL RUMINANT SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM NUTRITION
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This is a general presentation on small ruminant nutrition. It uses graphs to illustrate the nutrient requirements of different types of sheep and goats.
Transcript of Small Ruminant Nutrition
SUSAN SCHOENIANSheep & Goat Specialist
Western Maryland Research & Education [email protected] – www.sheepandgoat.com
SMALL RUMINANT
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM
NUTRITION
Why is nutrition so important?Nutrition is the foundation
of good production.
Production levels vary by nutrition levels.
Feed is the largest cost of production.
Poor nutrition and nutritional imbalances can cause many health problems.
Poorly-fed animals are more susceptible to diseases.
Species and genetics
Size (weight)
Age
Stage and level of production
Climate, environment, and activity.
Body condition
Nutrient requirements depend on …
Species and geneticsEnergy (TDN) requirements of 132-lb. mature females (twin bearing)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Maintenance Early Gestation Late gestation Early lactation
Dairy doe Non-dairy doe Ewe Parlor-milked ewe Parlor-milked doe
NRC 2007
Lbs.
per
da
y
Sheep have lower maintenance requirements than goats.
Dairy goats have higher maintenance requirements than meat and fiber goats.
Females with a higher genetic potential for milk production have higher nutritional requirements.
What you need to know:
Size (weight)Nutrient requirements of ewes in late gestation (twin fetuses)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
110-lb. ewe
154-lb. ewe
198-lb. ewe
NRC, 2007
66%
66%
52%
10%
10%
8.5%
Lbs.
per
day
Bigger sheep have lower maintenance requirements than smaller sheep.
Bigger sheep need to eat more and consume larger quantities of nutrients.
However, smaller sheep need to consume a more nutrient-dense diet.
What you need to know:
Size (weight)Nutrient requirements of non-dairy does in late gestation (twin fetuses)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Dry matter intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
66-lb. doe
110-lb. doe
154-lb. doe
NRC, 2007, Errata
80%
66%
66%
13%15% 13%
Lbs.
per
day
Bigger goats need to eat more. More lbs. of dry matterMore lbs. of energyMore lbs. of proteinMore grams of Ca and P
Smaller goats need a more nutrient-dense diet.Higher % of energyHigher % of proteinHigher % of Ca and P
What you need to know:
Age Nutrient requirements of mature ewes vs. ewe lambs during late gestation
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
NRC, 2007
66%
-- 79% --
~10%
Lbs.
per
day
AgeMineral requirements of mature ewes vs. ewe lambs during late pregnancy
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P)
176-lb. mature ewe (twins)
132-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (twins)
110-lb. ewe lamb (single)
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Mature females are usually bigger and need to eat more.More lbs. of dry matterMore lbs. of energyMore lbs. of proteinMore grams of Ca and P
However, young females need a more nutrient-dense diet.Higher % of energyHigher % of Ca and PBut NOT protein!
What you need to know:
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 176-lb. mature ewe (twin bearing)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007
53%
53%
66%
66%
7% 8% 10%
15%
Lbs.
per
day
Stage of productionMineral requirements of a 176-lb. ewe (twins)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Energy requirements during late gestation are more than 50 percent higher than for maintenance.
Ewes require a more nutrient-dense diet during late gestation and lactation.
Protein requirements don’t increase until lactation.
Calcium requirements are highest during late gestation.
Phosphorus requirements are highest during lactation.
What you need to know:
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 132-lb. non-dairy doe (twins)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007, Errata
?
?
Lbs.
per
day
Stage of productionMineral requirements of a 132-lb. doe (twins)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Stage of productionNutrient requirements of a 154-lb. dairy doe (twin bearing)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Maintenance Early gestation Late gestation Early lactation
NRC 2007 Errata
Lbs.
per
day
Energy requirements during late gestation are more than 50 percent higher than for maintenance.
Calcium and Phosphorus requirements are highest during lactation.
Females with a higher genetic potential for milk production have much higher nutritional requirements during lactation.
What you need to know:
Level of production (# fetuses)Nutrient requirements of 154-lb. ewe in late gestation
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
DM intake As fed Energy (TDN) Protein (CP)
Single birth
Twin lambs
Three or more
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
66%
66%53
%
8.3%
10%
10%
Level of production (# fetuses)Nutrient requirements of 176-lb. ewe in late gestation
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Calcium Phosphorus
Single birth
Twin lambs
Three or more
NRC, 2007
Gra
ms
per d
ay
Ewes carrying twins and triplets need to eat more. Dry matter Energy (TDN) Protein (CP) Calcium and phosphorus
Ewes carrying twins and triplets need a more nutrient-dense diet.
A ewe carrying triplets needs 43% more energy than a ewe carrying a single fetus.
What you need to know:
What about growing lambs and kids?
Their nutritional requirements are affected by many of the same factors.
AgeSpeciesSizeGenetic type and
potentialLevel of performanceEnvironment, activity
Growth - effect of size (weight)Dairy kids (doelings and wethers) gaining 0.22 lbs/d (100 g/d)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
AS FED DM TDN CP
22 lbs. 44 lbs. 66 lbs. 88 lbs.
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
Weight % TDN % CP22 87.5% 16.5%44 67.1% 11.2%66 67.0% 10.7%88 48.9% 7.6%
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.22 lbs/day):
Smaller kids (weight) need to consume a more nutrient-dense diet, both energy and protein.
Bigger kids need to consume more quantity of nutrients, but the diet does not need to be as high quality (% TDN, CP).
What you need to know:
Weight % TDN % CP22 87.5% 16.5%44 67.1% 11.2%66 67.0% 10.7%88 48.9% 7.6%
AS FED DM TDN CP0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Dairy Boer Indigenous
Growth - effect of genetic type66-lb. bucks gaining 0.44 lbs/d (200 g/day)
Type % TDN % CPDairy 87.7% 14.4%Boer 66.3% 15.1%
Indigenous 67.0% 13.0%
Lbs.
per
day
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.44 lbs/day).
Dairy goat bucks don’t need to eat as much as Boer bucks, but their diet needs to be more energy-dense.
Boer bucks need to eat the most, but their diet doesn’t need to be as energy-dense.
Boer bucks have the highest requirements for protein: lbs. and %.
Indigenous (local) breed goats have lower requirements for protein than improved breeds.
What you need to know:
Type % TDN % CPDairy 87.7% 14.4%Boer 66.3% 15.1%
Indigenous 67.0% 13.0%
Growth - effect of sex55 lb. Boer kids gaining 0.33 lbs/day
As Fed DM TDN CP0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Doelings and wethers Intact males
Sex % TDN % CPDoelings, wethers 65.8% 15.9%
Intact males 66.3% 14.5%
Lbs.
per
day
Assuming the same rate of gain (0.44 lbs/day).
Bucks need to eat more dry matter and energy.
Bucks and does require the same amount of protein.
But since does eat less, they require a higher percentage of protein in their diet.
Realistically, the differences will be larger as bucks will gain faster and you don’t want to feed does to gain as fast.
What you need to know:
Sex % TDN % CPDoelings, wethers 65.8% 15.9%
Intact males 66.3% 14.5%
Growth – rate-of-gain44-lb Boer bucks
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
AS FED DM TDN CP
0 lbs/day 0.22 lbs/day 0.33/lbs/day 0.44 lbs/day 0.55 lbs/day
NRC, 2007
Lbs.
per
day
ADG % TDN % CP0 lbs/day 49.7% 7.8%
0.22 lbs/day 67.1% 13.8%0.33/lbs/day 87.9% 19.9%0.44 lbs/day 89.2% 21.7%0.55 lbs/day 88.6% 23.1%
Assuming the same genetic potential for growth:
The more you feed a goat the more it will gain.
Better performance requires both more feed and better quality feed.
Higher % TDNHigher % CP
The bigger question is: is better performance economical?
What you need to know:
ADG % TDN % CP0 lbs/day 49.7% 7.8%
0.22 lbs/day 67.1% 13.8%0.33/lbs/day 87.9% 19.9%0.44 lbs/day 89.2% 21.7%0.55 lbs/day 88.6% 23.1%
Thank you for
your attention.
Are there any
questions?
Susan
Schoenian
sschoen@umd.
edu
sheepandgoat.c
om
SMALL RUMINANT PROGRAM
