Small Off-Road Engines:2020 Rulemaking Concepts

September 26, 2019

Workshop Overview• Background and regulatory history• Population and activity survey• 2020 Rulemaking• Reducing fuel spills and drips• Transitioning to zero emissions• Rulemaking process

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Background andRegulatory History

3

Small Off-Road Engines (SORE)

4

5

Sources of Emissions

During operation:Exhaust and evaporative

During storage: Evaporative

1990Exhaust

standards adopted

2003Tier 3 exhaust

standards and first evap standards adopted

2005-2013Tier 3 exhaust and

evap standards implemented

1995-1996Tier 1 exhaust

standards implemented

2000-2002Tier 2 exhaust

standards implemented

2008-2015 Evap validation

studies

SORE Regulatory History

6

2016Evap

amendments adopted

SORE Emissions Versus Cars(Statewide)

7

• SORE emissions projected to increase

• Will surpass those from light-duty passenger cars in early 2020s

ROG Majority of SORE Emissions

80.8

21.1

10.34.4

ROG (CA) ROG (Preempt) NOx (CA) NOx (Preempt)

Emissions (tons per day)

8

0%

50%

100%

Com

plia

nce

Rat

e

0%

50%

100%

Com

plia

nce

Rat

e

60%Failed

50%Failed

High Evaporative EmissionsPerformance Design

9

2015 2016 2017Model Year

Fail

Pass2018

24-h

r em

issi

ons/

stan

dard

CARB Evap Emissions Compliance Testing

• 42% have failed overall

• Fuel caps implicated

• Leaking fuel tanks

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Population and Activity Survey

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Survey to Update Lawn and Garden Equipment Population

• Updating equipment population to refine inventory

• Determine penetration of zero-emission equipment in California

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CSUF Social Science Research Center

• Experience with statistically valid phone surveys• Team of student callers are trained in the survey-

managers are experienced callers• Household survey captured both landlines and

cell-only households

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Sample Frames

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Household Occupied households that do not run a landscaping business

12,944,178(US census)

Business Businesses, except home-based and landscaping

1,851,224 (Econ census)

Licensed landscapers

NAICS 541320 (Landscape and Architectural Services), 561730 (Landscaping Services)

59,385(Econ census)

Unlicensed landscapers

Calculated from remaining residential demand

23,666

Number of Surveys Conducted

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Survey Number attempted to contact

Number completed surveys

Household 13,638 1,152Business 8,079 1,350All landscapers 7,247 629

Popu

latio

n(m

illion

s)

Household L&G Equipment

16

• Occupied households in California

• Weighted to account for residence type and household size

• 16 million pieces of residential lawn and garden equipment

(thou

sand

s)Po

pula

tion

Business L&G Equipment

17

• Home-based and landscaping businesses excluded

• Weighted to account for industry and number of employees

• 800,000 pieces of lawn and garden equipment

Popu

latio

n(th

ousa

nds)

Licensed Landscaping Business

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• NAICS codes 541320 (Landscape and Architectural Services), 561730 (Landscaping Services)

• Weighted to account for sole proprietorships

Popu

latio

n(th

ousa

nds)

Unlicensed Landscaping Business

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• Calculated from remaining residential demand for landscapers

• No weighting applied

Estimating Unlicensed Landscapers

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24,000 unlicensed landscapers781,000 remaining demand ÷ 33 clients = 24,000

2.7M households reached by licensed landscapers53,000 landscapers × 96% service homes × 54 clients = 2.7M

3.5M single family homes in CA using a landscaper13M households × 58% single family × 47% use landscaper = 3.5M

Equipment Maintenance

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• Percent of equipment owners following maintenance schedules

• “Other” usually monthly or weekly for landscapers

Survey Summary• Residential equipment already

majority electric• Electric equipment has low

adoption rate among commercial users

• Equipment frequently does not receive recommended maintenance

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2020 Rulemaking

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Need for Further Reductions

Statewide Reductions (tons per day, expected)NOx ROG

Total 168 86SORE 4 36Additional Off-Road 18 20

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2016 State Implementation Plan (SIP) Strategy

Future Emission Standards• Factors for consideration

• Updated emission inventory• State Implementation Plan• Technological feasibility• Mobile Source Strategy

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Exhaust Emission Rates (Class 1-2)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Class 1 (80 cc < disp. < 225 cc) Class 2 (disp. ≥ 225 cc)

HC

+ N

Ox

(g/k

Wh)

Uncontrolled (lowest) Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Lowest Certified

Emission standards

Emission standards-30%

19%

76%

-33%21%

99%

-19%

1990 1995 2002 2007 2009 1990 1995 2002 2008 2019

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Class 3-4 (< 50 cc) Class 5 (50 ≤ disp. ≤ 80 cc)

HC

+ N

Ox

(g/k

Wh)

Uncontrolled (commercial) Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Lowest Certified

-3%Emission standards

73%

76%

18%

93%

65%

81%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2019 1990 1995 2000 2005 2019

Exhaust Emission Standards (Class 3-5)

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Emission standards

Future Exhaust Emission Standards• Reduce maximum emission rates (FEL caps)• Revisit emission durability periods• Continue use of ABT emission reduction credit

program• Amend ZEE emission reduction credit program

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Evaporative Emission Standards (> 80 cc)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Class 1 (80 cc < disp. < 225 cc) Class 2 (disp. ≥ 225 cc)

Diu

rnal

Em

issi

ons

(g H

C/d

ay)

Uncontrolled (Example) Emission Standards Lowest Certified

Up to 60%

73%

Up to 86%

97%

Standard

Standard

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Evaporative Emissions Research Testing2-Stroke Handheld (≤ 80 cc) Baseline – Hot Soak Emissions

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0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

Hot

Soa

k Em

issi

ons

(g)

Equipment Type

Evaporative Emissions Research Testing2-Stroke Baseline – Diurnal Emissions

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0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

24-h

r Em

issi

ons

(g/d

ay)

Equipment Type

Future Evaporative Emission Standards• Hot soak + diurnal emissions

• No dependence on fuel tank volume• Standards for ≤ 80 cc (handheld) engines

• Revisit carbon canister working capacity determination• Design standards

• May be eliminated• No dependence on surface area

• Tests for fuel spillage

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Reducing Fuel Spills and Drips

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Tilt Test• Tilt equipment 90 degrees

• Forward• Backward• Left• Right

• No fuel leak in 5 minutes

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3

4 5

2

1

Canister Contamination• Weigh canister before and after

• Tilt test• Overfill test in ANSI/OPEI B71.10

• Increase in mass suggests exposure to liquid fuel• Installation requirement in section 2754(d)

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Fuel Cap and Tether Drips• Start with full fuel tank• Install and remove fuel cap• No fuel spillage

from fuel cap ortether

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Other Ideas?• Ways to reduce…

• Fuel spillage during refueling• Spills or leaks during use or transport• Problems due to improper filling or handling

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Transitioning to Zero Emissions

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Zero Emission Equipment Credits• Available since 2010• 8 equipment types• Used to offset emissions• First ZEE certified in 2018• 2 manufacturers participating

• 5 equipment types total

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Transitioning to Zero Emissions

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Zero emission standards

0 gꞏkWh-1 (exh)0 gꞏday-1 (evap)

End spark-ignition

engine sales

2020Adopt new emission standards

Reduced emission standards

2031Ozone SIP attainment deadline

Credit use allowed

Rulemaking Process

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Stakeholder Engagement• Stakeholders

• Participate in workshops and meetings• Share ideas to reduce emissions• Share test data and product information• Propose changes to ZEE credit program

• CARB staff• Public process

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First workshop for 2016 evap amendments/

future concepts

2019Emission inventory

September 2019First workshop

2018-2019 Population and activity survey

2018-2019 Exhaust and evap testing

September 2020 Propose new

standards

2020 Emission inventory and proposed rule

workshops

20152020 SORE Rulemaking Timeline

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Next Steps• Continue exhaust and evaporative testing• Emission inventory workshop (Q1 2020)• Develop regulatory proposal• Regulatory proposal workshop (Q2 2020)

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CARB Staff Contact InformationMonitoring and Laboratory Division

• Christopher Dilbeck, Ph.D. – SORE lead(916) 319-0106, Christopher.Dilbeck@arb.ca.gov

• Dorothy Fibiger, Ph.D. – ZEE lead(916) 324-8426, Dorothy.Fibiger@arb.ca.gov

• Angus MacPherson, P.E. – Manager(916) 445-4686, Angus.MacPherson@arb.ca.gov

• Manisha Singh, Ph.D. – Chief, Quality Management Branch(916) 327-1501, Manisha.Singh@arb.ca.gov

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