Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthworms on the Island ... · talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin...

P O S I V A O Y

O l k i l u o t o

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Marko N ieminen

Har r i I konen

Anne Ko ivunen

December 2009

Work ing Repor t 2009 -112

Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthwormson the Island of Olkiluoto in 2009

December 2009

Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/09

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report

are those of author(s) and do not necessarily

coincide with those of Posiva.

Marko N ieminen

Fauna t i ca Oy

Harr i I konen

Un ive rs i t y o f He l s ink i

Anne Ko ivunen

Work ing Repor t 2009 -112

Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthwormson the Island of Olkiluoto in 2009

ABSTRACT

Small mammals were trapped on nine sites with 108 traps (72 mouse traps and 36 rat traps)

in the monitoring in both spring and autumn. Totally 16 Bank Voles and six Field Voles

were captured.

Samples of ants, terrestrial snails and earthworms were collected from eleven transects (ca.

150 m2). Twenty ants were sampled from every nest, and all snails found from each transect

were collected. Snails were also sampled by sifting. Furthermore, slugs were preserved

from transects, as well as all other macroscopic invertebrates from sifting samples.

Earthworms were sampled from four plots on each transect. Other macroscopic

invertebrates were preserved from these samples, too.

Totally 104 ant nests of nine species were located. The most abundant species were

Myrmica ruginodis and M. rubra. The numbers of species varied between 0-5 per transect.

There was a striking difference between sampling methods of snails, as 35 individuals of

five species were found with hand-picking and 788 individuals of 14 species with sifting

(totally 15 species). The most abundant species were Nesovitrea hammonis, Vitrina

pellucida, Euconulus fulvus ja Punctum pygmaeum. The numbers of species varied between

0-12 per transect.

Totally 117 earthworms of seven species were found. Their abundances varied between 6-

231 individuals/m2, besides two transects with no earthworms. The highest abundance and

the second highest biomass were recorded from a fallow field site, whereas the highest

biomass was from a mixed forest site.

The results were as expected, as the species numbers were quite low and no rare species

were encountered. This is due to ordinary habitats in the area. The study worked out very

well from the methodological point of view. However, it would be worth using sifting only

for mapping terrestrial snails in the future. We recommend that a comprehensive plan will

be compiled for the faunal monitoring of Olkiluoto, which will ensure that sampling is

appropriate and sufficient in relation to questions under consideration.

Keywords: Ants, earthworms, monitoring, Olkiluoto, small mammals, snails.

OLKILUODON PIKKUNISÄKKÄÄT, MUURAHAISET, KOTILOT JA LIEROT

VUONNA 2009

TIIVISTELMÄ

Pikkunisäkässeurannassa loukutettiin yhdeksällä koealalla yhteensä 108 pyydyksellä (72

hiirenloukkua ja 36 rotanloukkua) sekä keväällä että syksyllä. Pyydyksiin tuli yhteensä 16

metsämyyrää ja kuusi peltomyyrää.

Muurahaisia, maakotiloita ja lieroja kerättiin 11 linjalta (n. 150 m2). Jokaisesta löydetystä

muurahaispesästä otettiin enintään 20 yksilön näyte ja kaikki linjalta löytyneet maakotilot

talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin lisäksi seulomalla kariketta. Linjoilta talletettiin myös etanat

ja seulontanäytteistä muutkin makroskooppiset selkärangattomat. Lieronäytteenotto perus-

tui kullekin linjalle kaivettuihin neljään näytekuoppaan. Myös näistä näytteistä talletettiin

muut makroskooppiset selkärangattomat.

Muurahaispesiä löytyi 104 ja lajeja yhteensä yhdeksän. Runsaimmat lajit olivat Myrmica

ruginodis ja M. rubra. Eri linjoilta havaittiin 0-5 lajia.

Maakotiloiden näytteenotossa oli selkeä ero menetelmien tehokkuudessa, sillä käsin-

poiminnassa löytyi 35 yksilöä viidestä lajista ja seulonnassa 788 yksilöä 14 lajista (yhteensä

15 lajia). Runsaimmat lajit olivat Nesovitrea hammonis, Vitrina pellucida, Euconulus

fulvus ja Punctum pygmaeum. Eri linjoilta havaittiin 0-12 lajia.

Lieroja löytyi yhteensä 117 yksilöä seitsemästä lajista. Lierojen runsaudet vaihtelivat välillä

6-231 yksilöä/m2, lisäksi kahdelta linjalta ei tavattu lieroja. Suurin yksilömäärä ja toiseksi

korkein biomassa oli toisella tutkituista pakettipelloista, ja korkein biomassa toisessa

tutkituista sekametsistä.

Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset olivat odotetunlaisia: lajimäärät olivat melko alhaisia ja harvi-

naista lajistoa ei löytynyt. Syynä on tutkittujen elinympäristöjen tavanomaisuus.

Menetelmällisesti työt onnistuivat hyvin, mutta maakotilokartoituksissa kannattaa

tulevaisuudessa käyttää pelkkää seulontaa. Suosittelemme kattavan suunnitelman laatimista

Olkiluodon eläimistöseurannoille, jotta jatkossakin varmistetaan asianmukainen ja riittävä

näytteenotto suhteessa tarkasteltaviin kysymyksiin.

Avainsanat: Kotilot, lierot, muurahaiset, Olkiluoto, pikkunisäkkäät, seuranta.

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ 1 INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA ...................................................................... 3 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................. 5

2.1 Sampling sites .................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Small mammals.................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Ants .................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Snails.................................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Earthworms ........................................................................................................ 9

3 RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 13

3.1 Small mammals................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Ants .................................................................................................................. 13 3.3 Snails................................................................................................................ 14 3.4 Earthworms ...................................................................................................... 15

4 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................... 19

4.1 Small mammals................................................................................................ 19 4.2 Ants .................................................................................................................. 19 4.3 Snails................................................................................................................ 22 4.4 Earthworms ...................................................................................................... 24 4.5 General conclusions ........................................................................................ 25

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 27 APPENDIX 1: SPECIES NAMES APPENDIX 2: SMALL MAMMAL OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 3: ANT OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 4: DESCRIPTIONS OF ANT SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 5: SNAIL OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 6: DESCRIPTIONS OF SNAIL SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 7: EARTHWORM OBSERVATIONS IN OLKILUOTO IN 2009 APPENDIX 8: DESCRIPTIONS OF EARTHWORM SPECIES OBSERVED APPENDIX 9: PICTURES OF STUDY SITES

3

1 INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA

The island of Olkiluoto (ca. 12 km²) is situated off the Finnish coast in the Bothnian Sea.

The coast is characterised by shallow bays surrounded by small islands and skerries. The

soil of this relatively flat island consists mainly of gravel, sand and fine-textured till. There

are also some sedge and sphagnum peat soils, and exposed bedrock. The landscape at

Olkiluoto is characterised by forests: pine, spruce, mixed coniferous, mixed

deciduous/coniferous forests and deciduous forests. There are some small mires and near

shore also meadows and shore scrubs. Two man-made water reservoirs are situated at the

centre of the island, and transmission lines run through the northern part of the island.

There is also a nature reserve (Liiklankari) at the southern coast of the island. The whole

local hydrogeochemical and biological system is affected by the postglacial land up-lift (6

mm/y) typical to the Finnish western coast.

There are two nuclear power plant units situated in Olkiluoto and a third one is under

construction. Olkiluoto has also been selected as a location for final repository of spent

nuclear fuel, and currently a test repository cave is under construction. These projects have

taken over a large land area and traffic has increased a lot on the island.

This study includes the following parts:

Trapping of small mammals (especially rodents) in various habitat types

Line transect sampling of ants

Line transect sampling of snails

Line transect sampling of earthworms.

The aims of each part are presented in sections 2.2-2.5. A literature review on habitats, food

sources, food amounts, weights and biomasses of ants, snails and earthworms is also

included. The study was ordered by Posiva Oy and commissioned to Faunatica Oy, where it

was coordinated by Marko Nieminen.

5

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

A list of scientific names of species included in the report is presented in Appendix 1 with

common names in English and Finnish. Scientific names of ants, earthworms and snails are

used throughout this report, but English names for small mammals.

2.1 Sampling sites

Sampling was conducted on nine (small mammals) or eleven (ants, snails and earthworms)

sites in 2009 (Figure 1, Table 1). The original idea was to include also one hay-field site in

the study, but none were available in 2009. Therefore, the number of fallow field sites was

two in all sampling.

One of the mixed forests (FAT27; classed as birch-dominated forest in previous year’s

study [Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008]) was strongly thinned in the summer 2009. Also, the

other mixed forest site (FAT28) was thinned, but only deciduous trees and some pines had

been cut there. Logging probably had not yet affected the ant and snail species composition

at the time of sampling. However, it was not possible to conduct the sampling on logged

sites as thoroughly as on other sites because of the abundant logging residues.

Figure 1. Locations of sampling sites. Layout Posiva 2009. © Maanmittauslaitos

41/MYY/09.

6

Table 1. Sampling site information. Ant, snail and earthworm sampling was conducted on

all sites, whereas small mammals were not sampled on sites FAT21 & FAT26.

Code of

transect Site code

Habitat type

Coordinates of transect’s (FET

site) fixed point

FAT28 FET921265 Mixed forest 6792100 1526500

FAT22 FET916263 Spruce-dominated forest 6791599 1526300

FAT20 FET918269 Fallow field 6791800 1526900

FAT25 FET917269 Pine-dominated forest 6791701 1526900

FAT18 FET909272 Shore meadow 6790900 1527200

FAT19 FET911275 Black alder-dominated forest 6791100 1527500

FAT23 FET916275 Clear-cut 6791600 1527500

FAT24 FET916276 Fallow field 6791600 1527600

FAT21 FET912277 Black alder-dominated forest 6791167* 1527699*

FAT27 FET920282 Mixed forest 6792000 1528200

FAT26 FET918278 Birch-dominated forest 6791801 1527800

Notes. Coordinates are in KKJ1. * = Coordinates of the northernmost point of transect (transect location was shifted from FET site

to fit the habitat type better).

2.2 Small mammals

The aim of the small mammal study (Mammalia: Rodentia & Soricomorpha) was to repeat

the previous year’s inventory of species composition and abundances of small mammals in

various habitat types in Olkiluoto, but only half of the sites sampled in 2008 were included

in 2009. The methods used followed those in earlier inventories (Ranta et al. 2005,

Roivainen 2006, Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008).

We placed traps on nine sites (see Table 1 & Figure 1). All trapping sites were included in

the previous year’s sampling (Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008). There were four groups of traps

(FT1-4) on each trapping site, each group consisted of three individual traps (two mouse

traps [codes: a & b] and one rat trap [code: c]). Totally 108 traps (72 mouse traps and 36 rat

traps) were used. For trapping design and trap coding see Figure 2.

Site coding was derived from the forest monitoring grid of Olkiluoto (FET = Forest

Extensive Monitoring plot). That grid consists of a permanent research frame which was

established as a grid network in the autumn of 2003 by selecting 560 plots around the main

island from a regular 100x100-metre grid that covered the whole Olkiluoto and its

surroundings. Results from e.g. fauna studies can be compared with various descriptions

made on the plots by using the existing network and coding. The easting and northing

coordinates of the Finnish KKJ1 system in 100 m act as the identification code of a

sampling plot. They are abbreviated to three numbers and rounded, if necessary (e.g. plot at

6 790 898 m N, 1 526 500 m E is marked as FET909265).

Individual traps were positioned in places as good (sheltered) as available, i.e. not with

fixed distances and directions from each other. With close-up photographs from 2008 we

tried to place the traps in the same exact locations as in 2008. Trap locations were

somewhat changed on logged sites. New trap locations were photographed in 2009. The

7

traps were baited as follows: in group FT1 mouse traps a & b with bread (Reilu vehnäleipä)

and rat trap c with cat food (Rainbow Lihamureke [sis. kanaa]), in groups FT2-4 mouse trap

a & rat trap c with bread and mouse trap b with cat food.

Trapping took place for four days both in spring (May 25-29) and in fall (August 31-

September 4), totalling 864 trap days. Kirsi Reponen and Marko Nieminen placed the traps

to the field in spring. All traps were kept unloaded in the field between study periods except

on fallow fields, shore meadow and pine-dominated forest sites. Reponen checked, and

reloaded if necessary the traps daily. All baits were changed after two days of trapping.

Reponen also identified, photographed and weighed the sampled individuals. Individuals

were handed over to Posiva Oy for storing. Photographs and other data are archived by

Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.

Figure 2. Study design (FT1-4 = trap groups; x = individual small mammal trap; a & b =

mouse traps; c = rat trap). Other codes on the figure come from the Finnish Forest

Research Institute’s sampling on the same plots. © Posiva Oy

2.3 Ants

We conducted line transect sampling of ants (Arthropoda: Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in

early fall 2009 (August 31-September 2). The aim was to survey the species composition

and amount of ants in various habitat types (see Cover picture). Samples were taken by

Harri Ikonen, Mari Kekkonen, Henna Makkonen, Marko Nieminen and Kirsi Reponen.

Coding of individual small

mammal traps

a X X b N

X c

8

Methods were mainly adopted from the work done in Forsmark and Oskarshamn, Sweden

(Persson et al. 2007) to allow comparisons between those sites and Olkiluoto. In addition, a

literature survey was conducted to collect information on habitat use, main food sources,

amounts of food used, individual weights, total biomasses and densities, and other valid

information of ant, snail and earthworm species encountered in the field work. Litreature

survey focused on studies conducted in North Europe.

In the field work all stones and dead wood material were turned, when possible, and tufts of

grass opened with a knife, as well as all other potential nest sites were checked. Maximally

20 individuals were sampled from each nest found (according to the plan they would also

have been sampled from ant paths if they did not originate from a nest on transect and from

nest mounds close to the transect, but no such situations were encountered). Individuals

from one nest form one sample (coded FS## [= Fauna Sample]), and in one case each

species from a nest forms a subsample. Samples were stored in 70% ethanol. The

aboveground sizes of anthills were measured (diameter in two directions, height).

Altogether 11 transects were sampled (Figure 1 & Table 1). Each transect (coded FAT18-

28 [= FAuna Transect]) was ca. 50 m long and 3 m wide (ca. 150 m2). The midpoint of

each transect was the fixed point of a site (= FET site, see Table 1), if the whole transect

fitted in the same habitat type. If not, then transect was moved a distance necessary to place

it within the focal habitat type. The direction of transects was chosen in the field based on

the habitat occurrence. If unavoidable, transect was not a straight line. Transect locations

were photographed, and the coordinates of end and corner points determined with GPS.

Detail photos were taken from both sides of transects with appropriate distances.

Ant samples were identified to species by Harri Ikonen. The fresh weights of conserved

ants (wet weight, 1 mg accuracy) were measured with all individuals from the same nest

combined, and the total number of individuals per sample counted. Individuals were dried

from extra liquid on a tissue before weighing.

Ant samples are stored (in 70% ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Photographs and other data are

archived by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.

2.4 Snails

All terrestrial snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) encountered from the same line transects as

ants were also sampled (hand-pick samples). The aim was to survey the species

composition and amount of snails in various habitat types. Methods were planned to be the

same as in ant sampling (see above) to allow comparisons between Swedish sites and

Olkiluoto. However, stones and pieces of wood were very scarce or absent in Olkiluoto,

therefore the surface and litter of the whole transect was searched.

In order to collect more comprehensive snail samples we also used sifting on each transect

(sifting samples). Sifting sample volumes before sorting varied between 0.6-4.3 l and after

sorting between 0.15-2.85 l (see appendix 5). They were collected from as good quality

plots within transects as possible, e.g. piles of litter from deciduous trees and pieces of

9

decaying trunks. However, usually litter was scarce on transects and small amounts had to

be collected from many plots. Furthermore, hardly any deciduous litter was available on

several plots, e.g. pine forest, fallow field and shore meadow sites. Topsoil of plots was

also sifted. The sift mesh diameter was 8 mm.

In laboratory the sample volume was measured, and samples were dried in open paper

containers. When dry, samples were further sifted with 8, 4 and 2 mm meshes using an

electrical sifter. Snails were picked up from dried samples by Mari Kekkonen, Henna

Makkonen and Marko Nieminen using a binocular microscope, and stored dry in glass

tubes plugged with cotton-wool. The sample volumes were measured again after snails

were picked up. Hand-picked individuals from one transect form one sample and shifted

individuals another sample, and each species forms a subsample.

Snails were identified to species by Anne Koivunen. Individuals were also divided into two

categories: living when collected and dead (= empty shells) ones. Dry weights of living

individuals of each species from each transect were measured (1 mg accuracy) and numbers

of individuals counted. For Clausilia measurements are for fresh weight, because they were

still alive at the time of weighing.

Also slugs were collected during hand-pick sampling, and from sifting samples also

earthworms, slugs, centipedes, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, spiders, cockroaches, bugs,

cicada larvae, beetles, moth larvae, dipteran larvae and sawfly larvae were sorted out and

conserved in 70 % ethanol, but not identified. Hand-picked slugs from one transect form

one sample and shifted animals another sample.

Samples are stored (snails as dry, other groups in 70 % ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Data are

archived by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.

2.5 Earthworms

We sampled earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the same 11 transects

as ants and snails (Figure 1 & Table 1). The aim was to survey the species composition and

amount of earthworms in various habitat types. Sampling was conducted by Kirsi Reponen

and Marko Nieminen in spring 2009 (May 25-29). Methods were mainly adopted from the

work done in Forsmark and Oskarshamn, Sweden (Persson et al. 2007) to allow

comparisons between those sites and Olkiluoto. However, we measured fresh weights of

individuals preserved in 70% ethanol, whereas dry weights were measured in the Swedish

study. Therefore, we produced a comparison table of fresh, preserved and dry weights of

individuals of different species. The table is based on independent samples collected from

Inkoo area, S Finland.

Four sampling plots were randomly chosen from each transect by placing the plots 10 and

20 m from the fixed (or other middle) point to both directions. If the plot was not diggable,

the plot was moved to the closest diggable place. From each plot we took a soil sample of

20x20 cm2, separately from 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths. The numbers of large holes dug

10

by Lumbricus terrestris were counted from the hole. Locations of plots as well as individual

plots were photographed.

The samples of deeper layers were hand-sorted on a plastic sheet in the field. The samples

of the upper layers were placed in plastic bags, and hand-sorted in the evening. After hand-

sorting, samples were placed in wire cages (mesh size 12 mm) and sank in water for two

days. Then the water was slowly poured through a sieve to collect earthworms, and the

remains of soil were hand-sorted again. Individuals from each plot and each depth form one

sample, and each individual forms a subsample.

Earthworms and their fragments were conserved in 70 % ethanol. Liquid was changed after

one day and again after a couple of days of storing. Juhani Terhivuo identified samples to

species (adults, subadults and juveniles separated), and measured the preserved weights

(wet weight, 1 mg accuracy) of all individuals. Individuals were cleaned up of soil particles

and dried from extra liquid on a tissue before weighing. The fragments of each species from

each sample were combined for weighting to get the total earthworm biomasses.

Small mammal traps set at FAT28. Sorting of the deeper layer of an

earthworm sampling plot at FAT21.

Ant nests were dug up with a small picker Ant individuals were collected by hand

(FAT24). (FAT25).

11

Sifting for snails at FAT27. The transects Dry sifting samples sifted to three fractions of

were marked with a thin plastic line in the particle sizes before the sorting of snails.

field.

All other macroscopic animals were also preserved from the samples, and conserved in

70% ethanol, but not identified.

Samples are stored (in 70% ethanol) by Posiva Oy. Photographs and other data are archived

by Posiva Oy and Faunatica Oy.

13

3 RESULTS

3.1 Small mammals

The numbers of small mammals were very low in 2009, as only two bank vole individuals

were captured in the spring, and totally 20 individuals of bank and field voles in the autumn

(Table 2). The numbers of small mammals per trapping site varied from 0 to 7 (Table 3). A

detailed list of trapped individuals with species, weight, site, trap and bait type is presented

in Appendix 2.

Table 2. Numbers of small mammals trapped during each trapping period.

No. of individuals

Species Spring Fall Total

Bank vole Myodes glareolus 2 14 16

Field vole Microtus agrestis - 6 6

Total: 2 20 22

Table 3. Abundances of small mammal species at each trapping site.

Transect

Code of

trapping site

Bank

vole

Field

vole

Total no. of

inds. species

FAT28 FET921265 1 1 1

FAT22 FET916263 3 3 1

FAT20 FET918269 1 6 7 2

FAT25 FET917269 1 1 1

FAT18 FET909272 - -

FAT19 FET911275 4 4 1

FAT23 FET916275 4 4 1

FAT24 FET916276 - -

FAT27 FET920282 2 2 1

Total: 16 6 22 2

3.2 Ants

Nine ant species were encountered in the study: Camponotus herculeanus, Formica

exsecta, F. fusca, F. lugubris, F. sanguinea, Lasius platythorax, Myrmica rubra, M.

ruginodis & M. scabrinodis (Table 4). All individuals were determined to species level (see

Appendix 3).

Totally 104 nests were found (Table 4). The numbers of nests varied from zero in two

fallow field sites with no apparent nesting places available to 20 and 24 in a mixed forest

and a birch-dominated forest site. Nest abundances calculated per hectare varied between

ca. 200 and 1600 on occupied transects (Figure 3).

14

Table 4. Numbers of nests of ant species on each transect.

Transect

Cam

po

no

tus

herc

ule

an

us

Fo

rmic

a

exsecta

Fo

rmic

a f

usca

Fo

rmic

a

lug

ub

ris

Fo

rmic

a

san

gu

inea

Lasiu

s

pla

tyth

ora

x

Myrm

ica r

ub

ra

Myrm

ica

rug

ino

dis

Myrm

ica

scab

rin

od

is

Total

no. of

nests

No. of

species

FAT28 1 4 1 13 1 20 5

FAT22 1 3 4 2

FAT20 0 0

FAT25 1 10 11 2

FAT18 9 9 1

FAT19 2 3 5 2

FAT23 1 1 2 4 5 13 5

FAT24 0 0

FAT21 2 4 6 2

FAT27 1 1 10 12 3

FAT26 1 16 7 24 3

Total: 4 1 1 1 2 9 30 55 1 104 9

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)

Black alder forest (19)


Shore meadow

(18)

Clear-cut (23)

Fallow field (20)

Fallow field (24)

Myrmica spp.

Lasius platythorax

Formica spp.

Figure 3. Abundances of Myrmica, Lasius platythorax and Formica nests (no./ha). The

code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy

3.3 Snails

Five snail species were encountered by hand-picking, of which the most numerous species

Oxyloma pfeifferi was not found by sifting (Tables 5 & 6). Altogether 14 species were

collected by sifting. Seven individuals (0.85%) could be identified to genus level only. The

number of snail individuals collected was more than twenty times higher by sifting (788

individuals) than by hand-picking (35 individuals).

15

Table 5. Numbers of individuals of snail species on each transect from hand-picking (living

inds. / empty shells; totally 35 snails).

Transect

Eu

co

nu

lus

fulv

us

Neso

vit

rea

petr

on

ella

Oxylo

ma

pfe

iffe

ri

Su

ccin

ea

pu

tris

Vit

rin

a

pellu

cid

a

Total no.

of inds.

No. of

species

FAT28 0 0

FAT22 0 0

FAT20 0 0

FAT25 0 0

FAT18 17/6 3/1 20/7 2

FAT19 1/- 2/2 1/1 4/3 3

FAT23 0 0

FAT24 0 0

FAT21 0 0

FAT27 0 0

FAT26 1/- 1/0 1

Total: 2/- 2/2 17/6 3/1 1/1 25/10 5

3.4 Earthworms

Totally seven earthworm species were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa, A. rosea,

Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrodrilus rubidus s.l., Lumbricus rubellus, L. terrestris &

Octolasion tyrtaeum (Table 7). The total number of individuals is 117, of which nine

individuals could be determined to genus (Aporrectodea sp. & Lumbricus sp.) or family

(Lumbricidae sp.) level only (Table 7 & Appendix 7).

The abundances of earthworms varied between 6 and 231 inds./m2 among occupied habitats

(Tables 7 & 8). No individuals were found from the spruce-dominated forest or the clear-

cut. The highest abundance and the second highest biomass were recorded from a fallow

field site, whereas the highest biomass was from a mixed forest site (Tables 7 & 8). The

highest biomass value was due to two Lumbricus terrestris individuals and may thus be a

chance event, but on the other hand no large holes dug by this species were observed during

the field work.

The epigeic Dendrobaena octaedra and Lumbricus rubellus, and the endogeic

Aporrectodea caliginosa had the highest abundances (Table 7). The most widespread

species were D. octaedra and L. rubellus, both occupying seven partly different transects.

16

Table 6. Numbers of individuals of snail species on each transect from sifting (living inds. /

empty shells; totally 788 snails).

Transect

Cla

usilia

bid

en

tata

Cla

usilia

sp

.

Co

ch

lico

pa

lub

rica

Co

ch

lico

pa

sp

.

Co

lum

ella

asp

era

Dis

cu

s

rud

era

tus

Eu

co

nu

lus

ald

eri

Eu

co

nu

lus

fulv

us

Neso

vit

rea

ham

mo

nis

Neso

vit

rea

petr

on

ella

FAT28 3/- 7/2 13/12 1/2

FAT22 8/1 10/- 12/4

FAT20

FAT25 2/2 16/-

FAT18

FAT19 7/5 15/11 9/1 17/11 34/20 12/13

FAT23 -/1 1/2

FAT24 1/-

FAT21 3/- 3/- 1/- 30/3 13/1

FAT27 -/1 7/- 2/- 1/2 6/5 26/15 32/16 5/-

FAT26 4/- 4/1 3/- 5/4 6/-

Total: 10/5 3/1 22/11 3/0 5/3 30/8 1/0 95/33 126/59 24/15

Transect

Pu

nctu

m

pyg

maeu

m

Su

ccin

ea p

utr

is

Vert

igo

pu

silla

Vert

igo

ron

neb

yen

sis

Vert

igo

su

bstr

iata

Vit

rin

a

pellu

cid

a

Total no.

of inds.

No. of

species

FAT28 2/1 7/- 4/1 1/2 38/20 8

FAT22 17/- 1/2 5/- 53/7 6

FAT20 0 0

FAT25 -/1 25/2 43/5 4

FAT18 2/6 -/1 2/7 2

FAT19 12/2 -/2 3/9 13/29 122/103 10

FAT23 1/3 2

FAT24 1/- 1

FAT21 3/- 3/- 2/2 -/6 58/12 8

FAT27 37/14 4/7 3/4 5/2 62/26 190/92 12

FAT26 3/- -/1 25/6 7

Total: 74/18 2/6 7/7 36/10 19/15 76/64 533/255 14

17

Table 7. Mean abundances (number of individuals/m2; rounded to the nearest integer) of

earthworms and numbers of earthworm species on each transect. Epigeic = surface-living,

endogeic = soil-living & anecic = vertical moving earthworms.

Epigeic spp.

Anecic

sp. Endogeic spp.

Transect

Den

dro

baen

a

octa

ed

ra

Den

dro

dri

lus

rub

idu

s

Lu

mb

ricu

s

rub

ellu

s

Lu

mb

ricu

s s

p.

Lu

mb

ricu

s

terr

estr

is

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

calig

ino

sa

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

rosea

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

sp

.

Octo

lasio

n

tyrt

aeu

m

To

tal

ab

un

dan

ce

Total no.

of

species

FAT28 13 6 6 6 31 2

FAT22 0 0

FAT20 44 31 31 13 119 3

FAT25 38 69 6 113 3

FAT18 6 13 6 25 3

FAT19 19 6 13 38 3

FAT23 0 0

FAT24 44 75 81 13 19 231 5

FAT21 19 13 50 81 3

FAT27 25 13 6 13 56 3

FAT26 6 6 1

7

Note. Two or more fragments within a sample were combined as one individual, if they formed an apparently whole individual; else, fragments were considered different individuals.

18

Table 8. Mean biomasses (g [dry weight]/m2) of earthworms on each transect. Epigeic =

surface-living, endogeic = soil-living, anecic = vertical moving earthworms.

Epigeic spp.

Anecic

sp. Endogeic spp.

Lu

mb

ricid

ae s

p.

Transect

Den

dro

baen

a

octa

ed

ra

Den

dro

dri

lus

rub

idu

s

Lu

mb

ricu

s

rub

ellu

s

Lu

mb

ricu

s s

p.

Lu

mb

ricu

s

terr

estr

is

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

calig

ino

sa

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

rosea

Ap

orr

ecto

dea

sp

.

Octo

lasio

n

tyrt

aeu

m

Total

biomass

FAT28 0.25 1.1 0.49 1.4 3.2

FAT22 0

FAT20 0.66 1.2 2.1 0.12 3.9

FAT25 0.47 5.3 0.14 5.9

FAT18 0.06 1.2 0.53 1.8

FAT19 0.46 0.06 1.1 0.06 1.7

FAT23 0

FAT24 0.64 2.4 3.4 0.49 1.8 0.01 8.9

FAT21 0.32 0.20 1.8 0.15 2.4

FAT27 0.29 0.91 0.14 8.4 9.7

FAT26 0.56 0.06 0.62

Total

biomass: 3.1 0.27 7.3 0.63 8.4 12.6 0.49 0.12 5.0 0.34 38.2

19

4 DISCUSSION

4.1 Small mammals

Vole populations were at an exceptionally high level in southern Finland in 2008, but

crashed during the spring and early summer of 2009 (Nieminen & Saarikivi 2008, METLA

2009). The population declines were strong in all types of forest in Olkiluoto, but for some

reason no apparent decline took place in open clear-cut and fallow field sites (Figure 4).

Bank vole was still the most numerous species (73% of all individuals).

Figure 4. Mean numbers of vole individuals trapped in each habitat type in 2008 and 2009

(left panel: forested habitats; right panel: open habitats). To allow comparison, data for

2008 include only sites where trapping was conducted in 2009. © Faunatica Oy

4.2 Ants

The species diversity of ants was rather low in Olkiluoto. On seven transects out of eleven

there was only 0-2 species found, and the maximum number of species was five (Table 4).

The reasons for low diversity most probably result from the small total area sampled (150

m2) and relatively homogenous or even hostile habitat structures. Even in very favourable

conditions there are not very many tens of nests within such areas in Finland. The

homogenous nature of habitats, i.e. a small amount of different microhabitats, means that a

particular transect included favourable conditions for one or two particular species. Fallow

fields were especially hostile to ants, because they harboured hardly any nesting places and

had a tough surface soil.

The two transects with the highest number of species (five) are probably the most

heterogeneous ones. One of them is a clear-cut with sunny and shady spots and several tree

species present, but not very tall yet. The other was a young mixed forest site (currently it is

a pine forest) which is sunnier than the other forested sites and probably richer in

microhabitats.

20

More than 80% of all nests were founded by Myrmica ruginodis or M. rubra. This is an

expected outcome as most transects which harboured any ants are forested where these

species are most abundant. Both species use colony splitting (i.e. one or several queens

leave the original nest with a group of workers and establish a new nest nearby) to spread

once they have colonised a site. This mechanism may explain the abundance pattern of

these species: one species is usually abundant and the other scarce or absent (Figure 5).

Santaharju et al. (2009) also detected the same pattern with pitfall trapping. Black alder-

dominated forests are an exception to that pattern, which may be due to frequent

disturbances by flooding and therefore recurring recolonisation by both species.

The absence of Lasius niger is somewhat unexpected, even though L. platythorax is the

dominant species in forested environments. However, the open habitats were not optimal

for L. niger either: the fallow fields had no nesting places available and the clear-cut has

probably already reforested too much. All Formica species were very scarce on transects,

which is most likely due to chance events because the nest density seemed quite what could

be expected in the area.

There are no apparent differences within species among average weights of individuals

from different nests and from different transects, except L. platythorax individuals from one

of the mixed forest sites are smaller than individuals from other two transects (Figure 6).

The potential causes for variability in weights include at least the colony age (younger are

smaller), the colony size (fewer workers are smaller), various environmental factors and

genetic background of the colony.

The numbers of Myrmica nests were much higher in Olkiluoto (Figure 3) than in a Swedish

study near Forsmark and Oskarshamn nuclear power plants (Persson et al. 2007). The

difference can hardly be explained by chance because higher numbers were on six transects

and the highest number was more than three times the highest in Sweden. On the other

hand, in the Swedish study 2-3 transects were studied within each habitat (in Olkiluoto one

transect per habitat) which makes the Swedish study more accurate as more variability was

covered. Nevertheless, the difference is so large that there may have been something

different in the methods used.

21

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)



Shore meadow (18)

Clear-cut (23)

M. rubra

M. ruginodis

Figure 5. Numbers of Myrmica rubra and M. ruginodis nests on each occupied transect.

The code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy

22

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

Clear-cut (23)

Mixed forest (27)

Mixed forest (28)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

Shore meadow (18)Black alder forest (19)Black alder forest (21)Birch forest (26)Mixed forest (28)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5



Spruce forest (22)

Clear-cut (23)

Pine forest (25)

Birch forest (26)

Mixed forest (27)

Mixed forest (28)

Figure 6. Average weights (mg) of individuals from each nest of (A) Lasius platythorax,

(B) Myrmica rubra and (C) M. ruginodis per transect. The code of transect (FAT) is shown

in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy

4.3 Snails

The highest numbers of species and individuals were in mixed and black alder forests. This

is not unexpected, because these numbers increase with increasing availability of calcium.

Low pH makes calcium mostly unavailable, so the lowest numbers of snails are found in

pine and spruce forests. Most species encountered in Olkiluoto are very common in Finland

and they use a wide habitat spectrum. No endangered or rare species were found.

Hand-picking was not an efficient method on nine out of ten transects where snails were

found, if the measure of efficiency is the number of species encountered (Figure 7). It was

B A

C

23

much poorer in numbers of individuals found, too (Tables 5 & 6), except in one transect:

the shore meadow (FAT18). This may be due to repeated flooding by the brackish water of

the Baltic, which keeps the numbers of terrestrial snails among litter very low, whereas

species, which mainly climb on plants, can survive. It should also be emphasized that if we

had strictly used the hand-picking method as planned (snails climbing on plants were not

supposed to be collected), hardly any snails would have been found on transect FAT18.

Sifting produced more than twenty times more snails than hand-picking, but sifting also

takes much more time altogether. Sifting is faster to perform than hand-picking in the field,

but after field work hand-picked samples are ready for identification, whereas sifting

samples require time-consuming post-sampling processing.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)



Shore meadow

(18)

Clear-cut (23)

Fallow field (20)

Fallow field (24)

Sifting

Hand-picked

Figure 7. Numbers of snail species in sifting and hand-picked samples from each transect.

The code of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)



Shore meadow

(18)

Clear-cut (23)

Fallow field (20)

Fallow field (24)

Empty

Living

Figure 8. Numbers of snail individuals adjusted to 1 litre sample size (calculated from

litter volume after sorting, see Appendix 5) in sifting samples from each transect. The code

of transect (FAT) is shown in parentheses after the habitat type. © Faunatica Oy

24

Adjusted numbers of snails were very consistently around twenty individuals per litre in

different forested sites with two exceptions: ca. twice as many individuals in one of the

black alder forests and ca. five times as many in one of the mixed forests (Figure 8). The

most species-rich mixed forest (FAT27) is a fairly good snail habitat in Finnish terms, but

in good-quality grove habitats one can find 25-30 species and thousands of individuals in a

few litres of litter. Interestingly, the highest numbers of individuals and species were in a

mixed-forest site that was clear-cut during the summer of 2009. Presumably this site will

harbour much less individuals in near future, as clear-cuts are usually poor habitats for most

snails.

All open habitats included in the study harboured only a few or no snails. This is not the

case with all types of open habitats, e.g. meadows may have a high number of snails.

4.4 Earthworms

The numbers of earthworm species, as well as their abundances and biomasses are similar

to those recorded by Terhivuo (1989) in corresponding habitat types in southern Finland,

even though he used a more efficient method in his study (see Terhivuo 1982). His study

did not include any fields or clear-cuts. One striking difference is, however, the total

absence of earthworms from the sample of spruce-dominated forest. This result would

probably not hold, if more samples were taken from that habitat.

The abundances and biomasses of earthworms were around the same level both in

Olkiluoto (Figs. 9 & 10) and in Forsmark, but the highest values are clearly larger in

Oskarshamn (Persson et al. 2007). This is not very surprising as Oskarshamn is much more

southern location than Olkiluoto and belongs to hemiboreal vegetation zone, whereas

Forsmark is around the same latitude as Olkiluoto.

0

50

100

150

200

250

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)

Black alder forest

(19)

Black alder forest

(21)

Shore meadow

(18)

Clear-cut (23)

Fallow field (20)

Fallow field (24)

Epigeic

Endogeic

Anecic

Figure 9. Mean total abundance (number of individuals/m2) of earthworms of different

ecological groups (see Table 7 for explanation) on each transect. The site code on Figure 1

is shown in parentheses after the habitat type of transect. © Faunatica Oy

25

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Pine forest (25)

Spruce forest (22)

Mixed forest (28)

Mixed forest (27)

Birch forest (26)

Black alder

forest (19)

Black alder

forest (21)

Shore meadow

(18)

Clear-cut (23)

Fallow field (20)

Fallow field (24)

Epigeic

Endogeic

Anecic

Figure 10. Mean biomass (g [dry weight]/m2) of earthworms of different ecological groups

(see Table 8 for explanation) on each transect. The site code on Figure 1 is shown in

parentheses after the habitat type of transect. © Faunatica Oy

4.5 General conclusions

The methods worked out more or less how they were expected, but the performance of

hand-picking of snails appeared so inferior to sifting that it should not be used in Olkiluoto

in the future. The results also demonstrate what the sample sizes with different methods and

from different habitats would be in forthcoming monitoring. If bigger samples were needed,

then the numbers of samples could be increased where the most apparent needs are.

Similarly, sampling design can be re-planned if the questions for which answers are sought

by sampling will change.

Human activities affected the sampling and target species mainly in two ways: forestry

practices (two sites were logged during the summer) and cultivation (a fallow field was

ploughed in the spring making it unavailable to our sampling). Such activities may make

long-term monitoring in fixed plots impossible, because of strong changes in the habitat

structure. This is one reason why we recommend a detailed monitoring plan to be

constructed for Olkiluoto area. More importantly, such plan would be needed to ensure that

sampling is made in sufficient spatial and temporal scales and with appropriate methods.

Succession should be taken into account in that plan, too. For example, FAT26 is currently

classed as birch-dominated forest, but it is rapidly shifting towards spruce domination.

27

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31

APPENDIX 1. List of scientific and common names of different species.

English name(s) Finnish name(s) Scientific name(s)

Small mammals

bank vole metsämyyrä Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus

field vole, short-tailed vole peltomyyrä Microtus agrestis

Ants

hevosmuurahainen, aitohevosmuurahainen, rautamuurahainen Camponotus herculeanus

narrow-headed ant, excised wood ant

loviniskamuurahainen, karvalovimuurahainen Formica exsecta

mustamuurahainen Formica fusca

Formica lugubris

slavemaker ant verimuurahainen Formica sanguinea

metsämauriainen Lasius platythorax [separated from L. niger in 1991]

European fire ant, (common) red ant siloviholainen Myrmica rubra [M. laevinodis]

forest fire ant ryppyviholainen Myrmica ruginodis

common elbowed red ant hammassarviviholainen

Myrmica scabrinodis [M. pilosiscapus, M.rugulosoides]

Snails

kaksihammassulkukotilo Clausilia bidentata [C. nigricans, C. rugosa]

glossy pillar silokotilo Cochlicopa lubrica

karheasiemenkotilo Columella aspera

brown discus snail napakotilo Discus ruderatus [Goniodiscus r., Patula ruderata]

tummakartiokotilo Euconulus alderi [E. fulvus var. alderi]

brown hive kartiokotilo Euconulus fulvus [E. trochiformis, Hyalinia fulva]

rayed glass snail ruskeakiiltokotilo Nesovitrea hammonis [Perpolita h., Retinella radiatula, Hyalinia h.]

lasikiiltokotilo Nesovitrea petronella [Retinella radiatula var. Petronella, Hyalinia p.]

Pfeiffer's amber snail hoikkameripihkakotilo Oxyloma pfeifferi [Succinea p., S.elegans, S. groenlandica]

kääpiökotilo Punctum pygmaeum [Patula pygmaea]

(European) amber snail meripihkakotilo Succinea putris

wall whorl snail vasenkierresiemenkotilo Vertigo pusilla [Pupa p.]

ruskeasiemenkotilo Vertigo ronnebyensis [V. arctica var. ronnybyensis]

striated whorl snail uurresiemenkotilo Vertigo substriata [Pupa s.]

Western glass-snail lasikotilo Vitrina pellucida [Helicolimax pellucidus, Phenacolimax pellucidus]

Earthworms

grey worm, turgid worm, trapeze worm peltoliero Aporrectodea caliginosa [Allolobophora c.]

rosy(-tipped) worm, multaliero Aporrectodea rosea [Allolobophora r.]

32

mucous worm

octagonal-tailed worm metsäliero Dendrobaena octaedra

bank worm, gilt-tail worm, tree worm, cockspur, gold-tailed brandling punaliero

Dendrodrilus rubidus sensu lato [Dendrobaena rubida, Bimastus tenuis]

redhead worm, red earthworm onkiliero Lumbricus rubellus

common earthworm, lob worm, dew worm, squirrel tail, twachel, night crawler kasteliero, kastemato Lumbricus terrestris

white worm harmaaliero Octolasion tyrtaeum [O. lacteum]

33

Appendix 2. Small mammal observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.

Sample code

Trapping

site

(FET)

Trap

(FT) Trap type Bait Species

Fresh

weight

(g)

Spring

TMA50-DF173 916263 2c Rat trap Bread Bank vole 25.9

TMA50-DF174 916263 3c Rat trap Bread Bank vole 22.8

Fall

TMA50-DF966 916263 1b Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 18.6

TMA50-DF967 916275 3a Mouse trap Bread Bank vole 20.6




TMA50-DF971 918269 1b Mouse trap Bread Field vole 40.6

TMA50-DF972 918269 2a Mouse trap Bread Field vole 52.8







TMA50-DF993 918269 2b Mouse trap Cat food Field vole 24.3



TMA50-DF996 918269 4a Mouse trap Bread Field vole 31.6




35

Appendix 3. Ant observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.

Sample code

Transect

(FAT###)

Sample

(FS##)

Species

No. of

inds.

Total

weight

(g)

Mean ind.

weight

(g)

TMA50-DF1000 FAT18 FS1 Myrmica rubra 20 0.041 0.0021










TMA50-DF1010 FAT19 FS2 Myrmica ruginodis 20 0.067 0.0034











TMA50-DF1021 FAT22 FS2 Camponotus herculeanus

6 0.156 0.026



TMA50-DF1024 FAT23 FS1 Formica sanguinea 18 0.124 0.0069

TMA50-DF1025 FAT23 FS1 Formica fusca 2 0.011 0.0055

TMA50-DF1026 FAT23 FS2 Lasius platythorax 20 0.038 0.0019







3 0.07 0.023


36

TMA50-DF1034 FAT23 FS10 Formica sanguinea 20 0.162 0.0081













TMA50-DF1047 FAT25 FS11 Formica lugubris 20 0.182 0.0091

TMA50-DF1048 FAT26 FS1 Formica exsecta 20 0.122 0.0061



























37







10 0.33 0.033











9 0.223 0.025

TMA50-DF1091 FAT28 FS8 Myrmica scabrinodis 20 0.034 0.0017













Notes. All samples are from nests on transects. Weights are from individuals conserved in 70 % ethanol.

39

Appendix 4. Descriptions of ant species observed.

Camponotus herculeanus

Habitat use: Typical species of shaded coniferous forests nesting in rotten stumps and

occasionally mining in living trees (Collingwood 1979).

A forest species that inhabits mainly shaded coniferous forests, but it is also met in

sunny clearings. It nests in rotten tree stumps and occasionally mines in living trees.

(Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): Both carnivorous and tending aphids (Collingwood 1979).

Location; notes; reference

Amount of food used No data

Individual weight (mg)

23-33, mean 27 This study (wet weight)

16.2 & 36.3 Denmark; 2 individuals (fresh weight); Jensen & Holm-

Jensen 1980

Biomass or density

Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (4 transects)

Other information: Fertilised females found nests singly (Collingwood 1979).

Nuptial flight takes place in Poland in June (sexuals develop in the late summer and

overwinter in maternal nests) (Czechowski et al. 2002).

Formica exsecta

Habitat use: Builds mounds of leaf litter in open woodland, moorland and rough

pasture (Collingwood 1979).

A typical ecotone species inhabiting forest clearings and borders, especially of

coniferous and mixed woodland; also recorded from thinned young growth (Czechowski

et al. 2002).

Main food source(s): Mainly tending aphids on Juniperus, Picea and other trees but

is also predaceous (Collingwood 1979).

Aggressive and predaceous ants; they also utilize honeydew (Czechowski et al. 2002).



40


6.1 This study (wet weight)

Biomass or density

Nests/m2: 0.007 This study (1 transect)

Other information: Nests with mounds of dry tiny plant material are usually small

(diameter 10-30 cm), though big ones (> 1 m) have been recorded. The species occurs in

two social forms (mono- and polygynous). Colonies with several to many thousands of

adults. They are found through temporary social parasitism of young queens in nests of

Serviformica species, especially of Formica fusca, or as a result of nest fission (if

polygynous form). Polycalic nests may even include over 100 nests. Nuptial flights in

Poland in late July and in August. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Formica fusca

Habitat use: Nests variously in banks, under stones and in tree stumps along woodland

borders and hedgerows (Collingwood 1979).

A species living in various habitats (eurytopic) from dunes and dry sun exposed slopes

of limestone hills through meadows, mid-forest glades and young growth to peatbogs

and dense, humid forests with thick undergrowth. Nests, occasionally with soil mounds,

are constructed in the ground, under stones, in rotten tree stumps, among decaying litter;

even in very wet tufts of peat mosses. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): Predators of small insects, also feed on nectar and honeydew

of aphids (Collingwood 1979).

Typically opportunistic ants; timid and fast moving workers forage singly, preying on

small insects, but also feeding on honeydew and extra floral nectarines (Czechowski et

al. 2002).





3.1-6.0, mean 4.7 Denmark; 6 individuals (fresh weight); Jensen & Holm-

Jensen 1980

Biomass or density


Nests/ha: 100-1400 Loppi, Finland (6 sites); mainly pine-dominated forests;

Oinonen 1956

Other information: Colonies are usually small with up to 500 workers and one or a few

queens (Collingwood 1979).

41

Colonies are monogynous or with a few queens and with several hundred workers. Of all

Serviformica species, F. fusca is the most frequent victim of temporary social parasitism

of ants of the subgenera Formica s.str. and Coptoformica, and of slavery practiced by F.

sanquinea. Nuptial flights in late July and in August. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Formica lugubris

Habitat use: A wood ant species of the F. rufa group typical of coniferous forest; less

thermophilous than F. rufa. It nests mainly in sunny places, in glades on forest edges,

along forest vistas, but also found in shaded places. (Czechowski et al. 2002).

Main food source(s): Although these ants collect honeydew, a great proportion of their

foraging consists of scavenging and in non-selective predation on the ground and in tree

canopies (all available invertebrates are prey) (Czechowski et al. 2002).





Biomass or density


Other information: Nests are big mounds of tiny sticks and coniferous-needle litter.

From the nest that radiate wide and long (up to 100 m, sometimes longer) foraging trails

orientated toward aphid-bearing trees. Colonies are mainly monogynous systems (so-

called supercolonies). New colonies are founded through temporal social parasitism of

queens (mainly in nests of F. lemani) or through colony fission. Nuptial flights in spring

(May to early June in Poland). (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Formica sanguinea

Habitat use: Nests are situated under stones or in tree stumps with a small

accumulation of leaf litter. It is often a dominant species in cleared woodland.

(Collingwood 1979)

It occurs both in woodlands and in open areas of different kinds, on different types of

soil. This species prefers dry habitats and sunny places, especially clearing and forest

edges. It nests most readily in rotting tree stumps which it covers around with dry plant

material. Nests, sometimes with a small mound of conifer-needle litter (and occasionally

even with a soil mound), are also constructed in the ground, often under stones

(especially in the mountains). (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): Very aggressive and predaceous ants (Czechowski et al. 2002).

42




6.9-8.1, mean 7.5 This study (wet weight)

Biomass or density


Other information: Colonies numbering from several to over a dozen thousand adults

are, as a rule, functionally monogynous: they may form several-nest impermanent

polydomous systems. F. sanquinea is a facultative slave-maker. It’s typical victims

include different species of Serviformica (mainly F. fusca) that happen to occur in a

given habitat (for instance, F. candida in peatbogs). The proportion of slaves in a mixed

colony seldom exceeds a few percent. New colonies are found through temporary social

parasitism of young queens in nests of Serviformica ants, particularly after a raid on a

nest of a slave species. Sexuals fly off the nests in Poland in July and August, mating

occurs inside or near the nest. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Lasius platythorax

Habitat use: In comparison with L. niger, L. platythorax clearly prefers more humid

sites. It inhabits all types of forests as well as bogs and fens, and avoids open sites,

especially habitats with strong human influence. This species usually builds its nests in

organic substrate, most frequently in dead wood (particularly in rotten stumps), but also

in vegetation pads, in grass tussocks with a humus root layer; it makes no above-ground

mineral constructions. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): No data.





Biomass or density

Nests/m2: 0.007-0.03,

mean 0.02

This study (3 transects)

Other information: Nuptial flights in Poland from July to August (Czechowski et al.

2002).

43

Myrmica rubra

Habitat use: A lowland species often abundant in sheltered valleys, usually in alluvial

soil by riversides and on the coast nesting in the ground or under stones (Collingwood

1979).

The most hygrophilous and yet the most tolerant (eurytopic) species of all Central-

European Myrmica, one of the most common in the Palaearctic. It occurs in very diverse

habitats (from mesophilous to very wet), especially in lowlands. Particularly numerous

in meadows with a high level of ground water. The species frequently occurs in

anthropogenic habitats (gardens, agrocoenoses). It is rarer in forests (substituted there by

M. ruginodis). It nests in the ground, in tufts of grass and moss, under stones, in rotting

wood, under bark; nests often with a small mound of soil or of plant remnants.


Main food source(s): Consistently tends aphids and is frequently found collecting

nectar on the inflorescences of Umbelliferae and other herbs (Collingwood 1979).

They utilize honeydew of aphids and scale insects (even those on trees) more than do

other Myrmica; they also drink nectar (they are mainly seen on the inflorescences of

Umbelliferae) (Czechowski et al. 2002).


Amount of food used

5.000-10.000 inds. of

Araneae,

Auchenorrhyncha &

Diptera per m2 a year

Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971



Biomass or density

Nests/m2: 0.007-0.11,

mean 0.04


225-300 inds./m2 Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971

0.14-0.20 g/m2 dry weight Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971

0.45-0.60 g/m2 wet weight Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971

Nests/ha: 320-620 Warsaw area, Poland; 3 meadow areas; Czerwiński et al.

1971

Nests/ha: 10-8400 Loppi, Finland (4 sites); 2 spruce-dominated forests & two

deciduous forests; Oinonen 1956

Other information: Colonies, generally polygynous, number several thousand

(occasionally over 10.000) individuals and may form polycalic systems. Very aggressive

ants (even towards man); they frequently wage fierce intra- and interspecific combats.

44

Nuptial flights take place in Poland in August and September (in the mountains even

October) and are directed towards elevations (swarming sites). (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Myrmica ruginodis

Habitat use: Abundant in woodlands and moorlands (Collingwood 1979).

A polytopic species of moist forests, where it replaces M. rubra (in mountains, M.

ruginodis inhabits also open habitats above 1000 m a.s.l.); the least thermophilous

species of European Myrmica. It avoids highly habitats with strong human influence.

Nests as in M. rubra. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): These ants are seen tending aphids and feeding on flower nectar.






Biomass or density

Nests/m2: 0.02-0.09,

mean 0.05


225-300 inds./m2 Warsaw area, Poland; meadows; Pętal et al. 1971

0.14-0.20 g/m2 dry

weight


0.45-0.60 g/m2 wet

weight


1.8 (1.1) mg/m2 dry

weight

Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a

grassland site; Persson & Lohm 1977

1.0 (0.6) inds./m2 Uppsala area, Sweden; mean (SE) of 60 samples from a


Nests/ha: 100-380 Warsaw area, Poland; 3 meadow areas; Czerwiński et al.

1971

Nests/ha: 60-1800 Loppi, Finland (14 sites); mainly pine- and spruce-dominated

forests; Oinonen 1956

Other information: Occurs in two incompletely dimorphic races: one polygynous (with

many small queens) and one monogynous (with single large queens). (Collingwood

1979)

It occurs in two social forms: mono- and polygynous (the latter potentially polycalic).

Nuptial flights (directed towards swarming sites) in Poland in August and September.


45

Myrmica scabrinodis

Habitat use: Found in a very wide range of habitats: meadows, woodland, coastal sand,

gravel river banks, peat bogs and moorland. Nests are small, situated under stones, in

tree stumps or in the ground. (Collingwood 1979)

A polytopic mesothermophilous species of humid habitats. It requires strong insolation

but is very tolerant of soil moisture; it only avoids definitely xerothermal places. The

species occurs both in open areas (meadows, pastures) and in forests (but only in sunny

patches); it frequently occurs in peat-bogs. Nests are built in the ground, in tufts of grass

or moss (these nests sometimes have small mounds), in dry spots under stones, and also

in rotten wood. (Czechowski et al. 2002)

Main food source(s): M. scabrinodis are highly predatory ants; their nests are often

next to mounds of Lasius niger, whose kidnapped brood serves as a source of easily

available protein food. They also utilize honeydew of aphids on roots and shoots of

herbaceous plants. (Czechowski et al. 2002)





Biomass or density


Nests/ha: 700 Loppi, Finland; deciduous forest; Oinonen 1956

0.5 (0.3) mg/m2 dry

weight





Other information: Colonies are monogynous or with a few queens; they contain

several hundred to 2500 workers. Nuptial flights in Poland from July to October.


47

Appendix 5. Snail observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.

Volumes of sifting samples before and after the sorting of snails.

Before

sorting After sorting

Transect

Total (l)

(mesh:

8 mm)

Litres

(mesh: 8 mm)

Litres

(mesh: 4 mm)

Litres

(mesh: 2 mm)

Total (l)

FAT18 2.6 0.5 0.65 0.35 1.5

FAT19 3.5 0.75 1.35 0.45 2.55

FAT20 0.6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.15

FAT21 3.4 1.25 0.85 0.45 2.55

FAT22 3.7 1.5 0.95 0.4 2.85

FAT23 3 0.95 0.9 0.75 2.6

FAT24 0.8 0.1 0.25 0.2 0.55

FAT25 4.3 0.55 0.9 0.5 1.95

FAT26 2.2 0.8 0.35 0.15 1.3

FAT27 2.4 0.9 0.65 0.4 1.95

FAT28 2.8 0.75 0.8 0.6 2.15

Snail observations.

Sample code

Transe

ct

(FAT##

#)

Sample

(FS##) Species

No. of

inds.

(living/

empty)

Total dry

weight of

inds. (mg)

Mean dry

weight of

an ind.

(mg)

Hand-picking

TMA50-DF1124 FAT18 FS11 Succinea putris 3 / - 29 9.7

TMA50-DF1125 FAT18 FS11 Succinea putris - / 1

TMA50-DF1132 FAT18 FS11 Oxyloma pfeifferi 17 / - 726 42.7

TMA50-DF1133 FAT18 FS11 Oxyloma pfeifferi - / 6

TMA50-DF1126 FAT19 FS7 Vitrina pellucida 1 / - <1 <1

TMA50-DF1127 FAT19 FS7 Vitrina pellucida - / 1

TMA50-DF1128 FAT19 FS7 Euconulus fulvus 1 / - 1 1.0

TMA50-DF1129 FAT19 FS7 Nesovitrea petronella 2 / - 7 3.5

TMA50-DF1130 FAT19 FS7 Nesovitrea petronella - / 2


Sifting

TMA50-DF1134 FAT18 FS13 Succinea putris 2 / - 4 2.0

TMA50-DF1135 FAT18 FS13 Succinea putris - / 6


TMA50-DF1137 FAT19 FS9 Clausilia bidentata 7 / - 95 14

48

TMA50-DF1138 FAT19 FS9 Clausilia bidentata - / 5

TMA50-DF1139 FAT19 FS9 Cochlicopa lubrica 15 / - 25 1.7

TMA50-DF1140 FAT19 FS9 Cochlicopa lubrica - / 11

TMA50-DF1141 FAT19 FS9 Discus ruderatus 9 / - 11 1.2

TMA50-DF1142 FAT19 FS9 Discus ruderatus - / 1


TMA50-DF1144 FAT19 FS9 Euconulus fulvus - / 11

TMA50-DF1145 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis 34 / - 43 1.3

TMA50-DF1146 FAT19 FS9 Nesovitrea hammonis - / 20



TMA50-DF1149 FAT19 FS9 Punctum pygmaeum 12 / - 4 0.33

TMA50-DF1150 FAT19 FS9 Punctum pygmaeum - / 2

TMA50-DF1151 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo ronnebyensis - / 2

TMA50-DF1152 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo substriata 3 / - 1 0.33

TMA50-DF1153 FAT19 FS9 Vertigo substriata - / 9

TMA50-DF1154 FAT19 FS9 Vitrina pellucida 13 / - 12 0.92


TMA50-DF1156 FAT21 FS9 Clausilia bidentata 3 / - 56 19

TMA50-DF1157 FAT21 FS9 Clausilia sp. 3 / - 1 0.33

TMA50-DF1159 FAT21 FS9 Cochlicopa sp. 1 / - <1 <1






TMA50-DF1165 FAT21 FS9 Vertigo pusilla 3 / - 1 0.33

TMA50-DF1166 FAT21 FS9 Vertigo substriata 2 / - <1 <1









TMA50-DF1175 FAT22 FS7 Vertigo ronnebyensis 1 / - 1 1.0



TMA50-DF1178 FAT23 FS14 Columella aspera - / 1


49


TMA50-DF1181 FAT24 FS3 Euconulus alderi 1 / - 5 5.0







TMA50-DF1188 FAT26 FS28 Columella aspera 4 / - 3 0.75







TMA50-DF1195 FAT26 FS28 Punctum pygmaeum 3 / - <1 <<1


TMA50-DF1197 FAT27 FS15 Clausilia sp. - / 1

TMA50-DF1198 FAT27 FS15 Cochlicopa lubrica 7 / - 41 5.9

TMA50-DF1199 FAT27 FS15 Cochlicopa sp. 2 / - 2 1.0

TMA50-DF1200 FAT27 FS15 Columella aspera 1 / - <1 <1

TMA50-DF1201 FAT27 FS15 Columella aspera - / 2










TMA50-DF1211 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo pusilla 4 / - 4 1.0

TMA50-DF1212 FAT27 FS15 Vertigo pusilla - / 7









50




TMA50-DF1224 FAT28 FS23 Nesovitrea petronella 1 / - <1 <1









51

Appendix 6. Descriptions of snail species observed.

Main food sources: Basically all snails have a wide food spectrum. Most species feed on

decaying vegetation, fungi, algae, lichens and carrion. Healthy green plants are rarely

attacked, but flowers, fruits and seeds are eaten, as well as underground storage organs like

potatoes and carrots. They can also digest cellulose. (Newell 1967, Kerney & Cameron

1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Habitat requirements: Most species either do better or require lime-rich, alkaline soils,

partly because they need lime for the construction of shells. Very few species can tolerate

very acidic conditions, e.g. moorlands. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Clausilia bidentata

Habitat use: Moderately moist places, among rocks, old walls, woods, hedgebanks.

Prefers leaf debris of limes and aspens, and climbs on their trunks. (Kerney & Cameron

1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used

18.7 mg/m2/y Oxford, UK; beech forest; for population; Mason 1970


15.1 This study (fresh weight; measured of living individuals)

Biomass or Density

1.2-2.7 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after

sorting

0.07-4.7 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 13 samples; sample volume measured

before sorting; Routio 1994

3-48 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 7 groves; sample volume

measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986

2 & 2 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests;

sample volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen

1986

5 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a spruce swamp; sample

volume measured before sorting; Suomalainen 1986

3 & 203 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods;


1986

1-2 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 8 occupied quadrats in 4 groves;

Mäkelä 1938

1.3 & 7.6 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 9 deciduous forest

sites); sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn

1992

52

3 & 8 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 2 oak forest sites);

sample volume measured before sorting; Wäreborn 1992

1-31 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 11 talus & boulder slope

habitats; sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén

1981

0.45 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason

1970

5.50 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason

1970

Other information: Especially near the Baltic coast and in the archipelagos in Finland.

(Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Cochlicopa lubrica

Habitat use: Moderately damp places of all kinds; marshes, grasslands, woods. (Kerney

& Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used



3.0 This study (dry weight; measured of living individuals)

Biomass or Density


sorting

0.07-4 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 19 samples; sample volume measured






1986



4-35 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods;


1986

25 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a yard/park; sample volume



Mäkelä 1938

1-3 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 9 occupied quadrats in 5 coniferous

forests; Mäkelä 1938

53

4.2 & 24 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 deciduous forest


1992

1.5 & 2.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 2 oak forest sites);




1981


1970


1970

4.4 (4.4) & 30.9 (16.8)

inds./m2

Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means (± SE) of 20

samples; Mason 1970

2.78 & 71.5 mg/m2 dry

weight

Oxford, UK; 2 deciduous forest sites; means of 20

samples; Mason 1970

Other information: One of the commonest Finnish species. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Columella aspera

Habitat use: Coniferous and deciduous woodland, poor acid grassland; in relatively

dry and low calcium habitats. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting





1 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a coniferous forest; sample




1986



1992

2.1 & 10 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 7 & 10 spruce/oak

54

forest sites); sample volume measured before sorting;

Wäreborn 1992

11 inds./m2 Ekeröd, Sweden; mean of 9 samples from a beech forest;

Gärdenfors 1992



1981

Other information: Climbs often on Vaccinium myrtillus. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Discus ruderatus

Habitat use: Mainly coniferous woods, especially under logs and bark, in trunks; also

marshes and moist grassland. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting





17-21 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests;


1986





1986


Mäkelä 1938

3 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 1 occupied quadrat in a coniferous

forest; Mäkelä 1938

1 & 6.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 & 7 deciduous forest


1992

0.2 & 2.3 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 & 1 spruce/oak forest


1992

55



1981

Euconulus alderi

Habitat use: In wetter places than E. fulvus; characteristic of marshes and shores.

(Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)




5.0 This study (dry weight; measured of a living individual)

Biomass or Density

1.8 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after

sorting

2 & 2 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 groves; sample volume






1986

Euconulus fulvus

Habitat use: Deciduous and coniferous woods, also grasslands and marshes; usually in

fairly moist places. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used




Biomass or Density


sorting





1986

56





1986

46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a peat bog; sample volume


7 & 16 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample





Mäkelä 1938



4.8 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 moist mixed forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

3.5 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 11 drier mixed forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

9 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 oak forest sites; Wäreborn

1969

14.7 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 dry meadow forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

14.7 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 moist meadow forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

12 & 42 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 deciduous forest


1992

2.9 & 14 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 9 spruce/oak

forest sites); sample volume measured before sorting;

Wäreborn 1992


Gärdenfors 1992



1981


1970


1970

4.4 (4.4) & 17.7 (10.6)

inds./m2


samples; Mason 1970

0.75 & 7.25 mg/m2 dry

weight


samples; Mason 1970

1.6 & 4.5 inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; means on 2 sites; Mordan 1977

57

Other information: One of the commonest snail species in Finland. (Hutri & Mattila

1991)

Nesovitrea hammonis

Habitat use: Damp to moderately dry places of all kinds: marshes, deciduous and

coniferous woods, grasslands. Often in poor acidic places. (Kerney & Cameron 1979,

Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used




Biomass or Density


sorting



31-181 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 coniferous forests; sample




24-443 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 3 shore alder woods; sample




18 & 46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample volume




1-19 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 53 occupied quadrats in 8 groves; Mäkelä

1938

1-9 inds./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 41occupied quadrats in 12 coniferous


12.3 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 moist mixed forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

9.8 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 drier mixed forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

20.5 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 10 oak forest sites; Wäreborn

1969

23 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 dry meadow forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

17.4 inds./1 l litter Småland, Sweden; mean of 12 moist meadow forest sites;

Wäreborn 1969

58

21 & 37 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 deciduous forest sites);

Wäreborn 1992

7.9 & 39 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 7 & 10 spruce/oak forest

sites); Wäreborn 1992


Gärdenfors 1992

3-202 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 15 talus & boulder slope habitats;

sample volume measured before sorting; Waldén 1981

0.45 inds./m2 Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason 1970

1.59 (0.21) inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; grassland (mean [±SE] of 20

quadrats); Mordan 1977

4.49 (0.63) inds./m2 Huntingdonshire, UK; ash-oak forest (mean [±SE] of 20

quadrats); Mordan 1977

0.86 mg/m2 dry weight Oxford, UK; beech forest; mean of 13 samples; Mason 1970

Other information: One of the commonest snail species in Finland. (Hutri & Mattila

1991)

Nesovitrea petronella

Habitat use: Similar to N. hammonis, though somewhat less catholic; most common in

moist deciduous woods. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting







1986





1986



59




Mäkelä 1938





1992



1981

Oxyloma pfeifferi

Habitat use: Fens, marshes, and similarly permanently wet places; not in woods. Nearly

always right next to water bodies. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density

0.11 inds./m2 This study (living inds.)

Other information: Often seen on floating wood etc. material. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)

Punctum pygmaeum

Habitat use: A wide variety of moderately moist and well vegetated places, especially

common in leaf litter in deciduous woods; also in marshes. Prefers leaf litter of aspen.

(Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used




Biomass or Density


sorting

60







1986





1986




Mäkelä 1938



42 & 118 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 deciduous forest


1992

1 & 26 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 1 & 2 oak forest sites);



Gärdenfors 1992



1981


1970


1970

8.8 (6.2), 13.3 (7.4) & 35.4

(14.1) inds./m2


samples; Mason 1970

1.59, 4.55 & 12.6 mg/m2

dry weight


samples; Mason 1970

61

Succinea putris

Habitat use: Moist places: shores, spruce swamps, fens, marshes, etc.; often on flags

at the margins of lakes and rivers. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density

1.5 inds./1 l litter This study (living inds.); sample volume measured after

sorting

2 & 75 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 groves; sample volume




1986




Mäkelä 1938

3 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; sample from 1 talus & boulder slope habitat;


Vertigo pusilla

Habitat use: Rather dry places: rocks, stone walls, ground litter in open woodland,

hedge-banks, occasionally in sand-dunes. In Finland mainly litter in mixed and

deciduous forests. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting

0.07 & 0.2 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 2 samples; sample volume measured





62


1986





1986

1 ind./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 4 occupied quadrats in 4 groves;

Mäkelä 1938

0.8 & 2.8 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 4 & 6 deciduous forest


1992



1981

Vertigo ronnebyensis

Habitat use: Coniferous and deciduous woodland, under ground litter and moss;

often among Vaccinium on poor non-calcareous soils. (Kerney & Cameron 1979,

Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting

0.07 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 1 sample; sample volume measured




22 & 29 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 coniferous forests; sample


5 & 26 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 shore alder woods; sample


0.8 & 4.5 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 1 & 4 spruce forest sites);


3-27 inds./20 l litter SW Sweden; samples from 6 talus & boulder slope habitats;


Other information: The most widespread of Finnish Vertigo species. Climbs on twigs

during rainy weather. (Hutri & Mattila 1991)

63

Vertigo substriata

Habitat use: Various damp places: woods, marshes, lake margins, as well as lush mixed

and deciduous forests. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)





Biomass or Density


sorting

0.07 & 0.13 inds./1 l litter Ruissalo, Finland; 2 samples; sample volume measured






1986





1986




Mäkelä 1938

1 ind./0.25 m2 Suoniemi, Finland; 2 occupied quadrats in 2 coniferous


3 & 16 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 10 & 7 deciduous forest


1992

1.2 & 6.6 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 3 & 9 spruce/oak forest


1992


Gärdenfors 1992



1981

64

Vitrina pellucida

Habitat use: A wide variety of moderately humid places: woods, grassland, among

rocks. (Kerney & Cameron 1979, Hutri & Mattila 1991)


Amount of food used




Biomass or Density


sorting





46 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; sample from a coniferous forest; sample






1986

11 & 47 inds./50 l litter Askola, Finland; samples from 2 yards/parks; sample



Mäkelä 1938



2.7 & 3.1 inds./3 l litter Växjö, Sweden; 2 years (means of 6 deciduous forest


1992



1981


1970


1970

65

Appendix 7. Earthworm observations in Olkiluoto in 2009.

Sample code Transect

(FAT###)

Sample

(FS##)

Sample

type Species

Conserv.

weight (g)

Dry

weight

(g)

TMA50-DF849 FAT28 FS1 1, u Octolasion tyrtaeum 1,169 0,225

TMA50-DF850 FAT28 FS1 1, u Lumbricus rubellus 1,106 0,172

TMA50-DF851 FAT28 FS3 2, u Lumbricus sp. 0,638 0,079

TMA50-DF852 FAT28 FS3 2, u Dendrobaena octaedra 0,108 0,015



TMA50-DF855 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea rosea 0,717 0,129

TMA50-DF856 FAT25 FS1 1, u Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,814 0,148































TMA50-DF887 FAT20 FS6 3, l Lumbricus rubellus 0,540 0,060


TMA50-DF889 FAT20 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea sp. 0,047 0,006

TMA50-DF890 FAT20 FS7 4, u Aporrectodea sp. 0,083 0,013

TMA50-DF891 FAT18 FS1 1, u Dendrodrilus rubidus 0,072 0,010

66








TMA50-DF899 FAT19 FS5 3, u Lumbricidae sp. 0,055 0,009









TMA50-DF908 FAT24 FS2 1, l Octolasion tyrtaeum 0,657 0,112

















TMA50-DF925 FAT24 FS4 2, l Aporrectodea caliginosa 0,054 0,008







TMA50-DF932 FAT24 FS6 3, l Aporrectodea rosea 0,247 0,039

TMA50-DF933 FAT24 FS6 3, l Aporrectodea rosea 0,259 0,040








67



















TMA50-DF959 FAT27 FS4 2, l Lumbricus rubellus 0,943 0,139

TMA50-DF960 FAT27 FS5 3, u Lumbricus terrestris 0,112 0,010

TMA50-DF961 FAT27 FS6 3, l Lumbricus terrestris 4,705 1,331

TMA50-DF962 FAT27 FS6 3, l Lumbricus sp. 0,150 0,022




Notes. Sample type: Number of sampling plot (1-4), level (u = upper, l = lower). Conserv. weight: Weight of individuals conserved in 70 % ethanol. Dry weight: Dry weight transformed from conserved weight. Fragments: Two or more fragments within a sample were combined as one individual, if

they formed an apparently whole individual. Else fragments are considered different individuals.

69

Appendix 8. Descriptions of earthworm species observed.

Aporrectodea caliginosa

Habitat use: Nearly all kinds of habitats, from the best mould to quite acidic, tough,

entangled raw humus. Most abundant in deciduous forests and meadows, but also in

fields, backyards, gardens, greenhouses, etc. Only seldom found in the raw humus of

coniferous forests or shore alder thickets. Seemingly prefers a subsoil of sand and

gravel, but does not avoid clay. From very dry to quite damp places, not limnic. (Stöp-

Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)

Main food source(s): Humus (Stöp-Bowitz 1969), algae (Atlavinyte & Pociene 1973).



Growth rate

90-145 mg/ind./week Cultured adults; fed with various above-ground plant

materials; Boström 1988

1-4 mg/ind./week Cultured adults; fed with various root materials; Boström

1988

Individual weight

0.02-0.8 g preserved

weight, 0.001-0.15 g dry

weight

This study

450-1300 mg fresh

weight

Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]

Biomass or density

1.8-5.3 g/m2 dry weight This study

0.15 g/m2 preserved

weight

S Finland & Åland; mean of 22 samples from coniferous

forest sites; Terhivuo 1989

0.47 g/m2 preserved

weight

S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore alder

thicket sites; Terhivuo 1989

2.7 g/m2 preserved

weight

S Finland & Åland; mean of 32 samples from deciduous


2.3 g/m2 preserved

weight

S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;

Terhivuo 1989

0.30 (0.07) g/m2 dry

weight



31-81 inds./m2 This study

68 inds./m2 Parikkala, Finland; mean of 5 samples from OMa-type alder

forest; Karppinen 1958



70

0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a spruce

plantation; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

0.5 & 1.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two pine

plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

11.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from an abandoned

grassland; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

8.8 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from an alder wood;

Nordström & Rundgren 1974

12.6 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a juniper pasture;


19.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 32 samples from a permanent

pasture; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

18.8, 22.9, 77.4, 36.7 &

46.5 inds./m2

Skåne, Sweden; means of 32, 12, 32, 12 & 12 samples from

beech/elm/ash woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

Other information: Endogeic & eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)

Aporrectodea rosea

Habitat use: Lives in very various kinds of soil, but prefers areas with clay as subsoil.

Mainly in meadows and rich deciduous forests. Also present in cultivated soils and

sometimes in coniferous forests and limnic habitats. It may be found even in raw humus,

if it is not too acidic. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)

Main food source(s): Plant debris (Bolton & Phillipson 1976), humus (Stöp-Bowitz

1969).



Individual weight


weight, 0.04 g dry

weight

This study

10-225 mg fresh weight Juveniles; Phillipson & Bolton 1976 [in Persson & Lohm

1977]

100-350 mg fresh

weight

Adults; Phillipson & Bolton 1976 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]

0.08-0.59 g fresh weight Kasprzak 1983

Biomass or density

0.49 g/m2 dry weight This study

0.01 g/m2 preserved

weight



<0.06 g/m2 preserved

weight



71

0.36 g/m2 preserved

weight



1.4 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

4.98 (0.49) g/m2 dry

weight



13 inds./m2 This study



1.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a meadow;


1.8 & 3.0 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from two alder/birch

woods; Nordström & Rundgren 1974





0.8, 7.3, 24.5, 4.2 &

50.7 inds./m2



Other information: Endogeic & rather stenotopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)

Dendrobaena octaedra

Habitat use: It has the widest habitat spectrum of Finnish species: islands and skerries,

wrack beds, shore plains, shore alder thickets, dry and moist coniferous forests, all kinds

of deciduous forests, meadows, fields, arable land, and different kinds of manmade

habitats including composts, gardens and greenhouses. It has also been found from bogs.

In the north also arctic mountains, and banks of rivers and lakes. From dry to wet

habitats where subsoil is clay, sand or gravel. Enters the mineral soil very occasionally.

(Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)




Individual weight


weight, 0.0003-0.04 g

dry weight

This study

100-360 mg fresh weight Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]

Biomass or density

0.25-0.66 g/m2 dry

weight

This study

72

0.51 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.35 g/m2 preserved

weight



2.7 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.33 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

0.22 g/m2 preserved

weight

S Finland & Åland; mean of 18 samples from shore sites;

Terhivuo 1989

20.6 (3.5) g/m2 dry

weight








220 (±87) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in ant nests in mixed forest;

Laakso & Setälä 1997

119 (±12) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in soil in mixed forest;


2195 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in ant nests in mixed forest; Laakso &

Setälä 1998

868 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in soil in mixed forest; Laakso & Setälä

1998

5.8, 6.8, 27.0 & 30.8

inds./m2

Skåne, Sweden; means of 12, 12, 32 & 12 samples from

spruce plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974











15.6, 21.8, 2.3, 4.5 &

4.0 inds./m2



Other information: Epigeic & mainly eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)

Dendrodrilus rubidus sensu lato

Habitat use: Coniferous forests (stumps, under stones, among rotting plant material,

under moss carpets on tree trunks, stones and cliffs), islands, wrack beds, shore plains,

73

river banks, near ditches, shore alder thickets, deciduous forests, meadows and pastures,

and manmade habitats e.g. composts, greenhouses, gardens and other rich soils. (Stöp-

Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)




Individual weight



weight

This study

Biomass or density

0.06-0.2 g/m2 dry weight This study

0.01 g/m2 preserved

weight



<0.06 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.12 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.11 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

0.18 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

0.04 (0.02) g/m2 dry

weight








485 (±211) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in ant nests in mixed forest;


9 (±3) inds./m2 Konnevesi, Finland; mean (±SE) in soil in mixed forest;


4669 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in ant nests in mixed forest; Laakso &

Setälä 1998

86.6 mg/m2 dry weight Konnevesi, Finland; in soil in mixed forest; Laakso & Setälä

1998

3.3, 0.2, 2.9 & 2.0

inds./m2


spruce plantations; Nordström & Rundgren 1974





74





8.0, 5.8, 0.1, 1.5 & 1.5

inds./m2



Other information: Epigeic. (Terhivuo 1989)

Lumbricus rubellus

Habitat use: From manmade habitats (e.g. backyard soils, gardens, greenhouses,

composts) to those in alluvial shores, coniferous and deciduous forests, meadows and

pastures, sometimes on distant islands and in wrack beds. Prefers sandy subsoil, but

does not avoid clay or gravel. From dry to wet soils (but not limnic), even in acidic

conditions. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)

Main food source(s): Leaves. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969)



Individual weight



weight

This study

390-1100 mg fresh

weight

Byzova 1965 [in Persson & Lohm 1977]

Biomass or density

0.06-2.4 g/m2 dry

weight

This study

0.09 g/m2 preserved

weight



1.5 g/m2 preserved

weight



1.6 g/m2 preserved

weight



1.7 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

0.53 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989

0.37 (0.07) g/m2 dry

weight





75




0.7 & 1.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 & 32 samples from spruce


19.5 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a pine plantation;










21.8, 13.8, 8.5 & 46.8

inds./m2



Other information: Epigeic & eurytopic. (Terhivuo 1988, 1989)

Lumbricus terrestris

Habitat use: Deciduous forests, meadows, pastures, gardens and greenhouses.

Sometimes in coniferous forests and shore alder thickets. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo

1988)

Main food source(s): Leaves. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)



Individual weight

0.1-4.7 g preserved


weight

This study


Biomass or density

8.4 g/m2 dry weight This study

0.22 g/m2 preserved

weight



2.6 g/m2 preserved

weight



6.0 g/m2 preserved

weight



4.2 g/m2 preserved S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;

76

weight Terhivuo 1989

13 inds./m2 This study

3.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from a pine plantation;




9.2 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; mean of 12 samples from an alder/birch

wood; Nordström & Rundgren 1974







7.2, 59.4, 40.6 & 15.5

inds./m2



Other information: Anecic (Terhivuo 1989). It can dig to several meters depth (Stöp-

Bowitz 1969).

Octolasion tyrtaeum

Habitat use: In various soil types. Most often in alder woods lining shore plains, also

waterlogged shore soils, banks and littoral zones of lakes and rivers, moist meadows and

deciduous forests with abundant organic material. Sometimes in greenhouses and limnic

habitats. (Stöp-Bowitz 1969, Terhivuo 1988)




Individual weight



weight

This study


Biomass or density

0.14-1.8 g/m2 dry

weight

This study

0.81 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.24 g/m2 preserved

weight



0.45 g/m2 preserved S Finland & Åland; mean of 27 samples from meadow sites;

77

weight Terhivuo 1989

0.08 g/m2 preserved

weight


Terhivuo 1989






0.7 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 12 samples from an alder/birch

wood; Nordström & Rundgren 1974

0.6 & 0.3 inds./m2 Skåne, Sweden; means of 32 & 12 samples from elm/ash


Other information: Endogeic. (Terhivuo 1989)

79

Appendix 9. Pictures of study sites.

Transect FAT18.

Transect FAT19.

80

Transect FAT20.

Transect FAT21.

81

Transect FAT22.

Transect FAT23.

82

Transect FAT24.

Transect FAT25.

83

Transect FAT26.

Transect FAT27.

84

Transect FAT28.

Small Mammals, Ants, Snails and Earthworms on the Island ... · talletettiin. Kotiloita kerättiin...

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