SLVS922F – JULY 2009– REVISED MARCH 2013 1.5-A60-VSTEP … · 2016. 9. 13. ·...

PH

VIN

GND

BOOT

VSENSE

COMP

TPS54160

EN

RT/CLK

SS/TR

PWRGD

EFFICIENCYvs

LOAD CURRENT

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 2

Load Current - A

Eff

icie

nc

y -

%

V = 12 V,

V = 3.3 V,

f = 1200 kHz

I

O

sw

TPS54160-Q1

www.ti.com SLVS922F –JULY 2009–REVISED MARCH 2013

1.5-A 60-V STEP-DOWN SWIFT™ DC-DC CONVERTERWITH Eco-mode™ CONTROL

Check for Samples: TPS54160-Q1

1FEATURES2• Qualified for Automotive Applications • Adjustable Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)

Voltage and Hysteresis• 3.5-V to 60-V Input Voltage Range• 0.8-V Internal Voltage Reference• 200-mΩ High-Side MOSFET• Supported by SwitcherPro™ Software Tool• High Efficiency at Light Loads With Pulse-

(http://focus.ti.com/docs/toolsw/folders/print/sSkipping Eco-mode™ Control Schemewitcherpro.html)• 116-μA Operating Quiescent Current

• For SWIFT™ power products documentation,• 1.3-μA Shutdown Currentsee the TI Web site at http://www.ti.com/swift.

• 100-kHz to 2.5-MHz Switching Frequency• Synchronizes to External Clock APPLICATIONS• Adjustable Slow Start and Sequencing • 12-V, 24-V, and 48-V Industrial and Commercial• Undervoltage and Overvoltage Power-Good Low-Power Systems

Output • Aftermarket Automotive Accessories: Video,GPS, Entertainment

DESCRIPTIONThe TPS54160-Q1 device is a 60-V 1.5-A step-down regulator with an integrated high-side MOSFET. Current-mode control provides simple external compensation and flexible component selection. A low-ripple pulse-skipmode reduces the no-load, input supply current to 116 μA. Using the enable pin reduces the shutdown supplycurrent to 1.3 μA.

Undervoltage lockout is set internally at 2.5 V but can be increased using the enable pin. The slow-start pin,which is also configurable for sequencing or tracking, controls the output-voltage start-up ramp. An open-drainpower-good signal indicates the output is within 92% to 109% of its nominal voltage.

A wide switching-frequency range allows optimization of efficiency and external component size. Frequencyfoldback and thermal shutdown protect the part during an overload condition.

The TPS54160-Q1 is available in a 10-pin thermally enhanced MSOP (DGQ) or 10-pin SON (DRC) PowerPAD™package.

SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC

1

Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications ofTexas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.

2Eco-mode, SwitcherPro, SWIFT, PowerPAD are trademarks of Texas Instruments.

PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 2009–2013, Texas Instruments IncorporatedProducts conform to specifications per the terms of the TexasInstruments standard warranty. Production processing does notnecessarily include testing of all parameters.

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TPS54160-Q1

SLVS922F –JULY 2009–REVISED MARCH 2013 www.ti.com

This integrated circuit can be damaged by ESD. Texas Instruments recommends that all integrated circuits be handled withappropriate precautions. Failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage.

ESD damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. Precision integrated circuits may be moresusceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published specifications.

PACKAGE AND ORDERING INFORMATION

For the most-current package and ordering information, see the Package Option Addendum at the end of thisdocument, or see the TI Web site at www.ti.com.

Package drawings, thermal data, and symbolization are available at www.ti.com/packaging.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1)

over operating temperature range (unless otherwise noted)

VIN –0.3 V to 65 V

EN (2) –0.3 V to 5 V

BOOT 73 V

VSENSE –0.3 V to 3 VVIN Input voltage

COMP –0.3 V to 3 V

PWRGD –0.3 V to 6 V

SS/TR –0.3 V to 3 V

RT/CLK –0.3 V to 3.6 V

BOOT to PH 8 V

–0.6 V to 65 V

VOUT Output voltage 200 ns –1 V to 65 VPH

30 ns –2 V to 65 V

Maximum dc voltage, TJ = –40°C –0.85 V

VDIFF Differential voltage PAD to GND ±200 mV

EN 100 μABOOT 100 mA

ISOURCE Source current VSENSE 10 μAPH Current limit

RT/CLK 100 μAVIN Current limit

COMP 100 μAISINK Sink current

PWRGD 10 mA

SS/TR 200 μAHuman-body model (HBM) (AEC-Q100-002) 500 V

ESD Electrostatic discharge protection Machine model (MM) (AEC-Q100-003) 50 V

Charged-device model (CDM) (AEC-Q100-011) 1000 V

TJ Operating junction temperature range –40°C to 150°C

Tstg Storage temperature range –65°C to 150°C

(1) Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratingsonly, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under Recommended OperatingConditions is not implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

(2) See Enable and Adjusting Undervoltage Lockout for details.

2 Submit Documentation Feedback Copyright © 2009–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Product Folder Links: TPS54160-Q1

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TPS54160-Q1


THERMAL INFORMATIONTPS54160-Q1

THERMAL METRIC (1) (2) DGQ DRC UNIT

10 PINS 10 PINS

θJA Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (standard board) 62.5 56.5 °C/WθJA Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance (custom board) (3) 57 61.5 °C/WθJCtop Junction-to-case (top) thermal resistance 83 52.1 °C/WθJB Junction-to-board thermal resistance 28 20.6 °C/WψJT Junction-to-top characterization parameter 1.7 0.9 °C/WψJB Junction-to-board characterization parameter 20.1 20.8 °C/WθJCbot Junction-to-case (bottom) thermal resistance 21 5.2 °C/W

(1) For more information about traditional and new thermal metrics, see the IC Package Thermal Metrics application report, SPRA953.(2) Determine the power rating at a specific ambient temperature TA with a junction temperature of 150°C. This is the point where distortion

starts to increase substantially. See the power-dissipation estimate in the application section of this data sheet for more information.(3) Test-board conditions:

(a) 3 inches (7.62 cm) × 3 inches (7.62 cm), two layers, thickness: 0.062 inch (1.59 mm)(b) 2-oz. (0.071-mm thick) copper traces located on the top of the PCB(c) 2-oz. (0.071-mm thick) copper ground plane, bottom layer(d) Six thermal vias (13-mil), 0.33-mm) located under the device package

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICSTJ = –40°C to 150°C, VIN = 3.5 V to 60 V (unless otherwise noted)

PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VIN PIN)

Operating input voltage 3.5 60 V

Internal undervoltage-lockout No voltage hysteresis, rising and falling 2.5 Vthreshold

EN = 0 V, 25°C, 3.5 V ≤ VIN ≤ 60 V 1.5 4Shutdown supply current

EN = 0 V, 125°C, 3.5 V ≤ VIN ≤ 60 V 1.9 6.5 μAOperating nonswitching supply VSENSE = 0.83 V, VIN = 12 V, TJ = 25°C 116 136current

ENABLE AND UVLO (EN PIN)

No voltage hysteresis, rising and falling,Enable threshold voltage 0.9 1.25 1.55 VTJ = 25°C

Enable threshold 50 mV –3.8Input current μA

Enable threshold –50 mV –0.9

Hysteresis current –2.9 μAVOLTAGE REFERENCE

TJ = 25°C 0.792 0.8 0.808Voltage reference V

0.784 0.8 0.816

HIGH-SIDE MOSFET

VIN = 3.5 V, BOOT-PH = 3 V 300On-resistance mΩ

VIN = 12 V, BOOT-PH = 6 V 200 410

ERROR AMPLIFIER

Input current 50 nA

gm Error-amplifier transconductance –2 μA < ICOMP < 2 μA, VCOMP = 1 V 97 μS–2 μA < ICOMP < 2 μA, VCOMP = 1 V,Error-amplifier transconductancegm 26 μSduring slow start VVSENSE = 0.4 V

Error-amplifier dc gain VVSENSE = 0.8 V 10,000 V/V

Error-amplifier bandwidth 2700 kHz

Error-amplifier source/sink V(COMP) = 1 V, 100-mV overdrive ±7 μA

Copyright © 2009–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 3


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TPS54160-Q1


ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)TJ = –40°C to 150°C, VIN = 3.5 V to 60 V (unless otherwise noted)


COMP to switch current 6 A/Vtransconductance



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TPS54160-Q1


ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)TJ = –40°C to 150°C, VIN = 3.5 V to 60 V (unless otherwise noted)


CURRENT LIMIT

Current-limit threshold VIN = 12 V, TJ = 25°C 1.8 2.7 A

THERMAL SHUTDOWN

Thermal shutdown 182 °C

TIMING RESISTOR AND EXTERNAL CLOCK (RT/CLK PIN)

Switching frequency range using RT VIN = 12 V 100 2500 kHzmode

fSW Switching frequency VIN = 12 V, RT = 200 kΩ 450 581 720 kHzSwitching-frequency range using VIN = 12 V 300 2200 kHzCLK mode

Minimum CLK input-pulse duration 40 ns

RT/CLK high threshold VIN = 12 V 1.9 2.2 V

RT/CLK low threshold VIN = 12 V 0.45 0.7 V

RT/CLK falling-edge to PH rising- Measured at 500 kHz with RT resistor in series 60 nsedge delay

PLL lock-in time Measured at 500 kHz 100 μsSLOW START AND TRACKING (SS/TR)

Charge current VSS/TR = 0.4 V 2 μASS/TR-to-VSENSE matching VSS/TR = 0.4 V 45 mV

SS/TR-to-reference crossover 98% nominal 1.0 V

SS/TR discharge current (overload) VSENSE = 0 V, V(SS/TR) = 0.4 V 112 μASS/TR discharge voltage VSENSE = 0 V 54 mV

POWER GOOD (PWRGD PIN)

VSENSE falling (fault) 92%

VSENSE rising (good) 94%VVSENSE VSENSE threshold

VSENSE rising (fault) 109%

VSENSE falling (good) 107%

Hysteresis VSENSE falling 2%

VSENSE = VREF, V(PWRGD) = 5.5 V,Output high leakage 10 nATJ = 25°C

On resistance I(PWRGD) = 3 mA, VSENSE < 0.79 V 50 ΩMinimum VIN for defined output V(PWRGD) < 0.5 V, II(PWRGD) = 100 μA 0.95 1.5 V




DGQ PACKAGE

(TOP VIEW)

PH

GND

COMP

VSENSE

BOOT

VIN

EN

SS/TR

1

2

3

4

10

9

8

74

PWRGDRT/CLK 65

ExposedThermal

Pad

DRC PACKAGE

(TOP VIEW)

PH

GND

COMP

VSENSE

BOOT

VIN

EN

SS/TR

1

2

3

4

10

9

8

74

PWRGDRT/CLK 65

ExposedThermal

Pad

TPS54160-Q1


DEVICE INFORMATION

PIN CONFIGURATION

PIN FUNCTIONSPIN

I/O DESCRIPTIONNAME NO.

The device requires a bootstrap capacitor between BOOT and PH. A voltage on this capacitor that is belowBOOT 1 O the minimum required by the output device, forces the output to switch off until the capacitor recharges.

Error-amplifier output, and input to the output-switch current comparator. Connect frequency-compensationCOMP 8 O components to COMP.

Enable pin, internal pullup current source. Pull below 1.2 V to disable. Float to enable. Adjust the inputEN 3 I undervoltage lockout with two resistors.

GND 9 – Ground

PH 10 I The source of the internal high-side power MOSFET

Open-drain output, asserts low if output voltage is low due to thermal shutdown, dropout, overvoltage, or ENPWRGD 6 O shutdown.

Resistor timing and external clock. An internal amplifier holds this pin at a fixed voltage when using anexternal resistor to ground to set the switching frequency. If the pin is pulled above the PLL upper threshold,

RT/CLK 5 I a mode change occurs and the pin becomes a synchronization input. The mode change disables the internalamplifier and the pin is a high-impedance clock input to the internal PLL. Stoppage of the clocking edges re-enables the internal amplifier, and the mode returns to a resistor-set function.

Slow-start and tracking. An external capacitor connected to this pin sets the rise time of the output. TheSS/TR 4 I voltage on this pin overrides the internal reference,which allows use of the pin for tracking and sequencing.

VIN 2 I Input supply voltage, 3.5 V to 60 V

VSENSE 7 I Inverting node of the transconductance (gm) error amplifier

Thermal pad Connect the GND pin electrically to the exposed pad on the printed circuit board for proper operation.




ERROR

AMPLIFIER

Boot

Charge

Boot

UVLO

UVLO

Current

Sense

Oscillator

with PLL

Frequency

Shift

Logic

And

PWM Latch

Slope

Compensation

PWM

Comparator

Minimum

Clamp

Pulse

Skip

Maximum

Clamp

Voltage

Reference

Overload

Recovery

VSENSE

SS/TR

COMP

RT/CLK

PH

BOOT

VIN

Thermal

Shutdown

EN

Enable

Comparator

Shutdown

Logic

Shutdown

Enable

Threshold

TPS54160 Block Diagram

Logic

Shutdown

PWRGD

Shutdown

OV

GND

POWERPAD

7

4

8

5

9

11

10

1

236

UO

TPS54160-Q1


FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM




0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

RT/CLK - Resistance - kW

f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs

V = 12 V,

T = 25°CI

J

0

200

400

600

800

1000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000


f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs

V = 12 V,

T = 25°CI

J

2

2.5

3

3.5

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Sw

itch

Cu

rren

t -

A

T - Junction Temperature - °CJ

V = 12 VI

550

570

580

590

600

610

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs

560


V = 12 V,

RT = 200 k

I

W

0

125

250

375

500

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150


RD

SO

N -

Sta

tic D

rain

-So

urc

e O

n-S

tate

Resis

tan

ce -

mW

BOOT-PH = 3 V

BOOT-PH = 6 V

V = 12 VI

0.784

0.792

0.800

0.808

0.816

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

V-

Vo

ltag

e R

efe

ren

ce -

Vre

f


V = 12 VI

TPS54160-Q1


TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ON-RESISTANCE vs JUNCTION TEMPERATURE VOLTAGE REFERENCE versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE

Figure 1. Figure 2.

SWITCH-CURRENT LIMIT versus JUNCTION SWITCHING FREQUENCY versus JUNCTIONTEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

Figure 3. Figure 4.

SWITCHING FREQUENCY versus RT/CLK RESISTANCE SWITCHING FREQUENCY versus RT/CLK RESISTANCE-HIGH-FREQUENCY RANGE LOW FREQUENCY RANGE

Figure 5. Figure 6.




-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

A(S

S/T

R)

m


V = 12 VI

-1

-0.95

-0.9

-0.85

-0.8

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

A(E

N)

m


V = 12 V,

V = Threshold -50 mVI

I(EN)

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

EN

- T

hre

sh

old

- V


V = 12 VI

-4.25

-4

-3.75

-3.5

-3.25

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

A(E

N)

m


V = 12 V,

V = Threshold +50 mVI

I(EN)

50

70

90

110

130

150

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

gm

-A

/Vm


V = 12 VI

10

20

30

40

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

gm

-A

/Vm


V = 12 VI

TPS54160-Q1


TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)EA TRANSCONDUCTANCE DURING SLOW START versus EA TRANSCONDUCTANCE versus JUNCTION

JUNCTION TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE

Figure 7. Figure 8.

EN PIN VOLTAGE versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE EN PIN CURRENT versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE

Figure 9. Figure 10.

SS/TR CHARGE CURRENT versus JUNCTIONEN PIN CURRENT versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE





90

100

110

120

130

140

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

A(V

IN)

m


V = 12 V,

V = 0.83 VI

I(VSENSE)

90

100

110

120

130

140

0 20 40 60

I-

A(V

IN)

m

V - Input Voltage - VI

T = 25 C,

V = 0.83 VJ

I(VSENSE)

o

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60


I-

A(V

IN)

mT = 25°C

J

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

A(V

IN)

m


V = 12 VI

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

V - VSENSE

V = 12 V,

T = 25°CI

J

% o

f N

om

inal f s

w

100

105

110

115

120

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

I-

AI(

SS

/TR

)m


V = 12 VI

TPS54160-Q1


TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)SS/TR DISCHARGE CURRENT versus JUNCTION

TEMPERATURE SWITCHING FREQUENCY versus VSENSE


SHUTDOWN SUPPLY CURRENT versus JUNCTION SHUTDOWN SUPPLY CURRENT versus INPUT VOLTAGETEMPERATURE (Vin)


VIN SUPPLY CURRENT versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE VIN SUPPLY CURRENT versus INPUT VOLTAGE





0 200 400 600 8000

600

100

200

300

400

Voltage Sense (mV)

Off

set

Vo

ltag

eT

hre

sh

old

(mV

)

500

VIN

= 12 V

TJ

= 25°C

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Off

set

- m

V

V = 0.2 V(SS/TR)V = 12 VI


2

2.25

2.50

2.75

3

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

V-

VI(

VIN

)


1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

V-

VI(

BO

OT-P

H)


0

20

40

60

80

100

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

RD

SO

N -

W


V = 12 VI

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

PW

RG

D T

hre

sh

old

- %

of

Vre

f

VSENSE Falling

VSENSE Rising

VSENSE Falling

VSENSE Rising

V = 12 VI


TPS54160-Q1


TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)PWRGD ON-RESISTANCE versus JUNCTION

TEMPERATURE PWRGD THRESHOLD versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE


BOOT-PH UVLO versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE INPUT VOLTAGE (UVLO) versus JUNCTION TEMPERATURE


SS/TR TO VSENSE OFFSET versus VSENSE SS/TR TO VSENSE OFFSET versus TEMPERATURE





TPS54160-Q1


OVERVIEW

The TPS54160-Q1 device is a 60-V 1.5-A step-down (buck) regulator with an integrated high-side n-channelMOSFET. To improve performance during line and load transients, the device implements a constant-frequency,current-mode control which reduces output capacitance and simplifies external frequency compensation design.The wide switching frequency of 100 kHz to 2500 kHz allows for efficiency and size optimization when selectingthe output filter components. A resistor to ground on the RT/CLK pin adjusts the switching frequency. The devicehas an internal phase-lock loop (PLL) on the RT/CLK pin that synchronizes the power-switch turnon to the fallingedge of an external system clock.

The TPS54160-Q1 has a default start-up voltage of approximately 2.5 V. The EN pin has an internal pullupcurrent source that one can use to adjust the input-voltage undervoltage lockout (UVLO) threshold with twoexternal resistors. In addition, the pullup current provides a default condition. When the EN pin is floating, thedevice can operate. The operating current is 116 μA when not switching and under no load. When the device isdisabled, the supply current is 1.3 μA.

The integrated 200-mΩ high-side MOSFET allows for high-efficiency power-supply designs capable of delivering1.5-A continuous current to a load. The TPS54160-Q1 reduces the external component count by integrating theboot-recharge diode. A capacitor between the BOOT and PH pins supplies the bias voltage for the integratedhigh-side MOSFET. A UVLO circuit monitors the boot capacitor voltage and turns off the high-side MOSFETwhen the boot voltage falls below a preset threshold. The TPS54160-Q1 can operate at high duty cyclesbecause of the boot UVLO. It is permissible to step the output voltage down to as low as the 0.8-V reference.

The TPS54160-Q1 has a power-good comparator (PWRGD), which asserts when the regulated output voltage isless than 92% or greater than 109% of the nominal output voltage. The PWRGD pin is an open-drain outputwhich de-asserts when the VSENSE pin voltage is between 94% and 107% of the nominal output voltage,allowing the pin to transition high when using a pullup resistor.

The TPS54160-Q1 minimizes excessive output overvoltage (OV) transients by taking advantage of the OVpower-good comparator. Activation of the OV comparator turns off the high-side MOSFET and masks it fromturning on until the output voltage is lower than 107%.

One can use the SS/TR (slow start/tracking) pin to minimize inrush currents or provide power-supply sequencingduring power up. Connect a small-value capacitor to the pin to adjust the slow-start time. Connect a resistordivider to the pin for critical power-supply sequencing requirements. Discharge of the SS/TR pin occurs beforethe output powers up. This discharging ensures a repeatable restart after an overtemperature fault, UVLO fault,or a disabled condition.

The TPS54160-Q1 also discharges the slow-start capacitor during overload conditions with an overload-recoverycircuit. The overload-recovery circuit slow-starts the output from the fault voltage to the nominal regulationvoltage after rmoval of a fault condition. A frequency foldback circuit reduces the switching frequency duringstart-up and overcurrent-fault conditions to help control the inductor current.




VOUT(ac)

IL

PH

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fixed-Frequency PWM Control

The TPS54160-Q1 uses an adjustable fixed-frequency, peak-current mode control. An internal voltage referencecompares the output voltage through external resistors on the VSENSE pin to an error amplifier which drives theCOMP pin. An internal oscillator initiates the turnon of the high-side power switch. The device compares the erroramplifier output to the high-side power-switch current. When the power-switch current reaches the level set bythe COMP voltage, the power switch turns off. The COMP pin voltage increases and decreases as the outputcurrent increases and decreases. The device implements a current limit by clamping the COMP pin voltage to amaximum level. The device implements the Eco-mode control scheme with a minimum clamp on the COMP pin.

Slope-Compensation Output Current

The TPS54160-Q1 adds a compensating ramp to the switch-current signal. This slope compensation preventssub-harmonic oscillations. The available peak inductor current remains constant over the full duty-cycle range.

Pulse-Skip Eco-Mode Control Scheme

The TPS54160-Q1 operates in a pulse-skip Eco-mode control scheme at light load currents to improve efficiencyby reducing switching and gate-drive losses. If the output voltage is within regulation and the peak switch currentat the end of any switching cycle is below the pulse-skipping current threshold, the device enters Eco-modecontrol. This current threshold is the current level corresponding to a nominal COMP voltage or 500 mV.

When in Eco-mode, a clamp holds the COMP pin voltage at 500 mV, inhibiting the high-side MOSFET. Furtherdecreases in load current or in output voltage cannot drive the COMP pin below the voltage level of this clamp.

Because the device is not switching, the output voltage begins to decay. As the voltage-control loopcompensates for the falling output voltage, the COMP pin voltage begins to rise. At this time, the high-sideMOSFET turns on, initiating a switching pulse on the next switching cycle.The COMP pin voltage sets the peakcurrent. The output voltage recharges the regulated value (see Figure 25), then the peak switch current starts todecrease, and eventually falls below the control-scheme threshold, at which time the device again enters theEco-mode control scheme.

For Eco-mode control-scheme operation, the TPS54160-Q1 senses peak current, not average or load current, sothe load current where the device enters the Eco-mode control scheme depends on the output inductor value.For example, the circuit in Figure 51 enters the Eco-mode control scheme at about 18 mA of output current.When the load current is low and the output voltage is within regulation, the device enters a sleep mode anddraws only 116 μA of input quiescent current. The internal PLL remains operating when in sleep mode. Whenoperating at light load currents in the pulse-skip mode, the switching transitions occur synchronously with theexternal clock signal.

Figure 25. Pulse-Skip Mode Operation




3

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

I - Output Current - AO

V-

Inp

ut

Vo

ltag

e -

VI

V = 3.3 VO

Start

Stop

4.6

4.8

5

5.2

5.4

5.6

0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

I - Output Current - AO

V-

Inp

ut

Vo

ltag

e -

VI

V = 5 VO

Start

Stop

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Low-Dropout Operation and Bootstrap Voltage (BOOT)

The TPS54160-Q1 has an integrated boot regulator, and requires a small ceramic capacitor between the BOOTand PH pins to provide the gate-drive voltage for the high-side MOSFET. The BOOT capacitor recharges whenthe high-side MOSFET is off and the low-side diode conducts. The value of this ceramic capacitor should be0.1 μF. TI recommends a ceramic capacitor with an X7R or X5R grade dielectric and a voltage rating of 10 V orhigher because of the stable characteristics over temperature and voltage.

To improve dropout, the TPS54160-Q1 operates at 100% duty cycle as long as the BOOT-to-PH pin voltage isgreater than 2.1 V. When the voltage from BOOT to PH drops below 2.1 V,a UVLO circuit turns off the high-sideMOSFET, which allows the low-side diode to conduct and refresh the charge on the BOOT capacitor. Becausethe supply current sourced from the BOOT capacitor is low, the high-side MOSFET can remain on for moreswitching cycles than are required to refresh the capacitor; thus, the effective duty cycle of the switchingregulator is high.

iThe voltage drops across the power MOSFET, inductor resistance, low-side diode, and printed-circuit boardresistance mainly influence the effective duty cycle during dropout of the regulator. During operating conditions inwhich the input voltage drops and the regulator is operating in continuous conduction mode, the high-sideMOSFET can remain on for 100% of the duty cycle to maintain output regulation, until the BOOT-to-PH voltagefalls below 2.1 V.

Pay attention in maximum-duty-cycle applications which experience extended time periods with light loads or noload. When the voltage across the BOOT capacitor falls below the 2.1-V UVLO threshold, the high-side MOSFETturns off, but there may not be enough inductor current to pull the PH pin down to recharge the BOOT capacitor.The high-side MOSFET of the regulator stops switching because the voltage across the BOOT capacitor is lessthan 2.1 V. The output capacitor then decays until the difference in the input voltage and output voltage is greaterthan 2.1 V, at this point exceeding the BOOT UVLO threshold, and the device starts switching again until thedesired output voltage is reached. This operating condition persists until the input voltage and/or the load currentincreases. TI recommends adjusting the VIN stop voltage greater than the BOOT UVLO trigger condition at theminimum load of the application, using the adjustable VIN UVLO feature with resistors on the EN pin.

Figure 26 and Figure 27 show the start and stop voltages for typical 3.3-V and 5-V output applications. Thevoltages are plotted versus load current. The start-voltage definition is the input voltage needed to regulate theoutput within 1%. The stop-voltage definition is the input voltage at which the output drops by 5% or stopsswitching.

During high-duty-cycle conditions, the inductor-current ripple increases while the BOOT capacitor is beingrecharged, resulting in an increase in ripple voltage on the output. This is due to the recharge time of the bootcapacitor being longer than the typical high-side off time when switching occurs every cycle.

Figure 26. 3.3-V Start and Stop Voltages Figure 27. 5-V Start and Stop Voltages




ENA

START ENA1

VR2

V VI

R1

=

-

+

START STOP

HYS

V VR1

I

-

=

EN

VIN

+

-

TPS54160-Q1

R1

R2

I1

0.9 Am

1.25 V

2.9 Am

IHYS

R1 = R2 ?V 0.8 V

0.8 V

OUT-

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Error Amplifier

The TPS54160-Q1 has a transconductance amplifier for the error amplifier. The error amplifier compares theVSENSE voltage to the lower of the SS/TR pin voltage or the internal 0.8-V voltage reference. Thetransconductance (gm) of the error amplifier is 97 μA/V during normal operation. During the slow-start operation,the transconductance is a fraction of the normal operating gm. When the voltage of the VSENSE pin is below 0.8V and the device regulates using the SS/TR voltage, the gm is 25 μA/V.

The frequency compensation components (capacitor, series resistor, and capacitor) are added to the COMP pinto ground.

Voltage Reference

The voltage reference system produces a precise ±2% voltage reference over temperature by scaling the outputof a temperature-stable band-gap circuit.

Adjusting the Output Voltage

A resistor divider from the output node to the VSENSE pin sets the output voltage. TI recommends using 1%tolerance or better divider resistors. Start with 10 kΩ for the R2 resistor and use Equation 1 to calculate R1. Toimprove efficiency at light loads, consider using larger-value resistors. If the values are too high, the regulator ismore susceptible to noise, and voltage errors from the VSENSE input current are noticeable.

(1)

Enable and Adjusting Undervoltage Lockout

The VIN pin voltage falling below 2.5 V disables the TPS54160-Q1. If an application requires a higherundervoltage lockout (UVLO), use the EN pin as shown in Figure 28 to adjust the input voltage UVLO by usingtwo external resistors. Though it is not necessary to use the UVLO adjust resistors, for operation TI highlyrecommends providing consistent power-up behavior. The EN pin has an internal pullup current source, I1, of 0.9μA that provides the default condition of the TPS54160-Q1 operating when the EN pin floats. Once the EN pinvoltage exceeds 1.25 V, a compatrator adds an additional 2.9 μA of hysteresis, Ihys. This additional currentfacilitates input voltage hysteresis. Use Equation 2 to set the external hysteresis for the input voltage. UseEquation 3 to set the input start voltage.

Figure 28. Adjustable Undervoltage Lockout (UVLO)

(2)

(3)




3

VIN

ENR

UVLO1

RUVLO2

10 kW

IA

IB

IC

UDG-10065

Node

5.8 V

ENA

START ENA ENA1

VR2

V V VI

R1 R3

=

-

+ -

START STOP

OUTHYS

V VR1

VI

R3

-

=

+

EN

IHYS

VIN

+

-

TPS54160-Q1

R1

R2

VOUT

R3

I1

0.9 Am2.9 Am

1.25 V

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Figure 29 shows another technique to add input voltage hysteresis. One can use this method if the resistancevalues are high from the previous method and there is a need for wider voltage hysteresis. The resistor R3sources additional hysteresis current into the EN pin.

Figure 29. Adding Additional Hysteresis

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(5)

Do not place a low-impedance voltage source with greater than 5 V directly on the EN pin. Do not place acapacitor directly on the EN pin if VEN > 5 V when using a voltage divider to adjust the start and stop voltage.The node voltage, (see Figure 30) must remain equal to or less than 5.8 V. The Zener diode can sink up to 100μA. The EN pin voltage can be greater than 5 V if the VIN voltage source has a high impedance and does notsource more than 100 μA into the EN pin.

Figure 30. Node Voltage




EN

SS/TR

VSENSE

VOUT

C (nF) =SST (ms) I ( A)

V (V) 0.8SS SS

REF

m?

?

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Slow Start or Tracking Pin (SS/TR)

The TPS54160-Q1 effectively uses the lower voltage of the internal voltage reference or the SS/TR pin voltageas the power-supply reference voltage and regulates the output accordingly. A capacitor on the SS/TR pin toground implements a slow-start time. The TPS54160-Q1 has an internal pullup current source of 2 μA thatcharges the external slow-start capacitor. Equation 6 shows the calculations for the slow-start time (10% to 90%).The voltage reference (VREF) is 0.8 V and the slow-start current (ISS) is 2 μA. The slow-start capacitor should beless than 0.47 μF and greater than 0.47 nF.

(6)

At power up, the TPS54160-Q1 does not start switching until the slow-start pin discharges to less than 40 mV; toensure a proper power up, see Figure 31.

Also, during normal operation, the TPS54160-Q1 stops switching and SS/TR must discharge to 40 mV onexceeding the VIN UVLO, pulling the EN pin below 1.25 V, or a thermal shutdown event.

The VSENSE voltage follows the SS/TR pin voltage with a 45-mV offset up to 85% of the internal voltagereference. When the SS/TR voltage is greater than 85% on the internal reference voltage, the offset increases asthe effective system reference transitions from the SS/TR voltage to the internal voltage reference (seeFigure 23). The SS/TR voltage ramps linearly until clamped at 1.7 V.

Figure 31. Operation of SS/TR Pin When Starting

Overload Recovery Circuit

The TPS54160-Q1 has an overload recovery (OLR) circuit. The OLR circuit slow-starts the output from theoverload voltage to the nominal regulation voltage on removal of the fault condition. The OLR circuit dischargesthe SS/TR pin to a voltage slightly greater than the VSENSE pin voltage using an internal pulldown of 100 μAwhen the error amplifier is changed to a high voltage from a fault condition. On removal of the fault condition, theoutput slow-starts from the fault voltage to nominal output voltage.




EN1

PWRGD1

VOUT1

VOUT2

SS/TR

TPS54160-Q1

EN PWRGD

SS/TR

ENPWRGD

TPS54160-Q1

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Sequencing

One can implement many of the common power-supply sequencing methods using the SS/TR, EN, and PWRGDpins. One implementation of the sequential method uses the open-drain output of a power-on-reset pin ofanother device. Figure 32 illustrates the sequential method using two TPS54160-Q1 devices. The power-goodoutput connects to the EN pin on the second TPS54160-Q1, which enables the second power supply once theprimary supply reaches regulation. If needed, a 1-nF ceramic capacitor on the EN pin of the second powersupply provides a 1-ms start-up delay. Figure 33 shows the results of Figure 32.

Figure 32. Schematic for Sequential Start-Up Figure 33. Sequential Startup Using EN andSequence PWRGD




EN

SS/TR

PWRGD6

4

3

TPS54160-Q1

EN

SS/TR

PWRGD6

4

3

TPS54160-Q1

EN1, EN2

VOUT1

VOUT2

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)

Figure 34. Schematic for Ratiometric Start-Up Figure 35. Ratiometric Startup Using CoupledUsing Coupled SS/TR Pins SS/TR Pins

Figure 34 shows a method for ratiometric start-up sequence by connecting the SS/TR pins together. Theregulator outputs ramp up and reach regulation at the same time. When calculating the slow-start time, the pullupdouble current source in Equation 6. Figure 35 shows the results of Figure 34.




R1 > 2800 V 180 VOUT1

- D? ?

D -V = V VOUT1 OUT2

R2 =V

V + V V

REF

OUT2 REF

R1

D -

?

R1 =V + V

V

OUT2

REF

D V

I

SSOFFSET

SS

?

SS/TR

TPS54160-Q1

EN

PWRGD

SS/TR

EN

PWRGD

VOUT 1

VOUT 2

R1

R2

R3

R4

TPS54160-Q1

TPS54160-Q1



Figure 36. Schematic for Ratiometric and Simultaneous Start-Up Sequence

One can implement ratiometric and simultaneous power supply sequencing by connecting the resistor network ofR1 and R2 shown in Figure 36 to the output of the power supply to track or to another voltage-reference source.Using Equation 7 and Equation 8, calculate the tracking resistors to initiate Vout2 slightly before, after, or at thesame time as Vout1. Equation 9 is the voltage difference between Vout1 and Vout2 at the 95% point of nominaloutput regulation.

The ΔV variable is zero volts for simultaneous sequencing. To minimize the effect of the inherent SS/TR toVSENSE offset (Vssoffset) in the slow-start circuit and the offset created by the pullup current source (Iss) andtracking resistors, the equations include Vssoffset and Iss as variables.

To design a ratiometric start-up in which the Vout2 voltage is slightly greater than the Vout1 voltage when Vout2reaches regulation, use a negative number in Equation 7 through Equation 9 for ΔV. Equation 9 results in apositive number for applications in which Vout2 is slightly lower than Vout1 when achieving Vout2 regulation.

Because of the requirement to pull the SS/TR pin below 40 mV before starting after an EN, UVLO, or thermal-shutdown fault, careful selection of the tracking resistors is needed to ensure device restart after a fault. Makesure the calculated R1 value from Equation 7 is greater than the value calculated in Equation 10 to ensure thedevice can recover from a fault.

As the SS/TR voltage becomes more than 85% of the nominal reference voltage, Vssoffset becomes larger asthe slow-start circuits gradually hand off the regulation reference to the internal voltage reference. The SS/TR pinvoltage must be greater than 1.3 V for a complete handoff to the internal voltage reference as shown inFigure 23.

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)




EN

VOUT1

VOUT2

EN

VOUT1

VOUT2

EN

VOUT1

VOUT2

TPS54160-Q1



Figure 37. Ratiometric Startup With VOUT2 Leading Figure 38. Ratiometric Startup With VOUT1 LeadingVOUT1 VOUT2

Figure 39. Simultaneous Startup With Tracking Resistor




0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs

RT/CLK - Clock Resistance - kW

V = 12 V,

T = 25°CI

J

0

100

200

300

400

500

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100


f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs

1200

V = 12 V,

T = 25°CI

J

R (k ) =T W206033

f (kHz)SW1.0888

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Constant Switching Frequency and Timing Resistor (RT/CLK Pin)

The switching frequency of the TPS54160-Q1 is adjustable over a wide range from approximately 100 kHz to2500 kHz by placing a resistor on the RT/CLK pin. The RT/CLK pin voltage is typically 0.5 V and must have aresistor to ground to set the switching frequency. To determine the timing resistance for a given switchingfrequency, use Equation 11 or the curves in Figure 40 or Figure 41. To reduce the solution size, one wouldtypically set the switching frequency as high as possible, but consider tradeoffs of the supply efficiency,maximum input voltage, and minimum controllable on-time.

The minimum controllable on-time is typically 130 ns and limits the maximum operating input voltage.

The frequency-shift circuit also limits the maximum switching frequency. More discussion on the details of themaximum switching frequency follows.

(11)

SWITCHING FREQUENCY SWITCHING FREQUENCYversus versus

RT/CLK RESISTANCE, HIGH-FREQUENCY RANGE RT/CLK RESISTANCE, LOW-FREQUENCY RANGE

Figure 40. High-Range RT Figure 41. Low-Range RT

Overcurrent Protection and Frequency Shift

The TPS54160-Q1 implements current-mode control, which uses the COMP pin voltage to turn off the high-sideMOSFET on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Each cycle has a comparison of the switch current and COMP pin voltaged;when the peak switch current intersects the COMP voltage, the high-side switch turns off. During overcurrentconditions that pull the output voltage low, the error amplifier responds by driving the COMP pin high, increasingthe switch current. There is an internal clamp on the error-amplifier output, which functions as a switch-currentlimit.

To increase the maximum operating switching frequency at high input voltages, the TPS54160-Q1 implements afrequency shift. The switching frequency is divided by 8, 4, 2, and 1 as the voltage ramps from 0 V to 0.8 V onthe VSENSE pin.

The device implements a digital frequency shift to enable synchronizing to an external clock during normal start-up and fault conditions. Because the device can divide the switching frequency only by 8, there is a maximuminput-voltage limit at which the device operates and can maintain frequency-shift protection.

During short-circuit events (particularly with high-input-voltage applications), the control loop has a finite minimumcontrollable on-time and the output has a low voltage. During the switch-on time, the inductor current ramps tothe peak current limit because of the high input voltage and minimum on-time. During the switch-off time, theinductor would normally not have enough off-time and output voltage for the inductor to ramp down by the ramp-up amount. The frequency shift effectively increases the off-time, allowing the current to ramp down.




Skip

Shift

10 20 30 40 50 60

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

f-

Sw

itch

ing

Fre

qu

en

cy -

kH

zs


V = 3.3 VO

( )

( )

L dc dOUT scDIV

SWshift

ON IN L dDS on

I R V V

t V I R V

ff

æ ö´ + +ç ÷= ´ç ÷- ´ +è ø

( )( )

L dc OUT dSW max skip

ON IN L dDS on

I R V V1

t V I R Vf

æ ö´ + +ç ÷= ´ç ÷- ´ +è ø

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)Selecting the Switching Frequency

The selected switching frequency should be the lower value of the two equations, Equation 12 and Equation 13.Equation 12 is the maximum switching frequency limitation set by the minimum controllable on time. Setting theswitching frequency above this value causes the regulator to skip switching pulses.

Equation 13 is the maximum switching-frequency limit set by the frequency-shift protection. To have adequateoutput short-circuit protection at high input voltages, set the switching frequency to be less than the fsw(maxshift)frequency. In Equation 13, to calculate the maximum switching frequency one must take into account that as theoutput voltage decreases from the nominal voltage to 0 volts, the fdiv integer increases from 1 to 8 correspondingto the frequency shift.

In Figure 42, the solid line illustrates a typical safe operating area regarding frequency shift and assumes theoutput voltage is zero volts, the resistance of the inductor is 0.1 Ω, the FET on-resistance is 0.2 Ω, and the diodevoltage drop is 0.5 V. The dashed line is the maximum switching frequency to avoid pulse skipping. Enter theseequations in a spreadsheet or other software or use the SwitcherPro design software to determine the switchingfrequency.

(12)

(13)

IL Inductor current

Rdc Inductor resistance

VIN Maximum input voltage

VOUT Output voltage

VOUTSC Output voltage during short

Vd Diode voltage drop

RDS(on) Switch on-resistance

tON Controllable on-time

ƒDIV Frequency divide; equals (1, 2, 4, or 8)

Figure 42. Maximum Switching Frequency versus Input Voltage




RT/CLK

TPS54160-Q1

PLL

Rfset

10 pF4 kW

50 WEXT

ClockSource

TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)How to Interface to the RT/CLK Pin

One can use the RT/CLK pin to synchronize the regulator to an external system clock. To implement thesynchronization feature, connect a square wave to the RT/CLK pin through the circuit network shown inFigure 43. The square-wave amplitude must transition lower than 0.5 V and higher than 2.2 V on the RT/CLK pinand have an on-time greater than 40 ns and an off-time greater than 40 ns. The synchronization frequency rangeis 300 kHz to 2200 kHz. The rising edge of PH is synchronized to the falling edge of the RT/CLK pin signal.Design the external synchronization circuit in such a way that the device has the default-frequency-set resistorconnected from the RT/CLK pin to ground should the synchronization signal turn off. It is recommended to use afrequency-set resistor connected as shown in Figure 43 through a 50-Ω resistor to ground. The resistor shouldset the switching frequency close to the external CLK frequency. TI recommends to ac-couple thesynchronization signal through a 10-pF ceramic capacitor to the RT/CLK pin and a 4-kΩ series resistor. Theseries resistor reduces PH jitter in heavy-load applications when synchronizing to an external clock and inapplications which transition from synchronizing mode to RT mode. The first time CLK is pulled above the CLKthreshold, the device switches from the RT resistor frequency to the PLL mode. The internal 0.5-V voltage sourceis removed and the CLK pin becomes high-impedance as the PLL starts to lock onto the external signal.Because there is a PLL on the regulator, the switching frequency can be higher or lower than the frequency setwith the external resistor. The device transitions from the resistor mode to the PLL mode and then increases ordecreases the switching frequency until the PLL locks onto the CLK frequency within 100 μs.

When the device transitions from the PLL mode to the resistor mode, the switching frequency slows down fromthe CLK frequency to 150 kHz; then reapply the 0.5-V voltage and the resistor then sets the switching frequency.The switching frequency is divided by 8, 4, 2, and 1 as the voltage ramps from 0 V to 0.8 V on the VSENSE pin.The device implements a digital-frequency shift to enable synchronizing to an external clock during normal start-up and fault conditions. Figure 44, Figure 45, and Figure 46 show the device synchronized to an external systemclock in continuous-conduction mode (CCM), discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM), and pulse-skip mode(PSM).

Figure 43. Synchronizing to a System Clock




EXT

IL

PH

EXT

IL

PH

VOUT

EXT

IL

PH

TPS54160-Q1



Figure 44. Plot of Synchronizing in CCM Figure 45. Plot of Synchronizing in DCM

Figure 46. Plot of Synchronizing in PSM

Power-Good (PWRGD Pin)

The PWRGD pin is an open-drain output. Once the VSENSE pin is between 94% and 107% of the internalvoltage reference, de-assertion of the PWRGD pin occurs, and the pin floats. TI recommends using a pullupresistor between the values of 1 kΩ and 100 kΩ to a voltage source that is 5.5 V or less. PWRGD is in a definedstate once the VIN input voltage is greater than 1.5 V, but with reduced current-sinking capability. PWRGDachieves full current-sinking capability as the VIN input voltage approaches 3 V.




TPS54160-Q1


DETAILED DESCRIPTION (continued)The PWRGD pin is pulled low when the VSENSE is lower than 92% or greater than 109% of the nominal internalreference voltage. Also, PWRGD is pulled low if UVLO or thermal shutdown is asserted or EN is pulled low.

Overvoltage Transient Protection

The TPS54160-Q1 incorporates an overvoltage-transient protection (OVTP) circuit to minimize voltage overshootwhen recovering from output fault conditions or strong unload transients on power-supply designs with low-valueoutput capacitance. For example, with the power-supply output overloaded, the error amplifier compares theactual output voltage to the internal reference voltage. If the VSENSE pin voltage is lower than the internalreference voltage for a considerable time, the output of the error amplifier responds by clamping the error-amplifier output to a high voltage, thus requesting the maximum output current. On removal of the condition, theregulator output rises and the error amplifier output transitions to the steady-state duty cycle. In someapplications, the power-supply output voltage can respond faster than the error-amplifier output can respond; thisactuality leads to the possibility of an output overshoot. The OVTP feature minimizes the output overshoot, whenusing a low-value output capacitor, by implementing a circuit to compare the VSENSE pin voltage to OVTPthreshold, which is 109% of the internal voltage reference. The VSENSE pin voltage rising above the OVTPthreshold disables the high-side MOSFET, preventing current from flowing to the output and minimizing outputovershoot. The VSENSE voltage dropping below the OVTP threshold allows the high-side MOSFET to turn on atthe next clock cycle.

Thermal Shutdown

The device implements an internal thermal shutdown to protect itself if the junction temperature exceeds 182°C.The thermal shutdown forces the device to stop switching when the junction temperature exceeds the thermaltrip threshold. Once the die temperature decreases below 182°C, the device reinitiates the power-up sequenceby discharging the SS/TR pin.

Small-Signal Model for Loop Response

Figure 47 shows an equivalent model for the TPS54160-Q1 control loop, which can be modeled in a circuitsimulation program to check frequency response and dynamic load response. The error amplifier is atransconductance amplifier with a gmEA of 97 μA/V. One can model the error amplifier using an ideal voltage-controlled current source. Resistor RO and capacitor CO model the open-loop gain and frequency response of theamplifier. The 1-mV ac voltage source between nodes a and b effectively breaks the control loop for thefrequency-response measurements. Plotting c / a shows the small-signal response of the frequencycompensation. Plotting a / b shows the small-signal response of the overall loop. One can check the dynamicloop response by replacing RL with a current source with the appropriate load-step amplitude and step rate in atime-domain analysis. This equivalent model is only valid for continuous-conduction-mode designs.




VO

RESR

COUT

RL

VC

gmps

fp

fz

Adc

VSENSE

COMP

VO

R1

R3

C1

C2 R2CO RO

gmea

97 A/Vm

0.8 V

Power Stagegm 6 A/Vps

PH

RESR

COUT

RL

b

a

c

TPS54160-Q1



Figure 47. Small-Signal Model for Loop Response

Simple Small-Signal Model for Peak-Current-Mode Control

Figure 48 describes a simple small-signal model that one can use to understand how to design the frequencycompensation. A voltage-controlled current source (duty-cycle modulator) supplying current to the outputcapacitor and load resistor can approximate the TPS54160-Q1 power stage. Equation 14 shows the control-to-output transfer function, which consists of a dc gain, one dominant pole, and one ESR zero. The quotient of thechange in switch current and the change in COMP pin voltage (node c in Figure 47) is the power-stagetransconductance. The gmPS for the TPS54160-Q1 is 6 A/V. The low-frequency gain of the power-stagefrequency response is the product of the transconductance and the load resistance as shown in Equation 15.

As the load current increases and decreases, the low-frequency gain decreases and increases, respectively. Thisvariation with the load may seem problematic at first glance, but fortunately the dominant pole moves with theload current (see Equation 16). The dashed line in the right half of Figure 48 highlights the combined effect. Asthe load current decreases, the gain increases and the pole frequency lowers, keeping the 0-dB crossoverfrequency the same for the varying load conditions, which makes it easier to design the frequency compensation.The type of output capacitor chosen determines whether the ESR zero has a profound effect on the frequency-compensation design. Using high-ESR aluminum electrolytic capacitors may reduce the number of frequency-compensation components needed to stabilize the overall loop, because the phase margin increases from theESR zero at the lower frequencies (see Equation 17).

Figure 48. Simple Small-Signal Model and Frequency Response for Peak-Current-Mode Control




Vref

VO

R1

R3

C1

C2R2 CO

RO

gmea COMP

VSENSE

Type 2A Type 2B Type 1

C2R3

C1

f =Z

1

C R 2OUT ESR

p? ?

P

OUT L

1f

C R 2=

´ ´ p

ps LAdc = gm R´

ZOUT

C

P

s1

2VAdc

V s1

2

æ ö+ç ÷

p ´è ø= ´æ ö

+ç ÷p ´è ø

f

f

TPS54160-Q1



(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

Small-Signal Model for Frequency Compensation

The TPS54160-Q1 uses a transconductance amplifier for the error amplifier and readily supports three of thecommonly-used frequency compensation circuits. Figure 49 shows compensation circuits Type 2A, Type 2B, andType 1. Type 2 circuit implementation is most likely in high-bandwidth power-supply designs using low-ESRoutput capacitors. The Type 1 circuit is for power-supply designs with high-ESR aluminum electrolytic or tantalumcapacitors. Equation 18 and Equation 19 show how to relate the frequency response of the amplifier to the small-signal model in Figure 49. Modeling of the open-loop gain and bandwidth uses RO and CO, shown in Figure 49.See the application section for a design example using a Type 2A network with a low-ESR output capacitor.

Those who prefer to compensate using the preferred methods should see Equation 18 through Equation 27 as areference. Those who prefer to use the prescribed method use the method outlined in the Application Informationsection or use switched information.

Figure 49. Types of Frequency Compensation




OUT

1P2 = type 1

2 R (C2 + C )´ ´p

OUT

1P2 = type 2b

2 R3 | | R C´ ´p

OUT

1P2 = type 2a

2 R3 | | R (C2 + C )´ ´p

1Z1

2 R3 C1=

p ´ ´

1P1

2 Ro C1=

p ´ ´

ea

R2A1 = gm Ro| | R3

R1 + R2´ ´

ea

R2A0 = gm Ro

R1 + R2´ ´

f

f f

Z1

P1 P2

s1

2EA A0

s s1 1

2 2

æ ö+ç ÷

p ´è ø= ´æ ö æ ö

+ ´ +ç ÷ ç ÷p ´ p ´è ø è ø

eaOUT

gmC =

2 BW (Hz)´p

ea

Aol(V/V)Ro =

gm

A0

A1

P1

Z1 P2

Aol

BW

TPS54160-Q1



Figure 50. Frequency Response of the Type 2A and Type 2B Frequency Compensation

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

(26)

(27)




+

2.2 Fm 2.2 Fm 0.1 Fm 332 kW

61.9 kW0.01 Fm 90.9 kW

C2 C3 C4 R3

R4CSS RT

U1TPS54160DGQ

C1 0.1 Fm

L1

10 Hm

D1B220A

COUT

47 F/6.3 Vm

CF

6.8 pF

RC

76.8 kW

CC

2700 pF

R1

31.6 kW

R2

10 kW

VIN

BOOT

EN

SS/TR

RT/CLK Pw

Pd

PWRGD

VSNS

COMP

GND

PH8 - 18 V

3.3 V at 1.5 A

TPS54160-Q1


APPLICATION INFORMATION

Design Guide — Step-By-Step Design Procedure

This example details the design of a high-frequency switching-regulator design using ceramic output capacitors.One must know a few parameters to start the design process. Determination of these parameters is typically atthe system level. For this example, start with the following known parameters:

Output voltage 3.3 V

Transient response, 0 to 1.5-A load step ΔVout = 4%Maximum output current 1.5 A

Input voltage 12 V (nom), 8 V to 18 V

Output-voltage ripple < 33 mVpp

Start input voltage (rising VIN) 7.25 V

Stop input voltage (falling VIN) 6.25 V

Selecting the Switching Frequency

The first step is to decide on a switching frequency for the regulator. Typically, the user wants to choose thehighest switching frequency possible, because this produces the smallest solution size. The high switchingfrequency allows for lower-valued inductors and smaller output capacitors compared to a power supply thatswitches at a lower frequency. The minimum on-time of the internal power switch, the input voltage, the outputvoltage, and the frequency-shift limitation limit the selectable switching frequency.

Use Equation 12 and Equation 13 to find the maximum switching frequency for the regulator; choose the lowervalue of the two equations. Switching frequencies higher than these values result in pulse skipping or the lack ofovercurrent protection during a short circuit.

The typical minimum on-time (tonmin) is 130 ns for the TPS54160-Q1. For this example, the output voltage is 3.3V and the maximum input voltage is 18 V, which allows for a maximum switch frequency up to 1600 kHz whenincluding the inductor resistance, on-resistance, and diode voltage in Equation 12. To ensure overcurrentrunaway in your design is not a concern during short circuits, use Equation 13 or the solid curve in Figure 42 todetermine the maximum switching frequency. With a maximum input voltage of 20 V, for some margin above18 V, assuming a diode voltage of 0.5 V, inductor resistance of 100 mΩ, switch resistance of 200 mΩ, a current-limit value of 2.7 A, the maximum switching frequency is approximately 2500 kHz.

Choosing the lower of the two values and adding some margin, a switching frequency of 1200 kHz is used. Todetermine the timing resistance for a given switching frequency, use Equation 11 or the curve in Figure 40.

Resistor RT, shown in Figure 51, sets the switching frequency.

Figure 51. High-Frequency, 3.3-V Output Power-Supply Design With Adjusted UVLO




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TPS54160-Q1


Output Inductor Selection (LO)

To calculate the minimum value of the output inductor, use Equation 28.

KIND is a coefficient that represents the amount of inductor ripple current relative to the maximum output current.

The output capacitor filters the inductor ripple current. Therefore, choosing high inductor ripple currents impactsthe selection of the output capacitor, because the output capacitor must have a ripple-current rating equal to orgreater than the inductor ripple current. In general, the inductor ripple value is at the discretion of the designer;however, the following guidelines may be used.

For designs using low-ESR output capacitors such as ceramics, one may use a value as high as KIND = 0.3.When using higher-ESR output capacitors, KIND = 0.2 yields better results. Because the inductor ripple current ispart of the PWM control system, the inductor ripple current should always be greater than 100 mA fordependable operation. In a wide-input-voltage regulator, it is best to choose an inductor ripple current on thelarger side. This allows the inductor to still have a measurable ripple current with the input voltage at itsminimum.

For this design example, use KIND = 0.2 and the minimum calculated inductor value is 7.6 μH. For this design,the nearest standard value was chosen: 10 μH. For the output-filter inductor, it is important not to exceed therms-current and saturation-current ratings. One can find the rms and peak inductor current from Equation 30 andEquation 31.

For this design, the rms inductor current is 1.506 A and the peak inductor current is 1.62 A. The chosen inductoris a MSS6132-103. It has a saturation-current rating of 1.64 A and an rms-current rating of 1.9 A.

As the equation set demonstrates, lower ripple currents reduce the output-voltage ripple of the regulator butrequire a larger value of inductance. Selecting higher ripple currents increases the output voltage ripple of theregulator but allows for a lower inductance value.

The current flowing through the inductor is the inductor ripple current plus the output current. During power up,faults, or transient load conditions, the inductor current can increase above the calculated peak inductor-currentlevel previously calculated. In transient conditions, the inductor current can increase up to the switch-current limitof the device. For this reason, the most conservative approach is to specify an inductor with a saturation currentrating equal to or greater than the switch-current limit rather than the peak inductor current.

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Output Capacitor

There are three primary considerations for selecting the value of the output capacitor. The output capacitordetermines the modulator pole, the output-voltage ripple, and how the regulator responds to a large change inload current. Select the output capacitance based on the most-stringent of these three criteria.

The desired response to a large change in the load current is the first criterion. The output capacitor must supplythe load with current when the regulator cannot. This situation would occur if there are desired hold-up times forthe regulator where the output capacitor must hold the output voltage above a certain level for a specifiedamount of time after the input power is removed. The regulator also temporarily is not able to supply sufficientoutput current if there is a large fast increase in the current needs of the load, such as transitioning from no loadto a full load. The regulator usually requires two or more clock cycles for the control loop to see the change inload current and output voltage and then adjust the duty cycle to react to the change. The output capacitor sizemust be able to supply the extra current to the load until the control loop responds to the load change. Theoutput capacitance must be large enough to supply the difference in current for two clock cycles, while onlyallowing a tolerable amount of droop in the output voltage. Equation 32 shows the minimum output capacitancenecessary to accomplish this.




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TPS54160-Q1


Where ΔIout is the change in output current, ƒsw is the regulator switching frequency, and ΔVout is the allowablechange in the output voltage. For this example, the specified transient-load response is a 4% change in Vout fora load step from 0 A (no load) to 1.5 A (full load). For this example, ΔIout = 1.5 – 0 = 1.5 A andΔVout = 0.04 × 3.3 = 0.132 V. Using these numbers gives a minimum capacitance of 18.9 μF. This value does nottake the ESR of the output capacitor into account in the output-voltage change. For ceramic capacitors, the ESRis usually small enough to ignore in this calculation. Aluminum electrolytic and tantalum capacitors have higherESR that should be taken into account.

The catch diode of the regulator cannot sink current, so any stored energy in the inductor produces an output-voltage overshoot when the load current rapidly decreases (see Figure 52). The output capacitor size must beable to absorb energy stored in the inductor when transitioning from a high load current to a lower load current.The excess energy that is stored in the output capacitor increases the voltage on the capacitor. The capacitormust be sized to maintain the desired output voltage during these transient periods. Use Equation 33 to calculatethe minimum capacitance to keep the output voltage overshoot to a desired value, where L is the value of theinductor, IOH is the output current under heavy load, IOL is the output under light load, VF is the final peak outputvoltage, and Vi is the initial capacitor voltage. For this example, the worst-case load step us from 1.5 A to 0 A.The output voltage increases during this load transition, and the stated maximum in our specification is 4% of theoutput voltage. This makes Vf = 1.04 × 3.3 = 3.432. Vi is the initial capacitor voltage, which is the nominal outputvoltage of 3.3 V. Using these numbers in Equation 33 yields a minimum capacitance of 25.3 μF.

Equation 34 calculates the minimum output capacitance needed to meet the output-voltage ripple specification,where fsw is the switching frequency, Voripple is the maximum allowable output-voltage ripple, and Iripple is theinductor ripple current. Equation 35 yields 0.7 μF.

Equation 35 calculates the maximum ESR an output capacitor can have to meet the output-voltage ripplespecification. Equation 35 indicates the ESR should be less than 147 mΩ.

The most stringent criterion for the output capacitor is 25.3 μF of capacitance to keep the output voltage inregulation during an unload transient.

Additional capacitance de-ratings for aging, temperature, and dc bias should be factored in, which increases thisminimum value. For this example, a 47-μF 6.3-V X7R ceramic capacitor with 5-mΩ ESR is used.

Capacitors generally have limits to the amount of ripple current they can handle without failing or producingexcess heat. Select an output capacitor that can support the inductor ripple current. Some capacitor data sheetsspecify the root-mean-square (rms) value of the maximum ripple current. Use Equation 36 to calculate the rmsripple current that the output capacitor must support. For this application, Equation 36 yields 64.8 mA.

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TPS54160-Q1


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Catch Diode

The TPS54160-Q1 requires an external catch diode between the PH pin and GND. The selected diode musthave a reverse voltage rating equal to or greater than Vinmax. The peak-current rating of the diode must begreater than the maximum inductor current. The diode should also have a low forward voltage. Schottky diodesare typically a good choice for the catch diode due to their low forward voltage. The lower the forward voltage ofthe diode, the higher the efficiency of the regulator.

Typically, the higher the voltage and current ratings the diode has, the higher the forward voltage. Because thedesign example has an input voltage up to 18 V, a diode with a minimum of 20-V reverse voltage is selected.

For the example design, the B220A Schottky diode is selected for its lower forward voltage, and it comes in alarger package size, which has good thermal characteristics compared with smaller devices. The typical forwardvoltage of the B220A is 0.5 V.

The diode selection must also be based on an appropriate power rating. The diode conducts the output currentduring the off-time of the internal power switch. The off-time of the internal switch is a function of the maximuminput voltage, the output voltage, and the switching frequency. The output current during the off-time is multipliedby the forward voltage of the diode, which equals the conduction losses of the diode. At higher switchfrequencies, one must take into account the ac losses of the diode. The ac losses of the diode are due to thecharging and discharging of the junction capacitance and reverse recovery. Use Equation 37 to calculate thetotal power dissipation, conduction losses plus ac losses, of the diode.

The B220A has a junction capacitance of 120 pF. Using Equation 37, the selected diode dissipates 0.632 W.This power dissipation, depending on mounting techniques, should produce a 16°C temperature rise in the diodewhen the input voltage is 18 V and the load current is 1.5 A.

If the power supply spends a significant amount of time at light load currents or in sleep mode, consider using adiode which has a low leakage current and slightly higher forward voltage drop.

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Input Capacitor

The TPS54160-Q1 requires a high-quality ceramic, type X5R or X7R, input decoupling capacitor of at least 3-μFeffective capacitance and, in some applications, a bulk capacitance. The effective capacitance includes any dcbias effects. The voltage rating of the input capacitor must be greater than the maximum input voltage. Thecapacitor must also have a ripple-current rating greater than the maximum input-current ripple of the TPS54160-Q1. One can calculate the input ripple current using Equation 38.

The value of a ceramic capacitor varies significantly over temperature and the amount of dc bias applied to thecapacitor. One can minimize the capacitance variations due to temperature by selecting a dielectric material thatis stable over temperature. Designers usually select X5R and X7R ceramic dielectrics for power-regulatorcapacitors because they have a high capacitance-to-volume ratio and are fairly stable over temperature. Alsoselect the output capacitor with the dc bias taken into account. The capacitance value of a capacitor decreasesas the dc bias across a capacitor increases.




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This example design requires a ceramic capacitor with at least a 20-V voltage rating to support the maximuminput voltage. Common standard ceramic capacitor voltage ratings include 4 V, 6.3 V, 10 V, 16 V, 25 V, 50 V,and 100 V, so select a 25-V capacitor. The selection for this example is two 2.2-μF 25-V capacitors in parallel.Table 1 shows a selection of high-voltage capacitors. The input capacitance value determines the input ripplevoltage of the regulator. One can calculate the input voltage ripple using Equation 39. Using the design examplevalues, Ioutmax = 1.5 A, Cin = 4.4 μF, ƒsw = 1200 kHz, yields an input voltage ripple of 71 mV and an rms inputripple current of 0.701 A.

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Table 1. Capacitor Types

VENDOR VALUE (μF) EIA SIZE VOLTAGE DIELECTRIC COMMENTS1 to 2.2 100 V

1210 GRM32 series1 to 4.7 50 V

Murata1 100 V

1206 GRM31 series1 to 2.2 50 V

1 10 1.8 50 V2220

1 to 1.2 100 VVishay VJ X7R series

1 to 3.9 50 V2225

1 to 1.8 100 VX7R

1 to 2.2 100 V1812 C series C4532

1.5 to 6.8 50 VTDK

1 to 2.2 100 V1210 C series C3225

1 to 3.3 50 V

1 to 4.7 50 V1210

1 100 VAVX X7R dielectric series

1 to 4.7 50 V1812

1 to 2.2 100 V

Slow-Start Capacitor

The slow-start capacitor determines the minimum amount of time required for the output voltage to reach itsnominal programmed value during power up. A slow-start capacitor is useful if a load requires a controlledvoltage slew rate. A slow-start capacitor is also used if the output capacitance is large and would require largeamounts of current to charge the capacitor quickly to the output-voltage level. The large currents necessary tocharge the capacitor may make the TPS54160-Q1 reach the current limit, or excessive current draw from theinput power supply may cause the input voltage rail to sag. Limiting the output-voltage slew rate solves both ofthese problems.

The slow-start time must be long enough to allow the regulator to charge the output capacitor up to the outputvoltage without drawing excessive current. On can use Equation 40 to find the minimum slow-start time, tss,necessary to charge the output capacitor, Cout, from 10% to 90% of the output voltage, Vout, with an a

SLVS922F – JULY 2009– REVISED MARCH 2013 1.5-A60-VSTEP … · 2016. 9. 13. ·...

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Transcript of SLVS922F – JULY 2009– REVISED MARCH 2013 1.5-A60-VSTEP … · 2016. 9. 13. ·...