Slide 1 Textbook For Nursing Assistants Chapter 8 - Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens.

Textbook For Nursing Assistants

Chapter 8 - Bloodborne and

Airborne Pathogens

Bloodborne Pathogens

Copyright © 2005. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Instructor's Manual to Accompany Lippincott's Textbook for Nursing Assistants.

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A bloodborne pathogen is a disease- producing microbe that is transmitted through:

Blood

Other body fluids

Bloodborne Pathogens


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Body fluids are liquid or semi-liquid substances produced by the body such as:

BloodUrine, fecesVomitus, salivaDrainage from a woundSweat, tearsSemen, vaginal secretionsCerebrospinal and amniotic fluidBreast milk

Body Fluids


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Ways bloodborne pathogens are transmitted:Needle sticks (puncture wounds caused by dirty hypodermic needles)

Cuts from contaminated, broken glass (such as that from a broken blood tube)

Direct contact between infected blood and broken skin, mucous membranes, or the eyes

Sexual intercourse

Blood transfusions

Transmission of Bloodborne Pathogens


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The following diseases are caused by bloodborne pathogens:

Hepatitis B, C, and DAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)MalariaSyphilisEbola

Hepatitis and AIDS pose the most occupational risk to a health care worker

Diseases Caused by Bloodborne Pathogens


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Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver, the organ that removes toxic substances from the bloodstream Caused by a viral infection, chemicals, drugs, or drinking alcohol Some infections are mild, producing no lasting effects on the liver Others are chronic and affect the liver’s ability to function over time. If the liver failure is severe, the person will die unless he or she receives a liver transplant

Hepatitis


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Hepatitis A virus [HAV]

Hepatitis B virus [HBV]

Hepatitis C virus [HCV]

Hepatitis D virus [HDV]

Hepatitis E virus [HEV]

Types of Hepatitis Virus


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Hepatitis A Virus: Transmission

HAV is transmitted via the oral–fecal route Contaminated food or water

Unclean hygiene habits

Infected shellfish


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Illness caused is acute

Complete recovery possible

Effective vaccine available; recommended for the general public

Handwashing important for preventing the spread of infection

Hepatitis A Virus: Recovery/Prevention


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HBV is transmitted through:Transfusion of infected blood or blood products

Across the placenta from mother to infant

Unprotected sexual intercourse

Hepatitis B Virus: Transmission


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Health care workers are at risk for contracting HBV through:

Needle stick injuriesCuts from contaminated objectsExposure of broken skin or mucous membranes to contaminated blood or other body fluids

Hepatitis B Virus: Transmission


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Illness caused is acute

Carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms

Effective vaccine available Recommended for general public

Recommended by OSHA for health care workers

Hepatitis B Virus: Recovery/ Prevention


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HCV is transmitted through:Contaminated blood transfusionsNeedle stick exposures

Mode of transmission is mainly bloodborne; but in more than 40% of people who are diagnosed with HCV, no obvious route of transmission is found In many cases, leads to liver failure and liver transplant becomes necessary

Hepatitis C Virus: Transmission


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Illness caused by HCV infection is chronic and seriousEnd-stage cirrhosis (a fatal liver disease)

Liver failure

Liver cancer

Hepatitis C is the leading cause for liver transplantation in the United States

Currently, no vaccine against HCV is available

Hepatitis C Virus: Recovery/Prevention


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Bloodborne pathogen

Found only in people who are already infected with HBV

Vaccination against HBV protects against HDV

Hepatitis D Virus: Transmission


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Spreads through the oral–fecal route

HEV infection common in countries with poor sanitation controls

No vaccination is available for HEV

Hepatitis E Virus: Transmission


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HIV is a bloodborne pathogen that:Is transmitted through body fluid and bloodCauses acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]Affects the body’s immune system

People with AIDS do not die from the virus itself. Instead, they die from infections that the body is no longer able to fight.To date, there is no cure for AIDS and no vaccine for HIV.

HIV and AIDS


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The human immune systemRecognizes pathogensDestroys pathogens

T cells are special white blood cells (leukocytes)One type of T cells recognize and kill cells infected by virusesOther type of T cells produce substances that help other cells in the immune system to defend the body against the pathogens HIV invades the T cellsHIV uses the T cells to multiply and copy itselfEventually, HIV kills the T cell and moves on to repeat the process in other T cellsHIV invades the cells that form new T cells, causing the body to produce T cells that cannot recognize pathogens The body then becomes unable to recognize and fight off infections, leading to the condition known as AIDS

Cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)


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HIV and HBV pose an occupational risk to health care workers Health care workers come in contact with substances that carry these viruses Health care workers are not able to easily identify patients or residents who have these diseases The virus can live in a person’s body without causing signs or symptoms For these reasons, in the health care field, every patient or resident must be treated as if he or she may be infected with a bloodborne pathogen— thus, the term standard precautions

Standard Precautions


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Gloves are worn if the POSSIBILITY exists that the hands could come in contact with blood or other body fluids. Gloves are also worn when touching any surface that could be contaminated with pathogens

A waterproof gown is worn if the POSSIBILITY exists that your clothes could become soiled with blood or other body fluids

A mask, face shield, and eye goggles are worn if the POSSIBILITY exists that blood or other body fluids could splash or spray

Sharps, such as needles and razors, are disposed of properly in OSHA-approved containers

Broken glass is never handled; it is swept or vacuumed up for disposal

Spills of blood and other body fluids must be cleaned up promptly with an approved cleaning agent

Personal protective equipment must be worn when cleaning up spills Hands must be washed when you remove your gloves. Handwashing

is the single most important method of preventing the spread of infection!

Standard Precautions


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Employees must receive training on the risks associated with bloodborne pathogens and on the methods they can use to safeguard themselvesEmployers must make the hepatitis B vaccine available to workers who are at risk, free of chargeEmployers must provide adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) as required by the employee’s dutiesEnvironmental control methods, such as special ventilation systems, procedures for the disposal of liquid waste, and procedures for handling contaminated linen and trash must be in place to protect both the employees and the patients or residentsAn updated exposure control plan must be in place in case an employee is exposed to blood or other body fluids from a patient or resident

OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard

Airborne Pathogens


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Airborne pathogens: disease-producing microbes that are transmitted through the air Infection spreads when an infected person coughs or sneezes, and another person breathes the air containing the suspended pathogensInfections that are transmitted in this way include measles, chickenpox, and tuberculosis (TB) Vaccines are available to prevent measles and chickenpoxCurrently no vaccine is available for TB, HIV, or HBVPose an occupational risk to a health care worker

Airborne Pathogens


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Infection caused by bacteria present in the sputum of an infected person; spread by airborne droplets when the person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings People who have close, frequent contact with a person who has TB are most likely to contract the disease Infects the lungs, kidneys, or bones TB is usually diagnosed following a routine skin test (used to screen for the disease) or chest x-ray

Tuberculosis (TB)


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Patients or residents known or suspected to be infected with an airborne pathogen are to be placed in private rooms with special ventilation systems

Health care workers should wear masks when caring for patients or residents with known or suspected tuberculosis (TB) If the health care worker has not been exposed to measles or chickenpox (and is therefore not immune), then he or she is at risk for these diseases, and a mask should be worn when caring for patients or residents with measles or chickenpox

Airborne Precautions


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A surgical mask should be placed over the patient’s or resident’s face if he or she must be transported from one location to another

Transport of the patient or resident should be kept to a minimum

All precautions for preventing transmission of TB should be implemented if the patient or resident is known or suspected to have TB

Airborne Precautions

End of Presentation

Slide 1 Textbook For Nursing Assistants Chapter 8 - Bloodborne and Airborne Pathogens.

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