Slide 1 Figure 11-1 Page 194. Slide 2 Biodiversity Increase Factors Middle stages of succession...
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Transcript of Slide 1 Figure 11-1 Page 194. Slide 2 Biodiversity Increase Factors Middle stages of succession...
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Figure 11-1Page 194
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Biodiversity
Increase Factors
•Middle stages of succession
•Moderate environmental disturbance
•Small changes in environmental conditions
•Physically diverse habitat
•Evolution
Decrease Factors
•Extreme environ- mental conditions
•Large environmental disturbance
•Intense environ- mental stress
•Severe shortages of key resources
•Nonnative species introduction
•Geographic isolation
Figure 11-2Page 195
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Human PopulationSize and resource use
Human ActivitiesAgriculture, industry, economic
production and consumption, recreation
Indirect Effects
Direct Effects
Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems
Alteration of natural chemicalcycles and energy flows
Changes in number and distribution of species
Pollution of air, water, and soil
Climate change
Loss of biodiversity
Figure 11-3Page 195
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Projected Status of Biodiversity1998–2018
Critical and endangered Threatened Stable or intact
ANTARCTICA
NORTHAMERICA
EUROPE
AFRICA
ASIA
SOUTHAMERICA AUSTRALIA
PacificOcean
Antarctic Circle
PacificOcean
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of CapricornIndianOcean
AtlanticOcean
150°90°60°E0°30°W90°120°150°0°
60°
30°N
30°S
60°
Arctic CircleArctic Circle
Figure 11-4Page 196
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The Species Approach The Ecosystem Approach
Goal
Protect species frompremature extinction
Strategies• Identify
endangered species
• Protect their critical habitats
Tactics
• Legally protect endangered species
• Manage habitat
• Propagate endangered species in captivity
• Reintroduce species into suitable habitats
Goal
Protect populations ofspecies in their naturalhabitats
Strategy
Preserve sufficient areasof habitats in differentbiomes and aquaticsystems
Tactics• Protect habitat areas
through private purchase or government action
• Eliminate or reduce populations of alien species from protected areas
• Manage protected areas to sustain native species
• Restore degraded ecosystems
Figure 11-5Page 197
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National parks and preserves National forests (and Xs) National wildlife refuges
Figure 11-6aPage 198
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National parks and preserves National forests (and Xs) National wildlife refuges
Figure 11-6bPage 198
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Trade-Offs
Clear-Cutting Forests
Advantages Disadvantages
Higher timber yields
Maximum economic returnin shortest time
Can reforest with genetically improved fast-growing trees
Short time to establish newstand of trees
Needs less skill and planning
Best way to harvest treeplantations
Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlightfor growth
Reduces biodiversity
Disrupts ecosystem processes
Destroys and fragments some wildlife habitats
Leaves moderate to large openings
Increases soil erosion
Increases sediment water pollution and flooding when done on steep slopes
Eliminates most recreational value for several decades Figure 11-7
Page 200
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Years of growth30
2515
10
5
Clear cut
Weak treesremoved
Seedlingsplanted
Figure 11-8Page 201
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Old growth
Highway
Figure 11-9aPage 201
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HighwayCleared plotsfor grazing
Cleared plotsfor agriculture
Figure 11-9bPage 201
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Figure 11-10aPage 202
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Cut 1
Cut 2
Figure 11-10bPage 202
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Figure 11-10cPage 202
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Clear-Cutting Figure 11-10dPage 202
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Strip Cutting
Uncut Cut Cut Cut Uncut
6–10 years ago3–5 years ago 1 year ago
Figure 11-10ePage 202
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Figure 11-11Page 203
Trade-Offs
Clear-Cutting Forests
Advantages Disadvantages
Higher timber yields
Maximum economic return in shortest time
Can reforest with genetically improved fast-growing trees
Short time to establish new stand of trees
Needs less skill and planning
Best way to harvest tree plantations
Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight for growth
Reduces biodiversity
Disrupts ecosystem processes
Destroys and fragments some wildlife habitats
Leaves moderate to large openings
Increases soil erosion
Increases sediment water pollution and flooding when done on steep slopes
Eliminates most recreational value for several decades
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Natural Capital Degradation
Deforestation
•Decreased soil fertility from erosion
•Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems
•Premature extinction of species with specialized niches
•Loss of habitat for migratory species such as birds and butterflies
•Regional climate change from extensive clearing
•Releases CO2 into atmosphere from burning and tree decay
•Accelerates flooding Figure 11-12Page 203
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Figure 11-13Page 205
Solutions
Sustainable Forestry
•Grow more timber on long rotations
•Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting
•No clear-cutting, seed-tree, or shelterwood cuttingon steeply sloped land
•No fragmentation of remaining large blocks of forest
•Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas
•Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling
•Certify timber grown by sustainable methods
•Include ecological services of trees and forests inestimating economic value
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Figure 11-14Page 207Sudden oak death White pine blister rust Pine shoot beetle Beech bark disease Hemlock wooly adelgid
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Surface fireFigure 11-15a
Page 208
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Crown fireFigure 11-15b
Page 208
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Trade-Offs
Advantages Disadvantages
Logging in U.S. National Forests
Helps meet country’s timber needs
Cut areas grow back
Keeps lumber and paper pricesdown
Provides jobs in nearby communities
Promotes economic growth in nearby communities
Provides only 4% of timber needs
Ample private forest land to meet timber needs
Has little effect on timber and paper prices
Damages nearby rivers and fisheries
Recreation in national forestsprovides more localjobs and incomefor local communities thanlogging
Decreasesrecreationalopportunities
Figure 11-16Page 210
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RauvolfiaRauvolfia sepentina, Southeast AsiaTranquilizer, high blood pressure medication
Figure 11-17aPage 211
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FoxgloveDigitalis purpurea, EuropeDigitalis for heart failure
Figure 11-17bPage 211
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Pacific yewTaxus brevifolia, Pacific NorthwestOvarian cancer
Figure 11-17cPage 211
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CinchonaCinchona ledogeriana, South AmericaQuinine for malaria treatment
Figure 11-17dPage 211
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Rosy periwinkleCathranthus roseus, MadagascarHodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia
Figure 11-17ePage 211
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Neem treeAzadirachta indica, IndiaTreatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide
Figure 11-17fPage 211
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•Oil drilling•Mining•Flooding from dams•Tree plantations•Cattle ranching•Cash crops•Settler farming•Fires•Logging•Roads
•Not valuing ecological services•Exports•Government policies•Poverty•Population growth•Roads
Secondary Causes
Basic CausesFigure 11-18
Page 212
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Figure 11-19Page 213
Protect most diverse andendangered areas
Educate settlers about sustainableagriculture and forestry
Phase out subsidies that encourageunsustainable forest use
Add subsidies that encouragesustainable forest use
Protect forests with debt-for-natureswaps, conservation easements,and conservation concessions
Certify sustainably grown timber
Reduce illegal cutting
Reduce poverty
Slow population growth
Reforestation
Rehabilitation of degradedareas
Concentrate farming andranching on already-clearedareas
RestorationPrevention
Solutions
Sustaining Tropical Forests
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In-text figurePage 214
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Figure 11-20Page 215
Solutions
National Parks
•Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands
•Add new parkland near threatened parks
•Buy private land inside parks
•Locate visitor paring outside parks and use shuttle buses for entering and touring heavily used parks
•Increase funds for park maintenance and repairs
•Survey wildlife in parks
•Raise entry fees for visitors and use funds for park management and maintenance
•Limit number of visitors to crowded park rangers
•Increase number and pay of park rangers
•Encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and tours
•Seek private donations for park maitenance and repairs
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Nicaragua
CostaRica
Pacific Ocean
Panama
Caribbean Sea
Peninsula Osa
Pacifico Central
CordilleraVolcanica Central
Bajo Tempisque
Arenal
GuanacastleLlanuras deTortuguero
La Amistad
Figure 11-21Page 216
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Figure 11-22Page 217
Biosphere Reserve
Core areaCore area
Buffer zone 1Buffer zone 1
Buffer zone 2Buffer zone 2
Human settlements
Tourism andeducation center
Research station
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Figure 11-23Page 218
Develop or revise
ecological goals
Implement or modify strategies
Develop or revise
a plan
Monitor and asses attainment
Develop or revise
ecological model
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Figure 11-24Page 219
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Figure 11-25Page 222
What Can You Do?
Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity
•Plant trees and take care of them.
•Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products.
•Buy wood and wood products made from trees thathave been grown sustainably.
•Help rehabilitate or restore a degraded area of forest or grassland near your home.
•When building a home, save all the trees and as muchnatural vegetation and soil as possible.
•Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants naturalto the area instead of having a monoculture lawn.
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Click to view animation.
Animation
Biodiversity hot-spots interaction.