Slide 1

Fig. 13.1, p. 294

MEDITERRANEANSEA

GAZAWEST BANK

LEBANON

EGYPT

AswanHigh Dam

Lake Nasser

SUDAN

ETHIOPIA

SOMALIA

SAUDIARABIA

YEMEN

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

QATAR

BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

JORDAN

OMAN

OMAN

IRANIRAQ

SYRIA

TURKEY ARMENIA

BLACK SEA GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN TURKMENISTAN

CASPIANSEA

Slide 2

Fig. 13.2, p. 296

Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater

Biota0.0001%

Rivers0.0001%

Atmosphericwater vapor

0.001%

Lakes0.007%

Soilmoisture0.005%

Groundwater0.592%

Ice capsand glaciers

1.984%

0.014%

Slide 3

Fig. 13.3, p. 297

Evaporation and transpiration

Evaporation

Stream

Infiltration

Water tableInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Lake

Well requiring a pump

Flowingartesian well

Runoff

Precipitation

ConfinedRecharge Area

Aquifer

Less permeable materialsuch as clay

Confining permeable rock layer

Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area

Slide 4

Fig. 13.4, p. 298

5,500

5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Wat

er u

se (

cub

ic k

ilom

eter

s p

er y

ear) Total use

Agricultural use

Industrial use

Domestic use

Year

Slide 5

Fig. 13.5, p. 298

United States China

Industry 11% Public 10%

Powercooling

38%

Agriculture41% Agriculture 87%

Public 6% Industry 7%

Slide 6

Fig. 13.6, p. 298

1 automobile

1 kilogramcotton

1 kilogramaluminum

1 kilogramgrain-fed beef

1 kilogramrice

1 kilogramcorn

1 kilogrampaper

1 kilogramsteel

400,000 liters(106,000 gallons)

10,500 liters(2,400 gallons)

9,000 liters(2,800 gallons)

7,000 liters(1,900 gallons)

5,000 liters(1,300 gallons)

1,500 liters(400 gallons)

880 liters(230 gallons)

220 liters(60 gallons)

Slide 7

Fig. 13.7a, p. 299

0-25

25-50

50-75

0-25

25-50

50-75

Average annual precipitation (centimeters)

Slide 8

Fig. 13.8b, p. 299

Acute shortage

Adequate supply

Shortage

Metropolitan regions with populationgreater than 1 million

Slide 9

Fig. 13.8, p. 300

High None

NorthAmerica

SouthAmerica Stress

Africa

Europe

Asia

Australia

Slide 10

Fig. 13.9, p. 301

Large lossesof water throughevaporation

Flooded landdestroys forestsor cropland anddisplaces people

Downstreamflooding is reduced

Downstreamcropland andestuaries aredeprived ofnutrient-rich silt

Reservoir isuseful forrecreationand fishing

Can producecheap electricity(hydropower)

Migration andspawning ofsome fish aredisrupted

Provides waterfor year-roundirrigation ofcropland

Slide 11

Fig. 13.10, p. 304

Dam

Aqueductor canal

Upper Basin

Lower Basin

IDAHO

WYOMING

UTAH

Salt Lake City

Las Vegas

CALIFORNIA

Boulder City

Los Angeles Palm

Springs

San DiegoMexicali

Yuma

Phoenix

Tucson

LOWERBASIN

ARIZONA

GrandCanyon

UPPERBASIN

Grand Junction

Denver

COLORADO

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque

MEXICO

LakePowell

GlenCanyonDam

All-AmericanCanal Golf of

California

0

0

100 mi.

150 km

Slide 12

Fig. 13.11, p. 304

• Deliver nutrients to the sea sustain coastal fisheries

• Deposit silt that maintains deltas

• Purify water

• Renew and nourish wetlands

• Provide habitats for aquatic life

• Conserve species diversity

Slide 13

Fig. 13.12, p. 305

KAZAKHSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

ARALSEA

2000

1989

1960

Slide 14

Fig. 13.13, p. 306

North BayAqueduct

South BayAqueduct

California Aqueduct

CALIFORNIA

NEVADA UTAH

MEXICO

Central ArizonaProject

Colorado RiverAqueduct

Los AngelesAqueduct

Shasta Lake

Oroville Dam andReservoir

FeatherRiver

Lake Tahoe

Sacramento

Fresno

Hoover Damand Reservoir(Lake Mead)

Salton SeaPhoenix

Tucson

ARIZONA

ColoradoRiver

SacramentoRiver

San Francisco

San Luis Damand Reservoir

Santa Barbara

Los Angeles

San Diego

Slide 15

Fig. 13.14, p. 307

CANADA

UNITED STATES

NEWFOUNDLAND

ATLANTICOCEAN

ONTARIO

JamesBay

HudsonBay Chisasibi

QUEBEC

New YorkCity

Chicago

II

I

II

Slide 16

Fig. 13.15, p. 307

Initial water table

Cone ofdepression

Originalwater table

Loweredwater table

Slide 17

Fig. 13.16a, p. 308

GroundwaterOverdrafts:

High

Moderate

Minor or none

Slide 18

Fig. 13.16b, p. 308

Subsidence:

High

Moderate

Minor or none

Slide 19

Fig. 13.17, p. 308

Major irrigationwell

Well contaminatedwith saltwater

SaltwaterIntrusion

NormalInterface

Freshgroundwater

aquifer

Interface Interface

Saltwater

Sea LevelWater table

Slide 20

Fig. 13.18, p. 309

WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA

NEBRASKA

COLORADO

KANSAS

OKLAHOMA

NEW MEXICO

TEXAS

0 100Miles

Kilometers

Less than 61 meters (200 ft)

61-183 meters (200-600 ft)

More than 183 meters (600 ft)(as much as 370 meters or 1,200 ft.in places)

0 160

Slide 21

Gravity Flow(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)

Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.

Drip Irrigation(efficiency 90–95%)

Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to

individual plant roots.

Center Pivot(efficiency 80% with low-pressure

sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler)

Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from

mobile boom with sprinklers.

Fig. 13.19, p. 311

Slide 22

Fig. 13.20, p. 313

• Lining canals bringing water to irrigation ditches

• Leveling fields with lasers

• Irrigating at night to reduce evaporation

• Using soil and satellite sensors and computer systems to monitor soil moisture and add water only when necessary

• Polyculture

• Organic farming

• Growing water efficient crops using drought-resistant and salt-tolerant crop varieties

• Irrigating with treated urban waste water

• Importing water intensive crops and meat

Slide 23

Fig. 13.21, p. 313

No electronic rights for this image.

Slide 24

Fig. 13.22, p. 314

Floodplain

Levee Floodwall

Dam

Reservoir

Slide 25

Fig. 13.23, p. 316

No electronic rights for this image.

Slide 26

Fig. 13.24a, p. 316

Oxygenreleased byvegetation

Diverseecological

habitat

Evapotranspiration

Trees reduce soilerosion from heavyrain and wind

Agriculturalland

Steadyriver flow

Leaf litterimprovessoil fertility

Tree rootsstabilize soil andaid water flow Vegetation releases

water slowly andreduces flooding

Forested Hillside

Slide 27

Tree plantation

Evapotranspiration decreases

Ranchingacceleratessoil erosion bywater and wind

Winds removefragile topsoil

Gullies andlandslides

Heavy rain leachesnutrients from soiland erodes topsoil Rapid runoff

causes flooding

After DeforestationFig. 13.24b, p. 316

Roadsdestabilizehillsides

Agriculture landis flooded andsilted up

Silt from erosion blocksrivers and reservoirs andcauses flooding downstream

Slide 28

Fig. 13.25, p. 317

Extremely severe

Very severe

Moderately severe

Somewhat severe

Not severe

Slide 29

Fig. 13.26, p. 317

• Not depleting aquifers

• Preserving ecological health of aquatic systems

• Preserving water quality

• Integrated watershed management

• Agreements among regions and countries sharing surface water resources

• Outside party mediation of water disputes between nations

• Marketing of water rights

• Wasting less water

• Decreasing government subsides for supplying water

• Increasing government subsides for reducing water waste

• Slowing population growth