Slide 1 Evolution of Warfare Clausewitz/Jomini Major Carlos Rascon.

Evolution of WarfareEvolution of Warfare

Clausewitz/JominiClausewitz/Jomini

Major Carlos RasconMajor Carlos Rascon

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that Comprehend Clausewitz’s statement that “war is nothing but a continuation of political “war is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with an admixture of other intercourse with an admixture of other means”means”

Comprehend and contrast the present day Comprehend and contrast the present day acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of acceptance of Clausewitz’s dicta to those of Jomini’sJomini’s

Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)

Know and describe the wide spectrum of the Know and describe the wide spectrum of the types of war which Clausewitz addressed, types of war which Clausewitz addressed, (e.g., People’s War)(e.g., People’s War)

Comprehend the importance assigned by Comprehend the importance assigned by Clausewitz to moral force vice physical forceClausewitz to moral force vice physical force

Learning Objectives (cont)Learning Objectives (cont)

Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to Know and describe Jomini’s contribution to the theory of war fare, especially his the theory of war fare, especially his “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of “discovery” of the “fundamental principles of war”war”

Reading AssignmentReading Assignment

Preston, Roland, and Wise, Preston, Roland, and Wise, Men in ArmsMen in Arms, pp. , pp. 207-208, 238-240, 338207-208, 238-240, 338

Weigley, Weigley, The American Way of WarThe American Way of War, pp. 210-, pp. 210-213213

Handout: Basford, Handout: Basford, Jomini and Clausewitz: Jomini and Clausewitz: Their InteractionTheir Interaction

Clausewitz/JominiClausewitz/Jomini

Contemporary rivalsContemporary rivalsJomini more influential at Jomini more influential at

the timethe timeClausewitz’s writings are Clausewitz’s writings are

the accepted standardthe accepted standardVideo 4 min Crimson TideVideo 4 min Crimson Tide

Created by Chris Bassford

Clausewitz - BackgroundClausewitz - Background

Born in 1780Born in 1780Joined Prussian Army Joined Prussian Army

as an Ensignas an Ensign In 1806, he was In 1806, he was

wounded and taken wounded and taken prisoner by napoleon’s prisoner by napoleon’s forcesforces

In 1812, the Russian In 1812, the Russian ArmyArmy

Clausewitz (cont)Clausewitz (cont)

He fought the French until Napoleon He fought the French until Napoleon abdicated in 1814abdicated in 1814

Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Served at Waterloo as Chief of Staff to a Prussian Corps CommanderPrussian Corps Commander

In 1818 he was promoted to Maj GenIn 1818 he was promoted to Maj GenHead of Prussian War AcademyHead of Prussian War Academy

– AdministrationAdministrationDied of Cholera in 1830Died of Cholera in 1830

ClausewitzClausewitz

““War is nothing but a continuation of political War is nothing but a continuation of political intercourse with a mixture of other means”intercourse with a mixture of other means”

““Is war not merely another kind of writing and Is war not merely another kind of writing and language for political thought? It has language for political thought? It has certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is certainly a grammar of its own, but its logic is not peculiar to itself”not peculiar to itself”

Video (Theoretical Argument Video (Theoretical Argument Crimson TideCrimson Tide))

Vom Kriege (Vom Kriege (On WarOn War))

Absolute warAbsolute war– Similar to total warSimilar to total war

People’s warPeople’s war– Vietnam and AfghanistanVietnam and Afghanistan

Primary Objectives of WarPrimary Objectives of War

To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed To conquer and destroy the enemy’s armed forcesforces

To get possessions of the material elements To get possessions of the material elements of aggression of the enemyof aggression of the enemy

To gain public opinionTo gain public opinion

PrinciplesPrinciples

The principles which should be followed to The principles which should be followed to attain the objectivesattain the objectives– To employ all the forces which we can make To employ all the forces which we can make

available with the utmost energyavailable with the utmost energy– To concentrate our force as much as possible at To concentrate our force as much as possible at

the point where the decisive blows are to be the point where the decisive blows are to be struckstruck

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

– Not to lose time – by rapidity many measures of Not to lose time – by rapidity many measures of the enemy are nipped in the bud and public the enemy are nipped in the bud and public opinion is gained in our favor – surprise is the opinion is gained in our favor – surprise is the most powerful element of victorymost powerful element of victory

– Lastly, to follow up the success we gain with the Lastly, to follow up the success we gain with the utmost energy. utmost energy.

The pursuit is the only means of The pursuit is the only means of gathering up the fruits of victorygathering up the fruits of victory

Center of GravityCenter of Gravity

Governs the grand strategical aim of a warGoverns the grand strategical aim of a war

Without it the whole structure of national Without it the whole structure of national power will collapsepower will collapse

Moral ForceMoral Force

Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1Morale is to the physical as 3 is to 1Courage, audacity, and self-sacrificeCourage, audacity, and self-sacrifice““Shinning blade”Shinning blade”

ClausewitzClausewitz

““War is a trinity of War is a trinity of violence, chance and violence, chance and reason”reason”

““As soon, therefore, as As soon, therefore, as required expenditures of required expenditures of force exceeds the values force exceeds the values of the political, the of the political, the objectives must be objectives must be abandoned and peace abandoned and peace will be the result”will be the result”

Created by Rex Sutton

Clausewitz (cont)Clausewitz (cont)

Remarks on Russia:Remarks on Russia:– Maintained that Russia was (is) a country which Maintained that Russia was (is) a country which

cannot be conquered by force of armscannot be conquered by force of arms

Jomini BackgroundJomini Background

Swiss, born in 1779Swiss, born in 1779Worked in a banking Worked in a banking

house in Parishouse in ParisPeace of Amiens Peace of Amiens

(1801-1802)(1801-1802)– Marshal NeyMarshal Ney

Treatise on Frederick Treatise on Frederick the Greatthe Great

Jomini – Nature of ApproachJomini – Nature of Approach

Convinced that warfare must make senseConvinced that warfare must make senseApproach was that of a scientistApproach was that of a scientistHe endeavored to demonstrate that there are He endeavored to demonstrate that there are

fundamental, unchanging principlesfundamental, unchanging principles

Jomini - Strategic Principles Jomini - Strategic Principles

Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a Jomini’s strategic principles are merely a generalized description of Napoleon’s generalized description of Napoleon’s campaignscampaigns– Bringing strategic measures, the major part of an Bringing strategic measures, the major part of an

army’s forces, successively to bear upon the army’s forces, successively to bear upon the decisive areas of a theater of war and as far as decisive areas of a theater of war and as far as possible upon the enemy’s communications possible upon the enemy’s communications without compromising one’s ownwithout compromising one’s own

Strategic Principles (cont)Strategic Principles (cont)

Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage Maneuvering in such a manner as to engage one’s major forces against parts only of one’s major forces against parts only of those of the enemythose of the enemy

Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, Furthermore, in battle, by tactical maneuvers, bringing one’s major forces to bear on the bringing one’s major forces to bear on the decisive area of the battlefield or on the part decisive area of the battlefield or on the part of the enemy’s lines which is important to of the enemy’s lines which is important to overwhelmoverwhelm

Strategic Principles (cont)Strategic Principles (cont)

Arranging matters in such a fashion that Arranging matters in such a fashion that these masses of men not only brought to these masses of men not only brought to bear at the decisive place but they be put bear at the decisive place but they be put into action speedily and together, so that into action speedily and together, so that they may make a simultaneous effortthey may make a simultaneous effort

JominiJomini

One might say that he (Napoleon) was sent into this One might say that he (Napoleon) was sent into this world to teach generals and statesmen what they world to teach generals and statesmen what they ought to avoid. His victories teach what may be ought to avoid. His victories teach what may be accomplished by activity, boldness, and skill; his accomplished by activity, boldness, and skill; his

disasters what might have been avoided by prudencedisasters what might have been avoided by prudence

Jomini – His ConceptsJomini – His Concepts

Each military operation will take place within Each military operation will take place within a definite zone of operationsa definite zone of operations– Regarded the zone of operations as a field with Regarded the zone of operations as a field with

four sidesfour sides– Two sides were occupied by opposing forcesTwo sides were occupied by opposing forces(find picture)(find picture)

Jomini – His Concepts (cont)Jomini – His Concepts (cont)

The task of the commanding GeneralThe task of the commanding General– Choose the line of operation that will be most Choose the line of operation that will be most

effective in dominating three sides of the zoneeffective in dominating three sides of the zone• The enemy will be crushed, orThe enemy will be crushed, or• Forced to abandon the zone of operationsForced to abandon the zone of operations

Ideal Military ForceIdeal Military Force

Leadership trained for political as well as Leadership trained for political as well as military responsibilitiesmilitary responsibilities

A high state of readiness – both personnel A high state of readiness – both personnel and materialand material

Continued study of military science at all Continued study of military science at all levels of leadershiplevels of leadership

An esteemed position for the military An esteemed position for the military professionprofession

Ideal (cont)Ideal (cont)

Peacetime planningPeacetime planningOperational planning compatible with war Operational planning compatible with war

aims (National Objectives)aims (National Objectives)Contingency planning, strategic intelligence, Contingency planning, strategic intelligence,

adequate budgetadequate budget

SummarySummary

ClausewitzClausewitz– Center of gravityCenter of gravity– Morale forceMorale force

JominiJomini– Strategic principlesStrategic principles– Ideal Military ForceIdeal Military Force

QuestionsQuestions

Slide 1 Evolution of Warfare Clausewitz/Jomini Major Carlos Rascon.

Documents

Transcript of Slide 1 Evolution of Warfare Clausewitz/Jomini Major Carlos Rascon.