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Slavic peoples

Countries with majority Slavic ethnicities and atleast one Slavic national languageWestSlavic East Slavic South Slavic

Indo-European topics

Indo-European languages (list)Albanian· Armenian· Baltic

Celtic· Germanic· GreekIndo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian)

Italic· Slavic extinct: Anatolian· Paleo-Balkan (Dacian,Phrygian, Thracian)· Tocharian

Indo-European peoplesEurope : Balts· Slavs· Albanians· Italics· Celts· Germanic peoples· Greeks· Paleo-Balkans (Illyrians· Thracians· Dacians)·

Asia : Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians)· Armenians · Indo-Iranians (Iranians· Indo-Aryans)· Tocharians

Proto-Indo-EuropeansLanguage· Society· Religion

Urheimat hypothesesKurgan hypothesis

Anatolia· Armenia· India· PCT

Indo-European studies

The Slavic Peoples are an ethnic and linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in central andeastern Europe. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of the Central and Eastern Europe and the

Balkans.[1]

Many settled later in Siberia[2]

and Central Asia[3]

or emigrated to other parts of the world.[4]

[5]

Overhalf of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities.[6]

Modern nations and ethnic groups called by the ethnonymSlavs are considerably genetically and culturally diverseand relations between them are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to feelings of mutual hostility.[7]

Slavic peoples are classified geographically and linguistically into West Slavic (including Czechs, Moravians, Poles,Silesians, Slovaks and Sorbs), East Slavic (including Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians)[8] , and South Slavic(including Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and Slovenes). For a morecomprehensive list, see the section below on ethnocultural subdivisions.According to a 2007 genetic study[9] based on Y-chromosome male haplogroups, Slavic men cluster into two maingroups; one encompasses all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and two Southern-Slavic male populations (westernCroats, Slovenes), whilst the other group encompasses all remaining Southern Slavic men.

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EthnonymThe Slavic autonymSlověninъ is traditionally and most commonly etymologized as a derivation fromslava "glory,fame" orslovo "word, talk". Thus, it would originally denote "people who speak (the same language)", i.e. peoplewho understand each other, in contrast to Slavic word for foreign peopleněmci , meaning "mumbling, murmuringpeople" (from Slavicněmъ - "mumbling, mute"). The latter word came to denote German/Germanic people in many

later Slavic languages: e.g. Polish Niemiec , Russian немец, Serbian Nemac, Croatian Nijemac etc.The English word Slav is derivedfrom the Middle English wordsclave , which was borrowed from Medieval Latinsclavus "slave", itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sk lábos "slave", which was in turn borrowed fromSlavic autonym: Proto-SlavicSlověninъ "Slav". Excluding the ambiguous mention by Ptolemy of tribesSlavanoi andSoubenoi , the earliest references of Slavs under this name are from the 6th century AD. The word was writtenvariously as ΣκλάβήνοιSklábēnoi , ΣκλαύηνοιSklaúenoi , or ΣκλάβίνοιSklabinoi in Byzantine Greek, and asSclaueni , Sclavi , Sclauini , or Sthlaueni in Latin. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and datingfrom the 9th century attest СловѣнеSlověne to describe the Slavs. Other early attestations include Old East SlavicСловенеSlověně "an East Slavic group near Novgorod",Slavutich "Dnieper river".Alternative proposals propounded by some scholars enjoy much less support. B.P. Lozinski argues thatthe wordslava once had the meaning of worshipper , in this contextmeaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion", andfrom that evolved into an ethnonym.[10] S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructedProto-Indo-European*(s)lawos , cognate to Ancient Greek λαόςlaós "population, people", which itself has nocommonly accepted etymology.[11]Meanwhile Max Vasmer and others suggested that the word originated as a rivername (compare the etymology of theVolcae ), comparing it with such cognates as Latincluere "to cleanse, purge", alexical root not known to have been continued in Slavic, although it appears in other languages with similarmeanings.

Proto-Slavic language

Area of Balto-Slavic dialectic continuum ( purple ) with proposedmaterial cultures correlating to speakers Balto-Slavic in Bronze Age

(white ). Red dots= archaic Slavic hydronyms

Proto-Slavic, the ancestor language of all Slaviclanguages, branched off at some uncertain time in adisputed location from commonProto-Indo-European, passing through a Balto-Slavicstage in which it developed numerous lexical andmorphophonological isoglosses with Balticlanguages. In the framework of the Kurganhypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained afterthe migrations became speakers of Balto-Slavic".[12]

Proto-Slavic proper, or more commonly referred toas Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic , defined asthe last stage of the language preceding thegeographical split of the historical Slavic languages,was likely spoken during the 6th and 7th centuriesCE on a vast territory from Novgorod to southernGreece. That language was unusually uniform, and

on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, can't be said to haveany recognizable dialects. Slavic linguistic unity lasted for at least 1-2 centuries more, as can been seen in OldChurch Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki in Macedonia, could still

serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

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Origins

Homeland debate

The location of the Slavic homeland was a subject to considerable debate. Serious candidates were cultures on theterritories of modern Belarus, Poland, European Russia and Ukraine. The proposed frameworks are:

Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The larger shadedarea is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the sixth

to seventh centuries, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic-speaking tribes of the time. The smaller shaded area indicates

the core area of Slavic river names (after Mallory & Adams(1997:524ff).

1. Lusatian culture hypothesis: The pre-Proto-Slavswere present in north-eastern Central Europe sinceat least the late 2nd millennium BCE, and were thebearers of the Lusatian culture and later still thePrzeworsk culture (2nd century BCE to 4th centuryCE) and the later still Chernyakhov culture (2nd-5thcenturies CE).

2. Milograd culture hypothesis: The pre-Proto-Slavs(or Balto-Slavs) were the bearers of the Milogradculture (700 BCE to the 100 CE) of northernUkraine and southern Belarus.

3. Chernoles culture hypothesis: The pre-Proto-Slavswere the bearers of the Chernoles culture (750 – 200BCE) of northern Ukraine.

4. Tributary of Danube: postulated by OlegTrubachyov[13]

The starting point in the autochtonic/allochtonic debatewas the year 1745, when Johann Christoph de Jordanpublished De Originibus Slavicis. From the 19th

century onwards, the debate became politically charged, particularly in connection with the history of the Partitionsof Poland and German imperialism known as Drang nach Osten. The question whether Germanic or Slavic peopleswere indigenous on the land east of the Oder river was used by factions to pursue their respective German and Polishpolitical claims to governance of those lands.

But in 2007 after continuous archeological debates, genetics was applied to finally locate the Slavic homeland. Afterstudying[14]parental lineages of several Slavic populations, it was found that all studied present Slavic populationstrace their genetic roots to the present Ukrainian Slavic population, proving right archeological theories thatsuggested that the Slavic homeland was located on territory of present-day Ukraine.

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Earliest accounts

Slavic lands c. 500-550 CE

Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy mention atribe of the Veneti around the riverVistula. The lands east of the Rhine,Elbe, Oder, and west of the Vistula

river were referred to as MagnaGermania by Tacitus in AD 98.Tacitus states that they were tall,blonde to brown haired, long-skulled.

"Indeed, some of them donot wear even a shirt or acloak, but gathering theirtrews up as far as to theirprivate parts they enterinto battle with theiropponents. And both thetwo peoples have also the same language, an utterly barbarous tongue. Nay further, they do not differ atall from one another in appearance. For they are all exceptionally tall and stalwart men, while theirbodies and hair are neither very fair or blond, nor indeed do they incline entirely to the dark type, butthey are all slightly ruddy in color."

Romans occupied the land west of the Rhine. From Romanticism, the allochthonic school theorem is that the 6thcentury authors re-applied this ethnonym to hitherto unknown Slavic tribes, whence the later designation "Wends"for Slavic tribes, and medieval legends purporting a connection between Poles and Vandals.The Slavs under name of Venethi , the Antes and theSclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the

early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527-565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanesand Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danubeand the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.Jordanes mentions that the Venethi sub-divided into three groups: theVenethi , the Antes and the Sklavens

(Sclovenes , Sklavinoi ). The Byzantine termSklavinoi was loaned asSaqaliba by medieval Arab historiographers.

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Scenarios of ethnogenesis

Areas of Slavic 'homeland', according to Mallory

The Globular Amphora culture stretchesfrom the middle Dniepr to the Elbe in thelate 4th and early 3rd millennia BC. It hasbeen suggested as the locus of a

Germano-Balto-Slavic continuum (compareGermanic substrate hypothesis), but theidentification of its bearers asIndo-Europeans is uncertain. The area of this culture contains numerous tumuli -typical for IE originators.

The Chernoles culture (8th to 3rd c. BC,sometimes associated with the "Scythianfarmers" of Herodotus) is "sometimes

portrayed as either a state in thedevelopment of the Slavic languages or atleast some form of late Indo-Europeanancestral to the evolution of the Slavicstock."[15] The Milograd culture (700 BC -

100 AD), centered roughly on present-day Belarus, north of the contemporaneous Chernoles culture, has also beenproposed as ancestral to either Slavs or Balts.

The ethnic composition of the bearers of the Przeworsk culture (2nd c. BC to 4th c. AD, associated with the Lugii) of central and southern Poland, northern Slovakia and Ukraine, including the Zarubintsy culture (2nd c. BC to 2nd c.AD, also connected with the Bastarnae tribe) and the Oksywie culture are other candidates.The area of southern Ukraine is known to have been inhabited by Scythian and Sarmatian tribes prior to thefoundation of the Gothic kingdom. Early Slavic stone stelae found in the middle Dniestr region are markedlydifferent from the Scythian and Sarmatian stelae found in the Crimea.

Daily Life of Eastern Slavs , by Sergei Ivanov.

The (Gothic) Wielbark Culture displaced the eastern Oksywie part of the Przeworsk culture from the 1st century AD. While theChernyakhov culture (2nd to 5th c. AD, identified with themulti-ethnic kingdom established by the Goths immigrating from theWielbark culture) leads to the decline of the late Sarmatian culture inthe 2nd to 4th centuries, the western part of the Przeworsk culture

remains intact until the 4th century, and the Kiev culture flourishesduring the same time, in the 2nd-5th c. AD. This latter culture isrecognized as the direct predecessor of the Prague-Korchak andPen'kovo cultures (6th-7th c. AD), the first archaeological cultures thebearers of which are indisputably identified as Slavic. Proto-Slavic is thus likely to have reached its final stage in theKiev area; there is, however, substantial disagreement in the scientific community over the identity of the Kievculture's predecessors, with some scholars tracing it from the Ruthenian Milograd culture, others from the"Ukrainian" Chernoles and Zarubintsy cultures and still others from the "Polish" Przeworsk culture. The Kiev culturewas overrun by the Huns around 370 AD, which may have triggered the Proto-Slavic expansion to the historicallocations of the Slavic languages.

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Genetics

Haplogroup R1a Distribution

Global Haplogroup R1a1 Distribution

The modern Slavic peoples come from a wide variety of geneticbackgrounds. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a[16] ranges from63.39% by the Sorbs, 56.4% in Poland , 54% in Ukraine, 47% inRussia and 39% in Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7%

in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina.[17] Haplogroup R1a may beconnected to the spread of Proto-Indo-Europeans (see Kurganhypothesis for more information).

A new study[9] studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of thisstudy are that:

1. Two genetically distant groups of Slavic populations were revealed:One encompassing all Western-Slavic, Eastern-Slavic, and twoSouthern-Slavic populations (north-western Croats, Slovenes), and

one encompassing all remaining Southern Slavs. According to theauthors most Slavic populations have similar Y chromosomepools — R1a, and this similarity can be traced to an origin in themiddle Dnieper basin of Ukraine during the Late Glacial Maximum15 kya.[18]

2. However, some southern Slavic populations such as Macedoniansand Bulgarians are clearly separated from the tight DNA cluster of the rest of the Slavic populations. According to the authors this phenomenon is explained by "...contribution to theY chromosomes of peoples who settled in the Balkan region before the Slavic expansion to the genetic heritage of Southern Slavs..."[18]

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N in their genome. Postulated to originate fromSouth-East Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in thereport)[19]attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia).

Slavic migrations

Slavic tribes, mid seventh century AD.

According to eastern homeland theory prior to becoming known to theRoman world, Slavic speaking tribes were part of the manymulti-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia - such as the Sarmatian, Hun andGothic empires.[20] The Slavs emerged from obscurity when thewestward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries AD(thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples fromSiberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) startedthe great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned byGermanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into thecountry between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward intoBohemia, Moravia, much of present day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along theupper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.[21]

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The "Sklavinias " in the Balkans, 7th - 8thcenturies

Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in greatnumbers.[22]The Byzantine records note that grass wouldn't regrow inplaces where the Slavs had marched through, so great were theirnumbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and AsiaMinor were reported to have Slavic settlements.[23] This southern

movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion.[24]

Bythe end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps region.

Early Slavic states

When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations,each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation,and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the rulerof the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler.This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territoryof this realm withCarantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (seeunder Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality,but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern andsouthern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire, ruled by a core of Bulgars, was founded in AD 681. After theirsubsequent Slavicisation, it was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavicworld.

AssimilationThroughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated "homeland" region(present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with Sarmatians andthe Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread,they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such asThracians, Illyrians and Greeks. Having lost their indigenous language due to persistent Hellenisation and the Romanconquest, what remained of the Thracians and Illyrians were completely absorbed into the Slavic tribes, the most

notable exceptions being Romanians. Later invaders such as Bulgars and even Cumans mingled with the Slavs also,particularly in eastern parts (i.e. Bulgaria). Despite their cultural assimilation, one source states that only 15% of modern-day Bulgarians are of Slavic genetic origin, compared to 49% Thracian.[25]

In the westernBalkans,south Slavs and GermanicGepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing aSlavicised population. In central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic, Celtic and Raetian peoples, while theeastern Slavs encountered Uralicand Scandinavianpeoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) andFinnic peoples wereinvolved in the early formation of the Russian state but were completely Slavicised after a century. SomeFinno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Russian population.[19] At the time of theMagyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000,[26]who were eitherassimilated or enslaved by the Magyars.[26] In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkictribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer,heavily forested regions of the north.[27]In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia,

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Ethnic map of European Russia (1898)

World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states asCzechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of World War II was toexterminate, expel, or enslave most or all East and West Slavs from

their native lands so as to make living space for German settlers. Thisplan of genocide[34] was to be carried into effect gradually over aperiod of 25 – 30 years.

Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied bySlavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement amongintellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practicalpolitics and didn't find support in some nations that had Slavic origins.Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started touse it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in CentralEurope as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideologybecame associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with therepeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) wasa forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political unionof the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s alongwith the Soviet Union.

The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945), Yugoslavia (1943 – 1992)and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992 – 2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003 – 2006).

Religion and alphabetMost Slavic populations gradually adopted Christianity between 6th and 10th century, and consequently their oldpagan beliefs declined. See also Rodnovery.The majority of contemporary Slavs who profess a religion are Eastern Orthodox (and/or Greek Catholic) andRoman Catholic. A very small minority are Protestant, mainly in the north. In the south, Bosniaks and some minoritygroups are Sunni Muslim. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; in many Slavic ethnic groups thevast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: recent estimates suggest18% in Russia.[35]and 59% in the Czech Republic.[36].

Mainly Eastern Orthodox:

• Bulgarians• Macedonians• Montenegrins• Russians• Serbs• Ukrainians

Mainly Protestant:

• Silesians (maintly in Cieszyn Silesia)

Mainly Roman Catholic:

• Bunjevci• Croats• Kaszubians• Krashovans• Moravians• Poles• Silesians• Slovaks• Slovenes

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Mainly Muslim:

• Bosniaks• Gorani• Pomaks• Torbesh (Macedonian Muslims)• Muslims by nationality

Mainly Atheist or agnostic:

• Czechs

Religious mixtures:

• Belarusians (Russian Orthodox/Roman Catholics)• Sorbs (Catholic/Protestant)• Yugoslavs[37](Roman Catholic/Orthodox/Muslim/Atheist)

The Orthodox/Catholic religious divisions become further exacerbated by the use of the Cyrillic alphabet by theOrthodox and Greek Catholics and of the Roman alphabet by Roman Catholics. However, the Serbian language andMontenegrin language can be written using both the Cyrillic and Roman alphabets. There is also a Latin script towrite in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Ethnocultural subdivisions

Present-day distribution of Slavic languages andlanguage groups.

Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three majorsubgroups: East Slavs, West Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a

different and a diverse background based on unique history, religionand culture of particular Slavic group within them. The East Slavs mayall be traced to Slavic-speaking populations that were looselyorganized under the Kievan Rus' empire beginning in the 10th centuryA.D. Almost all of the South Slavs can be traced to ethnic Slavs whomixed with the local European population of the Balkans (Illyrians,Dacians/Thracians, Greeks, Romans, Celts); with some Slavs of modern-day Bulgaria mixing with later invaders from the East, theBulgars. They were particularly influenced by the Byzantine Empireand the Orthodox Church, although Catholicism and Latin influenceswere more pertinent in Dalmatia. The West Slavs and the Slovenes donot share either of these backgrounds, as they expanded to the West and integrated into the cultural sphere of Western (Roman Catholic) Christianity around this time also mixing with nearby Germanic tribes.

In addition there has been a tendency to consider the category of Northern Slavs. Presently this category isconsidered to be of East and West Slavs, in opposition to South Slavs, however in 19th century opinions aboutindividual languages/ethnicities varied.Some of the following subdivisions remain debatable, particularly for smaller groups and national minorities.

East Slavs

• Russians

• Goryuns• Kamchadals• Lipovan Russians• Polekhs• Pomors

• Ukrainians

• Bojko• Hutsuls• Lemko4

• Poleszuks2

• Belarusians

• Poleszuks2

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See also• Early Slavs• Slavic languages• Early East Slavs• East Slavs

• European ethnic groups• Gord (Slavic settlement)• Lech, Czech and Rus• List of ethnic groups• Pan-Slavic colours• Pan-Slavism• Slavic mythology• South Slavs• West Slavs• North Slavic languages

• Slavisphere• Slavistics• Slavic names• Other European ethnic groups:

• Baltic peoples• Brythonic peoples• Celtic peoples• Finno-Ugric peoples• Italic peoples• Germanic peoples• Romance peoples• Thracian peoples• Illyrian peoples• Uralic peoples

References• Balanovsky, Oleg,et al. . 2008. Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context[40].

American Journal of Human Genetics , 10 January 2008, 82(1): 236-250.• Barford, P. M. 2001.The Early Slavs. Culture and Society in Early Medieval Europe. Cornell University Press.

2001. ISBN 0-9014-3977-9.• Bernstein, S. B. 1961.Очерк сравнительной грамматики славянских языков , vol. 1-2. Moscow.• Bideleux, Robert. 1998. History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change . Routledge.• Buchanan, Donna Anne. 2006. Performing Democracy: Bulgarian Music and Musicians in Transition [41].

(Google Books preview.) Univ. of Chicago Press. Series: Chicago studies in ethnomusicology. ISBN0-226-07826-4

• Český statistický úřad (Czech Statistical Office). 2006. Obyvatelstvo hlásící se k jednotlivým církvím anáboženským společnostem[42].

• Eichholtz, Dietrich. 2004. »Generalplan Ost« zur Versklavung osteuropäischer Völker[43]. UTOPIE kreativ ,September 2004, 167: 800-808.

• Eigeland, Tor. 1976. The golden caliphate[44]. Saudi Aramco World , September/October 1976, pp. 12 – 16.

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• Lacey, Robert. 2003.Great Tales from English History . Little, Brown and Company. New York. 2004. ISBN0-316-10910-X.

• Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East . Oxford Univ. Press.• Mango, Cyril. 1980. Cyril Mango. Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome [45]. Scribner's.• Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou, Maria. 1992.The "Macedonian Question": A Historical Review [46]. © Association

Internationale d'Etudes du Sud-Est Europeen (AIESEE, International Association of Southeast European Studies),Comité Grec. Corfu: Ionian University. (English translation of a 1988 work written in Greek.)

• Peričić, Marijana,et al. . 2005. High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major

Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations [47]. Molecular Biology and Evolution , 2005 22(10):1964-1975; doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185.

• Rębała, Krzysztof,et al. . 2007. Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middleDnieper basin[48]. Journal of Human Genetics , May 2007, 52(5): 408-414.

• Religare.ru . 2007. Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше[49]. 6 June 2007.

• Semino, Ornella,et al. . 2000. The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: a Y

Chromosome Perspective[50]

. (Abstract.)Science , 10 November 2000, 290: 1155-1159.• Tachiaos, Anthony-Emil N. 2001.Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs .Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.

• Trubačev, O. N. 1985. Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs: The Ancient Slavs as Evidenced by Etymologyand Onomastics. Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES)[51], 13: 203-256.

External links• The Slavonic Antiquity[52]by Sergei V. Rjabchikov• Lozinski, B. Philip (1964, 2004). "The Name SLAV"[53]. in Ferguson, Alan D.; Levin, Alfred. Essays in Russian

History, A collection dedicated to George Vernadsky . Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, Vassil Karloukovski.pp. 19 – 30..

• Kortlandt, Frederik. "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO SLAVIC"[54](PDF). Frederik Kortlandt.Retrieved 2008-09-06.

• THE ORIGIN OF THE BALTIC, GERMAN AND SLAVIC PEOPLE. THE ICELAND AGES[55]

• "Najstariji period istorije Slovena (Venedi, Sloveni i Anti)"[56]- N. S. Deržavin• SLOVENI: UNDE ORTI ESTIS? SLOVÁCI, KDE SÚ VAŠE KORENE?[57], by Cyril A. Hromník (mainly in

Slova).• Site about Slavics, Slavic Countries, Cultures, Languages, etc[58](mainly in Russian)• The early wars between the Macedonian Slavs and the Byzantines[59](from medieval sources)• "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective"

[50]

• | (1913). "The Slavs"[60]. Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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References[1] Geography and ethnic geography of the Balkans to 1500 (http://www. lib.msu. edu/sowards/balkan/lecture1. html)[2] Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold? (http://www. theglobalist.com/printStoryId. aspx?StoryId=3727), The Globalist, 23

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[38] Who are we, LEMKOs (http://lemko.org/lih/whoarewe.html)[39] Buchanan 2006: 11[40] http://www. sciencedirect. com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4RHHD95-12&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F10%2F2008&

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[42] http://www. czso. cz/csu/2003edicniplan.nsf/o/ 4110-03--obyvatelstvo_hlasici_se_k_jednotlivym_cirkvim_a_nabozenskym_spolecnostem

[43] http://www. rosalux. de/cms/fileadmin/rls_uploads/pdfs/167eichholtz.pdf [44] http://www. saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197605/the.golden. caliphate. htm[45] http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/med/mango.html[46] http://www. hri. org/cgi-bin/brief?/docs/macque/ [47] http://mbe. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/content/abstract/22/10/1964

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[48] http://www. springerlink. com/content/c3ht013txp686v71/ [49] http://www. religare. ru/article42432.htm[50] http://hpgl. stanford. edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155. pdf [51] http://www. jies. org[52] http://slavonicweb. chat. ru/slavonic. htm[53] http://www. kroraina. com/fadlan/lozinski.html[54] http://www. kortlandt. nl/publications/art066e.pdf

[55] http://kestutisturbo. sitesled.com/ [56] http://macedonian. atspace. com/knigi/derz_Slov.htm[57] http://indaba. i8. com/stranky/historia/hist01.html[58] http://slavicworld. org/ [59] http://macedonian. atspace. com/knigi/mnu_mkslv.htm[60] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wikisource%3Acatholic_encyclopedia_%281913%29%2Fthe_slavs

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Article Sources and Contributors 17

Article Sources and ContributorsSlavic peoples Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=369219174Contributors : 1111tomica, 130.94.122.xxx, 157.228.x.x, 2222, 3rdAlcove, A Balanced View, Aaker, AdrianTM,Aec is away, Aecis, Aeusoes1, AimLook, Aitias, AjaxSmack, Ajdebre, Al-Iskandar Tzaraath, Alansohn, Aldux, Ales hurko, Alex '05, Alex earlier account, AlexWelens, Alfio, Altenmann,Aminullah, Amire80, Andre Engels, Andrew Levine, AndriyK, Andrwsc, Andy Marchbanks, Angr, Ani td, Anthony Appleyard, Antidote, Appleseed, Arcot, Arguepower22, Arinzulej, Arseni,Arthena, Artur Buchhorn, Atif.t2, Ausir, Avgapon, Avs5221, Aymatth2, Azalea pomp, Azrael Nightwalker, BalkanFever, Balkantropolis, Barracks23, Bart133, Barticus88, Bbrynn, Beatle FabFour, Beaumont, Behemoth, Beland, BignBad, Binabik80, Bluewind, Bnwwf91, Bobanni, Boccobrock, Bogdan, Bogdangiusca, Bokpasa, Bomac, Boraczek, Borislav, Boscovic, Bosniak, Bosoni,Brentford, Brianski, BrightBlackHeaven, Bryan Derksen, Bubbha, Bv3r, CALR, Caesura, Caius2ga, CalicoCatLover, Calvin 1998, Calwiki, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canglesea, Cantus,

CatherineMunro, Cautious, Celtmist, Che829, ChrisO, Clintongormley, Closedmouth, Codex Sinaiticus, Colonel Mustard, Conversion script, CormanoSanchez, Croatos, Cybercobra, Cyberevil,Czechios, D, DIREKTOR, Dado, Dali, Damieng, DanSlovakia, Dangerous-Boy, Dantheman531, DarkWolfy88, Darklilac, Darlene4, Datastat, David Kernow, David Latapie, Dawidbernard,Dbachmann, DeLarge, Denghu, Denitsa The Truth Seeker, Denoir, Derek Ross, Detruncate, Deucalionite, Deville, Digwuren, Dimitrii, Dina, Discospinster, Dmerrill, Domitius, Doomy08, DoricLoon, Dougweller, Dovbush, Dr Aleksandar Karanovic, Dr.Gonzo, DragonflySixtyseven, Drc79, DropDeadGorgias, Duja, Dzivdzan, Ebizur, Ec.Domnowall, Ed Poor, EdnaMakedonija, Edwy,Eleassar, Emax, Epbr123, Ergative rlt, Ernst-Günther Baade, Eru9, EvanProdromou, Evlekis, Eworto, Fabartus, Fatmanonthehorse, Fidelia, Filipgd, Fisenko, Fitzwilliam, Flibjib8, Francis Tyers,Frank Duurvoort, Frank Warmerdam, Fratrep, Friendly Neighbour, Frinkus, Frvernchanezzz, FunkyFly, Funnybunny, Future Perfect at Sunrise, GMcGath, Gabbe, Gaius Cornelius, Garzo,Gaston28, Gdarin, Gdo01, Geog1, Georgius, Ghirlandajo, Gilgamesh, Giraffedata, Girisha-jin, GooglePedia12, Graham87, Greatestrowerever, Grim23, Gurch, Hadal, Hairy Dude, Halibutt,Hartknoch, Hectorian, Heron, Hier0phant, Himasaram, Hlada, Homunculus 2, Horlo, Hu12, Humanophage, Hurmata, Hvn0413, Hxseek, I'mDown, Igiffin, Igodard, Igor, Incnis Mrsi,Indymediacentral, InsidiousCretin, Insineratehymn, Interestedinfairness, Interfector, Iopq, Irek Biernat, Irpen, Islamablad, Itai, Itinerant, Ivan Štambuk, Izmir lee, J Di, J.delanoy, J04n,JASpencer, Jack Upland, Jagged 85, Jajafe, Jakob Stevo, Jalen, Jameswilson, Jan.Kamenicek, Janus Shadowsong, Java7837, Jayjg, Jazbar, JdeJ, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeremy221, Jingiby, Jj137,Jketola, John Riemann Soong, Jonah Castor, Jonnabuz, JorisvS, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jossi, Joy, Jros83, JulieADriver, Juro, Kairos, Kapnisma, Kasnie, Katieh5584, Keep it Fake, Kenyon,Khoikhoi, Khukri, Khyber87, Kidmonkeyrock, Kirill Lokshin, Kjetil r, Klucz, Koavf, Korovioff, Koshki, Kostja, Kotniski, Kpalion, Kpjas, Ksenon, Kuban kazak, Kubigula, Kungfuadam,Kusma, Kwamikagami, LUCPOL, Lacrimosus, Landonjfox, Laovski, Larsobrien, Last dawn, Laveol, Le Anh-Huy, Lightmouse, Ligulem, LilHelpa, Local hero, Looper5920, Lord Eru, Lorn10,Lykantrop, Lysy, M.V.E.i., MAC475, ML, MONGO, Mack2, Mactruth, Magioladitis, Mahal11, Mallerd, Mamalala, Marek69, Marinko, Marquez, Marsound, Marysunshine, Matt.T, Matthead,Matthew Yeager, Mattis, Mav, Maxamegalon2000, Merewyn, Methodius12, Mhus, MichaelTinkler, Michal Nebyla, Mike Babic, Mike Rosoft, Mikedudeghim, Mikko Paananen, Mikmd, MirHarven, Miraceti, Mirage5000, Mirv, Misterspin3045, Mkd07, Mogtheforgetfulcat, Mohsenkazempur, Molobo, Momusufan, Mrlopez2681, Mukadderat, Mzajac, N for Neutral, Naive cynic,Nascigl, Nasz, Nat Krause, NawlinWiki, Nedimm, Neilc, Nerby, NeutralBosnian, Neutraliza, Neverlose1, Nik ethel, NikNovi, Nikola Smolenski, Nikostar, Ninetyone, Nixer, No such user,Novium, Nozdref, Nv8200p, Nyletak, Oberst, Odjebikonju, Ogneslav, Ojciec, Olab2000, Olahus, Olessi, Olvegg, Orczar, Ortis12, Ostap R, OstapBender1900, PANONIAN, PMK1,PRODUCER, Pan Piotr Glownia, PaperTruths, Pauli133, Paulus Caesar, Pavel Vozenilek, PaxEquilibrium, Paxse, Pedant17, Pernambuko, Peterlin, Petri Krohn, Philippe, Piano non troppo,PinnY89, Piotrus, Planemo, Plantago, Plastikspork, Poetaris, Poeticbent, Poko, Pokrajac, Politis, Priorrock3, Przes, Psychonaut, Pudeo, Purpleturple, Pádraic MacUidhir, Quercusbasaseachicensis, R'n'B, R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine), R9tgokunks, RAWIRON, Radomil, Rami R, Rave92, Reisender, Revizionist, RexNL, Rgvis, Rich Farmbrough, Rmhermen, Romanm,Ronwa, Rossen4, Royboycrashfan, Ruhrjung, Runeviper11, Rusyn, Ruyn, Ryan, SOPHIAN, SP-KP, Saimdusan, Sam Francis, Sannse, Scooter20, Seba, Secretlondon, Selfworm, Senzangakhona,Sergiymelnyk, Serpent's Choice, Seventypercent, Sfahey, Shauri, Sideshow Bob, Sieger, SimonP, SineWave, Skäpperöd, Slav, Smack, Smith03, Som, Space Cadet, Spencer, SpookyMulder,Stephan Schulz, Steve Welton, Stjeanp, StrongmanRS, Stubes99, Sudowite, Sulejman, SuperHamster, Sylius, Szac, Szaczaszczy, Szopen, Tabletop, Tailpinx, Taketa, Talidari, Tamajared, TaraEckersberg, Tavrian, Taw, Telex, The Thing That Should Not Be, Therascal99, Thorsten1, Thue, Thv, Tigga en, TimBentley, Timberframe, Tkynerd, Tobby72, TodorBozhinov, TomS, Tracian,Treisijs, Tridesch, Trtrtr123456, Tsujigiri, Ttturbo, Turlo Lomon, Twalls, UCZK, Ultip, Ultra sonic generator, Uptip, Utecougar, Utilp, VKokielov, VMORO, Vanara, Vancouverguy, Vedran,Vergina, Viator slovenicus, VicFromTheBlock, Vladar86, Voyevoda, WJBscribe, Wavetossed, Wayfarer, Wetman, What is it?, Wiglaf, Wikid77, Wikieditor06, Wikiisunbiased, Will Beback,Windyhead, Wizzard, Wknight94, WolfgangPeters, WolfmanSF, Woohookitty, World-history-Wiki, WpZurp, Wronkiew, XJamRastafire, Xcor, Xe7al, Yakudza, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yeti, Yolgnu,Yugoslav14, Zenit4ever, Zocky, Zoe, £, СЛУЖБА, Саша Стефановић, 1098 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Slavic europe.svg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavic_europe.svg License : GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors : User:CrazyPhunkFile:Balto-Slavic lng.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Balto-Slavic_lng.png License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors : User:HxseekFile:Slavic distribution origin.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavic_distribution_origin.png License : GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors : Badseed,Bukkia, Imz, Joey-das-WBF, Koryakov Yuri, Salva2004, Thuresson, 1 anonymous editsFile:Origins 500A.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Origins_500A.png License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors : Original uploader was Hxseek aten.wikipediaFile:Slavarchaeology.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavarchaeology.png License : Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors : D6, HxseekFile:Living of East Slavs by Ivanov.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Living_of_East_Slavs_by_Ivanov.jpg License : unknownContributors : Al3xil, Berillium,Mladifilozof, VissarionFile:Distribution Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Distribution_Haplogroup_R1a_Y-DNA.svg License : GNU Free Documentation License Contributors : User:CratesFile:GlobalR1a1a.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GlobalR1a1a.png License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors : HxseekFile:Origins 700.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Origins_700.png License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors : User:HxseekFile:Slavic tribes in the Balkans.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavic_tribes_in_the_Balkans.png License : Creative Commons Attribution 3.0Contributors :Original uploader was Hxseek at en.wikipediaFile:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png License : GNU Free Documentation LicenseContributors : User:WmeinhartFile:Slaven.jpg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slaven.jpg License : Public DomainContributors : August Heinrich PetermannFile:Austria-Hungary (ethnic).JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Austria-Hungary_(ethnic).JPG License : Public DomainContributors : Richard AndreeFile:Russia ethnic.JPG Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russia_ethnic.JPG License : Public DomainContributors : own scanFile:Slavic languages.png Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slavic_languages.png License : Public DomainContributors : User:BrianskiFile:wikisource-logo.svg Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikisource-logo.svg License : logo Contributors : Nicholas Moreau

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