S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young, E.P. Beall, & D.E. Fast...
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Transcript of S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young, E.P. Beall, & D.E. Fast...
S.L. Schroder, C.M. Knudsen, T.N. Pearsons, T.W. Kassler, S.F. Young,E.P. Beall, & D.E. Fast
Breeding Success Of Four Male Life History Types In Spring Chinook Salmon Spawning Under Quasi-Natural Conditions
Spring Chinook Spawning Communities Are Generally Thought Of As Assemblages Of Large Anadromous Fish
However, A Variety Of Alternative Male Life History Types Occur On Spawning Grounds
At The Cle Elum Supplementation Research Facility:
•37 – 49% Of All Males MaturedAt Age 2 (Larsen et al. 2004) (1999 – 2007 = 125,000/yr; Pearsons et al. 2009)
• Males Maturing At Age 3 increased From 8.5% To 22.9% After One Generation Of Culture (Knudsen et al. 2006)
• Similar Decreases in Male Age At Maturity Have Been Observed In Other Hatcheries (e.g. Gebhards 1960; Mullan et al. 1992)
And Their Abundance May Increase Due To Artificial Culture
1) Must Know Their Abundance On The Spawning Grounds, and
2) Their Relative Breeding Success Under Natural Conditions
What Genetic Effects Might Enhanced Numbers Of Early Maturing Males Have On Wild Spring Chinook Populations?
Created 7 Test Groups ConsistingOf Anadromous Females
& MalesWith Up To Four Different Life
History Strategies
The Artificial Stream At Cle Elum
Types Of Fish In The Test Groups
Anadromous 4 & 5 yr –old males & Females:
(“Large Anadromous Fish”)
Anadromous 3-yr-old males:(“Jacks”)
Hatchery Origin “Yearling Precocious Male”
Wild Origin “Yearling Precocious Males”
Types Of Fish In The Test Groups
Wild “Sub Yearling PrecociousMale”
Types Of Fish In The Test Groups
Prior To Placement In The Artificial Stream Each Fish Was:
And, A Small Bit Of Fin Material Was Removed For Later DNA Extraction
The Fish Were Released Into The Artificial Stream & Spawned Under Quasi-Natural Conditions
Fish No.s & Types Placed Into The Artificial
Stream
Test GroupNo. Of Females
No. Of Lg Anadromous
MalesNo. Of Jacks
No. Of Yr Precocious
Males
No. Of Sub Yearling
Precocious
2001 A 16 21 3 - -
2001 B 17 18 2 5 5
2002 A 22 22 2 6 -
2002 B 17 16 2 6 -
2003 24 24 6 13 7
2004 20 29 4 12 -
2005 23 25 4 8 8
Totals 139 155 23 50 20
All Fry Produced From The Artificial Stream Were Trapped & Counted
10% Of The Fry Were Sub-sampled & a Pedigree Analysis Using Micro-satellite DNA Was Performed To
Assign Parentage
Fry Production
Test GroupFry
Produced
No. Of Fry Assigned To
Parents% Of Population
Assigned
2001 A 18,960 991 5.2%
2001 B 42,263 780 1.8%
2002 A 45,889 1.566 3.4%
2002 B 37,141 1,264 3.4%
2003 64,494 2,750 4.3%
2004 47,140 2,892 6.1%
2005 49,552 2,973 6.0%
TOTALS 305,439 13,216 4.3%
Calculating Male Breeding Success
IBrS or Individual Breeding Success = Progeny In The 10% Fry Sample No. Of Fry In 10% Sample
And the mean breeding success for a male type in each test group =
Mean BrS MALE TYPE A = (∑ IBrS1 + IBrS2 + . . . IBrSn) ∕ (nA),
Where nA = Number of Males Of Type A in a test group
Results Were Examined In Two Ways
Individual Effects1)Size2)Tertiary Sex Ratios3)Mate Numbers
Population Effects1)Tertiary Sex Ratios2)Prevalence Of The Male Life History Types
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
LgAnadromous
Jack Hat Yr P Wild Yr P Sub Yr P
Male Life History Type
For
k L
engt
h (
mm
)
Mean Fork Lengths Of The Male Life History Types
0
5
10
15
20
25
3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
Body Wt In Kilograms
Arc
sin
e B
reed
ing
Su
cces
sBody Wt vs. Breeding Success In Large
Anadromous Males
r2 = 0.32P = 0.004
r2 = 0.03P = 0.473
Breeding Success Vs. Fork Length In Precocious Males
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
75 95 115 135 155 175 195 215
Precocious Male Fork Length
Bre
edin
g S
ucc
ess
Effect Of Tertiary Sex Ratio On Individual Male Breeding Success
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Tertiary Sex Ratio
Mea
n A
rcsi
ne
Bre
edin
g S
ucc
ess
Lg Anadromous
Jacks
Yr Precocious
Mate Number & Breeding Success By Male Life History Type
2003 Test Group
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
No. Of Mates (sqrt)
Arc
sine
Bre
edin
g Su
cces
s
Lg Anadromous
Jacks
Yr P's
2003 Test Group
Fry Per Mate By Male Life History Type
0
200
400
600
800
Anadromous Males Jacks Yr P's
Male Life History Type: 2003 Test Group
Mea
n F
ry P
er M
ate
Male Life History Type
Lg Anadromous
Jacks
Yr P Males > Sub Yr P Males
Comparisons Among Male Life History Types
Comparison
= Yr P Males, > Jacks, > Sub Yr P Males
= Yr P Males, > Sub Yr P Males
Mean Mate Number By Life History Type
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Lg Anadromous Yr P Males Jacks Sub Yr P Males
Male Life History Type
Mea
n N
o. O
f M
ates
Mean Individual Breeding Success By Male Life History Type
012345
LargeAnadromous
Jacks Yr P Male Sub Yr P Male
Male Life History Type
Mea
n B
reed
ing
Su
cces
s
Relative Breeding Success Of The Life History Types
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Lg Anadromous Jack Yr P Male Sub Yr P Male
Male Life History Type
Bre
edin
g S
ucc
ess
Rel
ativ
e T
o L
arge
An
adro
mou
s M
ales
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Males Per Female (Tertiary Sex Ratio)
Arc
sin
e %
Of
Fry
Pro
du
ced
Lg Anadromous
Jacks
Yr P Males
Sub Yr P Males
Tertiary Sex Ratios Vs. Progeny Paternity
% Male Life History Type Vs. Progeny Paternity
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00
Arcsine % Of Population Made Up Of A Male Type
Arc
sin
e %
Of
Fry
Pop
ula
tion
Null
Lg Anadromous
Jack
Yr P's
0 P's
% Male Life History Type Vs. Progeny Paternity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Arcsine % Of Population Made Up Of A Male Type
Arc
sin
e %
Of
Fry
Pop
ula
tion
Null
Atl. Parr
Atlantic Males
Atlantic Males
Atl. Parr
Special Thanks To:
Yakama Nation Staff
WDFW Genetics LaboratoryJIM SHAKLEE, ALICE FRYE, JENNIFER VON BARGEN, NORM SWITZLER, CHERRIL BOWMAN,MO SMALL, JANET LOXTERMAN, & DENISE HAWKINS
WDFW Science Division StaffANTHONY FRITTS, GENE SANBORN, ED BEALL, JORDAN VANDAL, KURT FRESH, ERIC VOLK, ROCHELLE SHIPLEY, CHRIS WALDBILLIG, VAL TRIBBLE, SHAWNA STILTNER,& DEBBIE FIELDMAN
CESRF: CHARLES STROM, VERON BOGAR, SIMON GOUDY, QUINN JONES,ANNIE JO PARRISH, & DAN BARRETT
ROZA: MARK JOHNSTON, JOE HOPTOWIT, GERRY LEWIS, RAY DECOTEAU, & ANTOINE MAREK
NELSON SPRINGS: BILL BOSCH, DAVE LIND, & PAUL HUFFMAN
Bonneville Power AdministrationDAVID BYRNES AND PATTY SMITH