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EssEntial KnowlEdgE

REfEREncE BooKlEt

Compulsory reference material for:

ANG-3101-2 Joining a Community

ANG-3102-1 It’s a Matter of Taste

ANG-3103-1 Communicating Information

ANG-4101-2 Dare to Compare

ANG-4102-1 Stories

ANG-4103-1 Expressing Feelings and Opinions

ANG-5101-2 Examining Issues

ANG-5102-1 Suggestions and Advice

ANG-5103-1 Influencing Others

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2nd

Edition

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acKnowlEdgEmEnts

Project Manager: Jo-Ann Stanton

Main Writer: Michèle Ortiz

Contributors: Alexandra Coutlée

Nicholas Gallagher

Jo-Ann Stanton

Susanne Viktora

First Edition (2013)

Content Revisor: Christine Béliveau

Copy Editor: Pouzeli inc.

Graphic Designer: Robin Patterson

Proofreader: Michèle Ortiz

Second Edition (2015)

Content Revisor: Karine Bellefeuille

Copy Editor: Karine Bellefeuille

Graphic Designer: Robin Patterson

Proofreader: Michèle Ortiz

First Printing: March 2015

Reprint: February 2016

© Société de formation à distance des commissions scolaires du Québec

All rights for translation and adaptation, in whole or in part, reserved for all countries. Any reproduction by mechanical or electronic means, including micro-reproduction, is forbidden without the written permission of a duly authorized representative of the Société de formation à distance des commissions scolaires du Québec (SOFAD).

Legal Deposit—2015

Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec

Library and Archives Canada

ISBN: 978-2-89493-510-1 (print)ISBN: 978-2-89493-560-6 (PDF)

iii© SOFAD

Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Contents

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contEnts

List of Tables �� xPresentation �� xiiiHow to Use the Reference Booklet �� xiii

linguistic KnowlEdgE ��1majoR linguistic catEgoRiEs ��3

adjEctivEs ��5Placement of Adjectives �� 5Adjectives Ending in –ing and –ed �� 5Proper Adjectives �� 6Possessive Adjectives �� 6Demonstrative Adjectives �� 7Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive �� 7Adjectives of Quantity �� 7Compound Adjectives and Nouns as Modifiers �� 8Order of Adjectives �� 8

advERBs ��10Adverbs of Frequency �� 10Adverbs of Degree �� 11Adverbs of Time �� 11Adverbs of Purpose �� 12Adverbs of Quantity �� 12Adverbs Used to Show Similarity and Difference �� 12Adverbs of Manner �� 12Adverbs of Place �� 13Position of Adverbs �� 13

aRticlEs and QuantifiERs ��15Articles �� 15

Definite Articles �� 15Indefinite Articles �� 15Negative Articles �� 15Article Omission �� 16

Indefinite Quantifiers �� 16conjunctions ��18

Coordinating Conjunctions �� 18

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

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Correlative Conjunctions �� 18Subordinating Conjunctions �� 19

gERunds ��21As Subjects �� 21As Objects �� 21After a Preposition �� 21

modal auxiliaRiEs ��22Ability: Can and Be Able To �� 23Possibility: May, Might and Could �� 25Polite Requests: Could and Would �� 27Obligation / Prohibition: Must and Have To �� 27Permission: May and Can �� 29Advice: Should �� 30

nouns ��31Proper Nouns �� 31Common Nouns �� 32

Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 32Collective Nouns �� 32Compound Nouns �� 33

Spelling: Hyphenated, Open or Closed �� 33Plural Forms �� 34

Possessive Nouns �� 34How to Form the Possessive �� 35

Forming Plurals �� 35Regular Plurals �� 35Irregular Plurals �� 36

PREPositions ��38Prepositions of Time �� 38Prepositions of Place �� 39Prepositions of Movement �� 40Prepositions Indicating Origin and Material �� 40Prepositions Indicating Subject or Topic �� 41Prepositions Indicating Omission �� 41

PRonouns ��42Personal Subject and Object Pronouns �� 42

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Possessive Pronouns �� 43Demonstrative Pronouns �� 43Relative Pronouns �� 44Indefinite Pronouns �� 45Reciprocal Pronouns�� 46Reflexive Pronouns �� 46Impersonal Pronouns �� 47

vERBs ��48Verb Inflections �� 48Participles: Present and Past �� 48To Be (Present and Past) �� 48Verb + Infinitive �� 50

Voice �� 50Active Voice �� 50Passive Voice �� 50

Verb Moods and Tenses �� 52Imperative Mood�� 52Indicative Mood �� 52

Simple Present Tense �� 53Present Progressive�� 54Present Perfect �� 55Present Perfect Progressive �� 56Present Perfect vs� Present Perfect Progressive �� 56Simple Past �� 57Present Perfect vs� Simple Past �� 58Past Progressive �� 59Past Perfect �� 60Past Perfect Progressive �� 61Simple Future �� 61Future With Be + Going To �� 62Future Progressive �� 63Future Perfect �� 63Future Perfect Progressive �� 64

Conditional Forms �� 65Conditional Tense �� 65

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First Conditional �� 66Second Conditional �� 66Third Conditional �� 66

Subjunctive Mood �� 66Irregular Verbs �� 67

othER linguistic ElEmEnts ��71comPaRativE and suPERlativE foRms �� 73

Comparatives �� 73Comparative Adjectives �� 73

Superiority, Inferiority and Equality �� 73With Modifiers �� 74Irregular Comparative Adjectives �� 75

Comparative Adverbs �� 76Comparative Adverb Formation �� 76Superiority, Inferiority and Equality �� 76Irregular Comparative Adverbs �� 77

Irregular Comparatives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 78Superlatives �� 78

Superlative Adjectives �� 78Superiority and Inferiority �� 78With Modifiers �� 79Irregular Superlative Adjectives �� 80

Superlative Adverbs �� 80Superiority and Inferiority �� 80Irregular Superlative Adverbs �� 81

Irregular Superlatives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 81oRthogRaPhy ��82

General Basic Spelling Rules �� 82I before E �� 82Final e before –ing �� 82Final e before Some Suffixes �� 82Double Last Consonant �� 83Changing y to ie �� 83Hyphen after Some Prefixes �� 83Adding –ly to Form an Adverb �� 83

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Exceptions �� 84Canadian, British, and American Spelling �� 84Capitalization �� 85Punctuation�� 85

At the End of a Sentence �� 85In a Sentence �� 86

Phonology ��88Contractions �� 88Pronunciation of –ed for the Past Tense of Regular Verbs �� 90Relaxed Pronunciation �� 91Silent Letters �� 92Syllable Stress �� 92Intonation for Questions �� 93Intonation for Emphasis �� 94

sEmantics ��95Prefixes and Suffixes �� 95Abbreviations �� 96

Abbreviations with Initial Letters �� 97Acronyms �� 97

Antonyms and Synonyms �� 99Cognates and False Cognates �� 99Heteronyms �� 100Homophones �� 101Metaphors and Similes �� 103Good vs� Well �� 103Make vs� Do �� 104Phrasal Verbs �� 105

sEntEncE stRuctuRE ��108Single Clause Sentence Structure �� 108

Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative (Question Form) �� 109Compound Sentence Structure �� 109Complex Sentence Structure �� 110Parallel Structure �� 111Questions �� 111

Open-Ended Questions �� 112

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Closed-Ended Questions �� 113Tag Questions �� 114

Reported Speech�� 114Direct Speech �� 114Indirect Speech �� 115Changing Direct to Indirect Speech �� 115

usEful stRuctuREs and ExPREssions ��117Expressing Emphasis �� 117Expressing Expectation �� 118Expressing Means or Methods �� 119Expressing Repeated Activities �� 119Expressing Suggestions �� 120Using There Is and There Are �� 121

tExtual KnowlEdgE ��123cohEREncE and cohEsion ��125

oRganization of idEas ��127Questions to Answers �� 127Chronological Order �� 127General to Specific �� 128Specific to General �� 128Climactic�� 129Statement to Example �� 129Claim to Counter-Claim �� 130Problem to Solution �� 130

tExtual cohEsion: agREEmEnt ��131Person, Number, Gender, Case Agreement �� 131Pronoun Antecedent Agreement �� 132Verb Agreement�� 132

tRansitional ExPREssions ��134Transitional Expressions of Addition �� 134Transitional Expressions of Comparison �� 134Transitional Expressions of Concession �� 134Transitional Expressions of Contrast �� 134Transitional Expressions of Emphasis �� 135Transitional Expressions for Examples �� 135

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Transitional Expressions of Intensification �� 135Transitional Expressions of Space �� 135Transitional Expressions of Summary �� 135Transitional Expressions of Time �� 136

tExtual oRganization ��137tExts: intERnal fEatuREs ��139

Language Register �� 139Formal Language �� 139Informal Language �� 139

Development of Oral Texts �� 140Organization, Layout and Components of Written Texts �� 140

tExts: ExtERnal fEatuREs ��142Context (How?) �� 142Purpose (Why?) �� 142

Informing �� 142Expressing �� 143Persuading �� 143

Target Audience (Who?) �� 143annEx ��145

how to PRoofREad a tExt ��147stEP 1: chEcK at woRd lEvEl ��148stEP 2: chEcK at sEntEncE lEvEl ��151stEP 3: chEcK at tExt lEvEl ��154stEP 4: chEcKlist ��156

indEx ��157

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Possessive Adjectives �� 6Demonstrative Adjectives �� 7Adjective Order �� 8Modal Auxiliaries (Summary) �� 22Modal Auxiliary – Can �� 23Be Able To, Affirmative Form �� 24Be Able To, Negative Form �� 24Be Able To, Question Form �� 25Modal Auxiliary – May �� 26Modal Auxiliary – Might �� 26Modal Auxiliary – Could �� 27Modal Auxiliary – Must �� 28Have To �� 28Do Not Have To �� 29Does Not Have To �� 29Modal Auxiliary – Should �� 30Regular Plural, Add –s�� 35Regular Plural, Add –es �� 36Prepositions of Time �� 38Prepositions of Place �� 39Prepositions of Movement �� 40Prepositions Indicating Origin and Material �� 40Prepositions Indicating Subject or Topic �� 41Prepositions Indicating Omission �� 41Personal Pronouns, Subject and Object �� 42Possessive Pronouns �� 43Demonstrative Pronouns �� 43Reflexive Pronouns �� 46Verb To Be, Affirmative Form �� 49Verb To Be, Negative Form �� 49Verb To Be, Question Form �� 49Verbs – Active and Passive Voices in Various Tenses �� 51Verb Tenses – Indicative Mood �� 52 Indicative Mood Tenses Graphic �� 53Verb Tenses – Simple Present �� 54Verb Tenses – Present Progressive �� 54Verb Tenses – Present Perfect �� 55Verb Tenses – Present Perfect Progressive �� 56Verb Tenses – Simple Past Regular and Irregular Verbs �� 58Verb Tenses – Present Perfect vs� Simple Past �� 59

list of taBlEs

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) List of Tables

< Second Edition >

Verb Tenses – Past Progressive �� 60Verb Tenses – Past Perfect �� 60Verb Tenses – Past Perfect Progressive �� 61Verb Tenses – Simple Future �� 62Verb Tenses – Future with Be + Going to �� 62Verb Tenses – Future Progressive �� 63Verb Tenses – Future Perfect �� 64Verb Tenses – Future Perfect Progressive �� 64Verb Tenses – Conditional Tense �� 65Common Irregular Verbs �� 67Common Irregular Verbs (continued) �� 68Common Irregular Verbs (continued) �� 69Comparative Adjectives of Superiority �� 73Comparative Adjectives of Inferiority �� 73Comparative Adjectives of Equality or Inequality �� 74Comparative Adjectives of Superiority Used with Modifiers �� 74Comparative Adjectives of Inferiority Used with Modifiers �� 75Comparative Adjectives of Equality or Inequality Used with Modifiers�� 75Irregular Comparative Adjectives �� 75Comparative Adverbs of Superiority �� 76Comparative Adverbs of Inferiority �� 76Comparative Adverbs of Equality or Inequality �� 77Irregular Comparative Adverbs �� 77Irregular Comparatives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 78Superlative Adjectives of Superiority �� 78Superlative Adjectives of Inferiority �� 79Superlative Adjectives of Superiority Used with Modifiers �� 79Superlative Adjectives of Inferiority Used with Modifiers�� 79Irregular Superlative Adjectives �� 80Superlative Adverbs of Superiority �� 80Superlative Adverbs of Inferiority �� 80Irregular Superlative Adverbs �� 81Irregular Superlatives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns �� 81Canadian, British, and American Spelling �� 84Contractions – To Be: Affirmative Form �� 88Contractions – To Be: Simple Past �� 88Contractions – To Have: Affirmative Form, Present �� 89Contractions – To Have: Negative Form, Present �� 89Contractions – To Have: Affirmative Form, Past �� 89Contractions – To Have: Negative Form, Past �� 90Silent Letters �� 92

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Common Abbreviations, Clothing and Measurements �� 98Common False Cognates �� 100Heteronyms �� 101Common Homophones �� 102Phrasal Verbs – Separable and Inseparable According to Meaning �� 107Sentence Structure – Affirmative �� 109Sentence Structure – Negative �� 109Sentence Structure – Question Form (open-ended) �� 112Sentence Structure – Question Form (closed-ended) �� 113Direct to Indirect Speech – Tense Changes �� 115Direct to Indirect Speech – Keyword Changes �� 116Expectation – Be Supposed to Present Tense �� 118Expectation – Be Supposed to Past Tense �� 118Repeated Activities – Be Used to Present Tense �� 119Repeated Activities – Be Used to Past Tense �� 120Repeated Activities – Be Used to Future Tense �� 120

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Presentation

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PREsEntation

The Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet contains the linguistic and textual subject-specific knowledge specified in the English as a Second Language (ESL) program of study and the course contents.

Referred to simply as “Reference Booklet” in the workbooks, it is the compulsory reference material for the following courses:

ANG-3101-2 Joining a Community

ANG-3102-1 It’s a Matter of Taste

ANG-3103-1 Communicating Information

ANG-4101-2 Dare to Compare

ANG-4102-1 Stories

ANG-4103-1 Expressing Feelings and Opinions

ANG-5101-2 Examining Issues

ANG-5102-1 Suggestions and Advice

ANG-5103-1 Influencing Others

The Reference Booklet also contains an Annex: How to Proofread a Text.

how to usE thE REfEREncE BooKlEt

In the workbooks for each course, explicit reference is made to the specific linguistic or textual knowledge item that is being studied.

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In the Reference Booklet, there are three ways to find the linguistic or textual knowledge item that you are looking for.

1) Use the Table of Contents and the List of Tables at the beginning of the booklet.

2) Use the Index at the end of the booklet. All important words or expressions are listed in alphabetical order with the page numbers where they appear.

3) Use the page headers: the specific linguistic or textual knowledge item appears in the exterior margin of the right-hand page.

linguistic KnowlEdgE

majoR linguistic catEgoRiEs

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Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL) Adjectives

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adjEctivEs

An adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

¡ This is a good job for a student; it’s also interesting.

The form of an adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified refers to males or females, is singular or plural, subject or object. Adjectives are invariable.

¡ The green pens belong to the tall girl.

PlacEmEnt of adjEctivEs

The adjective is usually placed before the noun. It describes people, places or things.

¡ Dr. Welby is an excellent doctor. He treats sick people. ¡ The new library will attract many people from my community.

The adjective can also be placed after a verb.

¡ Isabelle’s summer job is to babysit children who are young. ¡ I’m worried about Liam, he looks sick.

adjEctivEs Ending in –ing and –ed

Adjectives of feeling or emotion are formed by adding –ing or –ed to a verb.

Adjectives ending in –ed are past participles of verbs. They are used to describe how people feel:

¡ Nadine was so excited to find an apartment in her favorite neighbourhood. She was surprised to find out the rent was reasonable.

¡ Peter was prepared for his job interview. He was not worried.

In these examples, Nadine and Peter experienced these feelings.

Adjectives ending in –ing are present participles of verbs. They are used to describe things:

¡ I would like to find an interesting summer job, not a boring one. ¡ My new job is very challenging.

The y in worry was replaced by an i before adding the –ed.

The e in the adjectives boring (from the verb bore) and challenging (from the verb challenge) was removed before adding the –ing.

Refer to General Basic Spelling Rules for more details.

notEs

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Linguistic Knowledge Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

< Second Edition >

PRoPER adjEctivEs

Proper adjectives describe nationalities, cultures, or religions.

Proper adjectives always begin with a capital letter.

Proper adjectives are placed before the noun they modify and are invariable.

¡ My friend Amir has just become a Canadian citizen. ¡ The new restaurant down the block serves excellent Indian cuisine.

¾ Notice the adjective new. It is a common adjective; it doesn’t take a capital letter.

¡ I will need to buy a French-English dictionary for my course.

PossEssivE adjEctivEs

The possessive adjective is placed before the noun and refers to the possessor (the person who is the owner), not to the object.

PossEssivE adjEctivEs

1st Person Singular

2nd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

3rd Person Singular

1st Person Plural

2nd Person Plural

3rd Person Plural

Possessive Adjective

my your hisfor a man or a boy

herfor a woman or a girl

itsfor an animal or an object

our your their

¡ Joshua and his sisters are registered for the community event.

possessor possessive noun adjective

¡ Susan and her two friends are taking their yoga classes at the Community Centre. ¡ My neighbour makes her own compost. She uses it to fertilize her garden.

In the third example, we must assume the neighbour is a woman (her), even though no name is mentioned in the first sentence to give us a clue.

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dEmonstRativE adjEctivEs

The demonstrative adjective is placed directly before the noun, without an article. There are four demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those.

¡ This pen and these books are Roxanne’s, but that pencil and those books are Jarrod’s.

dEmonstRativE adjEctivEs

Singular Plural

for a person or thing that is close This cell phone right here is mine. Seb found these earphones.

for a person or thing that is far That is your workbook over there. Those students are coming to class.

adjEctivEs followEd By an infinitivE

An infinitive verb is often used after adjectives that describe or express feelings and emotions.

¡ Angela was anxious to start her new job as an executive assistant. ¡ This arts and crafts activity at the Community Centre was fun to do. ¡ It was interesting to see so many people at our fundraiser.

adjEctivEs of Quantity

Adjectives of quantity answer the questions: how much? how many?

The answer to the question how much calls for an uncountable noun.

¡ I have little time before I have to finish my homework. ¡ I have much work to do before I can leave.

The answer to the question how many calls for a countable noun.

¡ I have a few days before I have to finish my homework. ¡ There are many assignments in every course.

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Linguistic Knowledge Essential Knowledge Reference Booklet (ESL)

< Second Edition >

comPound adjEctivEs and nouns as modifiERs

A compound adjective is an adjective that is made up of two or more words.

Hyphens join the words when they are placed before the noun they modify.

¡ Alexandra wants to rent a one-bedroom apartment close to school. ¾ The modifier one-bedroom is an adjective because it describes the noun apartment. A hyphen

joins the words one and bedroom because they are placed before the noun.

¡ She is also looking for a part-time job because she goes to school full time. ¾ The modifier part-time is an adjective because it describes the noun job. No hyphen is

needed in the compound adjective full time because it is placed after the noun.

oRdER of adjEctivEs

Adjectives are usually placed before a noun or after a verb. However, when using more than one adjective, they have to be placed in a certain order.

¡ The ad showed three beautiful young women. ¡ Travis brought these big red apples. ¡ On the table were several delicious French pastries. ¡ That pretty new pink silk blouse matches my skirt. ¡ I wore my comfortable big new black Italian wool sweater. ¡ Many large Coke bottles were on display.

adjEctivE oRdER

Determiner Opinion Size, Shape

Age Color Nationality Religion or Label

Material Noun

three beautiful young womenthese big red applesseveral delicious French pastriesThat pretty new pink silk blousemy comfortable big new black Italian wool sweaterMany large Coke bottles

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No commas are necessary to separate the adjectives, except when they belong to the same category.

¡ Emily loves to eat fresh, juicy, crisp green apples.

opinion color noun

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