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HAMZA MUKHTIARHAFIZ TALHANADIR RASHIDZUNAIR HASSAN

SKYSCRAPERSA skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building of over 40 floors, mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses. A skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, but the term skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than 150 m (492 ft). For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the term Supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified as Megatall.

Construction TechniquesFoundation :

The following issues will generally need to be addressed in the design of foundations for high-tall building.

Construction PlanningOwner architect and the principals of the design team establish function for which the structure must serve. Building use are as and major building perimeters are determines.Management strategies: Theses are purposed for defining the different stages of planning and to reduce the time in overall construction duration.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND COMPONENT:Structure System: Select and optimized the building structural system for strength, stiffness, cost effectiveness, redundancy and speed of construction.Sub structure : It is the portion below the ground which transmits the entire load to the soil. It is also called the foundation of the skyscrapers or building.Super Structure : It is the portion of structure of above the ground level.

SUPER STRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT

Auto climbing formwork system (ACS).Rebar free fabrication.High performance concrete suitable for providing high strength and high durability requirement, high modulus and pumping.Advance concrete pumping technology.Simple drop head formwork system that can be dismantled and assemble quickly with minimum labor requirement.Column/Walls proceeding method, part of ACS formwork system

MAJOR EQUIPMENT'SAerial Cranes: Aerial cranes or sky cranes usually helicopter design to lift large loads. Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach by conventional cranes.

Tower Cranes: Tower cranes often gives the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall building.

FRAMINGSkyscrapers are framed using steel columns and girders. The outer covering is called a curtain wall.

WINDMost skyscrapers sway in the wind.

How can we minimize the distance of the sway?

Engineers use TUNED-MASS DAMPERS.A computer detects how far the wind is making the building move in one direction.The computer will move a very heavy weight in the opposing direction.Within under a minute, the sway is minimized to a safe level.

ADVANTAGESMultipurpose: The hole structure can be used as residential, commercial and institutional.

Space: It increases the total floor area and its best suited where land prices are expensive.

Views: It provide long range view in congested city.

Symbolism: It give the symbol of the country or state for wealth, power, history etc.

Broad casting: It provide excellent sire for installing broadcasting equipment.

DISADVANTAGESSafety: Hundred Percent safety can not be achieve in skyscrapers. Defective tower may pose a risk of falling and cause sever damages. The occupants at high floor level get difficulty in evacuation during emergency.Cost of construction: All the process involves very expensive (Design & Construction).Environmental Impact: Pollution increases at a lots of material like steel, cement etc. are use in the construction. Noise pollution due to number of people & automobile.Psychological impact: The old people and children have psychological impact in living at high height

HOW DO WE MINIMIZE DAMAGESkyscrapers are built a little more flexible.

Flexibility allows the structure to twist and turn a little without breaking and/or crumbling.

If the skyscrapers were rigid, pieces would snap off easily in an earthquake.

ALSO…Glass is attached using rubber channels.

This allows the glass to move a little bit. It has a lower change of breaking in an earthquake.

SKYSCRAPERS SAFETYDesign of a skyscraper is of prime importance to make it safe and stable against the load action on it.Fire safety and management plans are needed to minimize the danger of lives.There should be egress plans for evacuation in case of emergency.

FIRST SKYSCRAPERFurther developments led to the world's first skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884–1885. While its height is not considered very impressive today, it was at that time. The architect, Major William Le Baron Jenney, created a load-bearing structural frame.

Oldest Still Standing Skyscraper

Milwaukee City HallLocation: MilwaukeeHeight: 353Stories: 151895 - ?

Tallest Skyscraper

Burj Khalifa (Burj Dubai)Location: Dubai, United Arab EmiratesStories:160 InhabitableOverall Height: 2,717 ftHighest Point of Occupancy: 2,038 ftBegan: 2004Completed: January 2010Elevators: 57 (40 MPH)Architect: Adrian SmithCost: 1.5 BillionOver 2000ft. high!!

Tallest Skyscraper Of Pakistan

Ocean Mall and TowerLocation: Karachi, PakistanStories : 30 Overall Height: 400ftBegan: 2007Completed: January 2014Elevators: 15 Architect: Arcop AssociatesCost: 7 Billion PKROver 393ft. high!!

CONCLUSIONThrough out the world, population of major cities are increasing at a fast land and where land for building is not available there is pressure to built upward rather than sides ways.The structure offer some major advantages but also pose serious challenges to designers and builders.The need of office work are increasing at a spectacular rate as a business like banking insurance etc hired more people, not only the partners at these firms but huge numbers of office workers too.So it was the expansion of office market that went hand in hand with expansions of the skyscraper.

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