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BHO ExtractionPosted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC.

Butane Honey Oil, or BHO, is the essential oil from the cannabis plant, extracted using n-Butane as a solvent. If it is extracted from fresh material, it is a Concrete, and if from curedmaterial, it is an Oleoresin. A concrete or an oleoresin that has been winterized to removethe waxes, lipids, and fats, is known as an Absolute.

Butane Honey Oil extraction refers to the method used to extract the essential oils fromcannabis, and there are multiple theories on the best way to accomplish this, as well as whatmaterial is best to use.

Perhaps the first question is why use a BHO technique to extract the resins, instead of justboiling the material in alcohol to get the greatest amount of extracted material?

The answer to that is that because butane is relatively non polar, it doesnt extract the watersolubles like chlorophy ll and plant alkaloids. Butane produces one of the cleanestextractions, albeit ty pically at a lower y ield than polar alcohol.

On average we have extracted about 18% oil by weight from bud, but as low as 5.7 % absoluteand as high as 25 absolute%.

The first wash will usually extract 7 5 to 80%, leav ing the balance for the second afterrepacking the column. The second extraction will be more sedative and less heady . If y ouuse a hand microscope, y ou can easily see when the trichome heads are gone and the stalkslook like wet fur.

Weve only tried a few processes here at the pharm, so I will cover only simple flow throughcolumns, a thermos bottle, a pressurized sy stem, and a closed loop one.

We currently use a closed loop sy stem for BHO, and as I am covering that process on aseparate thread named The Terpenator, where I will detail building our second generationautomated sy stem.

Prior to using our DIY closed loop sy stem, we did our BHO extractions using single pass flowthrough packed columns, and experimented with a thermos and a simple pressurized sy stemto soak at ambient temperature. I will cover simple columns and thermos bottlesseparately , as the techniques are different and I need to make some more pictures for thelatter.

Before we discuss how to extract the essential oils from cannabis, let us talk about the plantmaterial to be used. That immediately brings to mind the qualify ing question, What do y ouwant to use it for?

Oil that is to be vaporized, is normally treated differently than oil that is used orally ortopically , because it doesnt need to be decarboxy lated. For cannabis concentrates to beorally and topically active, it does require that the THCA and CBDA be converted to THC andCBD, by a heating or dry ing process. I will cover that issue under a separate thread onDecarboxy lation, so as to not clutter this post.

T erpenes:

Besides the cannabinoids, which are Di-Terpene alcohols and di-alcohols (diol), there arealso other terpenes in cannabis essential oils, which add to its smell, flavor, and medicinalentourage effect. Some of these terpenes are highly aromatic alcohols, phenols, ketones,aldehy des, ethers, and esters, which are aromatic because they freely give off molecules ateven ambient temperatures.

Heating the plant material or the oil to decarboxy lation temperatures will evaporate offmost of these smaller aromatic Mono-Terpene and Sesqui-Terpene molecules, before thelarger and heav ier cannabis Di-Terpenes are affected. Decarboxy lated oil is smoother to thetaste, but basically tastes like hash, with the floral undertones gone.

Gone also are the medicinal and entourage effects from those terpenes. The price we pay fordecarboxy lation, so we shouldnt decarboxy late casually , and should first consider the enduse before picking the process.

One of our process limitations, is that though non polar, n-butane has slight watersolubility . At 20C/68F, it is only 0.0325 percent by vol/vol, but not zero and is still enough to pickup undesirable water solubles. 1 liter, or 1000 ml X 0.0325 = 32.5 ml of water.


With water, comes water solubles, which includes chlorophy ll and plant alkaloids, thatdetract from the taste, so the dance is to maintain the volatile terpenes, while studiouslyavoiding the water solubles.

Freezing the water is one method that works well, but it is important that the material be drywhen it was frozen and that it is not exposed to high humidity while frozen, or ice will formover the trichomes, preventing their extraction.

Another method is to simply remove most of the water. This will produce pristineextractions, but doesnt preserve the terpenes. If the material is to be decarboxy latedany way , that is of little concern, because we will lose them any way .

We also have the issue of purging out the remaining butane, while preserv ing the terpenes. Again, there are a number of way s to do that, but I will address only a few of the way s thathave worked for us here. Those are light heat, high heat, and thin film vacuum.

So, besides decarboxy lation, what are some of the things to consider selecting a process andhow should the plant material be prepared?

In our experience, for best flavor and taste, freshest material works best, whether it is freshfrozen material or dried. Older cured material loses the nuances of the floral undertones andjust tastes like hash. That means that the degree of dry ing and curing is also critical, if y ourgoal is to maintain maximum terpene content.

Oil from buds is tastier than oil from even sugar trim, because most of the terpenes areproduced by the buds, and that is where they are the most plentiful. Tasty is usually not aword used to describe oil from fan leaves or stems, though effective may be.

The absolutely most flavorful BHO extract to me personally and to the test panels thus far, isfresh picked buds, that are immediately frozen to tie up the water, and extracted while stillfrozen. It produces an oil that abounds in whimsical flavors darting about and the wordmost often used to describe it by panel members, was the word fresh.

Next most flavorful, from a BHO standpoint, is material that has only been cured 5 to 7 day s,and is at the small stem snap stage, where y ou might jar it if y ou were curing it to smoke.

Part of the formula is of course the degree and methods used to purge out the remainingbutane. While there are a number of way s to do that as well, I will address only a few of theway s that have worked for us here. Those methods are low heat, high heat, and thin filmvacuum.

Butane supply :

Lastly , selecting a suitable butane source is a key step, in that all butane sources arentcreated equal. n-Butane (normal butane) is a simple alkane, with four carbon atoms linkedtogether in a row, with the remaining possible carbon bonding sites taken up by hy drogenatoms.

The simple alkanes all are gaseous at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. They areremoved from crude oil before it is further processed, by simple heating. The simplest isMethane, which is only on carbon and four hy drogen atoms, followed by Ethane with twocarbons, Propane with three, and Butane with the four.

Pentane is the next simple alkane, the first to be liquid at room temperature and the first tohave zero water solubility . From Pentane on, the simple alkanes are named from the Greekalphabet, and are Hexane, Heptane, Octane, etc, on through the light naphthas, oils, waxes,and asphalts.

The formula for all simple alkanes, is the number of carbon atoms times two, plus two,because each carbon atom has four possible bonding sites. A mnemonic dev ice forremembering the first four alkanes, which were named before the Greek sy stem was applied,is Mary Eats Peanut Butter.

After removal from the crude oil, the gases are ty pically de-sulfurized using steam and acataly tic reactive bed, and fractionally distilled into the four basic gases. As fractionaldistilling separates the gasses by specific grav ity , the principal contaminants in n-Butane atthat point, will be Iso-Butane, a branched molecule isomer of n-Butane, as well as n-Propane, and Cy clo-Propane, plus low levels of heav ier, longer oleaginous alkane waxchains.

Neither of the butanes or propanes are particularly toxic at any sort of reasonable levels. The following for instance is taken from a ty pical MSDS sheet for n-Butane. The Rat LD-50(50% dead) is 658000 mg/m3 4 hours. That is breathing a 65.8% pure butane atmosphereand asphixiating.

MSDS info:

Section 11. Toxicological inform ation for n-Butane; Diethyl; Freon 600; Liquefiedpetroleum gas; LPG; n-C4H10; Butanen; Butani; Methylethylmethane; UN 1011; UN 1075;A-17; Bu-Gas.

Specific effects

Carcinogenic effects No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Mutagenic effects No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Reproduction toxicity No known significant effects or critical hazards.

No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of thismaterial to humans.

Chronic effects on humans May cause damage to the following organs: central nervoussystem (CNS).

Other toxic effects onhumans

Toxicity data

Butane LC50 Inhalation Vapor


Rat 658000 mg/m3 4 hours

Product/ingredient name Result Species Dose Exposure

Products of degradation: carbon oxides (CO, CO2) and water.

Section 12. Ecological inform ation

Products of degradation :

Environmental fate : Not available.

Environmental hazards : No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Toxicity to the environment : Not available.

Aquatic ecotoxicity

Not available.

The MSDS LD-50s on Iso-Butane, Propane, Cyclo-Propane, and oleaginous waxes are asfollows:

n-Propane; Dimethylmethane; Freon 290; Liquefied petroleum gas; Lpg; Propylhydride;R 290; C3H8; UN 1075; UN 1978; A-108; Hydrocarbon propellant. LC50 Inhalation Gas: Rat >800000 ppm 15 minutes

Cyclopropnane; Trimethylene; Trimethylene (cyclic); UN 1027; No LD-50 established;

Iso-Butane; 2-methyl-; Trimethylmethane; 1 ,1-Dimethylethane; 2-Methylpropane;isoC4H10; i-Butane; Isobutane mixtures; UN 1075; UN 1969; R 600a; tert-Butane; A31;Methylpropane; Propane, 2-methyl-isobutane LC50 Inhalation Vapor Rat 658000mg/m3 4 hours

Oleaginous Waxes- Paraffin, no notable toxicity or LD-50 available

n-Butane is used for any number of things, so it is processing bey ond this point, or sharingstorage tanks with other contaminated sources that may create health concerns. While n-Butane is non-toxic enough used as a food propellant, if it is to be used as a stove fuel, it willin most cases have an odorant added for leak detection, as n-Butane has only a very lightsweet petroleum odor.

Ethy l Mercap is most often added for that purpose, and is the familiar rotten egg smell isdetectable at the astonishing low concentration of under 3 parts per Billionth! Hexane(Gasoline) by comparison, has an odor threshold of around 30 parts per millionth, or about10,000 times more is required for us to smell mercaptoethanol.

The MSDS for Ethy l Mercaptan shows 4420 ppm/4 hour(s) inhalation-rat LC50; 682 mg/kgoral-rat LD50, with the target organs being the central nervous sy stem. Not super toxic, buttastes and smells of rotten eggs, so that point may be mute.

Butadiene may be added to stove fuel as well, and is of serious concern. While the followingty pical MSDS example shows relative low toxicity , take a look at the carcinogenic effects.

LD50 Oral Rat 5480 mg/kg -LC50 Inhalation Vapor Rat 285 g/m3 4 hours

LC50 Inhalation Vapor Rat 285000 mg/m3 4 hours

LC50 Inhalation Gas. Rat 128000 ppm 4 hours

Mutagenic effects No known significant effects or critical hazards.

Reproduction toxicity No known significant effects or critical hazards.

No specific information is available in our database regarding the other toxic effects of

this material to humans.

CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 1 (Proven for humans.) by IARC, 1 (Known to

be human carcinogens.) by NTP, + (Proven.) by NIOSH, 1 (Proven for humans.) by

European Union. Classified A2 (Suspected for humans.) by ACGIH.

MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 2 by European Union.

May cause damage to the following organs: the reproductive system, mucous membranes,upper respiratory tract, skin, eyes, central nervous system (CNS).

n-Butane may also be further refined to increase its purity , or to make it suitable for use inbutane lighters. R-600 Refrigerant and Instrument grade n-Butane are examples of higherpurity n-Butane suitable for extractions, and are distributed by suppliers like Matheson andAirgas.

Lighter Butane:

As those sources are expensive and not usually available to non commercial customers, insupport of federal guidelines listing it as a controlled substance used in the manufacture ofillegal drugs, most folks use butane made for butane lighters.

Each manufacturers blend is slightly different, with n-Propane usually added as a propellant,because below the freezing temperature of water, butane is a liquid instead of a gas.

They also further refine the n-Butane to remove more of the low level oleaginous waxes,which clog the small orifices in expensive butane lighters. This is often shown on lighterbutane cans as a number followed by an X. IE: 5X.

The common name for Oleaginous Waxes from petroleum, is Paraffin, which is non-toxicenough to have no known LD-50 data and be used to seal jelly jars, so they are of lowconcern when extracting.

Here Madison Avenue has gotten a foot hold, and even 7 X butane is available for even moremoney , though there is no advantage over a good 4X for the purpose of extraction.

One refiner has started labeling the brand names that they produce, Near Zero Impurities,


guaranteeing under 50ppm impurities. An independent test showed that they in fact areunder 50 ppm, and even under the 15ppm testing cutoff, as were competitors brands nottouting near zero impurities.

If using lighter butane, the safest course is to use tried and proven brands, but if forced toimprovise, first obtain a MSDS sheet from that specific manufacturer, showing the contents. Reject any containing mercaps or Butadiene.

Ingredients less than 1% need not be shown on the MSDS sheet, unless they present a healthrisk at the levels present, so they are not all inclusive, but a good place to start.

If the MSDS looks OK, spray a five second burst on a mirror or clean glass pane and let itcompletely evaporate. Check for residue. Smell it for mercaps; y ou cant miss them.

Each brand extracts slightly differently , because the mixes are slightly different. Addingpropane for instance, increases water solubility and the propensity to pick up watersolubles.

Here are some brands that weve tried and work well, as well as being tired and provenbrands by others. This list is by no means inclusive:

Colibri

King

Lucienne

Newport

Vector

Safety :

Butane is highly flammable, so let us next talk about safety . First and foremost, alway sperform the extraction outside in a well ventilated area. Have a fire extinguisher handy , aswell as a blanket to roll up in, should the unthinkable happen.

It goes without say ing that smoking around a butane extraction is asking for a disaster, but Ihave literally grabbed the hand of folks starting to light up because they forgot where theywere at and what they were doing. May I suggest that y ou leave y our lighter and smokessomewhere else when y ou are doing extractions.

Same with y our cell phone!

Wear no sy nthetic fabrics, including y our socks, because static electricity sparks probablyignite more butane unintentionally than bone headed smokers.

We use a fan to disperse the butane rapidly so as to keep it from pooling. Butane is heav ierthan air and will collect in low spots given its own dev ices. We use a plastic fan so that nosparks are created by a piece of gravel or other hard material passing through the fan blades.

In dry cold conditions, we add a grounding strap to our cans, so as to not draw staticelectricity sparks between the can and the column.

Material Prep:

Material prep will of course depend on the application, so lets cover that subject generally .

Fresh buds should be dry of standing water and cut into small pieces, before being stuffedinto a column or thermos and placed in a -32C/0F freezer for 48 hours to solidify . Freshfrozen buds produce the most aromatic extraction.

Second best for for maximum terpene retention are buds ground up after 5 to 7 day shanging, or as soon as the small stems break freely . They should be jarred immediately toretain freshness and run as soon as possible to prevent molding.

When extracting dried buds for vaporization, or bragging rights, the material is broken upjust loosely enough to extract, but not enough to expose excessive broken cell boundaries. That can be done by hand, or with a nugget buster. Here is an example of a nug busterdesign that I scored off Roll It Up forum, but alas I cant remember the author: The wirecloth can be obtained from Howard Wire at http://howardwire.com/square_mesh.html


Buds for decarboxy lation and most pristine appearance, should be placed on a coffee sheetand baked in a 94C/200F oven until just frangible, when rolled between the finger andthumb. They can then be ground or scrubbed through a pasta strainer to remove the sticksand stems. They should be jarred after grinding, to keep moisture pickup low.

The material shouldnt be bone dry as it will become too frangible, nor should a coffeegrinder be used, because of the fines that it produces, that have to be subsequentlyremoved.

We also dry our trim and leaves until frangible as above and scrub ti through a pastastrainer, using a leather gloved hand and firm pressure, so as to minimize the amount of fineparticles generated.

So now that we have covered some of the basics, lets move on to the different processes:

Sim ple Flow T hrough Colum n:

One of the simplest methods of extracting using butane, is a packed column. A column is along narrow containment that allows a solvent to be passed though it using either grav ity orpressure. The column is packed with plant material to be extracted and the essential oils aredissolved by the butane and carried out the filter in the bottom of the column, into acollection dev ice.

Colum n m aterials:

Columns may be made from any number of different materials, but not all are suitable forbutane serv ice. http://www.coleparmer.com/Chemical-Resistance is an excellent site tocheck material compatibility with the various solvents. Y ou do however have to readbetween the lines, and for medical use, stick with those materials listed as excellent.

Using those guidelines, a quick check reveals that Poly Viny l Chloride (PVC), Acry lonitrileButadiene Sty rene (ABS), Low Density Poly Ethy lene (LDPE), for instance, are not suitable,even though listed as good to fair, because the butane leaches out the constitutes, so theywill end up in the meds.

They list copper as fair, not because the butane attacks it, but because of sulfur compoundsand water that may be present in the butane, which form sulfuric acid and attacks thecopper. Dry low sulfur butane doesnt present the same issues, but copper columns have tobe kept meticulously clean of oxides, as for instance, welding copper without adequaterespiratory protection, produces a medical condition known as fume fever. If y ou do not


have the time or inclination to keep the extraction column pristine, glass or stainless is abetter choice.

Poly Propy lene (PP), Poly Viny lidene Fluoride (PVDF), Poly tetrafluorethy lene(PTFE=Teflon), are listed as excellent, and High Density Poly Ethy lene (HDPE), Ultra HighMolecular Weight Poly Ethy lene (UHMW), or Cross Linked Poly Ethy lene (XLPE) may be, butare not listed.

Glass and borosilicate (Py rex) work well, as does 300 series stainless steel. Neither are dirtcheap, but our local cost for borosilicate columns from the local scientific glass blower isonly a buck an inch, plus five bucks to flare one end and close to an orifice on the other end. 1 Stainless schedule 10 pipe was only $6.20 a foot, last time I checked, but prices varyconsiderably , so y ou should check local sources for pricing.

I dont recommend single pass columns with a larger ID than 1, as extraction efficiencydrops rapidly above that size. Primarily because the material near the injection end isinadequately wetted, and because the larger the column, the easier it is for the butane to justfind an easy route through, and continue to follow it.

The absolutely cheapest stainless column that Ive found is one made from a stainless turkeybaster from Bed,Bath, and Bey ond for $7 .99. Throw away the bulb and pull the press fittedneedle out of the threaded adaptor, and y ou are good to go.

Ive made a number out of copper, usually with a union near the injection end, so that itcould be easily opened and cleaned. I also made a copper one with a can holder at the top,using a contractors size caulking gun, and my first experiments with pressurized butaneextraction, were in a copper test sled.

In the latter case, we also added v ibration and as we try to use free donated material whereat all possible, I draw y our attention to the gold plated personal v ibrator used for that actionand give thanks to the donor, whom wishes to remain anony mous.

A stainless column can be made by screwing a cap on one end and screw radiator clamping adouble coffee filter over the other end. Drill a 1/8 hole in the cap for the butane nozzle, andafter thoroughly cleaning the insides by washing out with alcohol and boiling in hot soapywater, it is ready to go.

Y ou can also stick a one hole Neoprene cork in the top of the column, instead of using a cap. It works well enough, though more sensitive to blowouts.

We have our borosilicate columns made and some development was required to stopbreaking them in cold wet weather. What was required to stop spalling off conchoidal divotsfrom the injection port in frigid weather, was to make the closed end a smooth even radius ofuniform thickness, so that stresses from uneven expansion and contraction were not an


issue. Y ou also need to insure that the column is annealed after forming, to relieve allresidual stresses.

We add a flare to the ends of our borosilicate columns, to make filter retention easier, so asto reduce blowouts.

A blowout, is where the filter at the end of the column ruptures and blows the columncontents into y our collection vessel, or the filter blows off entirely , doing the same thing, orwhen using a cork in the top, it blows out during injection.

Y ou can guard against filter rupture, by backing the coffee filter with stainless mesh, orcloth.

Preventing a blow off gets trickier with glass tubes, in that y ou cant just crank down harderon the radiator clamp, without breaking the glass. Alternatives that work better with glass,are twine wraps, zip locks, or rubber bands. We mostly use rubber bands, and stretch themtight.

Colum n Loading:

When loading the material in the tube, we use a wooden dowel to keep it uniformly andfirmly , but not tightly packed. A dowel close to the ID of y our column will make evenpacking easier.

Before loading the tube, we wad up a coffee filter and stuff it in the injection port end, todiffuse the butane as it enters and so that no plant material blow back out into ourextraction, should for any reason we need to release butane pressure in the middle of theprocess.

We cut the top out of a water bottle to use as a funnel, and pack the material as we load it,stopping about every foot to compact. When the column is full of plant material, we doublea coffee filter over the end, and then cover that with a cloth patch, securing both withmultiple tight wraps of a heavy weight rubber band.

We also scissor trim away all extra filter material, so as to minimize the oil soaked up duringthe process. I find that if I am careful removing the filter after an extraction, that I can reuseit multiple times, so as to further minimize losses. We also wash out our filters in alcohol, torecover any essential oils soaked into them.

Skunk pharm use of a column is common general practice, though our collection andprocessing techniques dev iate from the norm. We simply support the column full ofpulverized plant material over a collection vessel and inject butane through the top port inthe column, and let grav ity carry it through the column.

As the butane passes through the material in the column, it dissolves the trichomes, andconvey s them out the end of the column, into the collection vessel. The butanesubsequently evaporates off, it leaves the extracted cannabis oil behind.

When the stream of solvent running out of the bottom runs clear, we cease injecting butaneand insert a basket ball pump needle into the injection hole and blow out any remainingliquid. A modified butane can nozzle adapter will adapt the needle to seal the hole.

Examination with a microscope will tell y ou when the trichomes have been dissolved away ,and looks like wet hairs ly ing down, with the capitate heads missing. Our average y ield atthis point was around 17 to 18% by weight, but weve y ielded up to 21 .6% by dumping thecolumn, repacking it, and making a second run.

This second run will be less heady , and of lower v iscosity , with more sedative properties, sowe keep it separate from the first.

Collection vessels:

How we are going to use the oil, to a large degree dictates how we collect it, so lets look atsome of the methods weve found effective.

Py rex Pie Plate:

The first that I tried, was collecting in a 10 Py rex pie plate, sitting in a larger Py rex dish fullof hot tap water. That works well and the key is the hot water that it sits in, in at least thisneck of the Pacific NW rain forest, where we often have high humidity . If we dont set it inhot water, ice forms at the edge of the evaporation pool, adding considerable water to themixture.

The hot water also rapidly boils off the butane, until all of it v isibly gone, although someremains un-purged and in solution with the oil. Techniques for purging the remainingmaterial vary , so we will cover those steps as a separate issue.

This technique is suitable for any process, with certain precautions and subsequentprocessing.


Stainless Bain Marie:

Even better in this land of the midnight rain, is a deep stainless bain marie container, sittingin a hot water bath. The deep vessel fills with butane fumes, which floats away theatmosphere, so that no moisture laden atmosphere is any where near the evaporation line ofthe butane. That is how we processed most of our oil, when using single pass columns.

The real advantages to using this ty pe of collection, are that it can be wiped dry on theoutside and the pot set directly into a hot oil pot for a rapid purge and decarboxy lation,followed by formulation in the same stainless vessel, so that nothing is lost to films leftbehind in transfer pots. We have the tare marked on each of them, so that we can weigh thematerial while still in that pot, to establish y ield, and the quantities for the rest of theingredients.

This sy stem works well for decarboxy lated and formulated meds, but presents a challenge toremove the oil afterwards, if y ou are not, and has less surface area for evaporation if y ouarent planning to hot purge or wash it out with alcohol and do thin film vacuum purging. Absolutely the best method weve found overall, subject to the above limitations.

Purging:

Butane is relatively easy to purge from cannabis oleoresins or concretes, as it has a boilingpoint of around -.5C/31.5F, or right about the freezing point of water. Given enough timejust sitting around, it will purge below our 5000 ppm smell sensory threshold, and even ourfar more acute sense of taste, either of which is a small percentage of the 658, 000 ppm, thatthe MSDS LD-50 tells us it took to asphy xiate 50% of the test rats in 4 hours.

We can speed up that purge, by using a dish with a large surface area, relative to the depth ofthe pool of oil. Usually small extractions, so as to keep the pool depth thin, are the easiest topurge.

Ty pically , the thin film is scrapped and stirred periodically , to speed up the process, and aflame may periodically be lightly run over the surface, to warm it and determine if thebubbles exiting are butane and terpenes, or CO2. Some care needed here, as THC, CBD, andCBN are di-terpene alcohols, and are flammable themselves, as are the other terpenespresent.

Air movement over the pool speeds up evaporation, by whisking away the saturatedboundary lay er and prov iding the extra energy for the molecules of butane to escape thesurface of the oil, as it is ricocheting about in the pool. Care must be exercised here, as anydust or lint in the air will end up in the oil, so usually a cheese cloth or similar porous coveris placed over it, before blowing over the top with a fan.

We can also speed it up with the application of heat. Any heat will speed up the evaporation,and one line of thought is to keep the heat low and around 60C/140F, using a hot pad afterthe hot water bath and scraping and popping any bubbles with a razor blade. A ty picalpurge might take an hour and prov ides maximum terpene retention.

When adding bottom heat, y ou can also add a loose fitting lid, which will speed up thepurging and keep out lint and dust.

For a faster purge, the temperature can be raised to above the melting point of the cannabisessential oils, or around 82C/180F, to give the butane molecules maximum mobility .

Instead of heat, vacuum may be applied to speed up the purge process. That is the processthat we use when we wish to maintain the cannabinoids in their carboxy lic acid forms.

In thin film vacuum purging, we place about an 3/16 of the oil in a 6 Py rex Petri dish, andplace that in a vacuum chamber, which also contains a hot plate. That allows us tomanipulate both the temperature and atmospheric pressure, so that we can achieve boilingat very low, or even ambient temperatures.

While we use 180F to vacuum purge a raw oleoresin, adding heat isnt necessary when thinfilm vacuum purging raw oleoresins redissolved in ethanol. The alcohol will boil away under28.5Hg at ambient temperatures, as will the water that is left behind, even without addingany heat.


For our oral and topical meds, we exclusively used the bain marie collection vessel, andsimply wiped the water off the outside, following the hot water purge, and set it in an electricfondue pot full of hot 121C/250F Canola oil.

The residual butane will boil off first, ex iting in larger, multi sized bubbles, followed by thesmaller equally sized CO2 bubbles from decarboxy lation.

Depending on the use, we remove it from the hot oil when the bubble activ ity suddenlyslacks dramatically off, indicating the 7 0% peak of the decarboxy lation curve, or when itbecomes quiescent, if we are looking for maximum sedative effect.

Hot oil Pots:

We use electric fondue pots for decarboxy lation and I prefer the Quisinart, for theirsensitive controls and narrow dead band. We also have a couple of Rivals, which work welltoo, but whose controls arent as sensitive.

Some fry cookers may have sensitive enough controls, but most are designed to primarilyrun at 37 5F, and lack control sensitiv ity , as well as have a large dead band at 250F.

It is important to make sure that the container is sitting on something that suspends it up offthe bottom of the oil pot, to eliminate direct transfer hotspots. We keep several jar lid ringsin the bottom of our electric fondue pots for that purpose.

We never trust any controls however, and use a good mercury lab thermometer, a digital, oran infra red optical py rometer to establish and control temperatures.

T herm os extraction:

Thermos extraction is a technique allowing an extended soak period at atmosphericpressure. At sea level, n-Butane boils at approximately -0.5C/31.5F, so unless the localambient temperature happens to be under that temperature, the butane will warm upenough to return to its gaseous state.

In thermos extraction, the prepared material is loaded into a stainless steel thermos bottleand frozen before hav ing pre-chilled butane added. The thermos acts as a Dewar to keep thebutane temperature low enough to keep it in its liquid state.


Dropping the temperature will of course also slow down the extraction rate, so the residentsoak time must be increased to compensate.

An advantage of keeping the temperatures low, is that it allows y ou to run fresher material,as the water will be tied up in the form of ice.

Butane has the very slight water solubility of 0.0325 vol/vol, or about 32 milliliters perliter. That means if there is any water available, some of it will come along and bring with itundesirable water solubles, such as chlorophy ll.

Ty ing the water up as ice, allows a longer soak resident time, without picking up those watersolubles. Operating at 50F outside temperatures locally , an optical py rometer showed thebutane in the thermos to hover around +8.7 F, with mild bubbling action and minimal loss ofliquid.

Because of the low operating temperature, y ou can run either fresh frozen or dried materialequally well and can therefore control a wide range of flavors, by simply controlling the preextraction state of dry ing, and evaporation of aromatic terpenes.

A fully cured material will produce hashy tasting oil, and fresh material will produce floraloils, and the rest of the flavors will be in between. The flavors besides cannabinoids, are thelighter mono and sesquiterpenes, which are the aromatic alcohols, phenols, ketones,aldehides, and esters.

Equipment required for this process are minimal. I scored a gorgeous little stainless steelthermos at the local Goodwill for $4.99 and my only alteration was to drill three holes in thecap. One to fit a lighter butane can nozzle, and a couple to allow venting during injection. Itossed the inner lid, as the gasket was unsuitable for butane.

After soaking one hour, we pour the butane through a strainer suspended over a bain mariecatch vessel, but we also subsequently winterize, so if y ou arent going to, y ou can rubberband a coffee filter over the opening and dump through that.

A second soak in chilled butane may be used to extract any remaining essential oils. Jump,one of the developers of the process, reports using a 30 minute first soak, and a 2 hoursecond soak, with pictures showing pristine quality from both extractions.

Once in the catch vessel, the extract can be purged any number of different way s, like anyother BHO extraction.

Notice in this case, we broke up the buds and removed the stems in a harvest box, which wesubsequently harvested the kif out of for our pipe while standing around.


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616 responses to this post.

Posted by Ron on March 3, 2014 at 11:18 AM

Hey GW,What about butanol ? Its allot safer! and would it be possible winterize inthat solution?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on March 5, 2014 at 4:52 PM

Y ou could use butanol and probably winterize just fine. In a closed loopthey are equally safe.Joe

Posted by Waleed on March 1, 2014 at 1:28 PM

Hey GW, ive been try ing to find a good amount on information on thermosextractions ive been reading every where but no one seems to give a good detailedexplanation of soak times, i currently associate with a couple dispensaries and ivebeen try ing to increase y ields i have been using open tube for 3 y ears and wouldlike to switch to thermos before i get my closed tube. My question is how long cany ou soak i understand y ou have said that y our friend does 30 min and 2 hoursoaks with both being pristine extractions. which is great but im curious if y ou dosoak for lets say 4-6 hours could y ou still get pristine quality and y ield more? (alsowould y ou i be pulling more fats cause of the soak?). I am using grade a trim afterabout 5 day s of dry ing(small stem snap). using open tube i get y ellow, amber, lightcolored high quality extracts in general. not try ing to gloat as i have copied the tecfrom others(including y ourself) and the growers have done every thing for me ijust would like to know if that color would darken for longer soak times I also amcurious if y ou have heard of dewaxing it is like winterization but using butane ihavnt read any thing on here about it and would like to share the information withy ou if y ou havnt heard of it(i was assuming y ou are aware but did not post it onhere cause it is a lot more dangerous.) i dont get why people like adding a secondsolvent when u can remove the fats with the solvent y ou are using to extractbefore the butane evaporates, much easier imo and y ou dont have to use anothersolvent that boils at a much higher temp.


We encourage every one to move to a closed loop sy stem. Its extremelydangerous to blast. One recent explosion was determined to have originatedfrom a neighbor using their toaster. Y ou could do every thing right and apiece of toast might ruin y our lifetime.

Posted by John nichols on March 1, 2014 at 6:47 AM

Is there a way to (clean) the bho so that it has a nice golden color instead of a pinetar look?John


See our polishing extracts page

Posted by joe rodriguez on February 28, 2014 at 2:06 PM

Couldnt y ou blow into a parchment paper on silicone pad under bubby hot water

19 Votes

GW

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til evaporation, vac for a few, flatten to square, then vac for 12-14hours? on 81-84degrees on the hot plate, decarbing and purging all the terpenes out? But how doy ou know what heat for wax and shatter?


Parchment is generally contains silicone.

Posted by bongoognob on February 25, 2014 at 1:12 PM

Hey gray ..

Running a closed loop sy stem, an active one. Coming across residue.. Just try ingto distill my CP n-tane. A tire smelling amber colored shit. I am running an appionwith this sy stem. Is it possible to pull this residue from the appion? Is my n tanefrom airgas just dirty ? Ive distilled it 3 times with the same residue. Now Imrunnig a passive recovery to see if its still there. Thoughts, opinions?


High BP petrochemicals. Y oull need to recover at low temperature to leaveit behind.

Posted by Joe C on February 24, 2014 at 2:56 AM

Hi Skunk, Ive read in a few places before stumbling on y our awesome site thatdehy drating or putting bud in the oven before is better for BHO extraction i planto winterize but not decarboxy late as the end product will be vaporized What arey our thoughts on the dry ing pre extraction? & any other suggestions greatlyapprecited !

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on February 24, 2014 at 6:09 AM

I prefer material that has been hung for 5 to 7 day s, or until the small stemssnap. Oven dry ing it drives off the monoterpenes.

Posted by beereighty on February 20, 2014 at 8:49 AM

http://tiny .cc/d49kbxIts a poly propy lene cap with a silicone seal that screwsonto mason jars, wide or regular, spill proof. works AWESOME for mason soaks,self filters to a decent degree for winterizers, use mesh if just purging. That linkgoes to the ebay sellers page for the caps. Stay safe

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on March 2, 2014 at 9:33 AM

Silicone seal worries me

Posted by beereighty on March 2, 2014 at 10:14 AM

Agreed. I use the y ellow tef tape on the jar. The top is a snap seal.

Posted by ommp pay it forw ard on February 19, 2014 at 4:43 PM

SKUNK PHARM RESEARCH, LLC IS NOW ON FACEBOOK.Join the Skunk Pharm and their friends today .https://www.facebook.com /SkunkPharm

Posted by thrag on January 23, 2014 at 8:00 PM

I use an empty rum bottle with 3 caps. 1 for injection 1 for extraction and 1 forstraining. The injection cap has 2 holes. 1 in the center which is tapered for the


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nozzle fit, and 1 at the perimeter for pressure relief. The straining cap has a seriesof small holes drilled over the entire top and fitted with a coffee filter section.Every thing (weed, bottle and gas) is frozen before starting. I simply fill the bottle3/4 full of dry finely chopped weed and add butane until weed is covered. I thenswitch to the extraction cap which has been unaltered. This cap will prevent thebutane from gassing off after it reaches its partial pressure equilibrium. I leave itsit for 20 minutes. I then CAREFULLY AND SLOWLY remove the cap from thebottle reliev ing the gas pressure that has built up, and place the filtering cap on thebottle and pour off into a py rex bowl. Simple and cheap.

Posted by Colomex510 on January 17, 2014 at 1:18 PM

Nice feed bro What u think of my tech? If u dntund reading bt I blast on to a littlesquared Py rex waterbath at 120 f for 3 hours then I let it heat purge at 100 f for 48hrs throw in to my chamber turn my vac on 29 ppm for 7 2hrs at 100 f n hereswhere I have Trouble it becomes very stable n I have hard time scraping off anysuggestions?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on January 19, 2014 at 6:47 PM

Y ou will get better aromatics if y ou throw it in the vacuum chamber as soonas the v isible butane is gone, at 115F and -29.5 Hg until the solvent bubblescease.

If y ou warm the dish up some, it will scrape easier.

Posted by keith on January 11, 2014 at 5:04 AM

My oil is so sticky I cant even work with,what can I do to make it more dry ?


Tell me more about the material and how it was extracted.

Posted by cory on January 10, 2014 at 9:22 AM

Ive managed to purge to a shatter but cant seem to get it out of the py rex vesselwithout it shattering into hash-dust. Any tricks to this? Pry ing/scraping tools?Temperatures? Perhaps my thin lay er is too thin?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on January 13, 2014 at 10:12 AM

Warm up the dish enough to make easy to scrape.

Posted by Chris on January 4, 2014 at 4:20 PM

Due to a static spark my butane collection pot caught fire . I have a lot! Of oil in itbut I was forced to use a ABC fire extinguisher. Will I be able to recover my oilback? I was thinking may be I can dissolve it in ethanol and try to drop it out ofsolution with cold? What is y our idea? Theres just no way ? Or with effort and timey es


I dont think there is much hope for the oil.

Posted by Aardvark on December 30, 2013 at 7:29 PM

Hey GW, thanks again for keeping this thread fresh, even after evolv ing on to theThe Mk IVA Phoenix Terpenator. I am assembling my own closed sy stem anddecided to rev isit back to the basics and see here that y ou recommend a columnno larger than 1; however, the Terpinator has a 4 capacity . Is the 1 columnconstraint only a factor when using the open sy stem?


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AirGas quoted me $238 for 23.1 pounds of 99% N-Butane (plus $150 shipping &tank fee), but I also saw here that it is a controlled item, so it may be hard toobtain. What is the best way to clean the canned Colibri-ty pe from cans? Ialready have a few lab-grade stainless tanks for reusing the Butane. Is there acarbon/silica cartridge I can use to filter out the water content as well as boilingoff the Propane? Would an automotive refrigerant dry er cartridge help?

Thanks!


Y es, 1 ID is for a single pass open column. The Terpenators all have floodedcolumns.

The best way Ive found to remove the residual longer chain molecules frombutane, is vacuum distillation.

http://skunkpharm research.com /bho-m y stery -oil/

http://skunkpharm research.com /rem oving-butane-m y stery -oil-using-a-terpenator/

Propane actually works well in a Terpenator for extraction.

Posted by su artma on December 30, 2013 at 10:09 AM

Im sure this is on the list of such a great deal very important information and factsfor me. And im delighted examining a persons report. Nonetheless shouldobservation for couple of frequent factors, The site design is perfect, the particularreports is absolutely great : Debbie. Great undertaking, kind regards

Posted by Dr. SexPot on December 29, 2013 at 9:16 AM

Thank y ou Pharma-Wolf

In y our vast knowledge of canna/Chemistry what base product (method ofextraction) should I be using for edibles that are geared towards recreational use?Conversely : what method (is it different then above) for a edible geared towardsmedicinal edables?


I use butane for both. I extract using more heat in the recovery pot whenmaking decarboxy lated oil for medibles, and no heat to keep it in carboxy licacid form when extraction for vaporization.

Posted by Matt on December 23, 2013 at 10:24 PM

Thanks for the wealth of information. Y ou do amazing work.I was wondering if y ou could use a glass mason jar or stainless steel pot instead of athermos?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on December 26, 2013 at 7:55 PM

Y ou can if y ou get them cold enough. The advantage to the vacuum Dewarsty le thermos, is that they stay cold for several hours.

Posted by Matt on December 26, 2013 at 11:27 PM

Thanks for the quick reply ! I have been try ing to find a completelystainless steel thermos to no avail. Any suggestions? I think Ill try asteel pot in a ice bath and see how it goes.

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on December 27, 2013 at 3:41 AM

Ive been picking used thermoses up at Goodwill.


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Posted by MadHasher on December 19, 2013 at 7:47 PM

Merry Christmas to all y ou on the SkunkPharm Team, hope that y ou all are hav ingan awesome holiday season! I was wondering a few things about the Thermosextraction, I am planning to do it following y our instructions, but using a 145usieve to 120u second sieve dry ice extracted kief as my starting material. I havebeen getting 2 ounces pr lb of decent 3/4 sugar trim and 1/4 big leaf after followinga lot of y our info I dried and froze the material for 48 hrs before tumbling, using a2-1 at least ratio of dry ice to material weight I tumbled for 2 mins, in return my Igot on clock work a 53-58 gs to lb of material, which in turn got 45-50 gs off thesecond sieve with dry ice through the 120u (this was done directly after the initialfirst sieve while still cold transferred from the 145u to 120u drum for filtration). Iwill be breaking down the 120u into full melt kief, all the left overs from that as wellas the initial 120u leftovers I plan to put through the thermos extraction which Iwill subsequently winterize as y ou suggest. While considering what is my startingmaterial, my questions are:

What ratio of butane to material should I use?

Would y ou suggest a longer and/or multiple soaks?Is there a specific ty pe of butane that y ou would use?And one slightly off subject question, is it possible to turn polished absolute towax or are some components of the wax equation filtered out once thepolishing process of the absolute has been done?

Thanks so much for y our time, and please take y our time, enjoy y our holiday s,thank y ou so much for all y our hard work and dedication to the giv ing of thisinformation. Bless


No ratio, we lightly pack the thermos 3/4 full and fill the rest of the way withbutane.

We use one soak if we are making it to vaporize ourselves and one thirtyminute soak, followed by an hour and a half soak if we are going for braggingrights.

Posted by Josh on December 14, 2013 at 1:49 PM

My mother has been diagnosed with cancer, it has been close to 8 to 9 monthsnow. e want to try some oil to see if that will help her. I saw that in y our article itstates that both THC and THCA have medicinal properties. In my mothers case,would THC be better? Also y ou state that heating the BHO to activate the THC willevaporate some of the terpines. Am I better off making the oil with alcohol?Thanks in advance!


CBD may play as much or even a stonger role in cancer treatment, than THC.

It is easy to extract all of the terpenes, by any number of different methods,so holding on to the monoterpenes during purge is the challenge. It is easierto extract the oil with butane, but without significantly lowering extractiontemperatures, y ou will end up with waxes that y ou have to winterize withalcohol to remove.

Alcohol doesnt extract the non polar plant waxes, but it grabs the watersolubles and chlorophy ll, so the process has to be done frozen and morecarefully controlled.

Before focusing unduly on the terpenes, take a look at the medicinalproperties of the indiv idual monoterpenes present, and consider what effectthey may have on y our moms cancer treatment.

Posted by longingforw isdom on December 13, 2013 at 1:47 AM

I have a bunch of fresh flowers (non decarboxy lated, uncured, non frozen) that Iran once through a butane extraction v ia a glass tube. After looking at the materialunder a microscope there is still a significant amount of trichomes on the material.I have access to 7 5%, 151 proof grain alcohol and 99% isopropy l alcohol. I waswondering which solvent/method (temperature, pressure, time, agitation) y ouwould suggest I use to have a final product that can be vaporized?


Too much water in the 151 proof. I would do a QWISO extraction


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http://skunkpharm research.com /qwiso/

Posted by longingforw isdom on December 13, 2013 at 1:37 AM

I have a bunch of fresh flowers I processed one time through a butane extractionvia a glass tube but still have significant trhricomes (when looking at it under amicroscope) on the material. I have access to 7 5%, 151 proof grain alcohol and99% isopropy l alcohol. What would be the better option/ method (temperature,pressure, time of agitation) to obtain a product that can be vaporized?


The 99% will produce a superior extraction for vaporization.

Posted by longingforw isdom on December 18, 2013 at 3:33 PM

Thanks, I did a combined 1st and 2nd wash with the 99% in a masonjar and then filtered it through a strainer.I am refreezing the material because it appears to still have at least30% of its trichomes left ( I am planning to cook that into a coconutoil for oral consumption and topical rubs).Since I didnt have enough ISO to do all the material I have left thebutane washed material frozen until I can obtain more 99% and getback to location where the freezer is.I didnt have the time to run the ISO extractions I did do, through acoffee filter y et, so I also placed the mason jar with the 99%extractions in the freezer.I did test dry some of the y ield from the ISO extractions in a py rexdish (1 dish not run through the coffee filter and 1 dish with it ranthrough the coffee filter), and let it dry . It turned into a green oil likematerial. I am guessing this is why y ou want to do the heated waterbath after an ISO extraction? Is that what makes it into a high qualityvaporization extract?I appreciate the work y ou do. I my self have been running tests longbefore I found y ou, using all my knowledge from Organic Chemistryso thank y ou for adding y our knowledge. It is most helpful to havesomeone whose has ran, or has data from running an experiment Ihave not ran my self.I do have one last question for y ou. Do y ou believe I need to take anysteps before cooking the left over material that is frozen and has beenthrough the 1 BHO extraction and 2 ISO bath extractions?


Please elaboborate on y our Iso process.

Im surprised that after a BHO and two ISO extractions, thatthere is enough left to make a forth extraction cost effective.

Posted by Asmodeus on January 14, 2014 at 5:45 PM

I did a bho for first, iso for second and tried another isofor a third and ended up with a blackish tar that smelledlike grassnot the good kind

Posted by grrrld on December 9, 2013 at 6:24 PM

been making bho both for vaping and edibles. been using the same material forboth. column holds ~65 grams. not the freshest material, but it was cheap.decarbed material (2hrs at 200 degrees) has consistently y ielded ~6g, whereas theother y ields ~10g. any ideas as to why decarbing is reducing the y ield? and wouldit be more productive to decarb at the end of the process?


Not sure why decarb should reduce y ield. Ostensibly it should increase it bylowering the starting weight of water.

We alway s decarb afterwards.


Posted by Lady Stiltz on December 9, 2013 at 2:38 AM

Ok just try ing to get this right from the get go. Im using fresh frozen bud in one runand the left over trim in another. Planning to use the thermos method, using theend product in an oil rig. Question is I plan to soak and dump twice into a Py rexdish in a hot water bath. I want to winterize, so post bubble stopping do I then addthe alcohol direct to the Py rex? And do I need to do any thing additional beforethrowing it in the vac purger to get rid of the alcohol or will the vac do that for me?Sorry that is where I am to get lost. Great information, thanks for helping keepevery one informed and safe!


Y ou can dump the alcohol in at that point, and we stick it in the freezer for48 hours and filter out the waxes, before purging the alcohol. Check outwinterization at http://skunkpharm research.com /getting-the-green-and-waxes-out-afterwards/

Posted by Sam Stroup on December 7, 2013 at 3:29 PM

Oral consumption of hash oil has lots of vary ing opinions on the correct way toperform such a task and I was wondering if y ou could help clear up some of thequestions I have about it. There seems a consensus that whatever method ofadministration y ou choose the THCA must first be decarboxy lated into THC.Where the most variation in opinions occurs in wether this now active THC needs asolvent such as ethanol, or and fat based solvent for efficient absorbtion in theintestines or if the decarboxy lated [butane] hash oil could just simply beswallowed. Any help clearing this up would be greatly appreciated.Thanks in advance


THCA and THC both have medical properties, so it depends on what y ou aretreating, as to whether it has to be decarboxy lated. Cannabis oil has to bedecarboxy lated to be orally active at the CB-1 receptors, but only becauseof the blood brain barrier, which isnt an issue for the immune sy stems CB-2receptors.

Cannabis oil will absorb all by itself, but if y ou take it with alcohol or a fat,they will tie up the liver processing them, so as to leave the cannabinoids inour sy stem longer.

Posted by What is the difference betw een SHATTER, WAX, OIL, BUDDER? - Page 10 on December 6,2013 at 1:17 PM

[] site if y ou just wanna talk shit, some people are try ing to use the site for goodAny way s http://skunkpharm research.com /bho-extraction/ Reply With[]

Posted by zungguzungguguzungguzeng on December 1, 2013 at 9:18 AM

Hi, first of all thanks for such detailed explanations and for the engagement withthe community , y ou are amazing!That said Im try ing to do my first extraction with the thermos method but Ive gotsome doubts Im hoping y ou could help me with.First of all, the material would be fresh trimmings that I conserved in my freezer intupperware, so while it was pretty much sealed since it was not packed very tightlyor to the brim theres definitely some ice but just on the surface I guess, I red y ourecommend to let it thaw out until dry , pack in the thermos and re-freeze.. but if Ialready drilled the hole in the thermos wont the ice just form again in it? Or even ifits still intact if its not completely filled wont the remaining air inside form a filmof ice on top as it happened with the tupperware? Mainly I guess Im asking whatsthe adverse effect of the ice and if its just a film on top can I just scrape it away andbe cool?Also, how much should I pack said thermos as rule of thumb for a good soak?I also red in the comments of people doing the soak while putting the thermos in abasin of ice and in y our photo y ou just left it outside with a towel over it, couldnt Ijust put it back in the freezer? Because of the low temperature the butane shouldremain liquid and not be risky , so whats the downside? Lower temperature justmeans longer soaking time?Thanks!


The issue with ice covering the trichomes is of course that the butanedoesnt have access to the resin. That is why it is important to seal thematerial before freezing.


Whatever y our process, y ou need to remove the ice before extracting.Ostensibly y ou could sublimate it away under vacuum as well.

We pack the thermos about 3/4 full when pressed firmly with thumbpressure, and submerge it in about an inch of butane.

I dont recommend putting an open container of butane in a freezer. Thereare some examples on line of folks who thought they could get away withand were wrong.

Posted by DY on November 30, 2013 at 7:47 PM

GREAT SITE! I love how much there is to learn! Quick question,When try ing to make a winterized extract as the end objective, is it necessary tohot-water or vacuum purge the butane from the extraction mixture before addingthe ethanol? I have seen indiv iduals simply pour the ethanol into thebutane/extraction mixture while the butane is still liquid, and a rapid bubblingensues.Is this a safe way to purge the butane, or is more purging needed?


Y ou can add the alcohol any time, but we usually allow the butane to bev isibly gone, before adding the alcohol.

Posted by Advice needed! Tips on increasing BHO yield. - Page 8 on November 26, 2013 at 1:58 PM

[] BE STUPID AND BLOW Y OURSELF UP. Also here is some great info for y ouhere (very indepth) http://skunkpharm research.com /bho-extraction/Happy hash making and hope y ou never have to such a low y ield again Reply []

Posted by C4h10 on November 24, 2013 at 9:52 PM

Hello GW, When I vacuume purge I normally run my vac chamber at about 110fand about -27 hg (cant seem to get this pump to go all the way to -30) normally Ipurged until all the bubbles stop rising to the top wich is around 6 to 8 hours.Recently Ive try ed flipping my slab over and purging again for a few more hours.The thing thats confusing me is that every time I flip the slab over it seems tobubble up against even after a few flips. Could it actually be that every time Impulling more butane out? Or is it just air getting trapped in the concentrate? Do Ineed more vacuume or heat? Thanks.

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on November 26, 2013 at 2:09 PM

What altitude are y ou at? Y ou can only hit 29.92 inches at sea level and by2000 feet elevation, barometric pressure is only around 27 .

If y ou will raise the temperature to about 115F and stop purging when thelarger irregular bubbles cease, y ou will be good. Carboxy lic acid willcontinue to release smaller fizzy bubbles as a function of decarboxy lating.

Posted by Gbroque on November 16, 2013 at 9:09 PM

Does one need a solvent safe vacuum pump for cold boiling a winterized alcoholsolution? If the answer is y es, does one need a solvent safe pump for use with aBchner funnel?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on November 17, 2013 at 6:09 AM

Y ou need either a solvent safe pump, or a cold trap to cold boil alcohol. Y oucan get a small solvent safe pump, and switch to it after pulling down thechamber with a larger conventional pump.

Y ou can also make do by changing the pump oil frequently , if if the levelgets too high, or the color changes.

A Buchner funnel is a less severe application and it isnt as long, buteventually y ou end up with the same problem. We picked up a militarysurplus MASH pump for filtration.

Posted by Cascade TEK on November 18, 2013 at 10:43 AM

Skunk Pharm is spot on. A standard, oil-sealed rotary vane pump willquickly be trashed when used for solvent extraction. A dry ice trap is asolid, cost-effective accessory that will also allow for reuse of Butane.Dealing with cry ice can be a hassle and a safety hazard so do y our research.


Refrigerated traps tend to be prohibitively expensive for all but full-scaleproducers. We recommend a chemical duty membrane pump. Y ou still havethe flexibility of using a fore-line trap for Butane reuse but y ou dont need toin order to protect y our pump.

Posted by Jenni on November 14, 2013 at 10:19 AM

Hi. Just planned to inquire a rapid problem. Now i am settingup my personal blog as well as want to know in which y ou have y our own design?Has been that free? Or perhaps was it paid for?I cannot seem too find any thing as good as this one, thus ideallyy ou can ok, ill recognize. Many thanks. PS, my personal im sorry .The english language is just not my own primary words.


We are using WordPress and pay to not have advertizments popping up.

Posted by How long do you dry/cure before blasting? - Page 4 on November 14, 2013 at 4:11 AM

[] to extract the frozen material? Can y ou explain this process please fade? Hereis how we do it. http://skunkpharm research.com /bho-extraction/ We cutthe fresh colas up into about 1/4" pieces and pack into a thermos, which we put alid []

Posted by Andy Sanchez on November 7, 2013 at 1:51 PM

Gw,can any regular refrigerant work?I.e r22, r12 ,r134a ,r407 c, r404a ,r410a.


Many will extract, but arent something that y ou want an residuals in the oil,if it is to be combusted.

Posted by Eric on November 1, 2013 at 4:50 PM

Whats the best way to preserve wax, and to save potency


In an opaque air tight container in the freezer.

Posted by Jamie on October 28, 2013 at 12:31 PM

Ive been looking to buy a vacuum chamber and have heard good things about thevac-it pro. I was able to find it on ebay about two weeks ago but didnt buy it. Nowwhen I look on the ebay page it doesnt show that hes selling any thing. I tried thewebsite (vac-it-pro.com) and that didnt work. Does any one know if vac-it-pros arestill being sold?

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on October 30, 2013 at 7:37 AM

Sorry , no. Weve never used one and havent kept track of them.

Posted by Geoff on October 30, 2013 at 9:04 AM

I noticed the same thing. I dont know where to get a vac it pro, but Iordered a similar chamber, the provac, off amazon. It is a bit moreexpensive, 160 with shipping, as opposed to the vac it pro, which I believewas 125 with shipping, but also has a few extra features, such as I ringsaround the joining parts to help prov ide a better seal. If y ou are interested Iam happy to give y ou a more thorough rev iew when it comes in the mailtommorrow. Just reply or email me at [email protected] e.com


Posted by ganar dinero mientras duermes pdf on October 27, 2013 at 9:01 PM

Great blog here! Also y our web site loads up fast! What web hostare y ou using? Can I get y our affiliate link to y our host? I wish my site loaded up asfast as y ours lol


We use Word Press

Posted by Hydra Group on October 27, 2013 at 5:24 PM

Hello GW and thanks for all the wonderful work y ou do for the community

I have a 48 stainless steel extraction tube 1/2 lb and packing and loading hasbeen a major pain in the arse LoL I remember seeing a post about using some airthing to clear the tube out easily ?? Aside from that any good tips on loading andunloading?? One person recommend to me to unpack right after running the BHOinto the py rex my concern is that after running the cans I see butane gas stillcoming out from the top and worried if I open the clamp and oring seal it will notbe safe?? Would love to buy one of those MK automated sy stems when theybecome avail

Any recommendations for open sty le extraction tubes for 1 lb or moreprocessing??


Packing a pound into an open column either makes it excessively long, orlarge in diameter. Y ou could run 160 grams in a 1 X 48 tube, but it mightbe tough to unload, even with air pressure. When we were experimentingwith 48 columns, I used a 6 electricians flexible drill bit to punch it outwhen stuck.

Posted by Gbroque on October 24, 2013 at 11:21 PM

Hello again. I have a few questions about safety .

I recently received some components of my extraction setup, namely a hotplate/electric griddle and a infrared thermometer. both came with warning labels,the electric plate cautioned about sparks and risk of fire presumablyexacerbated with the presence of butane the infrared thermometer warns againstusing on flammable materials like butane but every body uses thesethermometers while making bho!so1) How can i maximize safety while using the hot plate?2) How can i safely use the thermometer?

On another note, i was wondering why people use hot water baths/double boilersto purge instead of just low heat on the griddle, if its because of the griddle notgoing low enough, would the use of a light dimmer help cut electrical flow to thegriddle, reducing temp?


At the time we use a thermometer and hot plate in the process, thereshouldnt be enough butane left to reach ignition levels.

The griddles dont maintain well at low temperatures and dont heatuniformly . If y ou put sand or an oil bath on the griddle, it will worksomewhat. Most folks are plugging and unplugging griddles to maintainheat.

A light dimmer usually is around 600W and a griddle about twice that.

Posted by frank l jones on November 12, 2013 at 7:45 PM

hey bro , a heads up on a great hot plate,Id try D to find the perfect heatsourcegot pretty close using G.W s heat mats then went to a corning pc-400d hotplateit dials in and only has a bout a 2 deg plus or minus ,well worth the moneyjust wanna share as I was not giv ing in(smile)


Thanks for the heads up bro! Looks like it controls from 5C up.http://catalog2.corning.com /Lifesciences/en-US/Shopping/ProductDetails.aspx?productid=67 95-400D(Lifesciences)&category nam e=General+Labware+and+Equipm ent(Lifesciences)%7 cHot+Plates(Lifesciences)%7 cHot+Plates%2c+5+x+7 +Inch+Dig


Posted by Kyle on October 24, 2013 at 9:56 AM

I could use some help. I did a run, about 12 ounces or so, into a 8 by 8 py rex dish.Heat was at 120 but I think because I used a smaller dish the tane made it cooldown a lot because it piled ontop of each other. However, after blasting outsideand it evaporating I brought it inside. Scraped it up and put it on parchment andinto my vacuum chamber on my griddle. My griddle is a black and decker that is 4y ears old. The temp settings dont do much. Ill turn it until it barely kicks on, thelowest temp and itll shoot up to 17 0 then turn off and wont turn on until its closeto 100 again. I put a pizza stone under my chamber to help with heat. Its beengoing for 9 hours at full vac since I added the pizza stone, prior to that about 24hours at full vac. Still hasnt waxed up. Im wondering if its because my griddle isbasically flash heating the entire time but the pizza stone kinda prevents that to anextent so I just dont know. >.< http://im gur.com /SqIPuEc


Do y ou have a optical thermometer and if so, what is the temperature of theoil itself?

Posted by Alex R on October 21, 2013 at 2:07 PM

Hey Grey wolf, I have read many of y our posts on this site and various forums andappreciate y ou informing the public with safer and effective techniques. I havebeen making BHO for quite some time now and I still struggle with one thing. Myquestion for y ou is when purging by using heat from approximately 130-140F,what are the tell tale signs that the oil is ready to be scraped? How can y ou tell thatall the butane has properly been purged out enough for the product to be safelyvaporized?One last question is I have a batch of oil that would leave a very strange residue, soI repurged it at temps that must have gotten rid of any remaining butane, but theoil continued to leave a strange residue. Is the residue most likely harmless? Anyinformation on the matter would be greatly appreciated.


Taste and smell.

I would have to see the deposit and an analy sis of the oil to have an opinion,but plant waxes will leave a residue in the vapor pipe and they are nontoxic.

Posted by cooper517 on October 16, 2013 at 10:55 AM

the tube is 10 1/2 in long and about 2in across(looks very similar to a tube of caulkor silicone, for a comparison) the packing wasnt too tight (i use a wooden dowelabout 3/8 in size and do not force it to pack tightly ,basically i just use the weightof the dowel the pack it. as far as material(i am a medicinal grower/caregiver sohave decent material to work with) but i have been letting it dry and chopping it upwith scissors to a joint roll-able consistency (may be not that fine but close) i havenot inspected with microscope, going to start doing that.thanks for the help btwa friend suggested i put some paper beside be when i am making my product and toquickly let a few drops onto the pape the quickly back to the py rex dish , he said ifu see no golden color it done if u sitll got color keep on going with ur solvent. whatdo u think about this idea? thank u again i so wish i could get into some of thestudies u teach


I recommend a smaller ID tube, no larger than about 1. I liked my 1 X 36tubes for that purpose.Get around a 3/4 packing dowel, for the 1 tube.Push down firmly on the material, until it stops moving and then quit. Packseveral times in the course of loading the column, to keep it even.I stick my finger in the stream and check it for sticky between my finger andthumb.


i was thinking the same, a bigger dowel would probably ensure a moreevenly packed tube too as far as my larger tube goes. thanks bro! ijust harvested some pretty frosty goodness so i am dry ing it out as wespeak. it will take probably a few-some day s depending on thewonderful Michigan weather,but lately it has been cool and wet so iam redialing in my dry ing area. i am thinking i may just stick with myturkey baster for some runs until i can get better with my returns ? atleast so i dont go through so much material lol , i have been


reading more about the turpinator u built and the schematics(sorry ifi miss spelled) how are the returns with that beautiful monstrosity ?

i hope ur hav ing a great Sunday GW, watching some football andrelaxing


Averaging just over 20% on prime bud and about half that ontrim.

Peace!


thanks again. i gat amother problem too. i did theroutine same as before, i had approx 1 .8g i vac it downand placed it on the griddle at about 150 degrees F forapprox 2hours and 10 mins. i pulled it out lut it cool andit was like a sy rup consistency ? i contacted aacquaintance he said my py rex plate may not have beenhot enough and being the butane is so cold, to say ittrapped moisture from like condensation or something?i has been siting for like 3 day s and still no solidity . isthis possible about the moisture thing? the plate tempwas like the only thing i did not check before i startedblasting. i did freeze the butane cans for like a hr befor iblasted and the were frosted over when done. may befrost from can? when u hit it to the nail it crackles orsizzles a little sounds like if u ever had water in urtitanium nail and try to heat it , it will sizzle and crackle alittle. please help GW . thank y ou my friend

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on November 12, 2013 at 6:18AM

If y ou heated it to 150F for two hours without being in avacuum, y ou most likely have partially decarboxy latedit, so it wont turn to shatter.

If it has water in it, it will crackle and fire dance. Y oumight spread it thin on parchment and hit it with a heatgun, or use vacuum.

Posted by cooper on October 15, 2013 at 2:03 PM

i am new to extraction process i have did a few runs with flowers, however nomatter how hard i try i cannot get my returns over 10-12% (12% if i am kicking assthat day lol) and most peeps i talk too on the net say they get like almost 20% onnug runs ? i have read quite a bit of ur work here u seen to be the most informativealso on the other site forms too so here is what i have i have.. 2 nonbleachedcoffee filters, glass blasting tube along with the turkey baster tube (glass can holdabout roughly 35g of semi-hard packed material,and of course u know what theturkey holds), and Lucienne butane. from their i do the py rex dish with w/hotwater bath underneath.(i am sure u smell what im stepping in now)..but i do notfreeze the butane or column will this make a difference? and can u give me anymore pointers? please thanks y ou so much for the help and reply also thank y oufor taking the time to share ur work to ensure people get a good understanding onhow to prov ide a safe medication


Y eah, we average about 20% y ield by weight on prime bud, but have had aslow as 5.7 % and as high as 28.1%.

How are y ou preparing and packing the material. What state of dry is it.

How large an ID is the glass tube.

Freezing the tube will improve quality , but will reduce extraction efficiency .

Have y ou examined the left over material with a microscope, to see what isbeing left behind?

Posted by Geoff on October 15, 2013 at 2:00 PM

Im try ing to figure out what tube to buy and could use y our input, the one I ammost interested in is a 150g apx capacity tube with a 1 .5 diameter, possible


bigger, no more than 2. The other is a little more expensive but 1 .1/4 diameter,with a 200g apx capacity .Also wondering about how best to purge an ethanol winterized solution, withshatter being the goal, and time being an issue. I read cold boil can take a while.Given that I want it to be a shatterific as possible, I presume that means a minimalamount of decarboxilation in the purging process?


Any thing larger than about 1 ID is hard to pack evenly enough that thebutane doesnt just find an easy way out. I used a 1 X 36 for efficiency andease of packing and unpacking, which holds around 115/120 grams of 10mesh prime bud.

Posted by Steve Weglein on October 12, 2013 at 10:05 AM

Hello,I use the stainless steel thermos with kif and butane (all freezer chilled to 0f) toextract my bho. Normally , I put the thermos in a 1 gallon plastic pitcher of ice tokeep every thing cool for longer, and stir the contents with a long kitchen knifeevery so often to keep refreshing the boundary lay er to enhance the extractionspeed. I have kept the contents cold for up to 2 1/2 hours before dumping andfiltering.

It occurs to me that the process could be improved with the addition of v ibration.As I do my extraction outside in the open, and butane vapor pooling isnt aproblem, especially with the 0f temperature of the butane minimizingevaporation.

What I am contemplating using is an inexpensive ultrasonic (42,000 cy cles, Ibelieve) jewelry cleaner such as the one in this link ..http://www.am azon.com /Medelco-SJ4-sonic-jewelry -cleaner/dp/B000AMG0ZM%3FSubscriptionId%3DAKIAIF33BT K3T ZWASH5A%26tag%3D05-sonicjewelry cleaners-20%26linkCode%3Dxm 2%26cam p%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB000AMG0ZMHave y ou any experience with this? Do y ou think the boundary lay er would beeffectively moved? If y ou think this idea has some merit, would y ou v ibrateconstantly , or every few minutes, or do y ou see problems?

Thanks in advance

Steve

Posted by Skunk Pharm Research,LLC on October 13, 2013 at 2:02 PM

We havent tried that y et, but Ostensibly , the ultrasonics would improve theextraction rate.

Posted by Steve Weglein on October 13, 2013 at 5:49 PM

I will report back in a few weeks, when I have some kif again .. Itoccurred to me that the same strategy might work for a QWET (fromkif) to maximize extraction rate for that as well

Posted by tom on October 9, 2013 at 5:11 PM

I am going to be making oil for my first time this weekend so i just wanted to makesure i had all the info i can get. how do y ou make it so that y our oil comes out inthe shatter form or the Honey comb form. Is this something that is done duringthe purging process?


Oil starts out in the shatter form unless y ou decarboxy late it with heat orretain solvent.

We get the best results reliably producing shatter, by using -29.5 Hgvacuum and 115F until the solvent bubbles cease coming off.

Posted by triple on October 9, 2013 at 3:53 PM

Hi Sunkpharm, first off great site! I have spent hours scouring this site, as well asothers, looking for an answer to a question i have:since both kiefing and bhoextraction recover approximately the same amount of product from buds- say20% return-and from my reading i see GW proposes a 60% or greater return onkief.Is one losing 8% y ield [in this theoretical example] by pre kiefing the buds?Y et, at the same time, one is reducing the amount to be processed with butane by a


factor of 5X.I am considering getting a Mark3a from specialized formulations with a 6 columnfor kief as per y our use mentioned above.Using kief rather than bud seems asthough it would allow one to gain efficiency by using 1/5 the materialalbeit witha corresponding lose in y ield.An alternative may be using bud in a Bhogart 5lbmodel or equivalent. Or perhaps y our own Mark V when it becomes available.Icannot find y ield data for the Bhogart unit online and they have not returnedqueries regarding this matter as of y et.In the short term i am going to try the thermos method-would i get similar y ieldsbut in a longer time frame with the thermos method as compared to the Mark3a?Thanks so very much for all y ou do!


Assume there is about 20% potential by weight.

Y ou extract about 10% kifing, which leaves about 10% behind on the plantmaterial. Kifing a higher percentage, starts to green the kif from leafmaterial.

A 60% y ield on that kif, would be a 6% overall y ield.

Y ou might build a Mk II with a 3 X 36 column, y ou can process a couplepounds at a time.

The automated Mk V prototy pe is in final assembly . Ill post some updatedpictures.

The Terpenator should prov ide a higher y ield than a thermos with a singleprocessing.

Posted by J444 on October 8, 2013 at 3:29 PM

I want to make my own BHO for my O.PenVape. I refill it my self now with TetraLabs Pure Gold but it is expensive at $30 per .5g. I am concerned about theconsistency of the final product, Pure Gold is about as thick as honey . What is y ourBHOs consistency and what oil if any can I add to it to so it will absorb through thewick and vaporize?


Pure Gold adds 5% Limonene to make theirs flow. Y ou can also usePropy lene Gly col.

Posted by cooper on October 8, 2013 at 10:56 AM

i have a few question do y ou still check the site and update? i could really use thehelp as i am try ing to learn for my patients. thanks


We update, but mostly at this moment, Im just try ing to catch up, beforedashing off to catch up on something else.

What are y our questions bro?

Posted by Kyle on October 3, 2013 at 2:34 AM

Hello, great research and read. I make my bho for vaporizing and I dehy drate mymaterial at about 110 115 for a few hours. It comes out golden and whatnot but Ineed to increase my y ield. What are some things that can be done to increasey ield? Thanks in advance.


How are y ou extracting?

Posted by Kyle on October 7, 2013 at 3:12 PM

Vector and a Silika Extractor Tube

Posted by korupt on September 26, 2013 at 12:00 AM

So I did my 3rd and 4th run y esterday and I manage to increase the y eild 3-fold by


using trapped butane and soaking my material and shaking. Since I use good gradehash I dont think long soking is a problem for me and I get a pretty decent clarity .My result looked something like: http://i46.tiny pic.com /2q22v02.jpg but Iwill post a pic or two when Ive gotten my vac chamber.

So with that experience, I got a few questions if someone has the time.

1: Does long soaking pull out more impurities.2: What does long soaking in butane pull ou

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