skullpelvis pubic bones ribs to sternum.

UNIT 1 – Area of Study 1

Body Systems & Human Movement

JOINTS & HUMAN MOVEMENT

JOINTS There are 3 classifications of joints:

skull pelvis

1. FIBROUS ( immovable )


2. CARTILAGENOUS ( semi-moveable )

pubic bonesribs to sternum


3. SYNOVIAL ( freely moveable ) ( controlled by muscles )

JOINTS There are 6 different types of synovial joints

BALL & SOCKET - The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of

another. Eg: shoulder / hip.

HINGE – Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ). Eg: elbow / knee.

PIVOT – One bone rotated around another. Eg: atlas & axis.

GLIDING – Bones glide or slide across each other. Eg: carpals / tarsals.

SADDLE – One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse. Eg: thumb.

CONDYLOID – Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball

and socket structure This allows not only flexion & extension but some circumduction – eg:

wrist

JOINTS There are 6 different types of synovial joints

BALL & SOCKET - The ball or head of one bones inserts into the socket or cup of

another. Eg: shoulder / hip.

HINGE – Allows movement in one plane only ( flexion & extension ). Eg: elbow / knee.

PIVOT – One bone rotated around another. Eg: atlas & axis.

GLIDING – Bones glide or slide across each other. Eg: carpals / tarsals.

SADDLE – One bone sits atop another like a saddle on a horse. Eg: thumb.

CONDYLOID – Bones articulate together ( butt up against each ) but without the ball

and socket structure This allows not only flexion – extension but some circumduction – eg:

wrist

JOINTS All synovial joints have the same features :


HYALINE CARTILAGE Lines the bones / protects / reduces

friction



friction

JOINT CAPSULE Surrounds the joint / adds stability / stops

substances entering or leaving joint



friction



SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE Lines the inside of the capsule /

produces & secretes synovial fluid



friction





SYNOVIAL FLUID Lubricates the inside of the joint

............................



friction





SYNOVIAL FLUID Lubricates the inside of the joint

............................

LIGAMENTS Hold bones together / control

movement

MOVEMENT FLEXION

The angle between the bones decreases.

Eg: bicep curl – UP

MOVEMENT FLEXION



FLEXION

EXTENSION

The angle between the bones increases.

Eg: bicep curl – DOWN

MOVEMENT FLEXION



EXTENSION

The angle between the bones increases.

Eg: bicep curl – DOWN

FLEXION

EXTENSION

MOVEMENT

ABDUCTION

To take away from the midline of body

Eg: arm raise– UP

MOVEMENT

ABDUCTION


Eg: arm raise– UP

ADDUCTION

To bring back to the midline of the body

Eg: arm lowered– DOWN

ABDUCTION

MOVEMENT

ABDUCTION


Eg: arm raise– UP

ADDUCTION

To bring back to the midline of the body

Eg: arm lowered– DOWN

ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

MOVEMENT ROTATION

Movement around an axis

Eg: turning head left & right

MOVEMENT ROTATION

Movement around an axis

Eg: turning head left & right

CIRCUMDUCTION

Bone makes a cone shape as it moves

Eg: circling the arms.

MOVEMENT SUPINATION – Forearm is rotated to face

palm UP.

PRONATION – Forearm is rotated to face palm DOWN.

PLANTAR FLEXION – Point toes down or raise up onto tippy toes.

DORSI FLEXION – Raise toes up higher than the heels.

INVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face inwards.

EVERSION – Sole of the foot is turned to face outwards.

REVISION QUESTIONS1. The function of the skeletal system is to:

A/ provide protection of vital organs.B/ allow movement.C/ blood cell productionD/ mineral storageE/ all of the aboveF/ none of the above.

2. Which of the following form the axial skeleton ?A/ skull, sternum, rib cage, vertebral columnB/ skull, shoulder girdle, spine, pelvic girdleC/ skull, sternum, humerus, pelvis, femurD/ shoulder girdle, arms, pelvic girdle, legs

3. Which of the following are examples of long bones ?A/ face, vertebrae , femur, carpalsB/ pelvis, tarsals , humerus, digitsC/ metatarsals, digits, tibia, radiusD/ skull, ulna, femur, metacarpals

REVISION QUESTIONS4. From inferior to superior the curvatures of the spine are the:

A/ lumbar, sacral, cervical, thoracic.B/ cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.C/ sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical.D/ thoracic, lumbar, sacral, cervical

5. Bones are attached to each other mainly by means of:A/ ligamentsB/ muscleC/ tendonsD/ skin

6. Which of the following is NOT a category of joint ?A/ cartilagenousB/ fibrousC/ hyalineD/ synovial

REVISION QUESTIONS7. Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint ?

A/ the base of the thumbB/ the ankleC/ the kneeD/ the hip

8. The function of the hyaline cartilage is to:A/ protect the bone.B/ reduce friction in the joint.C/ grease the surface of the joint.D/ all of the above.E/ none of the above.

9. Ball and socket joints permit the following movements:A/ flexion, extension, plantar flexion, supinationB/ rotation, circumduction, eversion, inversionC/ adduction, abduction, dorsi flexion, plantar flexionD/ flexion, extension, abduction, adduction.

REVISION QUESTIONS

11. Whilst carrying a tray in front of the body with the hands lying flat under the tray:A/ the hands are flexed.B/ the hands are extended.C/ the hands are supinated.D/ the hands are pronated.

10. Which of the following joints permits rotation only :A/ glidingB/ pivotC/ hingeD/ ball and socket

12. The movement “adduction” involves :A/ a decrease in the joint angleB/ an increase in the joint angleC/ taking a body part away from the midline of the bodyD/ taking a body part towards the midline of the body

skullpelvis pubic bones ribs to sternum.

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