SKULL BASE IMAGING
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Transcript of SKULL BASE IMAGING
IMAGING OF SKULL BASEIMAGING OF SKULL BASE
--Dr.A.Joseph Stalin(MCh PG)Dr.A.Joseph Stalin(MCh PG)
PROF .R.R UNIT
DEPT OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY
GOVT ROYAPETTAH HOSPITAL
CHENNAI
CONTENTSCONTENTS
1.REVIEW OF ANATOMY2.ROLE OF IMAGING3.IMPORTANT PATHOLOGICAL
LEISIONS IN IMAGING4.CLINICAL EXAMPLES
Cranial fossaCranial fossa
Skull Base Anatomy Review
Temporal Bone
Temporal bone- petrous portion
Sphenoid Bone
Occipital Bone
Key Fissures
• Petrosphenoidal fissure
• Petrooccipital fissure
Key Sutures
• Sphenosquamous Suture
• Occipitomastoid Suture
Skull Base Anatomy Review
Key Openings
• Foramen spinosum
• Foramen ovale
• Foramen lacerum
• Foramen rotundum
• Foramen magnum
• Foramen of vesalius
• Jugular foramen
• Superior orbital fissure
• Inferior orbital fissure
• Optic canal
• Vidian canal
• Hypoglossal canal
• Pterygopalatine fossa
Skull Base Anatomy Review
Skull Base Anatomy Review
Foramen spinosum
Sphenoid spine- lower level
Foramen rotundum- higher level
Pterygopalatine fossa
Foramen ovale
Petro-occipital fissure
Pterygoid canal
f. lacerum
ModalityModalityCT
CTA
SPECT
ABOX-CT
MRI
MR SPECTROSCOPY
PET CT
DSA
ROLE OF IMAGINGROLE OF IMAGING
Diagnosis Deciding Resectability Planning of Treatment- Approach
Specialist Help
Reconstruction Follow up/Recurrance
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Site ExtendConsistencyVascularityBony InvolvementPerineural spreadVascular Involvement
Characterisation of the lesionCharacterisation of the lesion
Morphology 1. tissue characterisation 2. pattern of bone involvment 3. vascularity Localisation 1. intrinsic to the skull base 2. arising from intracranial compartment 3. arising from extracranial head and neck Invasion of other structures 1. Direct extension
• infiltrating bone, soft tissue, meninges, cerebrum• preformed channels and foramina
2. Hematogenous spread 3. Perineural spread
Agressive bone involvement patternAgressive bone involvement pattern
Osteolysis Absent bone replaced by soft tissue Thinned bone with soft tissue mass on
its both sides Abnormal signal of the bone marrow Calcifications within the soft tissue mass
Non-aggressive bone involvement patternNon-aggressive bone involvement pattern Bone remodeling with bowing, thin or demineralized walls Bone expansion with smooth contour or interrupted walls Enlarged intramedullary cavity Varying attenuation: ground-glass, radiolucent or sclerotic
INTRACRANIAL <> EXTRA CRANIALINTRACRANIAL <> EXTRA CRANIAL
Pharygeal mucosal space PMS Sinus Morgagni Parapharyngeal space PPS Skull base Carotid space CS Carotid canal Jugular foramen Mandibular space MS Foramen ovale Retropharyngeal space RPS Basiocciput
Sinus frontalis Squamous Cell Sinus frontalis Squamous Cell Cancer with intracranial Cancer with intracranial
spread spread
Nodular dural enhancing have high specificity
Dural thickness > 5 mm Coexistent leptomeningeal
enhancement Hypointense leision Brain parenchymal changes
Perineural spreadPerineural spread
Nerve enlargement and nerve enhancement Obliteration of the fat in the foramina, fosse or fissures Foraminal enlargement or destruction Enhancing soft tissue in the cavernous sinus and Meckel cave Neuropathic atrophy and fat replacement
Tumor growth Tumor growth
Incresed permeability of endoneurial capillariesIncresed permeability of endoneurial capillaries
Rupture of the blood-nerve barrierRupture of the blood-nerve barrier
Contrast-enhancementContrast-enhancement
Dural, PeriNeuralSpreadDural, PeriNeuralSpread
Ethmoidal Adenocarcinoma with Ethmoidal Adenocarcinoma with perineural spread in pterigopalatine fossaperineural spread in pterigopalatine fossa
Cavernous sinus infiltrationCavernous sinus infiltration
Internal carotid artery Internal carotid artery encasementencasement
ABOX CTABOX CT
ABOX-CTABOX-CT
Imaging ChecklistImaging Checklist
Bony involvement- site/extensionScan all FORAMINA- content involvementSA plane/Dural/Brain involvementCarotid Sinus/other sinusesInternal Carotid Artery course/encasementPerineural spread
CRITERIA FOR NON CRITERIA FOR NON RESECTABILITY RESECTABILITY
Cavernous sinus infiltration
B/l optic nerve/optic chiasmal infiltration
Sphenoid sinus infiltration (superior/lateral )
Extensive brain involvement- temporal lobe for anterior resection
Skull Base Pathology
Chordoma
Chondrosarcoma
Dermoid tumors
Epidermoid tumors
Glomus tumors
Meningioma
Metastases
Myeloma
Neuroma
Schwannoma
Vascular Aneurysm
ANTERIOR SKULL BASEANTERIOR SKULL BASE
MENINGIOMA
SINONASAL MALIGNANCY
OLFACTORY NEUROBLASTOMA
MIDDLE SKULL BASEMIDDLE SKULL BASE
Pituitary adenomaCraniopharyngiomaSphenoid sinus malignancySchwanoma
POSTERIOR SKULL BASEPOSTERIOR SKULL BASE
ChordomaAcoustic neuromaChondrosarcomaParaganglioma
SINONASAL MALIGNANCYSINONASAL MALIGNANCY
Bony invasionBony invasion
Bone marrow spaceBone marrow space
Pterygopalatinefossa Pterygopalatinefossa infiltrationinfiltration
orbitorbit
Occular muscleOccular muscle
Normal ethamoid sinusNormal ethamoid sinus
Ethamoid tumourEthamoid tumour
EsthenioneuroblastomaEsthenioneuroblastoma
Anterior cranial fossa tumour Anterior cranial fossa tumour with dural involvementwith dural involvement
CarotidvesselsCarotidvessels
Encased carotidEncased carotid
Cavernous sinus infiltrationCavernous sinus infiltration
Perinueral spreadPerinueral spread
Case 1
Chondrosarcoma
CT Findings:
• Irregular, destructive mass
• Centered off midline
• Petro-occipital fissure
• Calcifications, 70%; “rings/arcs”
MRI Findings:
• Low T1 signal, high T2 signal
• Enhance with contrast
• Scalloped, well circumsribed margins
ChondrosarcomaOrigin:
• Preexisting cartilaginous lesion, synchondroses, cartilage endplates
Location:
• Paranasal sinuses, skull base, parasellar region
• Long bones, pelvis, sternum, ribs
Clinical:
• 45 yo, median age
• Classic, mesenchymal, or dedifferentiated
Case 2
CT/MRI Findings:
• Expansile lytic lesion, midline
• Well delineated mass arising from bone
• Large soft tissue component
• Variable calcification
• Anteroposterior extension
• Heterogeneous enhancement on T1, T2
• Dark on T1, bright on T2
Chordoma
Differential Diagnosis:
• Chondroma
• Chondrosarcoma
• Clivus meningioma
ChordomaOrigin
• Notochord remnants
Location
• Clivus 35%
• Sacrum 50%, Vertebral bodies 15%
Clinical
• age 30-70
• Slow growing, locally aggressive
• CN VI- CN deficits
• Mets late
• Tx: surgery, radiation
Case 3
Glomus Tumor
Glomus jugulare CT/MRI Findings:
• Center: jugular foramen
• Limit: hyoid bone
• Enhance w/ contrast
• Salt and pepper appearance on MRI
• Bone erosion
Glomus Tumor
Origin:
• Chemoreceptor cells
Location:
• 10% multiple
• glomus jugulare: jugular bulb
• glomus tympanicum: cochlear promontory
Clinical:
• Pulsatile tinnitus
• Hearing loss
• arrythmia, BP fluctuation
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Thorough anatomical knowledge essential.Both CT and MRI are needed. Histological diagnosis not needed for
managing skull base tumours.Main role of imaging is to plan the
recection .Treatment options for skull base tumours –
resection +/_ radiotherapy
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Anatomy of skull base – complex – not the imaging
Treatment options –simple- not the procedure
Thank u….Thank u….