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Transcript of SKRIPSI FAI
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Research
English is an international language. It is used in many countries as the
inter-nation communication tool such as in the cooperation’s economic, social,
politic, cultural, military. As the role of English is very important, we are
expected to learn it. It is taught in different part of the world. For example,
Indonesia sets English as the subject of its educational program started from the
Elementary School until the High School. Even, it is made as one of the
departments’ language in many universities in the world. By learning English, we
can go across the world. As it is used in many countries, so we must be able to
speak English to ease us in communications with many people in other countries.
One of the subjects in learning English is Grammar. According to
Harry Shaw (1981:1) in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook of College
Composition, Fifth Edition”, English Grammar is the English way of saying
things. It consists of a series of statement about the way a language works. He
says that the word grammar, which comes from Greek gramma (meaning “letter”
or “written symbol”), means the entire structure of a language. It concerns the
form of words: tenses, cases, and the order in which they are strung together in
phrases, clauses, and sentences.
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In general, learning English consists of Reading, Writing, Listening,
and Speaking. All of them are called as language skills. To be skillful in English,
the learners are expected to adequately learn grammar, especially tenses.
According to Harry Shaw (1981:1) in his book entitled “The Harper
Handbook of College Composition, Fifth Edition”, tense shows the time of the
action or state of being expressed by a verb. The three divisions of time those are
present, past, and future are shown in English by six tenses. The three primary or
simple tenses are the present, the past, and the future. Difficulty with tense usage
arises from:
1. not knowing the functions of six tenses, or
2. not thinking carefully about the time element involved.
One needs to seriously explore and find out more about the particular
tense for some reasons whether from the view point of their functions or their
kinds. There will be different meanings and functions between one tense with
others.
One of the tenses is Simple Past Tense. According to A. J. Thomson
and A. V. Martinet (1986:162) in “A practical English Grammar”, simple past
tense is used for actions completed in the past at definite time and for actions
whose time is not given but which:
1. occupies a period of time now terminated, or ;
2. occur at a moment in a period of time now terminated.
The other subject of grammar is Passive Voice. It is a quite simple
grammar which has many complex usages. According to Elaine Walker and Steve
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Ellsworth (1990:76) at “Grammar Practice or Intermediate Students”, passive
voice are used to describe actions when we do not know who does, or did the
action, and when it is not important to know who does, or did the actions. Also, it
describes what happens to people or things, other as the result of action by other
people or things. And what happens is more important than who is responsible.
However, as an English learner we must be able to know its forms, its functions,
its allocations and restrictions in using it, especially in the Novel.
As Grammar has many forms, and kinds, the writer would like to limit
his research and explore Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences. He has limited the
scope of his analysis from the ones which are used in the novel entitled “Where
Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan.
Reading novel is one of the most exciting ways to learn and understand
English. As Novel has always an interesting story to read, we can make it as a
perfect media to learn English. We can bring the comprehension and grammar
close toward the Novel itself. When one reads a novel, there will be a lot of
grammar found in it which we are not familiar with.
Problems, difficulties, and obstacles occur in doing this analysis. The
basic problems faced by the writer in doing this analysis are to find out the usages
and the forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences in Tenses. It must have
been the writer’s task to find the exact differences between them. In term of
usage, Past Tense Passive Sentences and Past Tense Active Sentences are quite
hard to be differentiated. However, the writer tries best in his sentences duty to
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find and to analyze the difference between them based on the theories proposed by
some experts.
B. The Aims of the Research
This study is conducted to answer the problems related to the usage
and forms of Simple Past Tense Passive sentences in the Novel “Where Truth
Lies” by Christiane Heggan. There are 3 objectives wants to get the writer as
follows:
1. to have better knowledge and understanding of Simple Past Tense Passive
Sentences in particular and the Passive Sentences in general;
2. to classify grammatically the Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences found
in the novel; and
3. to find the kinds and forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentence.
C. The Assumption of the Research
Grammar is very important to learn if we want to be able in
understanding English. It has many forms, kinds, usages, and functions. One of
the grammars is tense.
There are many kind of tense. Simple Past Tense Passive Voice is one
of the tense kinds which are often used. This tense is often found in a literary
work such as Novel. There is a language use aspect which is related to tense in
Novel and it is one of the literary works that tells about the life.
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There are many forms and usages of Simple Past Tense Passive
sentences used in the Novel. Simple Past Tense Passive sentence has created a
complex problem as it has various forms and usages in English grammar.
The writer has some assumptions regarding this study, as follows:
1. How many forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences which are used
in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan?
2. What forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences which are often used
in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan?
3. In what situation does the author use Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences
in the novel “Where Truth Lies”?
D. Limitation of the Research
There are many Past Tense Passives that can be explored. But the
writer has limited his research scope to the usages and the forms of the Simple
Past Tense Passive Sentences which are found in Christiane Heggan’s Novel
entitled “Where Truth Lies” containing 378 pages and 42 chapters which were
published in 2006 by Mira Books.
E. The Research Method and Techniques of Collecting Data
The research method used by the writer in his study on the novel
“Where Truth Lies” is a Descriptive Method. He chooses it as he will describe the
facts found in the novel. According to Gay (1987:28) in his book “Educational
Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications”, a Descriptive Method is
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a method of research or to answer questions concerning the current status of the
study of the object. The descriptive study determines and reports the way things
are.
While Whitney in her book entitled “The Elements of Research
(1960:160) states that “a descriptive method is a search of facts with correct
interpretations”.
Where as Nazir in his “Metode Penelitian“ (1988:63) says, “
descriptive method is a method used in investigating the status of the group of
people, an object, an certain condition, a paradigm, or an event at current period”.
In this research, the writer would like to find out the kinds and usages
of Simple Past Tense passive sentences. Therefore, the main problem to study in
this research is analyzing the usage of Simple Past Tense passive sentences.
In collecting the data, the writer has used several techniques and steps
to collect the data as follows:
1. The writer browsed some references related to the English Grammar,
especially about the definition, kind, and usage of Simple Past Tense
Passive Sentences.
2. The writer read the Novel “Where Truth Lies“ and found out the forms of
Simple Past Tense Passive Voice Sentences.
3. All forms of Simple Past Tense Passive Sentences taken from the Novel
“Where Truth Lies“ are collected and classified based on the forms and
kinds.
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4. The writer made the percentages of the uses of Simple Past Tense Passive
Sentences.
5. At last, they are analyzed.
F. The Organization of the Paper
This paper consists of five chapters in which the general descriptions
of each chapter are divided as follows:
1) Chapter I : Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the study, the aims of the
research, the assumption of the research, the limitation of the research, the
research method and techniques of collecting the data, and the
organization of the paper.
2) Chapter II : General Description of Passive Voice.
This chapter includes related theories about Passive Voice Sentences, its
forms, usages, and allocations also restrictions in applying Simple Past
Tense Passive Sentences
3) Chapter III : The Description of the novel “Where Truth Lies” in general.
This chapter includes biography of the Author, and the content of the
Novel.
4) Chapter IV : The Simple Past Tense Passive Sentence in the novel and its
Analysis
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This chapter presents findings of the research and the analysis of the data
needed in this study which consists of the list of passive voices in the
novel, the categorizing of passive sentences, and discussion.
5) CHAPTER V : Conclusions and Suggestions
This chapter presents conclusions and suggestions of what have been
described and discussed in the earlier chapters.
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CHAPTER II
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PASSIVE VOICE
A. Sentence
1. Definition of Sentence
Harry Shaw (1981:37) at “The Harper Handbook of College
Composition” says that:
“A sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words, bearing little grammatical relationship to words that precede or follow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, having one of a number of characteristic patterns, and expressing an independent statement, question, command, and request”.
Similar with Harry Shaw, Marcella Frank in his book entitled “Modern
English: A practical Reference Guide (1972:220)” has defined that, “A
sentence is a full predication containing a subject plus a predicate with a finite
verb”.
While Hilman Fariz Mukti in his book entitled “Complete English
Grammar (2006:1)” says that, “Sentence is a group of words that states
meaning completely about a statement, distinction, question, etc”.
Based on the definitions of sentence defined by the experts above, we
can conclude that, “A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and
predicate and expressing a complete thought”.
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2. Kind of Sentence
According to Harry Shaw in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook
of College Composition (1981:37), sentences can be classified according to
kinds of statements they make.
Similar with Harry Shaw, Marcella Frank in her book “Modern
English: A practical Reference Guide (1972:220)” classifies the kinds of
sentence in two ways, one by the types, and one by the number of formal
predications.
There are four kinds of sentences, they are:
a) Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence is a sentence which has only main clause or
independent clause. Independent Clause is a group of words has a
subject and verb, or even has an object and completed with adverb.
Example:
They visit my home. Main clause
S V Adv
From the example above, we can conclude that the special
character of simple sentence is that it has only one infinitive verb.
b) Compound Sentence
Compound Sentence is a sentence which has two main clause or
more. Both of them are generally related to Coordinate
Conjunction, such as and, but, or, etc. each of the clauses of a
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compound sentence is grammatically capable of standing alone as
complete sentence.
Example:
She is beautiful but she is arrogant.
Main clause Main clause
Coordinate Conjunction
c) Complex Sentence
Complex Sentence is a sentence which has one main clause and one
or more subordinate clause (dependent clause). It is generally
related to subordinate conjunction such as when, where, that,
because, until, if, and so on.
Example:
I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill .
Main Clause Subordinate Clause
d) Compound Complex Sentence
Compound Complex Sentence is the combination of 2 or more
Independent Clauses and 1 or more Dependent Clause.
Example:
I hate playing Tennis but enjoy playing Basket ball even I am not
good at it.
I hate playing Tennis but enjoy playing Basket ball is Main
Clause, and I am not good at it is Subordinate Clause.
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B. The Verb
1. Definition of Verb
Marcella Frank says in her book entitled “Modern English: A Practical
Reference Guide (1972:47)”, that the verb is most complex of speech. Its
varying arrangements with nouns determine the different kinds of sentences-
statement, questions, commands, exclamations.
According to Harry Shaw in his book entitled “The Harper Handbook
of College Composition (1981:13)”, says that, “A verb is a word that indicates
(expressed, specifies) actions or events that take place in time”. To show their
number and time-related meanings, verbs are inflicted, meaning that they
undergo changes in spelling or that various endings are ended.
Based on the statements above, we can conclude that Verbs may be
also defined as members of a class of words (part of speech) that express
action or state of being (existing) or that show a relationship between two
objects or ideas. Verbs act as the main element of a predicate (what is said
about the subject of a sentence). In short, a verb is the heart, the core, of a
sentence.
Action verbs : to buy, to ride, to climb, to speak, to jump, etc.
State of being verbs : to be, to become, to have, etc.
We will know that there is “to” in front of those verbs which are called
as “infinitive” or basic form of verb.
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Action verbs might have been understood clearly, but State of being
verbs might have not yet. Neither activity nor action exists in State of being
verbs. These verbs only explain us about a condition.
The verb “is” tells us about its shape. The other verbs, such as: buy,
read, ride, climb, see, speak, jump can tell us about the activity; while the verb
”is” tell us about the condition.
2. Kinds of Verb.
A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet in “A Practical English Grammar,
Fourth Edition (1986:105),” classify the kinds of verb into the auxiliary verb,
and all the verbs, which may call ordinary verbs”.
While in the book entitled “Modern English: A Practical Reference
Guide (1972:4)”, Marcella Frank differs the verbs according to the kind of
complement they may have. Because these types may cut across each other, a
verb may belong to more than one type. He classify it into linking verb,
transitive or intransitive verb, reflexive verb, auxiliary or lexical verb, and
finite or non-finite verb.
Goridus Sukur in his book entitled “Panduan Praktis Menguasai
Grammar (2007:49)”’ has divided the verbs into 2 main kinds. They are
Ordinary Verbs, and Auxiliary Verbs.
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a) Ordinary Verbs
Ordinary verbs are often called with Main verbs. It is main verb which
can stand alone in a sentence such as the words see, walk, sing, sleep,
read, go, etc, like the examples as follows:
I go to campus everyday.
The verbs can change depending on tenses and sentence context. The
main verb used in negative, and interrogative sentence must use
auxiliary verb do, does, and did, related to tense, such as:
1) Regular Verbs
Regular verb is the verb that its past and past participle form is
made by adding suffix –ed or –d in its basic verb, such as:
Infinitive (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3)
Achieve Achieved Achieved
Walk Walked Walked
2) Irregular Verbs
Irregular verb is the verb that its past and past participle form is
not ended with –ed or –d like regular verb.
Infinitive (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3)
Break Broke Broken
Blow Blew Blown
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b) Auxiliary Verbs
1) To Be (is, am, are, was, were, been)
(a) To Be as Auxiliary Verb
Example : I am helped by the man.
(b) To Be as Full Verb
Example : She is beautiful.
2) Do, Does, Did
(a) Do, Does, Did as Auxiliary Verb
Example : Don’t disturb me!
(b) Do, Does, Did as Full Verb
Example : She doesn’t do anything.
3) Have, Has, Had
(a) Have, Has, Had as Auxiliary Verb
Example : They had met me before.
(b) Have, Has, Had as Full Verb
Example : She has beautiful eyes.
4) Modal
(a) Can
Example : Can I help you?
(b) Could
Example : Could you lend me some money?
(c) Will
Example : Will you open the window, please?
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(d) Would
Example : Would you like a cup of tea?
(e) May
Example : You may go now!
(f) Might
Example : You might be wrong.
(g) Shall
Example : What shall we do now?
(h) Should
Example : They should have done their homework on time.
(i) Must
Example : He must be very tired after the all day traveling
(i) Had to
Example : We had to finish our study on time.
C. The Voice
1. Definition of Voice
According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, “A Grammar of
Contemporary English (1972:801)”, a voice is a grammatical category which
makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways, without
changes the facts reported.
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2. Definition of Active Voice
According to Silvester Goridus Sukur in his book entitled ”Panduan
Praktis Menguasai Grammar (2007:121)”, Active Voice is the form of verb
which indicates that the subject of a sentence actively does an activity or
action.
While Rudy Hariyono in his book entitled “Complete English
Grammar (2002:70), Active Voice is a sentence which its subject acts
something or does an action.
3. Definition of Passive Voice
According to Rudy Hariyono in his book entitled “Complete English
Grammar (2002:70)”, Passive Voice is a sentence that its subject is hit by an
action or is suffering something. In other word, the subject of that sentence
becomes action target expressed by verb.
Similar to the above definition, Imam D. Djauhari says in his book
entitled “Mastery on English Grammar (1996:176)”, that Passive Voice is the
sentence that its subject is struck by action, and can be formed from Active
Sentence.
4. Forms of Passive Voice
1. As adjective (Stative Passive)
It can be followed by adjective. The adjective describes or gives
information about the subject of a sentence, for instance:
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(1) Wanty is young.
(2) John is tall.
Can be followed by past participle, for instance:
(1) Marry is tired.
(2) Farid is married.
Often past participles are followed by particular preposition plus an
object, for instance:
(1) Marry is married to Farid.
(2) Tina is excited about the game.
b) Get followed by Adjective, Get followed by Past Participle
Get + past participle, for instance:
(1) Farid gets married.
(2) Marry gets ashamed.
c) Using ‘be used’ / ‘accustomed to’
(1) They are used to hot weather.
(2) She is used to going by walking.
d) Using the “by phrase”
Used to know who performs the action.
(1) The poem was written by me.
(2) It was made in Indonesia (by someone).
e) Passive Modal Auxiliary
Modal + be + Past Participle
(1) It can be done by him.
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(2) She will be picked up by her father.
f) Passive Forms of Tenses
(1) Simple Present Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry is written by her.
(2) Present Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry is being written by her.
(3) Present Perfect Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry has been written by her.
(4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry has been being written by her.
(5) Simple Past Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry was written by her.
(6) Past Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry was being written by her.
(7) Past Perfect
PASSIVE : Poetry had been written by her.
(8) Past Perfect Continuous
PASSIVE : Poetry had been being written by her.
(9) Future Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry will be written by her.
(10) Future Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry will be being written by her.
(11) Future Perfect Tense
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PASSIVE : Poetry will have been written by her.
(12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry will have been being written by her.
(13) Past Future Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry would be written by her.
(14) Past Future Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry would be being written by her.
(15) Past Future Perfect Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry would have been being written by her.
(16) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
PASSIVE : Poetry would have been being written by her.
Roderich A. Jacobs “English Syntax (A Grammar for English Learner
Professionals) says that the forms of passive voice are:
a) Stative and Dynamic Passives;
b) Pseudo Passive; and
c) Get Passive.
Those three ideas of the forms of Passive Voice are same but in the
different term.
5. Uses of Passive Voice
According to A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet in the book entitled
“A Practical English Grammar, Fourth Edition (1986:304), the passive is used:
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a) When it is not necessary to mention the doer or the action as it is
obvious who he is/was/will be.
Example:
The rubbish has not been collected.
b) When we do not know, or do not know exactly, or have forgotten who
did the action.
Example:
My car has been moved.
c) When the subject of the active verb would be ‘people’.
Examples:
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods.
d) When the subject of the active sentence would be the indefinite
pronoun one: One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere would be
usually be expressed:
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.
But more formal English requires one + active verb or the more usual
passive form.
e) When we are more interested in the action than the person who
does/did it.
Example:
The house next door has been bought (by Mr. Jones).
f) The passive may be used to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical
sentence. This is usually done by avoiding a change of subject.
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Example:
When he arrived home, the detective arrested him.
g) The passive is sometimes preferred for psychological reasons. A
speaker may use it to disclaim responsibility for disagreeable
announcements.
Example:
Overtime rates are being reduced/will have to be reduced.
The active will, of course, be used for agreeable announcements:
I am/we are going to increase overtime rates.
h) For the have + object + past participle construction.
Example:
I had my car washed.
D. Novel as a Source of Linguistic Data
1. Definition of Novel
Virginia Wolf said that a roman or novel is particularly an exploration
or a chronicle life; muses and describes it in a certain form, impact, relation,
result, destruction or the achievement of human movements.
Merriam Webster said that Novel is a fictional prose narrative of
considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with
human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group
of person in a specific setting.
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It is a narrative story in written; the average novel running to 15.000-
30.000 words or some 300 pages; it is about human manners and characters.
Novel is stated as a source of linguistic data as novel is a literary work
which has monolog and prolog, so that there are the uses of language in it.
2. Novel Elements
a) Plot
There are many definitions of plot, but plot is essentially the
story, or the events that make up what the book is about. Plot, of
course, is defined by conflict, either internal (Coming to terms with the
loss of a spouse, for example) or external, (A stalker is watching
through the window), and the best plots are both original and
interesting. Complexity of the plot is a matter of taste, so is the setting
(such as time period).
No matter what other definition is given, the very best plots are
defined by readers with the simple phrase, "I couldn't put the book
down." In other words, a great story.
(http://www.nicholassparks.com/index.html).
Plot results from a series of choices made by the author.
Another way of saying the same thing is that plot is artificial, that is
something made up. There are no plots in life; plot is the imposition of
form on experience that is essentially formless.
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In the book entitled “Analyzing and Evaluating Poetry” by Dra.
Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M. Hum., it is said that Plot is a unit of
narrative to make a single pattern of events, complete in itself; consists
of exposition, conflict, suspense, climax and resolution, point of view
either through the eyes of a good narrator or through the eyes of the
central character or the minor ones.
We may conclude that an understanding of plot is the most
important factor in the understanding of fiction. Plot, says Aristotle, is
the soul of tragedy. It may well be the soul of fiction too.
b) Setting
Setting is everything that happens somewhere at some time.
This element reveals to us the where and when of events we call
setting. In other words, the term “setting” refers to the point in time
and space at which the events of the plot occur. Setting may thrust
itself dynamically into the action, affecting events and being in turn
affected by them, until setting seems to assume the role of a major
character. The elements of setting may be listed under four heading:
(1) the actual geographical location, including topography, scenery,
even the details of a room’s interior;
(2) the occupation and modes of day-to-day existence of a characters;
(3) the time in which the action takes place, historical period, season
of the year; and
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(4) the religious, moral, intellectual, social, and emotional
environment of the characters.
While according to Logman, Setting is the time and place of
the action of a literary, dramatic or cinematic work (1984:1365).
Setting is a foothold base, refer to the definition of place, time
relation, social environment where the accidents narrated are happened
(Abrams, 1981:175).
From the definitions above, we may conclude that Setting is the
background in which the story takes place.
c) Theme
Theme is the idea of the story. In writing a theme, the writer
not only wants to tell a story, but also tells something to the reader.
One of the realizations of it is by giving a life problem, the view of
life, or the comment of this life.
Theme itself in the work is only one of the elements that
develop the other story which simultaneously form a totality. Even
actually, the existence of theme depends on the other elements. Pooley
(1964:723) says that, “Theme is the main idea of a literary work; also a
subject which recurs in the same work or in a different work”.
To put the matter simply, theme is the meaning of the story.
But any experienced readers will realize that this is not a very
informative definition, and even less experienced readers, upon
25
thinking it over, may begin to wonder in what sense a story can mean
anything.
We may more closely approach the meaning of theme if we
devote some attention to what theme is not. Theme is not the moral of
a story, it is not the subject, and although we have defined it as the
meaning of the story, it is not what most people have in mind when
they speak of “what the story really means”.
The theme of a story is not identical with the subject of the
story at least, not as we will use the term “theme” in our discussion.
Some critics, it is true, do seem to regard the two terms as anonymous.
From the explanation above, we can conclude that theme is the
base of a story or a general idea of a novel. This general idea has been
decided before by the writer to develop a story.
d) Character
Character is less representation of human personality than the
embodiment of a single attitude or obsession in a character. A
character is obviously relevant to us and to our experience if he is like
ourselves or like others whom we know.
Merriam Webster says that character is a descriptive, often
satiric analysis of a human virtue vice or of general type of human
character. A representative human usually is made to stand for trait,
quality or type.
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While according to Abrams (1981:20) character is the persons
performed in a narative work or in drama who are defined by the
reader that they have the quality of moral and certain tendency
expressed in an utterance and what is done in action. From this
quatation, we will know that an actor which his/her personal quality
has a tight relationship in the acceptance of the reader.
In the book entitled “Analyzing and Evaluating Poetry” by Dra.
Hj. Iim Rogayah Danasaputra, M. Hum., it is said that Character is the
show how and why people change their minds. The writer may present
their character through descriptions and discussions or in a more
dramatic manner by the author’s simply reporting the character’s
speech and action.
The following is a summary of these novel elements:
Setting is the "where" and ”when" of the story or novel.
Characters are the "who”.
Plot is the "how" (How is the sequence of event or story developed and
resolved?)
Theme is the "why" (The author's message and one of the reasons why the
author writes the story or novel).
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CHAPTER III
THE DESCRIPTION OF THE NOVEL “WHERE TRUTH LIES”
IN GENERAL
A. Biography of the Author
Christiane Heggan is a woman who was born and raised in Nice,
France. When she was young, she studied until she had graduated at the
University of Nice. She is an ardent enthusiast of stage and screen and worked as
a journalist before devoting herself to creative writing. Christiane makes her home
with her family in Medford, New Jersey.
There are many novels that she had created whether as long as she
worked as a journalist or when she decided herself to devote in writing. One of
her incredible novel which made peoples interested to read is the novel entitled
“Where Truth Lies”. It is one of her great thriller novels she ever made. She
cleverly weaves several disparate plot threads together in Where Truth Lies, a
very intriguing suspense novel.
Prologues are sometimes used to quickly grab the reader's interest or to
provide continuity later in the book. In Where Truth Lies novel, the prologue
achieves neither. It is not particularly provocative nor does it add any information
that isn't otherwise disclosed elsewhere. If anything, it gives away too much too
early, and should be avoided.
It has been reported that Christiane Heggan is retiring with the
publication of Where Truth Lies. Though it is regrettable that she will no longer
29
be writing outstanding suspense fictions, it is with pleasure to note that she ends
her remarkable writing career on a high note.
Besides the novel entitled “Where Truth Lies”, there are also other
novels she created. They are “Now You Die”, “The Search”, “Scent of a Killer”,
“Deadly Intent”, “Moment of Truth”, “Blind Faith”, “Enemy Within”, “Trust No
One”, “Deception”, and “Suspicion”. (http://freshfiction.com/)
B. The Content of the Novel
1. Theme
The theme of the novel “Where Truth Lies” was thriller. This novel
told us about killing. We could have the information that the theme of this
novel was thriller as it told about a Museum curator named Grace McKenzie
who tried her best to find out who had killed her ex-fiancée, Steven Hatfield.
She and FBI agent named Matt Baxter would like to solve the mystery of
Steven’s murder. While he and Grace searched answers, they discovered that
beneath the surface of this charming, peaceful town lied and old secret a few
of its citizens would rather keep buried. And when their search took an
unexpected turn, they had only hours to find out where truth lies-or be buried
with it.
The novel made the readers wondering who the killer is or are, as there
are many clues refer to who had killed Steven. After a long searching, Grace
McKenzie had finally found who killed her ex-fiancée Steven Hatfield. Even
this novel tells about a woman who finds out her ex-fiancée’s murderer, but
30
there is no entirely a romantic love story between them or other characters in
this story. Also, this novel really tells many accidents that can make the reader
wondering, surprises, amazed, scared, angered but suppressed, or even
anxious to find out who the killer is or are.
2. Setting
The novel “Where Truth Lies” tells us that the killing of Steven took
place at Point Pleasant, New Hope on Pennsylvania in June 13, 1986. Then the
other accidents took place at Boston on Massachusetts, and Innsbruck on
Austria in October 9, 2006.
3. Characters
Characters which exist in this novel are:
a) The Main Characters
Grace McKenzie : An art expert. The new owner of Hatfield
Gallery. The new curator at the Griff
Museum of Modern Art. Steven ex-fiancé. A
working and commoner girl. (page 26)
Matt Baxter : An FBI agent. A smart man. Fred Baxter’s
son. Denise Baxter’s brother. (page 69).
Sarah Hatfield : An older woman. Grace’s mother in law.
Steven’s mother. “She is very hard to
please.” (page 49).
31
b) The Non-Main Character
Denise Baxter : Matt’s sister. Fred’s daughter. “She was
suspected had an affair with Steven. (page
21). A good judged of character. (page 50).
Fred Baxter : Matt’s and Denise’s father. The chief of
police at the time (page 62). A serious and
settled man. The man charged with Steven’s
murder.
Steven Hatfield : Grace’s ex-fiancé. He was a peaceful, happy
go lucky kind of guy. Murder victim. A
hopeless womanizer. (page 55)
Angie Viero : An archivist. (page14). She was a short,
compact woman of 35 with a lovely,
expressive face and thick, curly black hair.
Concern about Grace’s love life intrusive.
Preston : A world class jerks. Grace ex-fiancé. (page
12).
Fenley : A doctor. A handsome man. (page 38)
Chuck : A marathon runner, likes to kayak, and plans
to climb Mount Everest, likes to cook. (page
13)
Josh Nader : The chief of police in New Hope. Felicia
and Steven’s murderer (page 26).
32
Stefan Birsner : Austrian Police Officer.
Ernst Verlag : Austrian Police Officer.
Bashim Rashad : One of the most wanted terrorists an the
world. (page 33)
Roger Fairfax : Matt’s superior at the Sacher Hotel, Vienna.
Felicia Newman : A 19 years old girl. Kidnapping victim.
Matt’s former girl friend. (page 62)
Fenley : A doctor. A handsome man. (page 38)
Rob Montgomery : Chief of Police Josh Nader. An old man.
Father Donnelly : A priest.
Cal and Lou Badger: Two hopeless morons.
Eddie O’Hara : The Pat Pub’s owner.
John Amos : The dean of the local college where Steven
taught an art course twice a week.
Carmine : The girl who runs the shooting range.
Lucy : Matt’s step daughter.
George Renchaw : The mayor. An attorney. A good friend of
Matt. Felicia’s and Steven’s murderer.
Mary Ellen : A new girl moved next door to Josh’s house.
Dusty Colburn : A mentally retarded man with a crush. (page
62). The man who was eventually arrested
for kidnapping Felicia.
Ellie Colburn : Dusty’s mother.
33
Victor Lorry : A dealer with whom Steven was doing
business. (page 165)
Miles Stewart : One of the best criminal lawyers in the
country.
Gary Wickers : John neighbor.
Ari Fishburn : A Professor
Elizabeth Runyon : A part time worker at aunt’s antique shop on
Church Street.
Bernie Buckman : Steven’s best friend.
Buzz Brown : The man who was suspected as Steven’s
murderer.
Duke Ridgeway : A respected businessman and a fair and
incorruptible member of the planning board.
Mr. Horace Badger: Cal’s and Lou’s father
Moureen : Bernie’s friend.
Mr. Lombardi : Steven’s painting prospective buyer.
Mrs. Vernon : Grace’s first customer.
4. Plot
On June 13, 1986 at Point Pleasant in Pennsylvania, a 19 years old girl
named Felicia Newman was kidnapped by the two unknown men. The two
men stood under the moonless night sky. They were in their early twenties,
solidly built, with the speaker only an inch or so shorter than his friend. Both
34
had been celebrating, and while they had drunk more than their share, they
were sobering up fast. After a while, the victim tried to hit one of the two men.
To shut the girl up, one of the two men slapped her a little. He hit the back of
her head on the door. Accidentally, he had killed her. All they had to do was
bury her someplace where somebody would not find her.
A few years later, on October 2006, in Boston, a curator museum
named Grace McKenzie had been told by Sarah Hatfield that her ex-fiancé
who had had the Hatfield gallery in New Hope was dead. Sarah was capable
of reaction. Then, Sarah said that in his will, Steven had left the gallery for
Grace.
At first, Grace rejected to have the gallery. She objected as this should
be owned by Sarah as she was Steven’s mother. But, she finally accepted to
own the gallery. Motivated by a sense of duty to a man she once loved, she
agreed to go to New Hope for one week to find out who had killed Steven and
why he was killed.
On October 2006, at Innsbruck in Austria, FBI Special Agent Matt
Baxter had informed that Fred Baxter, his father, was arrested for murder. He
was accused as Steven’s murder. Matt finally went to New Hope,
Pennsylvania to see his father. He met Grace there. Both of them were willing
to find out who killed Steven.
While he and Grace were seeking the answers, they met many peoples
whom Steven had known. They were helped by Matt’s sister named Denise
Baxter in collecting the data related to Steven’s murder.
35
Having helped by Bernie Buckman, Steven’s best friend, Matt and
Grace finally had a clear clue about Steven’s murder. They met George
Renchaw who substituted Fred Baxter as the former mayor police in New
Hope. He was one of the men who were suspected as Steven’s murder beside
Buzz Brown, Dusty Colburn, and Josh Nader as the chief of police.
While Matt came to the police station in New Hope, he met the mayor
George Renchaw and Josh Nader. He asked Josh to put Felicia Newman’s file
on his desk. After a while, deputy Motgomery walked in and shook Matt’s
hand. He looked at the file on Josh’s desk. Then, Josh asked Rob to put the
file back. He was about to say something more when a commotion in the front
room stopped him. There was the sound of a crash. Josh sprang out of his
chair and Rob drew his gun, Cal Badger burst into the room. Josh waved him
off but Cal ignored him then his finger pointed at Matt. Cal made him mad
and Josh came to stand between the two men. Then, head down, he charged
like a bull, knocking Josh down and heading straight for Matt.
Matt quickly stepped to one side and grabbed him, spun him around
and slammed his fist into the big man’s face. Blood spurted out of Cal’s Nose.
He wiped it off with the back of his hand, but before he could strike again,
Josh, Rob, and Duncan wrestled him to the ground and hell him there until
Rob was able to handcuff him.
Josh stood up and asked to throw Cal into a cell. Matt asked to wait but
Josh seemed so angry and said that Matt have done nothing but cause trouble
for his town since he arrived.
36
Matt was in jail. Grace and Denise were shocked and they blamed Josh
for this. So, they decided to get Matt out of jail by telling him that they would
go Buzz’s farm to find out where Felicia was buried and told George what
they would do in that night.
After having prepared what they need to go to Buzz’s farm, they
directly went there that night. They climbed and hide in that farm while were
waiting the persons whom they suspected as the killers.
Ten minutes went by; the men came and stopped their car at that farm.
They get out and swung their shovels over their shoulders and started walking
deep into the wood. Grace’s heart was beating when she paid attention to
them. She was taken aback as one of the two men she look was George
Renchaw, the man she and Denise had talked to a little over two hours ago at
the Bucks County Playhouse.
Denise sat down and could not believe that. George was one of the
volunteers who searched the county for her sister, Felicia. She was itching to
get her hands on her sister’s murderers. She moved around, switching her
weight from one hip to the other.
Finally, Grace and Denise found them tried to dig up the grave which
they believe as Felicia’s grave. The two men turned around, momentarily
frozen. The taller one turned his head a fraction and said something to his
companion who shook his head before he resumed his digging.
Grace took a deep breath. Denise brought her big beach bag onto her
lap and started going on through it to take her phone. Unfortunately, the phone
37
was gone. She looked miserable and finally realized that she left it when she
switched from one to the other.
Finally, Grace decided to go back to first time she and Denise stayed
watching the two men to bring the phone back to call the police. She made a
quarter turn and moved as quietly as the conditions allowed. She would have
to get a little closer. She gave one last push. That time she was able to position
the branch behind the phone. All she was to do was pull it toward her. But just
as the phone began to move, a booted stepped on it. Grace froze. That man
was Chief Josh Nader.
The chief glanced around him and saw Denise too. As George
approached Denise, she gave him a menacing look. He threw a hesitant look at
his partner. They checked what Grace and Denise brought in the bag. They
found nothing. Then, they decided to bring them get in the trunk to bring them
somewhere.
Having stayed in that trunk, Grace and Denise made a plan to run away
when one of the two men open the trunk. In that trunk, Grace told Denise that
she brought a gun that she hade it in her pocket.
When the two men open the trunk, Grace shot Josh on the target and
made him wounded while Denise jumped out and screamed out. George came
and tried to help his partner but he was too afraid with the gun that was
grasped by Grace. Denise asked him to give her the phone he took before.
Then he called the police and told it all to Deputy Rob Montgomery and asked
him to bring Matt to that place together.
38
It was a long night. Grace, Denise and Matt were brought back to the
police station, along with George and Josh, the last two men in handcuffs.
Felicia’s remains were taken to the morgue.
In that police station, Josh admitted that he had raped and killed Felicia
while George admitted that he had only helped Josh to bury Felicia. This
accident heads for the Steven murder. It turned out that Steven ever had an
affair with Felicia when they lived. Steven made a short investigation on them
and finally knew that Felicia was killed by them. He was planning to
blackmail and extort them one million dollars. George’s was tied up in stocks
and real estate. He agreed to give Steven two hundred and fifty thousand
dollars right away and the rest in installment. He expected Josh to pay his
share of the balance.
That was where Steven’s luck took a turn for the worse. Josh rejected
to pay, so that he decided that the only one thing that could make him free and
calm was to kill Steven. He and George made a plan to kill them in the right
time by staying at Fred Baxter’s home. Josh killed Steven by using Fred’s gun
so that murder would aim at Fred as the Steven murderer. They did it well so
Fred was arrested for Steven murder.
39
CHAPTER IV
THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE PASSIVE SENTENCE IN THE NOVEL
AND ITS ANALYSIS
A. Findings
1. List of Passive Voice in the Novel
As stated in chapter I, the aims of this research are to find the kinds
and the forms of Past Tense Passive Sentence. Based on the data, the forms of
Past Tense Passive Sentence found in the novel are great in number as they are
shown in the following table.
Table IV.1
Passive Sentence
No Forms of Passive Sentence Number Percentage1 Simple Present 65 18,46 %2 Simple Past 196 55,68 %3 Present Continuous 1 0,28 %4 Past Continuous 4 1,13 %5 Present Perfect 10 2,84 %6 Past Perfect 15 4,26 %7 Present Perfect Continuous 2 0,56 %8 Past Perfect Continuous - -9 Future 9 2,55 %
10 Past Future 14 3,97 %11 Future Continuous 1 0,28 %12 Past Future Continuous - -13 Future Perfect - -14 Past Future Perfect 3 0,85 %15 Future Perfect Continuous - -16 Past Future Perfect Continuous - -17 Passive Modal Auxiliary 20 5,68 %18 Get Passive 11 3,12 % 19 To Be Used / Accustomed to 1 0,28 %
TOTAL 352 100 %
40
Passive Sentence
Chart IV.1
The following chart above is the description of the collected data that
are found in the novel. There are 352 items of passive sentences. It is found
that Simple Present Passive (65) Simple Past Passive (196), Simple Present
Continuous Passive (1), Simple Past Continuous Passive (4), Present Perfect
Passive (10), Past Perfect Passive (15), Present Perfect Continuous Passive
(2), Past Perfect Continuous Passive (0), Future Passive (9), Past Future
Passive (14), Future Continuous Passive (1), Past Future Passive (0), Future
Perfect Passive (0), Past Future Perfect Passive (3), Future Perfect Continuous
Passive (0), Past Future Perfect Continuous Passive (0), Passive Modal
Auxiliary (20), Get Passive (11), To Be Used To (1).
41
2. Categorizing The Past Tense Passive Voice
From 352 passive sentences exist in the novel “Where Truth Lies”, the
writer has analyzed that there are 196 items of Simple Past Tense Passive
Sentences, 4 items of Past Continuous Passive Sentences, 15 items of Past
Perfect Passive Sentences, 5 items of Get Passive, 5 items of Passive Modal
and 1 item of Passive “To Be Accustomed To”. There is no Past Perfect
Continuous Passive Sentences and Passive “To Be Used To” in it. So, there
are totally 226 items Past Tense Passive Sentences.
Based on the data, it turns out that there are many simple past tense
passive sentences. The sentence sum of this past tense is more than other past
tense such as Past Continuous, Past Perfect, and Past Perfect Continuous. The
following is the description of the collected data of Past Tense.
Past Tense Passive
Chart IV.2
42
a) Simple Past Passive
There are 196 items of passive sentence in simple past
form. For example: “Cool as a cucumber, the stranger did as he
was told” (page 1), “Grace’s foray through her closet was
interrupted by the sound of the buzzer” (page 14), “Larger works
were propped up one easels placed throughout the room (page 43),
“Felicia’s remains ware taken to the morgue” (page 358).
b) Past Continuous Passive
There are 4 items of passive sentence in form of past
continuous. For example: “There were rumors were being
considered for a higher office” (page 63), “And while I was home,
Steven was being murdered” (page 70), “… who will return it to
the person who was being blackmailed” (page 204).
c) Past Perfect Passive
There are 15 items of passive sentence in form of past
perfect. For example: “It had been taken in Santa Barbara” (page
78), “I had to tell that Steven had been killed” (page 236), “Bernie
has been arrested on suspicion of murder” (page 299).
d) Past Perfect Continuous Passive
There is no passive sentence in form of past perfect
continuous that is found in the novel.
43
e) Get Passive
From 11 items of get passive sentence, there are 5
sentences that belong to simple past tense. For example: “John
Amos is lucky he didn’t get fired” (page 54), “You got me involved.
Denise” (page 228), “Ellie tried to get him interested in other
things” (page 255).
f) Passive Modal Auxiliary
From 20 items of passive modal auxiliary, there are 5
modals that are related to simple past tense. They are modal
“could”, “would”, “might”, and “had to”. For example: “She no
longer had any doubt that the Arroyo had to be authenticated”
(page 138). Both of us would be questioned, and he didn’t think
that (page 294).
g) Passive “to be used/accustomed to”
Similar with passive modal, the writer only found 1 item.
That is passive “to be accustomed to”. For example: “Steven hated
doing without the luxuries he was accustomed to” (page 186).
There is no passive “to be used to”.
B. Discussion
The basic formula of Simple Past active sentence is Subject + Verb 2
(Past Participle). While the passive formula is Subject + to be 2 (was/were) + Past
Participle. This tense always has 1 or more verb in its sentences. The verb is in
44
past participle. This past participle has a role as or main verb. So that, not every
past participles function as adjective. For example, the writer has found some past
participles in the novel “Where Truth Lies” which function as adjective and verb.
The following is the analysis of simple past which has a verb function as adjective
and simple past which has a verb function as the real verb.
Felicia’s remain was taken to the morgue. (page 358)
Subject to be 2
Past Participle Function as the real verb
She was too tired, and too worried about the gallery.
to be 2 Past Participle Function as adjective
Subject Past Participle Function as adjective
The following are the verbs used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by
Christiane Heggan.
List of Past Participle Function as Adjective
Table IV.2
No Past Participle Frequency Page Percentage1 Amazed 1 199 1,78 %2 Ashamed 1 295 1,78 %3 Convinced 2 254, 294 3,57 %4 Concerned 1 159 1,78 %5 Disappointed 1 296 1,78 %6 Determined 1 88 1,78 %7 Excited 1 372 1,78 %8 Interested 5 122, 129, 164, 255, 265, 8,92 %9 Impressed 2 75, 123 3,57 %
45
10 Inclined 1 185 1,78 %11 Liked 2 72, 96 3,57 %12 Mixed 1 96 1,78 %13 Mortified 1 152 1,78 %14 Opposed 1 312 1,78 %15 Proportioned 1 142 1,78 %16 Retarded 1 255 1,78 %17 Respected 1 25 1,78 %18 Scared 7 152, 182, 282, 293, 297,
313, 35212,5 %
19 Scattered 2 15, 44 3,57 %20 Sealed 1 349 1,78 %21 Stunned 1 337 1,78 %22 Shocked 1 246 1,78 %23 Satisfied 1 239 1,78 %24 Surprised 1 100 1,78 %25 Supposed 2 70, 320 3,57 %26 Steamed 1 70 1,78 %27 Sophisticated 1 41 1,78 %28 Starved 1 207 1,78 %29 Submerged 1 153 1,78 %30 Triggered 1 286 1,78 %31 Tired 1 40 1,78 %32 Uncluttered 1 80 1,78 %33 Undisturbed 2 74, 119 3,57 %34 Worried 7 40, 81, 152, 224, 253,
288, 29512,5 %
TOTAL 56 100 %
Based on the above data, there are 56 verbs that are used in simple past
passive sentence function as adjective. It turns out that the verb that is often used
in the novel is “worried” and “scared”. Both of them are used 7 times.
List of Past Participle Function as Verb
Table IV.3
No Past Participle Frequency Page Percentage1 Achieved 1 178 1,49 %2 Accustomed 1 186 1,49 %3 Adopted 1 175 1,49 %4 Allowed 2 48, 54 2,98 %
46
5 Approached 1 148 1,49 %6 Arrested 3 66, 202, 212 4,47 %7 Asked 1 148 1,49 %8 Attached 1 145 1,49 %9 Banged up 1 74 1,49 %
10 Bent 2 140, 278 2,98 %11 Born 2 148, 175 2,98 %12 Brought 1 358 1,49 %13 Buried 2 314, 348 2,98 %14 Comprised 1 44 1,49 %15 Curled up 1 283 1,49 %16 Closed 1 269 1,49 %17 Cancelled 1 216 1,49 %18 Covered 1 78 1,49 %19 Committed 1 24 1,49 %20 Caught 1 203 1,49 %21 Called 1 81 1,49 %22 Devoted 1 44 1,49 %23 Devastated 1 294 1,49 %24 Dispatched 1 281 1,49 %25 Done 1 158 1,49 %26 Engaged 1 74 1,49 %27 Entitled 1 46 1,49 %28 Focused 1 142 1,49 %29 Finished 4 135, 158, 199, 299 5,97 %30 Forged 1 129 1,49 %31 Fired 1 54 1,49 %32 Filled 4 45, 71, 153, 252 5,97 %33 Found 4 23, 52, 206, 284 5,97 %34 Flooded 1 157 1,49 %35 Framed 1 149 1,49 %36 Given 1 265 1,49 %37 Gone 4 30, 193, 208, 273 5,97 %38 Handed 1 42 1,49 %39 Held 1 121 1,49 %40 Hidden 2 233, 243 2,98 %41 Hit 2 36, 159 2,98 %42 Inclined 1 185 1,49 %43 Intimidated 1 94 1,49 %44 Interrupted 4 14, 111, 147, 229 5,97 %45 Interrogated 1 62 1,49 %46 Involved 4 20, 220, 228, 295 5,97 %47 Invited 1 284 1,49 %48 Killed 11 98, 134, 215, 261, 261, 16,41 %
47
264, 264, 264, 283, 289, 296
49 Listed 2 13, 121 2,98 %50 Locked 1 36 1,49 %51 Married 1 208 1,49 %52 Murdered 1 20 1,49 %53 Mentioned 1 121 1,49 %54 Motivated 1 369 1,49 %55 Meant 1 295 1,49 %56 Made 1 77 1,49 %57 Needed 1 158 1,49 %58 Opened 1 31 1,49 %59 Owned 1 121 1,49 %60 Packed 1 95 1,49 %61 Peeled 1 56 1,49 %62 Pushed 2 182 2,98 %63 Packaged 2 167, 168 2,98 %64 Plowed 1 148 1,49 %65 Recruited 1 131 1,49 %66 Retired 1 66 1,49 %67 Released 2 43, 74 2,98 %68 Recovered 1 36 1,49 %69 Registered 1 205 1,49 %70 Recorded 1 204 1,49 %71 Spared 1 314 1,49 %72 Subbed 1 295 1,49 %73 Sent 2 82, 258 2,98 %74 Seen 2 257, 281 2,98 %75 Signed 1 226 1,49 %76 Swindled 1 220 1,49 %77 Stolen 1 129 1,49 %78 Searched 1 42 1,49 %79 Suspected 1 36 1,49 %80 Situated 1 35 1,49 %81 Transferred 1 265 1,49 %82 Tied 1 234 1,49 %83 Tailored 1 142 1,49 %84 Taken 3 41, 128, 255 4,47 %85 Told 2 1, 116 2,98 %86 Tossed 1 42 1,49 %
TOTAL 67 100 %
48
Based on the above data, there are 67 verbs used in Simple Past
Passive Sentence function as the real verb. It turns out that the word “killed” is on
top as that verb is often used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane
Heggan. This word is used 11 times.
After analyzing the verbs which are used in the novel, the writer have
found 58 sentences of Simple Past Stative Passive, 131 sentences of Simple Past
Passive, 5 sentences of Simple Past in Get Passive, 5 sentences of Simple Past
Passive Modal, and 1 sentence of Simple Past in form of “to be accustomed to”.
The total is 196 sentences of Simple Past Tense Passive.
It turns out that Simple Past Tense Passive (verb function as the real
verb) is often used in this novel. From 196 sentences of Simple Past Tense
Passive, there are 131 sentences of Simple Past Tense Passive.
The following is the percentage of Simple Past Passive Sentence which
exist in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan.
Simple Past Tense Passive
49
Chart IV.3
1. Simple Past Tense Passive Sentence As adjective (Stative Passive)
Based on the theory, passive sentence must basically consist of Subject
+ to be + Verb 3 (Past Participle) + Agent. The writer found 58 sentences of
Simple Past Stative Passive. In stative passive, there are 3 theories that
classify passive. They are: (1). Stative Passive followed by Adjective; (2).
Stative Passive followed by Past Participle; and (3). Stative Passive plus Past
Participle followed by particular preposition.
The sentences like “She was too tired, and too worried about the
gallery” (page 40), “Josh was impressed” (page 75), and “It’s more like…he
was scared or something” (page 152), which are found in the novel, can be
classified as stative passive because the words “tired”, “worried”, and
“impressed” are adjective.
50
The sentences which are mentioned above appropriate with the theory.
So that, the sentences above are regarded as stative passive followed by
adjective in the form of simple sentences.
She was too tired Josh was impressed
Subject Adjective Subject Adjective
To be (Past) To be (Past)
Often past participles are followed by particular preposition such as to,
about, for, of, etc. The example of the kind of this stative passive more exist in
the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan, for instance:
a) “She was too tired and too worried about the gallery” (page 40).
b) “The rest of the inventory was comprised of colorful Bucks County
landscapes signed by names she didn’t recognize. (page 44).
c) “He was so excited about that tackle box” (page 372).
d) “Did he tell you why he was so interested in Felicia’s
disappearance?” (264)
2. Simple Past Passive
The writer found 131 sentences of common Simple Past Passive in the
novel. This sentence has a character that the used verb has a role as the real
verb. For example:
a) “Wasn’t that listed in his resume?” (page 13).
51
b) “He was murdered”. (page 20).
c) “She was engaged to Steven about ten years ago”. (page 74).
d) “It was achieved by using a textured brush”. (page 178).
He was murdered . (page 20)
Subject Verb (Past Participle)
to be (Past)
“She was engaged to Steven about ten years ago”. (page 74).
Subject Verb (Past Participle)
to be (Past)
3. Simple Past Passive in Form of Passive Modal
As we know that the formula of Passive Modal is Modal + Past
Participle. As the writer study is about Simple Past Tense Passive. So, modal
that belongs to passive must be in past form. The modal past form in simple
past must have a modal. The writer found 5 verbs that have a role as modal.
They are modal “had to”, “could”, “might”, and 2 modals “would”.
Appropriate with the formula, the following sentences are the example found
by the writer those exist in the novel that can be stated as Simple Past Passive
Modal. For instance:
a) She no longer had any doubt that the Arroy o had to be authenticated”.
(page 138)
Subject Past Participle
52
Modal Past Participle
b) Both of us would be questioned, and he didn’t think that. (page 294)
Subject Past Participle
Modal Past Participle
4. Simple Past in Form of and Get + Past Participle
Got + Adjective or Got + Past Participle are derived from Get Passive.
This theory is suitable with what described in “English Syntax (A Grammar
for English Learner Professionals) by Roderich A. Jacobs.
As the writer’s study is about simple past tense, so he changes Get
Passive above into Got Passive which consist of “Got + Adjective” and “Got +
Past Participle”. The word “got” is the past participle form of the word “get”.
After analyzed the novel, he found about sentences related to Got
Passive. These sentences are regarded as Got Passive by the writer as they are
suitable with the theory written above.
a) “You got me involved, Denise.” (page 228)
Got Past Participle
Subject
b) “I got scared and run.” (page 297)
Adjective
Got
Subject
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5. Using the “by phrase”
Used to know who perform the action or the agent. It can be a noun
phrase, verb phrase, or even adjective phrase. The writer have found simple past
tense passive using the “by phrase” in the novel. For instance:
a) “He was interrupted by the ring of his cell phone.” (147)
Noun Phrase
b) “You were raised by your father?” (143)
Noun Phrase
c) It was achieved by using a textured brush.” (178)
Verb Phrase
6. Passive To Be Used/Accustomed To
There is only 1 passive to be accustomed to in form of Simple Past
Tense. For example, it can be seen on page 186 called, “Steven hated doing
without the luxuries he was accustomed to”.
54
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing all the data, the writer would like to point out some
conclusions as follows:
1. There are 200 items of Simple Past Tense passive sentences that are found
in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan. The total numbers
of those Simple Past Tense passive sentences are divided into 6 forms.
They are Simple Past Tense Passive (verb function as the real verb),
Simple Past Tense Stative Passive (verb function as adjective), Simple
Past Tense Passive Modal, Simple Past Tense Passive using “Get” + Past
Participle, Simple Past Tense Passive followed “by” phrases, and Simple
Past Tense Passive using “to be used to”/”to be accustomed to”.
2. The number of Simple Past Tense Passive sentence is 131 items. The
percentage is 65 %. This number turns out to be the largest number of the
past tense passive sentences that are found in the novel. The second largest
number of simple past tense passive is Simple Past Tense Stative Passive.
The numbers of these sentences are 58 items; with the percentage is 28 %.
Simple Past Tense Passive Modal and Simple Past Tense Passive using
“Get” + Past Participle have the same number. Both of them have 5 items.
The percentage is 3%. The smallest number of simple past tense passive is
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Simple Past Tense Passive using “to be accustomed to”. The writer has
only found 1 item; with the percentage is 1 %.
3. Based on the findings, the writer concludes that there are many Past Tense
Passive sentences which are used in the novel “Where Truth Lies” by
Christiane Heggan. It turns out that Simple Past Tense Passive sentence is
one of the kinds of Past Tense Passive which is often used and found in
the novel. The number of this tense occupies the top position in the use of
past tense passive. It means that simple past tense passive sentence is
widely used in the novel.
B. Suggestions
In this research, the writer has found that the frequency of simple past
tense passive sentence form used by the author is quite imbalanced. The learners
of English should know the different usages of Simple Past Tense Passive
sentences to improve their understanding and knowledge.
Addressing to the readers, there is a more specific and deep structure
to be analyzed and developed, especially for the learning of structure in English.
The data can also be gained not only from this novel “Where Truth Lies” by
Christiane Heggan, but also from other books. Therefore it is necessary for the
other students to carry out a research in the different topics.
The writer also realizes that this paper is still far from being perfect.
He only discusses some structures on the surface, especially about the kinds and
forms of Simple Past Tense Passive. Based on the research, the writer has found
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that there are many passive sentences that can be analyzed. As the data which are
only taken from 1 novel, so that it needs the next largest research to get the largest
data. This research in only taken from the limited data. The readers may create the
next analyses of Simple Past Tense Passive or other tenses in the novel “Where
Truth Lies” by Christiane Heggan or other novels. Therefore, the writer would
like to welcome well the helpful comments and suggestions for the improvements
of this paper.
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