Skilled Migration and Development

Research to Operations

Conference on Migration and Development May 23-24 Washington DC

Caglar Ozden Caglar Ozden Development Research Group Development Research Group

WORLD BANKWORLD BANK

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM

Objectives Fill the gaps in the existing knowledge about migration

by gathering data and conducting analysis Inform policy makers and contribute to managing the

risk and enhancing the benefits of migrationMain research areas Determinants and impact of Migration and Remittances

in source countries Brain drain Temporary movement of persons (including Mode IV of

the GATS) Links between trade, FDI and migration

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM

Output New global databases on: bilateral migration stocks,

brain drain and medical brain drain (MBD) 50 working papers of which many have been published

in top journals Edited Volume: International Migration, Remittances &

Brain Drain Forthcoming Volume: International Migration,

Economics Development & Policy Planned: Medical Brain Drain

Brain Drain

Brain DrainBrain Drain

Share of Educated Population Living Abroad

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

North America

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Middle East/North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

East Asia

South Asia

South America

Central America

Caribbean

Brain DrainBrain Drain

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Small

Countries

(<650K)

Median Large

Countries

(>30M)

Share of Population Living Abroad

Total Tertiary educated

Brain DrainBrain Drain

Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.)

Others Tertiary

0

5

10

15

20

25

Australia+Canada Europe USA

20%

41%

57%

Brain DrainBrain DrainAge of Migration & Location of EducationAge of Migration & Location of Education

Share of College Educated Migrants by Age of Arrival to the US

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Mexico Central America Caribbean Andean South America

0-5 6-12 13-17 18-21

Brain DrainBrain DrainFemale Migrants in the USFemale Migrants in the US

Predicted Probability of Employment vs. Years in the US

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CanadaMexicoUnited KingdomChinaIndiaNigeria

Brain DrainBrain DrainFemale Migrants in the USFemale Migrants in the US

Predicted wage ($ thousands) vs. Years in the US

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CanadaMexicoUnited KingdomChinaIndiaNigeria

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN

The most complete dataset on physicians’ emigration rate for the period 1991-2004

Data collected from medical associations and statistical institutions in 16 important OECD countries

Migrants are defined as those trained, rather than born, in their home country

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN

Small and low-income countries are the most affected by medical brain drain (MBD)

Contrary to the general trends observed for post-secondary educated workers, the MBD drastically rose in small and low-income countries

The most affected regions are the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia (SA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

12 out of the 30 most affected countries in 2004 are in SSA

Severe increase in MBD over time is observed in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia and Togo

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN 30 MOST AFFECTED COUNTRIES IN 2004

0 20 40 60 80 100

Cape VerdeChina, Hong Kong

DominicaDominican Republic

East TimorEthiopia

FijiGhana

GrenadaHaiti

IcelandIraq

IrelandJamaica

LiberiaLuxembourg

MalawiMalta

New ZealandPapua New Guinea

Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Lucia

Sao Tome and PrincipeSomalia

South AfricaSri Lanka

SudanUgandaZambia

Zimbabwe

2004

1991

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAIN WESTERN AFRICA 1991-2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

%

Benin

Burkina Faso

Cote d'Ivoire

Gambia, The

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Liberia

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Nigeria

Senegal

Sierra Leone

Togo

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAINResearch Project in Ghana

Objectives Understand the determinants for Medical Brain Drain

in Ghana

Identify how Ghana could turn brain drain into brain gain and what is the impact on medical education

Find out the diaspora resources can be organized and effectively used in Ghana

MEDICAL BRAIN DRAINResearch Project in Ghana

Methodology

Conduct specifically designed survey of physicians physicians currently in Ghana physicians abroad medical students

After compilation of data, rigorous analysis

Policy recommendations and implementation World Bank operational units + government + doctors!!!

FUTURE