Skeletal System Powerpoint Lecture
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Transcript of Skeletal System Powerpoint Lecture
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Skeletal System
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Functions•Support•Protection•Muscle Attachment•Production of blood cells and platelets•Storage
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Bone Tissue• All bones are composed of two
types of osseous tissue:
• Compact bone is the thick, hollow part of the bone.▫ Found in greater amounts in
supportive and protective bones.• Spongy bone is found at the
ends of the bones. This is made of smaller pieces of bone with lots of empty spaces that will hold red bone marrow.▫ Red Bone Marrow is responsible
for the production of blood cells.▫ In adolescence, RBM disappears
from all bones except the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the proximal ends of the femur and humerus.
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Classification of Bones
•Long bones are longer than they are wide, with heads at each end.▫Mostly made of
compact bone.▫Examples include the
femur and humerus.
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Classification of Bones
•Short bones are often cube-shaped, and contain higher amounts of spongy bone.▫Examples include
the bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals).
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Classification of Bones
•Flat bones are thinner, flattened, and often curved.▫Made of thin
layers of compact and spongy bone.
▫Examples include the skull, ribs, and sternum.
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Classification of Bones
•Irregular bones do not fit into any of the other categories due to their unusual shapes.▫Examples
include the vertebrae and pelvic bones.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
•Long bones are divided into three sections:▫Proximal epiphysis is
the end of the bone closest (“approximate”) to the trunk of the body.
▫Diaphysis is the middle shaft of the bone.
▫Distal epiphysis is the end of the bone farthest (“distant”) to the trunk of the body.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
•The diaphysis is covered by a layer of dense fibrous tissue called the periosteum.
•The medullary cavity is the hollowed out area inside the shaft.▫Contains yellow marrow
(fat storage) in adults.▫Red marrow (blood cell
formation) in infants.
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Proximal Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal Epiphysis
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Medullary Cavity
Periosteum
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone•Bone tissue is characterized by ring-
shaped lamellae. •Each layer of a lamella contain pits called
a lacunae, which contains the bone cells.
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone•Haversian canals
at the center of each osteon contains theblood vessels to nourish the bone.
•Volkmann’s canals join the Haversian canals together.
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
•There are two types of bone cells.▫Osteoblasts lay down the
minerals needed to build the bone.
▫Osteoclasts shape the bone into the appropriate form.
•The cells are all connected back to the nutrient supply through tiny canals called canaliculi.
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Microscopic Bone Anatomy
Haversian Canal
Lamella
Lamella
Osteocyte
Canaliculus
Lacuna
Lacuna
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Bone Growth
•Bones continuously grow and lengthen throughout childhood.
•Bones of embryos are mostly hyaline cartilage.▫This cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
in a process called ossification.•Growth plates are layers of cartilage
that are replaced by bone and regrow until adulthood. They are also called epiphyseal plates.
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In an embryo
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In a fetusIn an embryo
Growthin bonelength
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Bone startingto replacecartilage
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Articularcartilage
Spongybone
In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo
New boneforming
Growthin bonewidth
Growthin bonelength
Epiphysealplate cartilage
New boneforming
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Bone Formation
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The Skeleton
•The skeleton is divided into two regions:•The axial skeleton includes everything
around the longitudinal (vertical) center plane of the body.▫Skull, spine▫80 bones
•The appendicular skeleton includes the appendages: the arms and legs.
•Bones of arms and legs•126 bones
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The Skull
•Most of the bones of the skull are flat, designed to be protective.
•Each bone is joined by a suture, a joint made of dense fibrous tissue.
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Fontanels•The fetal skull has a
few sutures that are much wider, called fontanels.▫These allow the brain
to grow and expand.▫Convert to bone
within about 2 years.•Fontanels are the soft
spots on the heads of infants.
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Skull, lateral view
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Parietal Bone
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Sinuses•Sinuses are
hollow bones with thin plates between them designed to drain fluids.▫Sinus headaches
happen when they get blocked and the fluids overflow into the nasal cavity.
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The Hyoid Bone
•The only bone in the entire body that does not form a joint with any other bone.
•The base of the tongue attaches to this bone, and it aids in swallowing and speech.
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Ear
•The middle ear is made up of three small bones.▫Malleus (hammer)▫Incus (anvil)▫Stapes (stirrup)
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Vertebral Column•There are 24 vertebral bones, each separated by
a disk of fibrocartilage.•The vertebrae are named based on their location.
▫C1-C7 – Cervical vertebrae in the neck C1 is called the atlas C2 is called the axis
▫T1-T12 – Thoracic vertebrae in upper back.▫L1-L5 – Lumbar vertebrae in the lower back.
•Two bones found below the lumbar region, made from nine vertebrae fused together.▫Sacrum▫Coccyx
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Vertebral Column
CervicalC1-C7
LumbarL1-L5
Thoracic
T1-T12
Sacrum
Coccyx
AtlasAxis
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Ribs and Sternum
•Protect major organs of the thoracic cavity.▫Heart▫Lungs
•There are three sets of ribs:▫True ribs (pairs 1-7) are connected
directly to the sternum.▫False ribs (pairs 8-12) are connected to
the sternum through cartilage or not at all. Floating ribs (pairs 11 and 12) are false ribs
only connected to the thoracic vertebrae.
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Sternum and Ribs
Manubrium
Sternum
Xiphoid Process
True Ribs: 1-7
False Ribs: 8-10
Floating Ribs: 11-12
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The Appendicular SkeletonFrontal Bone
Sacrum
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Radius
Rib Cage
Sternum
Mandible
Maxilla
Coccyx
Occipital Bone
Scapula
Clavicle
Parietal Bone
Humerus
Vertebral Column
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Fibula
Tarsals
Phalanges
Tibia
Talus
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Metatarsals
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Joints•Locations where
bones join together are called joints.
•Ball and socket joints are found in the shoulder and hip. ▫Have the greatest
range of motion (360˚)
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Angular Joints•Angular joints
are found in the wrist and ankle. These allow movements in many angles, but not as free as ball and socket.
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Hinge Joints•Hinge joints
perform a simple open-and-close motion.▫Elbow, knees,
phalanges.
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Pivot Joints•Pivot joints are only
found between the axis and atlas vertebrae.▫Allow the head to
turn side-to-side.
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Gliding Joints•Gliding joints are
able to slide back and forth on each other, creating sideways movement.▫Found in the carpals
and tarsals.
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Slightly Moveable Joints•Slightly moveable
joints can only expand slightly.▫Symphysis pubis
between the pelvic bones can expand to accommodate childbirth.
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Immoveable Joints•Immoveable joints
cannot move at all. ▫Sutures between the
bones of the skull.
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Connective Tissue
•Tendons attach muscle to bone.
•Ligaments attach bone to bone.
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Connective Tissue
•Articular cartilage is found at the ends of bones.▫Cushions bone-on-bone contact.▫Breaks down over time (arthritis).
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Bursa
•Bursa are little fluid filled sacs in some joints (knee and elbow) that cushion the joint. ▫ Synovial Fluid is found in between the bursa.
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Injuries
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Sprains
•Sprains are a stretching/tearing of the ligament tissue.▫Occur when a joint
is forced into an abnormal position
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Dislocations
•Disruption of integrity of a joint
•When a bone is pulled out of the socket.
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Simple Fractures
• When the bone fractures completely but does not puncture the skin.
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Compound
•When the bone breaks and comes through the skin.
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Greenstick Fractures
• When the fracture does not go through the entire bone, or when it splinters.
• Happens in children with cartilage also.
• Like pulling a branch off a living tree.