Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately...

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Transcript of Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately...

Page 1: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 2: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Skeletal SystemOsteology – the study/science of bonesHuman Skeleton• comprised of approximately 206 bones• at birth approximate 270• change due to fusion of separate bones during early growth• divided into axial and appendicular

Axial• skull 22 bones• ear ossicles 6• vertebrae 26• hyoid 1• rib cage 25

Page 3: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Appendicular• pectoral girdle 4 bones• upper extremities 60• pelvic girdle 2• lower extremities 60

**overhead and hand-out skeletal system

Page 4: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Functions of the Skeleton• five functions of the human skeleton

1. Support•forms rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached

2. Protection•skull and vertebral column enclose central nervous system (CNS)•rib cage protects heart, lungs, liver spleen•pelvic girdle protects pelvic viscera•even RBC production factory protected within each individual bone

Page 5: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

1. Body Movement•serve as anchoring attachments for most skeletal muscles•act as levers

2. Hemopoiesis•red bone marrow produces WBC, RBC, and platelets•approximately 1,000,000 red blood cells/second produced here

3. Mineral Storage•primarily calcium and phosphorus•95% of these minerals found in bones and teeth

Page 6: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Calcium•important in muscle contraction•blood clotting•ion movement across the cell

Phosphorus•activities of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)•ATP utilization

Page 7: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

AXIAL SKELETONSKULL• 8 bones• joined rigidly• protect brain and sense organs

FACIAL BONES• framework for facial regoin and support of teeth

HYOID BONE• supports tongue, and assists in swallowing

EAR OSSICLES (malleus, incus and stapes)• transfer and amplify sound impulses to middle ear

Page 8: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

VERTEBRAE (vertebral column)• 26 vertebrae • enclose and protect spinal cord• support and permit movement of skull• provide attachment for trunk muscles

RIB CAGE• directly involved in mechanics of breathing• protect vital organs

APPENDICULAR SKELETONPECTORAL GIRDLEClavicle and Scapula• serves as attachment for numerous muscles involved in

movement of arms

Page 9: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

BRACHIUMHumerous• anatomically defined as the upper arm• humerous is the only bone

FOREARMUlna and raduis• ulna is the larger of the two bones in lower arm• radius is the small bone, it is located on the thumb side and is

responsible for articulation of arm and wrist

Page 10: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

WRIST AND HAND• 27 bonesCarpus• heel of handMetacarpus• flat of handPhalanges• fingers

PELVIC GIRDLEOs coxae and symphysis pubis• support weight of upper body• protects and supports urinary bladder, reproductive organs,

and developing fetus• shape of girdle differs in sexes

Page 11: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

THIGHFemur• femur is the only lone bone in the thigh• longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body• major center for blood cell production and mineral storage

Patella• protects the knee joint• also referred to as the “knee cap”

LOWER LEGTibia• larger of the two bones in the lower leg• found on medial side of the leg• bears weight of the entire body

Page 12: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Fibula• small of the two lower leg bones• important for muscle attachment as opposed to support

Ankle• 26 bones

Tarsus• heel of the foot

Metarsus• arch of the foot

Phalanges• toes and distal flat portion of the foot

Page 13: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

JOINTS• The extent and type of movement determine the name applied to

a joint. Bone structure limits the kind and amount of movement in each joint. Some joints are very limited whereas others have a variety of movement ranges.

articulate• the interaction between two or more bones, i.e. Bones moving

togetherflexibility• elasticity of the muscle tissue and tissue surrounding joints

Types of Joints1. diarthrotic joints (majority of joints in the body)2. suture joints (found in skull and pelvic area)3. disc joints (found in vertebral column)

Page 14: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

DIARTHROTIC JOINT GROUPS

Gliding Joint• two plane or flat bony surfaces that butt against each other,

permitting limited gliding movement• e.g. Carpal bones of the wrist

Biaxial Ball and Socket Joints• the bones permit movement in two planes, without rotation• e.g. Wrist between the radius and the proximal row of the carpal

bones

Multiaxial Ball and Socket Joints• permits movement in all planes• e.g. Shoulder and hip joints

Page 15: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Hinge Joints• permits a wide range of movement in only one place• e.g. Elbow, ankle, knee joints

Saddle Joint• reciprocal reception is found only in the thumb at the

carpometacarpal joint and permits ball and socket movements with the exception of rotation

Pivot Joint• rotational movement around the long axis 18• e.g. Rotation (pronation/suppination) of the radius at the radiolnar

joint

See page for handout

Page 16: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Joint Disorders

Injuries• dislocation• hyperextension• capsule tears• ligament tear• bone fracture• meniscus or cartilage damage

Osteomylithis• infection due to bacteria or virus following an injury

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Osteoarthritis• due to aging/irritation, abrasion• no known cureRheumatoid Arthritis• sever pain• affects women 3:1 over men• synovial membrane becomes swollen and inflamed• deformity → cartillage turns to calcium depositDemineralization• due to lack of Vitamin D, aging and hormonal changes• astronauts often obtain this disorderGout• usually in the feet, especially big toe

Page 18: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Muscular SystemMyology• the science/study of muscles

Muscles• contract when stimulated by electrical impulses• only have power when contracting → cannot push

Page 19: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Functions of the Muscular System• three functions of the muscular system

1. Motion• skeletal movement• breathing• movement of body fluids• cardiac movement moves blood

2. Heat Production• muscles constitute approximately 40% of the body’s weight• the continuous fiber activity is important in producing heat in the body

3. Posture and Support• maintain posture/offer support around joints• certain skeletal muscles even work without really knowing it• e.g. neck/head

Page 20: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

all muscles are:• irritable → respond to stimulus• contractible → works by shortening• extensible → can be returned by opposing force• elastic → can be stretched and returned to original length

Over 600 skeletal muscles in the body (most are paired)• the names suggest where the muscle is located

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TYPES OF MUSCLESI. Smooth Muscle• involuntary, include blood vessels, intestines and lungs

II. Striated/Skeletal Muscle• responsible for the voluntary movement of the body

III. Cardiac Muscle• only one in body, the heart

Page 22: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 23: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Muscle System Actions

Origin – where the muscle meets the bone that doesn’t moveInsertion – where the muscle meets the bone that movesFlexors – muscle that bends joints pulls limbs towards bodyExtensors – straighten joints

Agonist – prime mover → initiates the actionAntagonist – relaxes or yields to agonist muscleSynergists – fixators → hold limb/joint steady during the action

Hand-out diagrams of Muscle Types

Page 24: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

FACIALFrontalis → over frontal bone (eyebrow movement)Orbicularis occuli → surrounds the eyes (blinking)Masseter → opens mouthTemporalis → closes mouthZygomaticus → elevates the corner of the mouth (smiling)Sternocleidomastoid → turns head

ABDOMINALExternal oblique, rectus abdominus, internal oblique, transverse abdominus• aid in breathing, defecation, and stabilize spine while lifting

Page 25: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

PECTORAL GIRDLE FrontPectoralis major → adduct, flexes and rotates the brachium mediallySerratus anterior → pulls scapula forward and down

BackTrapezius → adducts, elevates scapula

→ hyperextends the headLatissimus dorsi →adducts arm, drawing it downward and back ward

Brachia and ForearmDeltoid →abduct, extend and flex brachiumBicep brachi → two heads, flexes forearmBrachialis → works with bicep to flex forearmBrachioradialis → flexes forearm

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Tricep brachi → three heads, extends forearm

Legs

Gracilis, adductor longus, adductor magnus → adduct thigh and flex leg

Sartorius → longest muscle in the body→crosses legs

Quadricep femoris → four muscles in this group → rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis,

vastusintermedius → extend legs

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Hamstrings → three muscles in this group → bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus → flexion of leg at the knee

Tibialis anterior → dorsi flexes the foot

Peroneous Longus → plantar flexes the foot and eversion of foot

Gastrocnemius → flexes knee, plantar flexes foot

Soleus → plantar flexion of the foot

Page 28: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 29: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 30: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 31: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 32: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

• Textbook

• p.40 Sliding Theory of Muscle Contraction• p.41 Diagrams – reproduce and understand• p.43 Reproduce

Page 33: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction

• stimulated muscle contracts as a result of the shortening of its individual fibres

• shortening of these fibres is accomplished in turn by the shortening of their own myofbrils

which is actually the shortening of distance between “z” lines• the thick myosin and thin actin filaments remain the same length

during contraction→ instead, the think “slide” over the thick

Page 34: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

MUSCLE TISSUE STRUCTUREEpimysium – a fibrous outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle

Perimysium – fascia (connective tissue) surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres

Endomysium – the connective tissue sheath the surrounds each skeletal muscle fibre, separating the muscle cell from one another

Fasciculi – a small bundle of muscles or nerve fibres

MUSCLE CELL STRUCTURESarcolemma – the cell membrane of a muscle fibre

Sarcoplasm – the cytoplasm within a muscle fibre

Myofibrils – a bundle of contractile fibres within a muscle cell (thick and thin)

Page 35: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

SARCOMERE STRUCTURESarcomere – the portion of a striated muscle fibre between the two adjacent “Z” lines that is considered the functional unit of a myofibril

Myosin – “A” band – contain thick myofibrils – dark in appearance

Actin – “I” band – contain thin myofibrils – light in appearance

Z line – thin, dark center of each i-band. Basic sub-unit of striated muscle contraction

Cross-bridge – sliding of the myofibrils produced by the action of cross-bridges that extend from the myosin toward the actin• pull actin from each side toward the middle of the cell• extend from the axis of the thick myofilaments to form “arms” that terminate in

globular heads

Isotonic Contraction – the force of contraction remains relatively constant throughout the shortening process

Page 36: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEMThree functions of the circulatory system

1. Transport• respiratory – O2 and CO2

• nutritional – absorbs products through liver• excretory – waste processed through kidneys

2. Regulation• hormones carried to target tissues

3. Protection• clotting mechanisms• leukocytes (WBC) attack disease

Page 37: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

HEART• four-chambered, muscular organ• located in chest with 2/3 of the heart left of the midline with the

point downward• upper right and left atria contract simultaneously and empty into

ventricles• lower right and left ventricles also contract in synch to empty heart

Right Atrium• collects venous blood from superior vena cava (upper body) and

inferior vena cava (lower body)

Page 38: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Left Atrium• received oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins

(two from each lung)

Right Ventricle• right atrial blood enters via tricuspid and is pumped to lungs

through pulmonary arteries

Left Ventricle• blood from left atrium enters via bicuspid valve• O2 blood leaves here via ascending aorta

Page 39: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Cardiac Cycle

contraction phase – systole, the “lub”relaxation phase – diastole, the “dub” 3/8 of time is spend in the “dub” phase above applies to ventricles, opposite is true for atrial systole and

diastole

Blood Vessels• blood leaving heart passes through vessels• these vessels diminish in size as they go• arteries-arterioles-capillaries

Page 40: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 41: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Arteries• very elastic – stretch with the hearts contraction• carry oxygen rich blood

Capillaries• “functional units” of the circulatory system• gas and nutrient exchange takes place here

Veins• low pressure is insufficient to return blood to heart without venous

valves

Page 42: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Venules• performs similar function as capillaries

Cardiac Output• measured in mL/min.=stroke vol/mL/beat X cardiac rat (beats/min)• average stroke volume=70-80mL/beat• average cardiac rate= 70 beats/min

Page 43: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 44: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.
Page 45: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Three functions of the respiratory system are all similar

1. Ventilation• breathing

2. Gas exchange• oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer in lungs

3. O2 utilization

Page 46: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Major Passages

Nasal Cavity – Nose• warms, moistens and cleans air• highly vascular, large surface area• also contains olfactory cells• provides sound resonance when speaking

Pharynx• connects nasal cavity with larynx at the base of skull• has both respiratory and digestive functions

Larynx• connects to trachea• prevents food and liquid from entering lungs• permits air passage

Page 47: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.

Trachea (windpipe)• connects larynx to primary bronchi

Bronchial Tree• gas exchange passages branch apart like branches of a tree

Lungs• hold air for gas exchange• house the bronchi etc.

Alveoli• functional units of respiration• gas exchange takes place here• enormous surface area

Page 48: Skeletal System Osteology – the study/science of bones Human Skeleton comprised of approximately 206 bones at birth approximate 270 change due to fusion.