Skeletal System Joints Powerpoint Notes (Chapter 6)

7/23/2019 Skeletal System Joints Powerpoint Notes (Chapter 6)

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Joints & ArticulationsJoints & Articulations



Classification Of JointsClassification Of Joints

Classification By Function (degree ofClassification By Function (degree ofmovement possible):movement possible):

1.1. SynarthrosesSynarthroses (Syn=connected immovable)(Syn=connected immovable) !oints "ith little or no movement!oints "ith little or no movement S#ull sutures cranium (minus the mandibleS#ull sutures cranium (minus the mandible))

$.$. %mphiarthroses %mphiarthroses (%mphi = on both sides bet"een)(%mphi = on both sides bet"een) Slightly moveable &ointsSlightly moveable &oints 'ntervertebral discs costosternal &oints cartilaginous'ntervertebral discs costosternal &oints cartilaginous

&oints(vertebrate bet"een spine) &oints(vertebrate bet"een spine)

.. iarthrosesiarthroses (iar=passing through free moving)(iar=passing through free moving)

Freely moveable &ointsFreely moveable &oints Shoulder #nee hip elbo" interphalangeal tarsal andShoulder #nee hip elbo" interphalangeal tarsal and

carpal &ointscarpal &oints



Joint ClassificationJoint Classification

Classification byClassification bystructure:structure:

1.1. Synovial &ointsSynovial &oints::

Bones separatedBones separatedby a &oint cavity*by a &oint cavity*lubricated bylubricated bysynovial fluid*synovial fluid*enclosed in aenclosed in afibrous &ointfibrous &ointcapsule.capsule.

Shoulder hipShoulder hip

elbo" #neeelbo" #neecarpalcarpalinterphalangealinterphalangeal

How would we classify these

joints functionally?



Joint ClassificationJoint Classification

$.$. Fibrous &ointsFibrous &oints:: Bones held togetherBones held together

by collagenous fibersby collagenous fiberse+tending from thee+tending from the

matri+ of one bonematri+ of one boneinto the matri+ of theinto the matri+ of thene+t.ne+t.

,o &oint cavity,o &oint cavity

S#ull sutures teeth inS#ull sutures teeth in &oints distal radioulnar &oints distal radioulnar &oints - tibiofibular &oints - tibiofibular &oints &oints



Joint ClassificationsJoint Classifications.. Cartilaginous &ointsCartilaginous &oints::

Bones held together by cartilage* no &oint cavityBones held together by cartilage* no &oint cavity

piphyseal plates of long bones costosternal &ointspiphyseal plates of long bones costosternal &oints

pubic symphysispubic symphysis intervertebral discs intervertebral discs



Structure and FunctionStructure and Function !oints are designed!oints are designed

for their function.for their function.

/et0s loo# at sutures/et0s loo# at sutures

as our 1as our 1stst

e+ample:e+ample: ,ame sutures2,ame sutures2

3hat function do you3hat function do you

suppose sutures aresuppose sutures are

designed for4designed for4



(1) Immovable: fi+ed &oint such as the cranium

($) Ball-and-socket joints: such as the shoulder and hip &oints allo"

bac#"ard for"ard side"ays and rotating movements.

() Hinge joints: such as in the fingers #nees elbo"s and toesallo" only bending and straightening movements.

() Pivot joints: such as the nec# &oints allo" limited rotating

movements.

(5) Sliding Joint: found in the vertebral column and allo"s smallsliding movements. 6he vertebrae have pads of cartilage bet"een

them and the bones slide over these pads. 6his is "hat ma#es the

bac#bone so fle+ible.

(7) lli!soidal Joint: similar to a ball and soc#et &oint. 6hey allo"

the same type of movement to a lesser magnitude such as the "rist

Types of Joints in theTypes of Joints in the

Human BodyHuman Body



Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

,o" let0s tal# about,o" let0s tal# aboutsynovial &oints.synovial &oints.

5 main structural5 main structural

characteristics:characteristics:1.1. %rticular cartilage %rticular cartilage

3hat #ind of3hat #ind of

cartilage is it4cartilage is it4

3here do "e find it43here do "e find it4

3hat does it do43hat does it do4




$.$. %rticular capsule %rticular capsule $ layered. Surrounds both$ layered. Surrounds both

articular cartilages and thearticular cartilages and thespace bt"n them.space bt"n them.

+ternal layer is made of+ternal layer is made of

dense irregular C6 - isdense irregular C6 - iscontinuous "8 the perisoteum.continuous "8 the perisoteum.

'nner layer is a synovial'nner layer is a synovialmembrane made of loosemembrane made of looseconnective tissue.connective tissue.

't covers all internal &oint surfaces't covers all internal &oint surfacese+cept for those areas covered bye+cept for those areas covered bythe articular cartilage.the articular cartilage.




.. !oint!oint (Synovial) Cavity(Synovial) Cavity 6he potential space "ithin6he potential space "ithin

the &oint capsule andthe &oint capsule andarticular cartilagearticular cartilage

.. Synovial FluidSynovial Fluid % small amount of slippery % small amount of slippery

fluid occupying all freefluid occupying all freespace "8i the &oint capsulespace "8i the &oint capsule

Formed by filtration ofFormed by filtration ofblood flo"ing thrublood flo"ing thrucapillaries in the synovialcapillaries in the synovialmembranemembrane

Synovial fluid becomesSynovial fluid becomesless viscous as &ointless viscous as &ointactivity increases.activity increases.



Structure and

tructure and

Functi n

uncti n

5.5. 9einforcing9einforcing /igaments/igaments 3hat #ind of tissue are3hat #ind of tissue are

they4they4

3hat do you suppose3hat do you suppose

their function is4their function is4 ouble&ointednessouble&ointedness

results from e+traresults from e+trastretchy ligaments andstretchy ligaments and

&oint capsules. 's this &oint capsules. 's thisnecessarily a goodnecessarily a good

thing4thing4



Other Synovial StructuresOther Synovial Structures 6he #nee and hip &oints have6he #nee and hip &oints have

cushioning fatty pads bt"ncushioning fatty pads bt"nthe fibrous capsule and thethe fibrous capsule and thesynovial membrane or bone.synovial membrane or bone.

iscs of fibrocartilage (i.e.iscs of fibrocartilage (i.e.meniscimenisci) "hich improve the) "hich improve thefit bet"een bone ends thusfit bet"een bone ends thus

stabili;ing the &oint.stabili;ing the &oint. Found in the #nee &a" andFound in the #nee &a" andsternoclavicular &oint.sternoclavicular &oint.

BursaeBursae are basically bags ofare basically bags oflubricant fibrouslubricant fibrousmembrane bags filled "ithmembrane bags filled "ith

synovial fluid. <ften foundsynovial fluid. <ften found"here bones muscles"here bones musclestendons or ligaments rubtendons or ligaments rubtogether.together.



Types ofTypes of

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints

1.1. lanelane &oints &oints %rticular surfaces are flat and %rticular surfaces are flat and

allo" short slipping or glidingallo" short slipping or glidingmovements.movements.

'ntercarpal and intertarsal'ntercarpal and intertarsal &oints &oints

$.$. >inge &oints>inge &oints % cylindrical pro&ection of one % cylindrical pro&ection of one

bone fits into a troughbone fits into a troughshaped surface on anothershaped surface on another

(li#e a hotdog in a bun)(li#e a hotdog in a bun) ?ovement resembles a door?ovement resembles a doorhinge.hinge.

lbo" &oint @ ulna andlbo" &oint @ ulna andhumerus* 'nterphalangealhumerus* 'nterphalangeal

&oints &oints



Type ofType of


.. ivot &ointsivot &oints 9ounded end of one bone9ounded end of one bone

protrudes into a ring formed byprotrudes into a ring formed byanother bone or by ligaments ofanother bone or by ligaments ofthat bone.that bone.

ro+imal radioulnar &ointro+imal radioulnar &oint %tlasa+ial &oint %tlasa+ial &oint

.. Condyloid &ointsCondyloid &oints <val articular surface of one<val articular surface of one

bone fits into a complementarybone fits into a complementary

depression on another.depression on another. 9adiocarpal &oints9adiocarpal &oints ?etacarpophalangeal &oints?etacarpophalangeal &oints



Types ofTypes of


5.5. Saddle &ointsSaddle &oints ach articular surface has conve+ach articular surface has conve+

and concave areas. ach articularand concave areas. ach articularsurface is saddleshaped.surface is saddleshaped.

Carpometacarpal &oints of theCarpometacarpal &oints of thethumbs.thumbs.

7.7. BallandSoc#et &ointsBallandSoc#et &oints Spherical or semispherical headSpherical or semispherical head

of one bone articulates "ith theof one bone articulates "ith the

cupli#e soc#et of another.cupli#e soc#et of another. %llo" for much freedom of motion. %llo" for much freedom of motion.

Shoulder and hip &oints.Shoulder and hip &oints.



The KneeThe Knee

/argest and most comple+/argest and most comple+diarthrosis in the body.diarthrosis in the body.

rimarily a hinge &oint butrimarily a hinge &oint but"hen the #nee is fle+ed it is"hen the #nee is fle+ed it isalso capable of slight rotationalso capable of slight rotation

and lateral gliding.and lateral gliding. %ctually consists of &oints: %ctually consists of &oints:

atellofemoral &ointatellofemoral &oint ?edial and lateral tibiofemoral?edial and lateral tibiofemoral

&oints &oints

6he &oint cavity is only partially6he &oint cavity is only partiallyenclosed by a capsule @ onenclosed by a capsule @ onthe medial lateral andthe medial lateral andposterior sides.posterior sides.



The KneeThe Knee 6he lateral and medial6he lateral and medial

condyles of the femurcondyles of the femurarticulate "ith thearticulate "ith the

lateral and mediallateral and medialcondyles of the tibia.condyles of the tibia. Bet"een theseBet"een these

structures "e have thestructures "e have thelateral and mediallateral and medialmenisci.menisci.

%nteriorly the patellar %nteriorly the patellarligament binds theligament binds thetibia (tibia (wherewhere4) to the4) to theinferior portion of theinferior portion of the

patella. 6he superiorpatella. 6he superiorportion of the patellaportion of the patellais then connected tois then connected tothe Auadricepsthe Auadriceps

femoris musclefemoris muscle



The KneeThe Knee %t least a do;en %t least a do;enbursae are associatedbursae are associated"ith the #nee."ith the #nee.

?ultiple ligaments are?ultiple ligaments arepresent.present. 6he6he fibular collateralfibular collateral

ligamentligament e+tends frome+tends fromthe lateral epicondylethe lateral epicondyle

of the femur to theof the femur to thehead of the fibula.head of the fibula.

6he6he tibial collateraltibial collateralligamentligament connectsconnectsmedial epicondyle ofmedial epicondyle ofthe femur to the medialthe femur to the medialcondyle of the tibialcondyle of the tibial

shaft and is also fusedshaft and is also fusedto the medialto the medialmeniscus.meniscus.

Both of theseBoth of theseligaments preventligaments prevente+cessive rotatione+cessive rotation



The KneeThe Knee 6he6he anterior and posterioranterior and posterior

cruciate ligamentscruciate ligaments areare

also very important.also very important. %C/ connects the %C/ connects the anterior anterior

intercondylar area of theintercondylar area of the

tibia to the medial side of thetibia to the medial side of the

lateral femoral condyle.lateral femoral condyle.

revents for"ard sliding ofrevents for"ard sliding ofthe tibia and hypere+tensionthe tibia and hypere+tension

of the #nee.of the #nee.

C/ connects theC/ connects the posterior posterior

intercondylar area of theintercondylar area of the

tibia to the lateral side of thetibia to the lateral side of themedial femoral condyle.medial femoral condyle.

revents bac#"ardrevents bac#"ard

displacement of the tibia ordisplacement of the tibia or

for"ard sliding of the femur.for"ard sliding of the femur.



http:88video.about.com8sportsmedicine8%nteriorCruciate/igament.htm

http:88video.about.com8sportsmedicine8?edial?eniscus'n&ury.htm

ACL

CL

ide s

ide s

http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Anterior-Cruciate-Ligament.htm

http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Medial-Meniscus-Injury.htm

http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Medial-Meniscus-Injury.htm

http://video.about.com/sportsmedicine/Anterior-Cruciate-Ligament.htm



Articulations !"ovements#Articulations !"ovements#



Cli i l



Clinical

Conditions

%rthritis %rthritis describes aboutdescribes about1 different types of1 different types ofinflammatory orinflammatory ordegenerative &ointdegenerative &oint

diseases.diseases. <steoarthritis<steoarthritis

?ost common arthritis.?ost common arthritis.

,ormal &oint use prompts,ormal &oint use promptsthe release of cartilagethe release of cartilage

damaging en;ymes. 'fdamaging en;ymes. 'fcartilage destructioncartilage destructione+ceeds cartilagee+ceeds cartilagereplacement "e0re left "ithreplacement "e0re left "ithroughened crac#edroughened crac#ederoded cartilages.eroded cartilages.

ventually bone tissueventually bone tissuethic#ens and forms spurs thatthic#ens and forms spurs thatcan restrict movement.can restrict movement.

?ost common in C and /?ost common in C and /spine fingers #nuc#lesspine fingers #nuc#les

#nees and hips.#nees and hips.



Clinical

Conditions

9heumatoid arthritis9heumatoid arthritis Chronic inflammatoryChronic inflammatory

disorder disorder

?ar#ed by flareups?ar#ed by flareups %utoimmune disease. %utoimmune disease.

Body creates antibodiesBody creates antibodies"hich attac# the &oint"hich attac# the &ointsurfacessurfaces

6he synovial membrane6he synovial membranecan inflame and eventuallycan inflame and eventuallythic#en into athic#en into a pannuspannus @ an @ anabnormal tissue that clingsabnormal tissue that clingsto the articular cartilage.to the articular cartilage.



outy arthritisouty arthritis

3hen nucleic acids are metaboli;ed uric3hen nucleic acids are metaboli;ed uricacid is produced. ,ormally uric acid isacid is produced. ,ormally uric acid ise+creted in the urine.e+creted in the urine.

'f blood Duric acidE rises due to decreased'f blood Duric acidE rises due to decreasede+cretion or increased production it maye+cretion or increased production it may

begin to form needleshaped crystals inbegin to form needleshaped crystals inthe soft tissues of &oints.the soft tissues of &oints.

'nflammation ensues causing painful'nflammation ensues causing painfularthritis.arthritis.

Clinical

Conditions

Skeletal System Joints Powerpoint Notes (Chapter 6)

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